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WELCOME V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 8 O CTOBER 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the October 2016 issue of CERN Courier.

Particle physics, and CERN in particular, has made major contributions to medicine. Key to this, in addition to detectors for diagnosis and , is accelerator technology. A new high-energy therapy centre in Nice, which has its roots in a CERN project, is about to treat its first patients, offering more precise treatment of tumours than is possible with conventional X-rays. beams are also playing an increasingly vital role in the production of medical isotopes, which have traditionally been produced by research reactors. With global demand for isotopes such as technetium-99m growing and many reactors reaching the end of their operational lifetimes, CERN has recently launched a project called MEDICIS to produce isotopes from high-energy proton beams. Meanwhile, Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US has undergone a series of upgrades to boost its long-running isotope programme, and TRIUMF in Canada is CMS preliminary 12.9 fb–1 (13 TeV) pursuing isotopes for the rapidly growing field of targeted alpha therapy. 5000 H → γγ 35 data Other particle-physics laboratories are pursuing similar cross-disciplinary all categories ATLAS preliminary mH = 125.09 GeV, μ^ = 0.90 S/(S+B) weighted GeV Higgs (m = 125 GeV) programmes, illustrating the benefit of basic science to society. H / 4000 H → ZZ* → 4I data 30 ZZ* S + B fit –1 To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: 13 TeV, 14.8 fb Z + jets, tt 3000 B component http://cerncourier.com/cws/sign-up. tt + V, VVV ±1 ␴ 25

±2 ␴ uncertainty 2000 To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: 2015 + 2016 20 2.5 GeV http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe . / * H → ZZ → 4I 1000 Accelerating medicine

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H → γγ events 15 0 ICHEP 2016 BACK TO SCHOOL 200 B component subtracted 10 DIRAC FINDS 100 Full report on CERN high-school EXOTIC 0 highlights of the teacher programme 5 EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS Chicago conference inspires learning Strange dimesonic state DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY DESIGN STUDIO/IOP PUBLISHING, UK –100 p19 p53 offers tests of QCD p8 0 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

mγγ (GeV) mγγ (GeV) CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6  CERN Courier October 2016  Contents

 Covering current developments in high-energy  physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN new Mpod version 2 management.

Editor Matthew Chalmers V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 o c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 • New very compact design , cooling from side to Books editor Virginia Greco side CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] i E W p O i n t Fax +41 (0) 22 76 69070 5 V • cerncourier.com Removable fan unit including air filter Web

• Advisory board Luis Alvarez-Gaume, Peter Jenni, Christine Sutton, Claude Amsler, 7 n E W s Mpod Mini crate for 4 LV or HV modules Roger Bailey, Philippe Bloch, Roger Forty Proton-radius puzzle deepens DIRAC experiment observes • LV and HV modules freely combinable Laboratory correspondents: • • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte new • AMS reports unexpected result in • MPOD-Controller with Ethernet, CAN-bus, USB Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) Achim Franz Cornell University (US) D G Cassel data • LHC hits 2016 luminosity target • Beamline competition • Web-ready + SNMP, OPC server , EPICS DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck calls all schools ATLAS observes single top- at 13 TeV EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino ALICE pinpoints J/ψ regeneration LHCb fi nds early surprises • Low Voltage: 8 channels 0..8V to 0..120V Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher at Run 2 Probing dark with CMS range, GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter • IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu low noise (<2mVpp 20MHz) IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov 15 s CiEnCEWatCh INFN (Italy) Antonella Varaschin Jefferson Laboratory (US) Kandice Carter JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko 17 a s t r O W a t C h KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta E a t u r E s NCSL (US) Ken Kingery F WIENER Mpod LV parallel module Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer 19 under the spotlight in Chicago Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz Full report of highlights from ICHEP 2016. • Mpod module with 4 low voltage DC channels, up PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci to 120V and 100W/channel Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Jane Binks 25 enters precision phase combinable with 50W channels for example SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan A new facility in Nice that has its roots at CERN is about to treat its 2x100W and 4x50W output channels/module Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd fi rst patient. IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, • lowest noise and ripple <3mVPP, high stability Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 28 CERN to produce radioisotopes for health 0,2%/10k ; voltage or current controlled Publisher Susan Curtis CERN-MEDICIS will use a proton beam from operation , 0,5mA/0,5mV resolution Production editor Lisa Gibson ISOLDE to develop non-conventional isotopes Technical illustrator Alison Tovey • all channels are individually controlled, floating Group advertising manager Chris Thomas for medical diagnostics and therapy. and sensed programmable trip points, ramps, Advertisement production Katie Graham Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage 32 Energetic boost BNL isotope production failure action and group behavior Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen Accelerator upgrades will help to meet the demand for strontium-82. Art director Andrew Giaquinto Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) 35 TRIUMF targets alpha therapy or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); Alpha-emitters can maximise tumour-cell destruction while E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 minimising damage to surrounding cells. General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] VME 475 Mini In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: 39 F a C E s & p L a C E s China Ya'ou Jiang, Institute of High Energy Physics, • 7 slot monolithic backplane PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] 47 r E C r u i t M E n t Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany VME/VME64, cPCI/PXI backplane, 250 E-mail: [email protected] or 500W total power UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star 51 B O O k s h E L F Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] • Very compact design, variable cooling US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US 53 i n s i d E s t O r y options (front to rear, side to side) Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, 54 a r C h i V E • WIENER CML Shelf Manager for local St Charles, IL 60174, US and remote monitoring and control, Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland CERNCOURIER monitors and controls power supply, fan, Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 V OLUME 5 6 N UMBER 8 O CTOBER 2 0 1 6 remote on/off, SYSRES, thermal Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK monitoring, user I/O programming, with © 2016 CERN ISSN 0304-288X

