MEDIA FOR CHANGE? A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE OPEN SOCIETY INITIATIVE FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA’S SUPPORT TO THE MEDIA: 1997–2007
by
SAMSON PHARAOH PHIRI
submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY
in the subject
COMMUNICATION
at the
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA
PROMOTER: PROF P J FOURIE
MARCH 2009
0
DECLARATION
Student number 3421-872-6
I declare that MEDIA FOR CHANGE? A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE OPEN SOCIETY INITIATIVE FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA’S SUPPORT TO THE MEDIA: 1997–2007 is my own work, and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.
……………………….. …………………………. SIGNATURE DATE [MR S P PHIRI]
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2
3
ACRONYMNS
ACHPR AIPPA ANC AMARC BBC BDP BNF BONGO BPP BSA CIDA CIF COSATU CPJ CSO DANIDA DFID DONGO DP DRC FAMW-SA FEIMA FEP FINIDA FROC GEMSA GONGO HIVOS IBA
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ICA ICT IDASA IFEX IFJ IPS KAF MACRA MAZ MESAB MBC MCP MDLF MISA MMP-Z MWASA NAC NAC NAMA NAMECO NATAAZ NAZI NBB NGO NIZA NORAD NSJ OAU OSF-SA OSI OSIEA OSISA OSIWA PAC
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PFP POSA SABA SABC SABRA SACOD SACP SACPO SACTU SACU SADC SADCC SADC-PF SADTU SAEF SAHRC SAIC SAIMED SAJA SAMDEF SAMTRAN SAP SIDA SPI SOWETO RPPC TFB UCT UDF UDHR UN
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UNESCO UNIP USA USAID UWC VoP ZAFODAMUS ZAM ZANVAC ZAPOTA ZAWWA ZBC ZCCM ZNBC ZNEF ZUJ
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SUMMARY
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KEY TERMS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
CHAPTER ONE: THE SETTING 1.1 Introduction 16 1.2 The geo-political and historical context of Southern Africa 16 1.3 Background and context of the study 18 1.3.1 Colonial newspapers and radio 19 1.3.2 Post-colonial media 20 1.3.3 Impact of colonialism on post-colonial media 22 1.3.4 The end of the ‘Cold War’ and its effect on Southern Africa 24 1.4 Limitations and rationale for the study 26 1.5 Statement of the problem 27 1.5.1 The development paradigm 28 1.5.2 The functionalist perspective 29 1.5.3 The paradigm of development revisited 31 1.6 Hypothesis of the study 32 1.6.1 Assumptions underpinning the hypothesis 32 1.7 Research questions 33 1.8 Objectives of the study 34 1.9 Research methodology 34 1.9.1 Approach to data collection 37 1.9.2 Overview of the research design 42 1.9.3 Organisation of the study 43 1.10 The structure of the thesis 43
CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF AN OPEN SOCIETY 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Origins of the theories of an open society 48
10
2.2.1 Closed versus open society concepts 53 2.2.2 Plato and the concept of closed society 54 2.2.3 African political thought and the creation of closed societies 56 2.2.4 Historicism and attempts to return to the past 62 2.2.5 Responses to attempts to return to the past 66 2.2.6 Marxism and the attempted return to the past 68 2.3 Marxism, Africa and the neo-colonial future 73 2.3.1 Explanations for change and social development 77 2.4 Foundations of a closed society 80 2.5 Towards an open society 87 2.5.1 A model for managing change 88 2.5.2 Polemics over the ‘triumph’ of liberalism and the ‘end of history’ 91 2.5.3 Defining characteristics of an open society 92 2.5.4 The nexus of the ideals of open society and the concept of a public sphere 95 2.5.5 Critique of Habermas’s conception of public sphere 100 2.5.6 A debate over the strategies for achieving open society ideals 101 2.5.7 The politics of alternative development, negotiated space and the Third World intellectual 104 2.6 Towards the implementation of open society ideals 109 2.6.1 Motivations for open society initiatives in Southern Africa 112 2.7 Conclusion 113
CHAPTER THREE: THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN MEDIA LANDSCAPE – PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS 3.1 Introduction 115 3.2 Methodological and contextual issues 118 3.3 A historical overview: from colonialism to the present and back 129
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3.4 The principles of constitutionalism and the democratic project in Southern Africa 135 3.5 The state of the post-colonial state 140 3.6 Malawi: the case of an ‘African’ one-party state and its consequences for the media environment 141 3.6.1 The defining media law in Banda’s Malawi 144 3.6.2 The evolution of the media in Banda’s Malawi 145 3.7 Zambia: the legacy of an uncertain presidential- state and benevolent one-party state 149 3.7.1 The media environment prior to Kaunda’s Zambia 152 3.7.2 The evolution of the media since independence 155 3.8 Botswana: the impact of a façade of an African multi-party system on the media 159 3.8.1 The evolution of media policy in post- colonial Botswana 162 3.8.2 The evolution of the print media in Botswana 165 3.8.3 The impact of language policies on the media in post-colonial Botswana 167 3.9 General features of a sub-continent in perennial crisis 172 3.10 Conclusion 175