Ethernet (SNMP V3) and USB interface CMS preliminary 12.9 fb–1 (13 TeV) 5000 H → γγ 35 data all categories ATLAS preliminary mH = 125.09 GeV, μ^ = 0.90 S/(S+B) weighted GeV Higgs (m = 125 GeV) H / 4000 H → ZZ* → 4I data 30 ZZ* S + B fit –1 13 TeV, 14.8 fb Z + jets, tt 3000 B component tt + V, VVV ±1 ␴ 25

±2 ␴ uncertainty 2000 2015 + 2016 20 2.5 GeV

/ * H → ZZ → 4I 1000 Accelerating medicine

S/(S + B) weighted events Z

H → γγ events 15 0 ICHEP 2016 BACK TO SCHOOL 200 B component subtracted 10 DIRAC FINDS 100 Full report on CERN high-school EXOTIC ATOM On the cover: The robotic isotope handler for CERN-MEDICIS. (Image credit: 0 highlights of the teacher programme 5 Chicago conference inspires learning Strange dimesonic state W-IE-NE-R, Plein & Baus GmbH – Linde 18, D51399 Burscheid (Germany) –100 p19 p53 offers tests of QCD p8 0 Yury Gavrikov.) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 m (GeV) Fon:+49 2174 6780 – FAX: +49 2174 678 55 mγγ (GeV) γγ Web: www.wiener-d.com 3

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 Viewpoint Reactors and accelerators join forces Demand for medical isotopes requires reactor- and accelerator-based production methods.