CHAPTER FOUR: THE ORIGINS OF OPEN SOCIETY INITIATIVES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 4.1 Introduction 177 4.2 Apartheid and the need for an open society in Southern Africa 178 4.2.1 Overview of some laws that enforced apartheid 182 4.2.2 Cross-ethnic responses to apartheid 184 4.3 The roots of open society work in Southern Africa 190 4.3.1 The beginnings of the open society movement in Southern Africa 195 4.3.2 The role of George Soros in OSISA structures 200 4.3.3 The institutional framework of OSISA 203
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4.4 The evolution of OSISA and its media programme 206 4.4.1 National or public broadcasters 207 4.4.2 Commercial radio stations 208 4.4.3 Privately-owned independent media 211 4.4.4 Community media 212 4.5 An overview of the expectations of the media in an ‘open’ Southern Africa 214 4.6 Conclusion 217
CHAPTER FIVE: CREATING AN OPEN SOCIETY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA – 1 5.1 Introduction 219 5.2 Chapter methodology 221 5.3 The concept of civil society and its relevance to social movements in Southern Africa 224 5.3.1 The role of civil society in African social development 233 5.4 The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) – a historical perspective 239 5.4.1 Freedom of Expression and the Right to Information 243 5.4.2 Media Freedom Monitoring 245 5.4.3 Campaign for Broadcasting Diversity 246 5.4.4 Gender and Media Support 249 5.4.5 Legal Support 249 5.4.6 The financial backing of MISA 251 5.5 The Southern African Media Development Fund (SAMDEF) – a historical perspective 255 5.5.1 The external environment of the media 257 5.5.2 The internal environment of the media 260 5.5.3 The beginnings of OSISA/SAMDEF relations 263 5.6 Conclusion 267
CHAPTER SIX: CREATING AN OPEN SOCIETY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA – 2
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6.1 Introduction 269 6.2 A reflexive and theoretical perspective on OSISA’s internal operations 270 6.3 The fundamentals of OSISA’s organisational culture 274 6.3.1 An exploration of rites, rituals and ceremonies within OSISA 275 6.3.2 The role of the Board in OSISA and its nexus with Soros 280 6.4 OSISA’s ‘agency,’ transmission processes and the responses of the ‘others’ 287 6.4.1 The role of OSISA staff in the transmission of open society ideology 289 6.5 A methodological approach to the study of relations between OSISA and civil society 294 6.5.1 The modes of engagement and the nature of their outcomes 297 6.5.2 Civil society responses to OSISA grant conditions 301 6.5.3 Perceptions about the meanings of an ‘open Society’ and the transference of ideology 306 6.6 Possible causes and theoretical justifications for the CSOs’ divergence/congruence of views and perspectives 310 6.7 The supremacy or ‘triumph’ of Western liberal hegemony 327 6.8 Conclusion 331
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS 7.1 Introduction 334 7.2 Research process and structure of the study 335 7.3 Reflections on the methodology used 339 7.4 Core findings of the study 340 7.4.1 OSISA’s organisational culture 340
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7.4.2 Value-transmission and perceptions of open societies 341 7.4.3 Critical engagements and civil society responses 344 7.5 Chapter conclusion 346 7.6 Suggestions for further research 347
SOURCES CONSULTED 351
APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 Introductory letter and email questionnaire 402
APPENDIX 2 Responses to the email questionnaire 404 APPENDIX 3 List of interviewees 421 APPENDIX 4 Broad areas of inquiry [rites of passage Conversations and interviews] 423 APPENDIX 5 Broad areas of inquiry [history of OSISA] 424 APPENDIX 6 Map of the countries in which OSISA has projects 425
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CHAPTER ONE: THE SETTING
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The geo-political and historical context of Southern Africa
16
17
1.3 Background and context of the study
18
1.3.1 Colonial newspapers and radio
19
1.3.2 Post-colonial media
20
Noticias Diaro de Mozambique
21
1.3.3 Impact of colonialism on post-colonial media
22
Daily Telegraph Mail and Guardian
23
1.3.4 The end of the ‘Cold War’ and its effect on Southern Africa
24
25
1.4 Limitations and rationale for the study
26
modus operandi”, .
1.5 Statement of the problem
27
déjà vu, 1.5.1 The development paradigm
28
1.5.2 The functionalist perspective
29
30
1.5.3 The paradigm of development revisited
31
1.6 Hypothesis of the study
1.6.1 Assumptions underpinning the hypothesis
32
• • • 1. 7 Research questions • • • •
33
1.8 Objectives of the study • • • •
1.9 Research methodology
34
• • •
Verstehen,
35
36
1.9.1 Approach to data collection
• • • • Documentary analysis
37
Participant observation never
38
39
Verstehen , Interviews or personal conversations Verstehen Questionnaire administration
40
• • • • • • • •
41
• 1.9.2 Overview of the research design
42
historical research, 1.9.3 Organisation of the study
1.10 The structure of the thesis
43
44
45
46
CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF AN OPEN SOCIETY
2.1 Introduction
47
2.2 Origins of the theories of an open society Two Sources of Religion and Morality
48
49
50
51
,
52
The Open Society and Its Enemies 2.2.1 Closed versus open society concepts
The Open Society and its Enemies
53
2.2.2 Plato and the concept of closed society
54
55
2.2.3 African political thought and the creation of closed societies
56
‘ubuntu’
57
Ujamaa Ujamaa
58
Ujamaa
59
60
sic
61
2.2.4 Historicism and attempts to return to the past
62
63
64
65
• • • • 2.2.5 Responses to attempts to return to the past
66
sic
67
2.2.6 Marxism and the attempted return to the past
68
Communist Manifesto
69
means relations
70
71
72
2.3 Marxism, Africa and the neo-colonial future
73
74
75
76
2.3.1 Explanations for change and social development
77
78
79
• • • • • • 2.4 Foundations of a closed society
80
• • • • • • •
81
• • • Ujamaa • • •
82
83
producers auxiliaries guardians,
84
85
The open society and its enemies,
86
2.5 Towards an open society
• Unity of humankind: • Individualism: • Impartiality:
87
• Humanitarianism: • Fallibism:
2.5.1 A model for managing change
•
88
• • • P(1) → TT → EE → P(2) P(1) TT EE P(2) P1
most additional
89
TT EE P2 P2 P1 P2
90
2.5.2 Polemics over the ‘triumph’ of liberalism and the ‘end of history’
91
2.5.3 Defining characteristics of an open society
92
• • • • • • • • • • •
93
• • • • • • • • • • • •
94
2.5.4 The nexus of the ideals of open society and the concept of public sphere public sphere The structural transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry into a category of bourgeois society
95
96
97
98
99
2.5.5 Critique of Habermas’s conception of public sphere
100
2.5.6 A debate over the strategies for achieving open society ideals
101
102
103
2.5.7 The politics of alternative development, negotiated space and the Third World intellectual
104
105
• • •
106
107
• • • • • •
108
2.6 Towards the implementation of open society ideals
109
110
111
2.6.1 Motivations for open society initiatives in Southern Africa
112
The open society and its enemies 2.7 Conclusion
113
114
CHAPTER THREE: THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN MEDIA LANDSCAPE – PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
3.1 Introduction
deep integration shallow integration
115
116
suppression prohibition permission,
117
prescription, libertarianism
3.2 Methodological and contextual issues
118
119
media independence
immediate guided,
120
first instance
121
a fait accompli.
122
123
form content
qualitative quantitative process content process content
124
125
126
Courante uyt Italian
127
128
3.3 A historical overview: from colonialism to the present and back
Royal Gazette and Sierra Leone Advertiser Cape Town Gazette and African Advertiser, Royal Gazette
Cape Town Gazette
129
Daily Courant Barrows Worcester Journal Times of London Daily Mail Daily Mirror
Livingstone Pioneer and Advertiser Pioneer Central African Post, Northern Advertiser, Copperbelt Times Northern News. Central African Planter Nyasaland Times
130
Livingstone Pioneer and Advertiser
131
132
133
134
3.4 The principles of constitutionalism and the democratic project in Southern Africa
135
constitutionalism,
136
rule of law
137
accountability,
138
checks and balances
139
3.5 The state of the post-colonial state
de facto de jure
140
3.6 Malawi: the case of an ‘African’ one-party state and its consequences for the media environment
141
142
143
3.6.1 The defining media law in Banda’s Malawi
144
The godfather Animal farm False start in Africa No longer at ease
3.6.2 The evolution of the media in Banda’s Malawi
Central African Planter Nyasaland Times Daily Times
145
Daily News,
Central African Planter Central African Times Nyasaland Times. Malawi News, Daily News.
146
147
Daily News
148
3.7 Zambia: the legacy of an uncertain presidential state and benevolent one-party state
149
150
151
3.7.1 The media environment prior to Kaunda’s Zambia
Livingstone Pioneer and Advertiser
152
Zambezi News, African Times African Mail. African Life,
Livingstone Mail
153
Northern News Rhodesia The Herald The Chronicle Northern News The Herald The Chronicle
Northern News Copperbelt Times, Northern News.