operating a large research reactor or other facility solely for the production of radioisotopes, and SCK•CEN the yield needs to be sufficiently high for such a production to even significantly reduce the cost. Traditionally, the economics of constructing an accelerator facility for the sole purpose of generating 99Mo have been challenging, especially since the fi ssion yield of99 Mo outweighs the possible yields from non-reactor methods by at least a factor of 10. Recently, however, a reduction in the construction costs of high-power accelerators and the increasing costs associated with operating reactors has generated interest in accelerator-based production of 99Mo, for example via semi-commercial initiatives such as SHINE and NorthStar in the US. One of the driving forces behind these developments is the ageing of existing research reactors. The global supply of 99Mo mainly originates CERN_125x193:Mise en page 1 18/09/12 17:17 Page 1 in a handful of reactors such as the BR2 in Belgium, Belgian Reactor 2 (BR2), By Sven van den Berghe the NRU in Canada or the HFR in the Netherlands, which started operation in and most of them are more than 50 years old. The 1962, is among the most Nuclear reactors are usually thought of in the context NRU, which alone is responsible for about a third powerful research reactors in of electricity generation, whereby heat generated by of the global demand of 99Mo, is scheduled to cease the world. nuclear fi ssion produces steam to drive an alternator. production this year. Some reactors are still planned A less well-known class of nuclear-fi ssion reactors to continue operation for multiple decades (such fulfi ls an entirely different societal goal. Known as as OPAL in Australia, SAFARI in South Africa www.goodfellow.com research and test reactors, the heat they produce is a and BR2), while smaller research reactors such as by-product, while the resulting from the MARIA in Poland and LVR-15 in the Czech Republic fi ssion reactions are used to irradiate materials or as are getting increasingly involved in radioisotope probes for materials science. In some reactors, neutrons production and new research reactors are being are used to transmute stable isotopes into radioactive contemplated: MYRRHA in Belgium, PALLAS ones, which are subsequently utilised for industrial or in the Netherlands and JHR in France (for which Metals medical purposes. construction is ongoing), for instance. Despite these Used in diagnostics and treatment, medical developments, it is uncertain if the rising demand radioisotopes are a vital tool in the arsenal of can continue to be met without assistance from and materials oncologists in detecting and fi ghting cancer. In the accelerator-based production. case of 99mTc, which is a daughter product of 99Mo, Neutrons are very suitable for isotope production roughly 30 million patients per year are injected because the cross-sections for -induced for research with this isotope. This accounts for 80% of all nuclear reactions are often much larger than those nuclear-medicine diagnostic procedures, and demand for charged . As such, there is an advantage is only growing as more of the global population gain in using the neutrons already available at research Goodfellow Cambridge Limited ON-LINE CATALOGUE access to advanced medicine. Classically, 99Mo is reactors for isotope production. But it is clear that Ermine Business Park produced as a fission product in targets: accelerators and reactors are highly complementary. Huntingdon PE29 6WR UK after irradiation lasting around one week, the targets Reactors generate neutron-rich isotopes through Sven van den are rushed off to the processing facility where the fi ssion or activation, whereas accelerators typically Tel: 0800 731 4653 or +44 1480 424 800 Berghe is 99Mo is extracted. Since its half-life is only around allow the production of proton-rich isotopes. Alpha Fax: 0800 328 7689 or +44 1480 424 900 stakeholder six days, there is no way to stock up on the isotope, emitters are also becoming more popular in nuclear [email protected] manager for the and therefore a continuous chain of target production, medicine, particularly in palliative care, and the role Belgian Reactor 2 irradiation, isotope extraction and purifi cation – and of accelerators will likely become more important in (BR2) at the Belgian Nuclear fi nally supply to hospitals – is required. the future production of such isotopes. It is therefore Research Centre SCK•CEN, where The importance of a steady supply of medical healthy to maintain multiple production routes open he is responsible for the fuel radioisotopes such as 99Mo cannot be overestimated, for such vital and rare products, on which people’s FAST DELIVERY 70 000 PRODUCTS SMALL QUANTITIES CUSTOM MADE ITEMS development programme. yet it is generally not possible to cover the cost of lives can depend.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 New Titles in High Energy Physics from World Scientific News

n u C L E a r s t r u C t u r E Proton-radius puzzle deepens

The international CREMA (Charge Radius Experiment with Muonic ) collaboration has measured the radius of the Anomaly! Collider Particles and Challenges and Goals 60 Years of Yang–Mills The Standard Theory deuteron more accurately than ever before, Physics and the Quest Quantum Fields for Accelerators in Gauge Field Theories of Particle Physics fi nding that it is signifi cantly smaller than for New Phenomena By Hagen Kleinert the XXI Century C N Yang's Contributions Edited by Luciano Maiani previously thought. The result, which was