154
Northern News Times of Zambia
3.7.2 The evolution of the media since independence
Times of Zambia Times of Zambia, Zambia Daily Mail,
Times of Zambia
Times of Zambia
155
Times of Zambia Times of Zambia,
Times of Zambia, Zambia Daily Mail Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC),
156
sic
Times of Zambia Weekly Post
Times of Zambia
The Leader The Northern Star National Mirror Post. National Mirror
157
National Mirror’s
National Mirror National Mirror
National Mirror National Mirror
158
.
3.8 Botswana: the impact of a façade of an African multi-party system on the media
159
160
161
3.8.1 The evolution of media policy in post-colonial Botswana
•
•
•
•
•
162
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
163
•
164
kgotla
kgotla kgotla kgotla kgotla
3.8.2 The evolution of the print media in Botswana
• Colonial government’s official publications
Bechuanaland News and Vryburg Chronicle Northern News Lebone la Batswana Kutlwano,
kgotla kgotla kgotla kgotla
165
• Independently-owned publications, but with a nationalist flavour
Kuranta ya Batswana, Naledi ya Batswana
• Post-colonial ‘independent’ newspapers
Mmegi wa Dikgang, Linchwe Mmegi Linchwe Examiner/Golebela The Botswana Guardian, The Botswana Gazette, Mmegi
166
• Political publications
Masa, Therisanyo, Pou-Pha Naledi ya Masa,
• Post-colonial government newspapers
Kutlwano Bechuanaland Newsletter, Daily News Kutlwano Daily News Daily News
• Christian publications
Puisanyo Mahoko a Batswana, Molekodi wa Batswana Mokadi wa Batswana
167
3.8.3 The impact of language policies on the media in post-colonial Botswana
kgotla
168
Daily News,
169
170
171
3.9 General features of a subcontinent in perennial crisis
•
172
•
•
•
•
173
•
174
3.10 Conclusion
175
176
CHAPTER FOUR: THE ORIGINS OF OPEN SOCIETY INITIATIVES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
4.1 Introduction
177
4.2 Apartheid and the need for an open society in Southern Africa
178
Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal,
179
180
181
4.2.1 Overview of some laws that enforced apartheid
• • • • • •
182
183
4.2.2 Cross-ethnic responses to apartheid
The World Weekend World
184
City Press The Post Daily Dispatch Dispatch To The Point Washington Post
185
Verligtes, Verligtes Verligtes
Verligtes
186
direct indirect enforcement lost opportunity punitive human regional Verligtes
187
Verligtes Verligtes
188
Woord en Daad Verligtes Verligtes
189
4.3 The roots of open society work in Southern Africa
190
191
Verligtes
Vrye Weekblad Verligtes
192
• • • •
glasnost perestroika
193
194
4.3.1 The beginnings of the open society movement in Southern Africa
The Star Cape Times
195
• •
196
197
198
• • • • High Density Mirror Horizon Demos,
199
4.3.2 The role of George Soros in OSISA structures
200
201
202
raison d’être
4.3.3 The institutional framework of OSISA
203
204
205
4.4 The evolution of OSISA and its media programme
206
4.4.1 National or public broadcasters
207
4.4.2 Commercial radio stations
Times of Zambia
208
209
210
4.4.3 Privately-owned independent media
211
4.4.4 Community media
212
213
4.5 An overview of the expectations of the media in an ‘open’ Southern Africa
214
215
216
4.6 Conclusion
217
218
CHAPTER FIVE: CREATING AN OPEN SOCIETY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA - 1
5.1 Introduction Verligtes
219
220
5.2. Chapter methodology
221
222
social constructivism social constructionism
223
greater 5.3. The concept of civil society and its relevance to social movements in Southern Africa
224
225
226
T he P rivate C ivil S o c ie t y
T he T he Publi c C itizen
227
228
229
230
231
232
Ujamaa 5.3.1 The role of civil society in African social development
233
234
235
236
237
238
5.4. The Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) – a historical perspective
239
240
241
242
5.4.1. Freedom of Expression and the Right to Information
243
244
5.4.2. Media Freedom Monitoring
245
5.4.3. Campaign for Broadcasting Diversity
246
247
248
5.4.4. Gender and Media Support
5.4.5. Legal Support
249
The Nation The Guardian Midweek Sun
250
5.4.6 The financial backing of MISA
•
251
• • •
252
•
253
254
5.5. The Southern African Media Development Fund (SAMDEF) – a historical perspective
255
256
5.5.1. The external environment of the media
257
258
259
5.5.2. The internal environment of the media
260
Zambia Daily Mail Zambia Daily Mail Zambia Daily Mail ) Times of Zambia Times of Zambia
261
Times of Zambia Zambia Daily Mail Times of Zambia
262
5.5.3. The beginnings of OSISA/SAMDEF relations
263
• • • • • reform’ activism’ through
264
per se
265
• The Post • • • • Daily News
266
• Mmegi Mmegi Daily News • Big News 5.6. Conclusion .
267
268
CHAPTER SIX: CREATING AN OPEN SOCIETY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA - 2
6.1 Introduction
269
6.2 A reflexive and theoretical perspective on OSISA’s internal operations
270
271
• The environment in which an organisation operates • The value systems • The heroes of the organisation
272
• Rites, rituals and repeated ceremonies • Transmission processes of cultural values
273
6.3 The fundamentals of OSISA’s organisational culture values heroes rites rituals cultural network
Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life. Gaining control of the corporate culture.
274
6.3.1 An exploration of rites, rituals and ceremonies within OSISA
preliminal liminal post-liminal
275
276
277
278
• The presentation – by programme managers – of project proposals that they intend taking to the board for consideration
279
• Brief reports on the activities undertaken by the various programme units • Reviews of policy documents 6.3.2 The role of the board in OSISA and its nexus with Soros
280
281
must obviously be a degree of agreement between board members and OSI about what ‘open society’ means.
282
283
284
285
286
6.4 OSISA’s ‘agency,’ transmission processes, and the responses of the ‘others’
287
, under no circumstances will OSI provide support to a political party or provide support to a candidate in an electoral contest or otherwise take sides in an election.
288
6.4.1 The role of OSISA staff in the transmission of open society ideology
factual actual
289
290
291
292
new meanings
293
6.5 A methodological approach to the study of relations between OSISA and civil society
294
295
296
6.5.1 The modes of engagement and the nature of their outcomes
297
• •
298
• • • •
299
•
300
6.5.2 Civil society responses to OSISA grant conditions
301
302
303
304
305
6.5.3 Perceptions about the meanings of an ‘open society’ and the transference of ideology
306
307
308
309
6.6 Possible causes and theoretical justifications for the CSOs’ divergence/congruence of views and perspectives
310
The manner and ‘acts’ of processing perceptions within CSOs
The perceived state of victim-hood within the CSOs
311
improved more or less the same way
312
The CSOs’ approaches to knowing and understanding
313
314
Different ownership patterns
315
Different social norms and operational contexts of the CSOs
316
317
Level of CSOs’ dependency
318
319
The constituencies the CSOs are meant to serve
320
321
Conceptions of power and power relations
power relations
322
323
Causes of different conceptions of ideology how what practical meaning is given
324
not
325
326
6.7 The supremacy or ‘triumph’ of Western liberal hegemony
327
328
329
330
6.8 Conclusion
331
Ujamaa
332
333
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS
7. 1 Introduction • • • • • •
334
• • 7.2 Research process and structure of the study
335
kgotla
336
337
338
7.3 Reflections on the methodology used
339
7.4 Core findings of the study 7.4.1 OSISA’s organisational culture
340
7.4.2 Value transmission and perceptions of open societies form manner function,
341
Umunthu
342
sic) sic
343
7.4.3 Critical engagements and civil society responses
344
345
7.5 Chapter conclusion
346
7.6 Suggestions for further research
•
347
• • • • •
348
• • • • •
349
350
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351
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352
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353
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354
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355
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356
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357
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358
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359
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360
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362
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Karl Popper: critical appraisals, Transition rites: cosmic, social and individual order, Making waves: stories of participatory communication for social change. Media power in politics,
363
Tradition and modernity: philosophical reflections on the African experience. New German Critique The structural transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry into a category or bourgeois society. Approaches to media: a reader, . Muffled drums. The growth of media in the third world: African failures, Asian successes. The world news prism: changing media of international communication,
The press and apartheid: repression and propaganda in South Africa. Karl Popper – the formative years: 1902–1945. The high price of principles: Kaunda and the European south.
364
MA in Mass Communications Mass communication research methods, Class struggles in Zambia, 1889–1989 and the fall of Kenneth Kaunda, 1990–1991. World communication Mass communication research methods. A sociological survey of the languages of Botswana, A sociological survey of the languages of Botswana, History of political philosophy, . World broadcasting systems: a comparative analysis. MA in Mass Communications.
365
Bwana – go home. My struggle. Mass media in a mass society: myth and reality. Assessing the health of civil society. Towards financial self-reliance: a handbook on resource mobilisation for civil society organisations in the South. African philosophy: myth and reality, Survey. Open minds: reflections on human development and South-North issues. Media ownership and its impact on media independence and pluralism, Redeveloping communication for social change: theory, practice, and power,
366
The Star, . The clash of civilisations and the remaking of world order. African broadcast cultures: radio in transition, Philosophy from Africa, Alternatives in development, Partnership and its problems: the Institute for Democracy in South Africa, democratisation strategy and foreign aid. Research report 81. Re: Short survey.