at Fermilab (Freie Universität Berlin, Edited by Oliver Brüning & to Physics (INFN, Italy & University of obtained using laser spectroscopy of muonic PSI/A Antognini and F Reiser Germany) Rome, Italy) & Luigi Rolandi By Tommaso Dorigo Stephen Myers (both CERN) Edited by L Brink (Chalmers at the Paul Scherrer Institute (CERN, Switzerland & Scuola (INFN, Italy) HB: 978-981-4740-89-0 | £139 HB: 978-981-4436-39-7 | £158 University of Tech., Sweden) (PSI) in Switzerland, is consistent with a & K K Phua (NTU, Singapore) Normale Superiore di Pisa, Italy) HB: 978-1-78634-110-5 | £79 PB: 978-981-4740-90-6 | £50 856pp | Apr 2016 2010 measurement of the proton radius 1628pp | Jul 2016 HB: 978-981-4725-54-5 | £98 HB: 978-981-4733-50-2 | £124 PB: 978-1-78634-111-2 | £40 Also available Open by the same group, which also showed a PB: 978-981-4725-55-2 | £41 325pp | Dec 2016 Open Access Access signifi cantly smaller value than expected. 540pp | Jun 2016 484pp | Oct 2016 The 2010 result, which found a proton radius of 0.84087±0.00039 fm versus the Get 20% off of these titles by using discount code WSCC1620 CODATA value of 0.8751±0.0061 fm, Part of the laser system used to determine the size of the deuteron at the Paul Scherrer when ordering through our website (offer expires 30th Nov 2016) formed the basis of what has been dubbed the Institute. proton-radius puzzle. The new measurement σ Sign up to our E-newsletter of the deuteron’s size gives rise to an also 3.5 smaller than the radius obtained and expects at least a fi ve-fold reduction in analogous mystery. If the results hold fi rm, by electronic deuterium spectroscopy. uncertainties in their charge radii compared http://www.worldscientific.com/page/newsletter they could force physicists to adjust the When combined with the electronic isotope with the -scattering results. Next, the Rydberg constant, which is currently known shift, says the team, this yields a proton team plans to target the magnetic properties to the eleventh decimal place, and perhaps radius similar to the one measured from of the proton by measuring the so-called imply the existence of an as-yet-unknown muonic hydrogen and thereby amplifi es the Zemach radius, which is the limiting quantity AD KR 09 16 05 E.indd 1 5/9/16 5:25 PM force beyond the . proton-radius puzzle. when comparing experiment and theory of the

Consisting of one proton and one “You could say that the mystery has now 1s hyperfi ne splitting in regular hydrogen. ▲ neutron, the deuteron is the simplest doubly confi rmed itself,” says lead-author “If all of the relevant experiments are compound nucleus. Its properties, such as Randolf Pohl of the University of Mainz, comsol multiphysics ® the root-mean-square charge radius and Germany. “After our fi rst study came out in Sommaire en français polarisability, therefore serve as important 2010, I was afraid some veteran physicist benchmarks for understanding nuclear would get in touch with us and point out our Le mystère du rayon du proton s’épaissit 7 application builder forces and structure. Using the most intense great blunder. But the years have passed, and L’expérience DIRAC observe un nouvel 8 source of available, provided by the so far nothing of the kind has happened.” atome exotique PSI proton accelerator, the CREMA team As to the possible cause of the discrepancy, injected around 300 low-energy muons per physicists remain cautious. “Naturally, it L’expérience AMS mesure des fl ux 8 MULTIPHYSICS second into an experimental chamber fi lled can’t be that the deuteron – any more than d’ cosmiques application with gaseous deuterium . Here, the proton – has two different sizes,” says Performance du LHC: l’accélérateur 9 muons eject from the molecules, CREMA-member Aldo Antognini of the repousse encore ses limites FOR EVERYONE which break up to form muonic deuterium. PSI. The most likely explanation would A complex pulsed laser system was then be experimental imprecision, he says. For Le concours « Ligne de faisceau pour les 9 used to raise muonic-deuterium atoms example, there could be an error with the écoles » est ouvert from the metastable 2s state into the next hydrogen spectroscopy, which was used ATLAS observe des quarks t solitaires à 10 The evolution of computational tools for excited state, 2p, after which the muons fall in some of the earlier measurements of 13 TeV numerical simulation of physics-based back to the ground state and emit an X-ray both the proton and deuteron’s size. “If it systems has reached a major milestone. . Because the energy levels of the should actually turn out that the hydrogen ALICE mesure le facteur de modifi cation 10 nucléaire du J/ Custom applications are now being developed muonic atom strongly depend on the size spectroscopy is giving a false – that is, ψ by simulation specialists using the Application of the nucleus, measuring the 2s–2p energy minimally shifted – value, that would mean Deuxième période d’exploitation du LHC : 11 Builder in COMSOL Multiphysics®. splitting in muonic deuterium by means of that the Rydberg constant must be minimally premiers résultats surprenants pour LHCb laser spectroscopy reveals the size of the changed,” he says. With a local installation of COMSOL Server™, applications can be deuteron with unprecedented precision. Currently, research groups in Munich, Sonder la matière noire avec CMS 11 deployed within an entire organization and accessed worldwide. Based on measurements of three 2s–2p Paris, Toronto and Amsterdam are working Les cheminées hydrothermales auraient 15 transitions, the team found a value of to obtain more accurate measurements via abrité le dernier ancêtre commun universel Make your organization truly benefit from the power of analysis. 2.12562±0.00078 fm for the deuteron hydrogen spectroscopy, and their results comsol.com/application-builder radius. This is 2.7 times more accurate are expected in the coming years. The Une planète ressemblant à la Terre en 17 but 7.5σ smaller than the CODATA-2010 CREMA collaboration has also recently orbite autour de l’étoile la plus proche de nous