367
Malawi’s second democratic elections,
SADC media law: handbook for practitioners,
Leadership Essays The tragedy of Malawians: legacy of one-party rule. Fundamentals of Zambian humanism. A united states of Africa? Zambia: a country study. The press in Zambia Communication policies in Zambia. From ministries of information to ministries of public communication. Communication policies in Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland.
368
Press freedom and communication in Africa The press and multiparty politics in Africa Press and politics in Africa, Community radio: its management and organisation in Zambia. Journal of African Communications SAMDEF’s position. A humanist in Africa. Towards complete independence. Letter to my children. Humanism in Zambia and a guide to its implementation, Watershed speech.
369
Alternatives to the current global regime: a discussion paper on tactics and strategies. A handbook on the state of the media in Uganda. Readings in social & political philosophy, Origin and development of political and socio-economic aspects of Apartheid in South Africa, Media, democracy and renewal in Southern Africa, The philosophy of Karl Popper. Tinned novelties or creative culture: a study on the role of mass communication in peripheral nations.
370
Mwalimu: the influence of Nyerere, Global journalism: survey of international communication, Approaches to media: a reader, Practical research: planning and design, Towards socialist democracy. The complete reporter: fundamentals of news gathering, writing, and editing, Selected works, Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism.
371
. Michael Daka’s ‘practices what he’s preaching.’ . Livingstone Pioneer and Advertiser Foreign aid and economic growth in developing countries The alternative press in South Africa, Re: short survey – OSISA figs important. African legacy: solutions from a community in crisis.
372
Kamuzu Banda of Malawi: a study in promise, power and paralysis. Karl Popper: philosophy and problems, Re: Short survey. Karl Popper: philosophy and problems, History of political philosophy, Who rules the airwaves? Broadcasting in Africa Communicatio
373
The state of the media in Zambia from colonial era to December 2003. Race, colour and class in Southern Africa. Long walk to freedom. Annual open society lecture delivered at the University of the Western Cape. To the brink: the state of democracy in South Africa. Ritual and ceremonies in popular culture, Media, democratisation and identity, The struggle for Zimbabwe. The Journal of Modern African Studies
Capital: A critique of political economy,
374
Capital: A critique of political economy, .
Short survey (John’s feedback).
The struggle for media law reforms in Zambia. Traditional communication systems and their role in the development process in Africa, A case study of Kenya
An evaluation of the impact of corporatisation on the South African Broadcasting Corporation
An open systems critique of the macro theories of development. Qualitative research design: an interactive approach.
The politics and crimes of Zambia.
Mass media towards the millennium,
375
Milk in the basket! The political-economic malaise in Zambia. Who owns the media? Global trends and local resistances, Enhancing community over the airwaves. The ANC and the liberation struggle: a critical political biography. Media performance. Mass media and society, McQuail’s mass communication theory McQuail’s mass communication theory, Re: Short survey.
376
Theory and practice of participatory communication: the case of the FAO project “Communication for development in Southern Africa Today’s isms. Outside the ballot box: preconditions for elections in Southern Africa – 2005/6, Redeveloping communication for social change: theory, practice, and power, Communication for development in the third world: theory and practice for empowerment, Re: Short survey. Business and organisational communication Tracing the footsteps.
377
Communication theories: perspectives, processes and contexts, . So this is democracy? Report on the state of media freedom and freedom of expression in Southern Africa, 2003. So this is democracy? Report on the state of media freedom and freedom of expression in Southern Africa, 2005. Annual report 2007.
378
SADC media law: a handbook for media practitioners, Investigative reporting. . The political reality of freedom of the press in Zambia. Media training needs assessment for Southern Africa. Up in the air? The state of broadcasting in Africa,
The political economy of communication.
The challenges of information technology for an open society.
Gramsci and Marxist theory,
379
Conceptions of social inquiry, Press in Zimbabwe, Malawi democratic theory and public policy.
Evaluation report of the media programme.
Re: Short Survey [SAMTRAN]. OSISA meeting at 14hrs on Monday 5 March 2007. Year-end accounts and bonus. Revised business model for the strategic re-direction of SAMDEF
380
Karl Popper: critical appraisals, Trends in commercial and community radio in Southern Africa. Trends in commercial and private radio stations in Southern Africa. OSISA meeting at 14hrs on Monday 5 March 2007. SAMDEF. Re your fax titled re: SAMDEF/OSISA relationship. The importance of quality leadership in national development, with special reference to Africa. Freedom of the press in Africa: an analysis of six African British Commonwealth countries
381
End of Kaunda era. Chasing the winds and dependency syndrome. Handbook on radio and television audience research. Techno-Hype or Info-Hype?, Challenges and prospects for press freedom: comparative perspectives on media laws in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Critical analysis of media law in Zimbabwe. Organisational communication: challenges of changes, diversity, and continuity. Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1996 report. Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1997 report. Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1999 report.
382
Taking liberties: four decades in the struggle for rights. Mark Malloch Brown. Mass communication and development of socialism in Tanzania. Inaugural lectures of the University of Zambia.
The state of democracy and media freedom in Southern Africa. .
Towards colonial freedom. Africa must unite. Neo-colonialism: the last stage of imperialism. Handbook of revolutionary warfare. Class struggle in Africa. The struggle continues. Social theory and social change.
383
South Africa in Africa: a study in ideology and foreign policy. Media & open societies, Popper’s open society after 50 years, Globalisation and new identities: a view from the middle, Constitutional democracy in Africa, vol.4: Forms of government. Press and politics in Africa, Africa’s media: democracy and the politics of belonging. . Ujamaa: essays on socialism
384
Media, democratisation and identity Mass communication training needs in Zambia. Revolution and counter-revolution in Africa: Essays in contemporary politics. International Social Science Journal, South Africa as an ‘open society?’. OSI position on democracy promotion. Karl Popper: critical appraisals, MA in Mass Communications. Press and politics in Africa,
385
Media policy and ethics. Media studies, vol.1: institutions, theories and issues Media studies, vol. 1: institutions, theories and issues, Media studies vol. 1: institutions, theories and issues, About us, Soros foundations . Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1994 report. Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1996 report. Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1997 report.
386
Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1998 report. Building open societies: Soros foundations network 2003 report.
387
Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) strategic plan, 2004–2006. Open Space Key concepts in communication and cultural studies, .
388
Botswana’ media and democracy, The Blackwell dictionary of modern social thought, . African Journal of Political Science
Malawi: the history of the nation.
Malawi’s second democratic elections,
How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Qualitative research and evaluation methods, Transition rites: cosmic, social and individual order, Zambia: security and conflict. The Nordic-SADC Journalism Centre: a study of a media training initiative in Southern Africa; 1993–2001
389
SAMDEF. Media studies, vol. 2: content, audiences and production, The open society and its enemies, vol. 1: the spell of Plato. Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge. The open society and its enemies, volume 2: the high tide of prophecy: Hegel, Marx and the aftermath. All life is problem solving. Cultural Studies, Laying the ghosts to rest: dilemmas of the transformation in South Africa. Botswana media and democracy, Annual review of Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) – 2004, final report.
390
Chisungu: a girls’ initiation ceremony among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia. Press freedom and communication in Africa Civil society, democratisation and foreign aid in Africa. IDS discussion paper 383, The political influence of ideas, ø Essays and conversations on media and democracy, ø Media ethics: an introduction and overview. ø Making journalists: diverse models, global issues, Apartheid and discrimination. Ritual communication: from everyday conversation to mediated ceremony. Communication research: strategies and sources, .
391
Business communication in perspective. Karl Popper: critical appraisals, ‘Ideas’ in development from George Soros: power and influence through philanthropy?. MPRA paper No. 1878 Zambia’s policies towards foreign investment: the case of the mining and non-mining sectors. Research report No. 79. Progress report to OSISA on activities carried out by the SAMDEF fund, for the period March 31, 2000 through to March 31, 2001. SAMDEF.
392
Africa another side of the coin.
A venture into Africa. Introducing cultural studies.
SADC regional human development report -, 2000: challenges and opportunities for regional integration.
The next liberation struggle: capitalism, socialism, and democracy in Southern Africa.
Culture and cognition: the boundaries of literary and scientific inquiry. The end of the cold war: its meaning and implications,
393
MA in Mass Communications. Philosophy from Africa, , Communication theories: origins, methods, and uses in the media, Journal of Communication The silent class struggle, The concept of human rights in Africa. Four theories of the press.
394
The burden of democracy. The other side of history. Short bios of the panellists The cultural studies reader, Underwriting democracy. Soros on Soros: staying ahead of the curve. Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1994 report.
395
Building open societies: Soros foundations network 1995 report. The crisis of global capitalism: open society endangered. Open society: reforming global capitalism George Soros on globalisation. The age fallibility: the consequences of the war on terror. What Orwell didn’t know: propaganda and the new face of American politics Radio culture in Zambia: audiences, public words, and the nation-state. Redeveloping communication for social change: theory, practice, and power,
396
History of political philosophy, The media history of Tanzania. Popper and the human sciences, Botswana’s media and democracy, From Nyasaland to Malawi: studies in colonial history, The foreign policy of African states: ideological bases, present realities, future prospects. Approaches to media: a reader, International communication. Dilemmas of development assistance. SAMDEF.
397
Democracy in America. Power shift. overview. ommission on human rights. Media & open societies Colonial legacies in mass education and mass communication in Southern Africa, with special reference to radio broadcasting in Botswana, 1920–1995. Development Dialogue, Communicatio,
398
Self-assessment as component of a continuous performance improvement strategy and quality assurance in education, training and development within the South African Department of Defence.