© Copyright 2016 COMSOL. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, LiveLink, and Simulation for Everyone are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its value of 2.1424±0.0021 fm. The value is studied muonic -3 and helium-4 ions, subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 CERN Courier October 2016 News News

correct, there must be some physics beyond Further experiments should show whether experiments, the proton-radius puzzle will be protons by a factor 10,000), experimental ×103 The measured fl uxes of elementary ] 25 120 2.7 the Standard Model going on,” says Gerald the proton-radius measurements based solved in a few years,” says Miller. “We can all data on antiprotons are limited. Using the fi rst 1.7 particles multiplied by |R| . The 4 8 GV antiproton fl ux (red, left axis) is compared A Miller of the University of Washington, on hydrogen atoms are less accurate than speculate about the fi nal result, but it’s more four years of data, AMS has now measured ˙ 20 100 –1 who was not involved in the PSI study. “In originally stated, he adds. One is CREMA’s scientifi c to wait for results.” the antiproton fl ux and the antiproton-to- s 3 6 to the proton fl ux (blue, left axis), the ˙ 80 15 + p

particular, the –proton and electron– measurement of the helium-4 radius using proton fl ux ratio in primary cosmic rays with –1 e electron fl ux (purple, right axis), and the

● Further reading sr 60 proton interactions differ in ways that cannot muonic atoms, while another is the MUon unprecedented precision. The measurements, ˙ fl ux (green, right axis). The fl uxes 2 10 4 be accounted for by the electron–muon mass proton Scattering Experiment (MUSE) at PSI, A Antognini et al. 2013 Science 339 417. which demanded AMS provide a separation –2 p 40 show different behaviour at low rigidities, R Pohl et al. 2010 Nature 466 213. 6 [m 1 e– difference, and that statement is strengthened which compares muon– to electron–proton power of approximately 10 , provide precise 2.7 5 2 while at |R| above ~60 GV the functional ^ R 20