The bill of rights handbook,
Mass communications and the modern world.
Redeveloping communication for social change: theory, practice, and power,
Text, context, and communicative practice within an alternative discourse of development: the !No Al club de Golf! Movement of Tepoztlan, Morelos.
Theories of the information society.
Welensky’s 4000 days: the life and death of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Research methodology for business and administrative sciences, . Media studies, Volume1: Institutions, theories and issues,
399
. Mass media in black Africa: philosophy and control. Redeveloping communication for social change: theory, practice, and power, A history of south and central Africa. Mass media research: an introduction, . First democracy: the challenge of an ancient idea. Approaches to media: a reader, From police network to station of the nation: a political history of broadcasting in Botswana, 1927–1991. Zambia Daily Mail Manifesto on Southern Africa. Manufacturing African studies and crises. Times of Zambia
400
Thunder and silence: the mass media in Africa.
401
APPENDIX 1: INTRODUCTORY LETTER AND E-MAIL QUESTIONNAIRE
From: Sent: To: Subject: Importance: fully honestly open direct
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1. When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ Estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ] 2. Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? Please give an estimate ] 3. OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? 4. Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ] 5. In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? 6. Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideologies on your institution? 7. In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? 8. Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation? 9. In summary, please list [maximum of three ] priority ideals for your institution.
403
APPENDIX 2: RESPONSES TO THE E-MAILQUESTIONNAIRE: A. Memeza, M. 2007. [Southern African Journalists Association (SAJA)] Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [Estimate the year if you cannot fully recall]
Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate] Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation?
Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [Please give examples] Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds?
Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideologies on your institution?
Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"?
404
Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation?
Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three] priority ideals for your institution B. Masuku, J. 2007. [Voice of the People (VoP) – Zimbabwe) Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [estimate the year if you cannot fully recall] Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate] Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation?
405
Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [Please give examples] Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideologies on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"?
Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation?
406
Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three] priority ideals for your institution
C. MUKELA, J. 2007. [Southern African Media Training Network]
Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [estimate the year if you cannot fully recall] Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate]. Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [Please give examples]
407
Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideologies on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation?
408
Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three] priority ideals for your institution D. HOVE, D. 2007. [Forum for African Media Women in Southern Africa] Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ] Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation The unfavourable condition in this instance is a lack of support in- between disbursements impacting on the FAMW-SA relocation Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ]
409
Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or impose its ideologies on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation? Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three] priority ideals for your institution. E. KABETA, J. 2007. [Southern African Institute for Media Development] Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ] Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate ]
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Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ] Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideologies on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation?
Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three] priority ideals for your institution.
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F. MDLONGWA, F. 2007. [Sol Plaatje Institute - SPI] Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ] Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate ] Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ] Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideology on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation?
412
Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three ] priority ideals for your institution. G. MADZIMURE, T. 2007. [Southern African Communications for Development - SACOD] Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ] Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate ] Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ]
413
Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideology on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation? Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three ] priority ideals for your institution.
Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ]
414
Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate ] Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ] Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideology on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation? Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three ] priority ideals for your institution.
415
H. MORNA, CL.2007. [Gender Links] Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ] Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate ] Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ] Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds?
416
Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideology on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"? Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation?
417
Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three ] priority ideals for your institution. I. DAKA, M.2007. [Breeze FM Radio Station, Zambia] Q: When did you first apply for funding from OSISA? [ estimate the year if you cannot fully recall ]
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Q: Since the initial application, what is the total amount of funds that your institution has got from OSISA? [Please give an estimate ]
Q: OSISA does set out some conditions for its grants, which of these conditions do you consider unfavourable to the ideals of your organisation? Q: Do these conditions affect the implementation of some of your plans or projects? [ Please give examples ] Q: In your opinion, do you think OSISA expects you to do things that you would otherwise not have done if you had your own funds? Q: Do you think OSISA advances, or imposes, its ideology on your institution? Q: In your own words, what is an "Open Society"?
419
Q: Do you primarily apply for funding from OSISA for the purposes of creating an "Open Society" or to further the ideals of your organisation? Q: In summary, please list [maximum of three ] priority ideals for your institution. a model people-centred and development – focussed community-based commercial radio station.
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APPENDIX 3: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES Type of Name of Contact person and Position of organisation organisation address contact and location
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APPENDIX 4: BROAD AREAS OF INQUIRY [RITES OF PASSAGE CONVERSATIONS AND INTERVIEWS] EMPLOYEES HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGER Preliminal Preliminal • • • • • Liminal Liminal • • • • • Post -liminal Post -liminal • • •
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APPENDIX 5: BROAD AREAS OF INQUIRY [HISTORY OF OSISA]
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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APPENDIX 6: MAP OF THE COUNTRIES IN WHICH OSISA HAS PROJECTS
.[Map courtesy of OSISA website: www.osisa.org]
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