by the newly published result.” scattering for both charges. “Given enough R Pohl et al. 2016 Science 353 669. experimental information over an extended ˙ behaviour of the antiproton, proton and energy range in the study of elementary Φ positron fl uxes are nearly identical and E X O t i C a t O M s 10 102 103 particles travelling through space. |rigidity| (GeV) distinctly different from the electron fl ux. target Ni 98 μm statistically signifi cant observation of the In the absolute-rigidity (the absolute value DIRAC experiment A Κ+ strange dimesonic πK atom. of the momentum/charge) range 60–500 GV, 60–500 GV these ratios unexpectedly show Ting. “AMS will be on the Space Station for p KTT atomic – pair The team is now working towards a the antiproton (p), proton (p), and positron no rigidity dependence. its lifetime. With more statistics at higher – + (NA) π (nA) measurement of the πK atom lifetime, (e ) fl uxes are found to have nearly identical “These are precise and completely energies, we will probe further into these observes new Ni ± – arXiv:1605.06103v1 which is predicted to be 3.5 0.4 fs. This will rigidity dependence, while the electron (e ) unexpected results. It is diffi cult to imagine mysteries.” + Κ Coulomb allow DIRAC to measure for the fi rst time fl ux exhibits a markedly different rigidity why the fl ux of , protons and exotic atom p ● π– pair a parameter of low-energy πK interactions dependence. In the absolute-rigidity range antiprotons have exactly the same rigidity Further reading – – + + M Aguilar et al. (AMS Collaboration) 2016 Phys. Rev. η,ω,... + called the scattering length. With an expected below 60 GV, the p/p, p/e and p/e fl ux ratios dependence and the electron fl ux is so The DIRAC (DImeson Relativistic π precision of around 35%, the result can then each reach a maximum, while in the range different,” says AMS-spokesperson Samuel Lett. 117 091103. Atom Complex) experiment at CERN be compared with precise predictions from – has discovered a new type of exotic atom p φ Κ lattice QCD and chiral perturbation theory. L h C n E W s made up of a π and K . The “strange + The latter provides a way to predict scattering Κ Coulomb dimesonic” state provides an ideal laboratory – lengths in the low-energy sector of QCD π pair LHC hits 2016 luminosity target for testing and to study a potential fl avour dependence + (QCD) in the low-energy region and joins a p Κ non- of the condensate responsible for Coulomb long list of non-standard atoms, which also π– chiral-symmetry breaking. At the end of August, two months ahead of Integrated luminosity recorded by the main η,η',... pair 30 include , muonic atoms and π+ “A recent study has shown that the schedule, the integrated luminosity delivered ) –1 LHC experiments by 6 September 2016.

–1 ATLAS 28.000 fb antihydrogen, that help physicists study in 0 production rate of πK atoms from the proton by the LHC reached the 2016 target value –1 π –1 CMS 29.751 fb detail how particles interact. beam of CERN’s Super of 25 fb in both the ATLAS and CMS LHCb 1.383 fb–1 instead of the foreseen 2750, and that the The πK system is a type of hadronic Inclusive πK production via the interaction will be 25 times higher compared to that experiments. The milestone is the result of a 20 ALICE 10.050 fb–1 LHC energy is currently limited to 6.5 TeV − + atom in which meson pairs are bound p + Ni → π K + X. The ionisation or break up from the PS,” explains DIRAC spokesperson large group of scientists and technical experts preliminary instead of the nominal 7 TeV. The excellent electromagnetically, similar to pionium (a of AKπ leads to so-called atomic pairs. Leonid Nemenov. “This will allow us to who work behind the scenes to keep the availability of all the key systems of the π+π– atom), which was studied previously measure the πK scattering lengths with a 27 km-circumference machine operating at LHC is one of the main reasons behind these by the DIRAC experiment. It was produced The observation is part of an effort precision better than 5% and to check the the highest possible performance. 10 achievements. by fi ring 24 GeV/c protons from CERN’s that began almost a decade ago, when the precise predictions of QCD for these values Following a push to produce as many The accelerator team is now gearing up Proton Synchrotron (PS) into platinum DIRAC collaboration reported a 3.2σ basing on a Lagrangian describing u, d and proton–proton collisions as possible before for the season fi nale. Following a technical

or nickel foil targets. Here, relativistic enhancement of πK pairs at low relative s quarks. The DIRAC collaboration is now the summer conferences, several new ideas, delivered integrated luminosity (fb stop, a forward proton–proton physics run 0 dimesonic bound states formed by Coulomb momentum based on a platinum target. planning to prepare the dedicated Letter of such as a novel beam-production technique Apr May Jun Jul Aug took place in mid-September. Proton–proton fi nal-state interactions move inside the target This was followed in 2014 by 3.6σ evidence Intent for such an experiment.” in the injectors, have been incorporated month physics is scheduled to continue until the last and can break up, resulting in particle pairs using a nickel target. The latest result is to boost the LHC performance. Thanks to week in October, after which proton–lead characterised by a small relative momentum based on data obtained in both platinum ● Further reading these improvements, over the summer the This is a notable success, especially physics will take over for a period of one in the centre-of-mass system of the pair. and nickel targets, also using information B Adeva et al. 2009 Phys. Lett. B 674 11. LHC was routinely operating with peak considering that a temporary limitation in month. The LHC and its experiments can The recently upgraded DIRAC experiment from all subdetectors and enhanced B Adeva et al. 2014 Phys. Lett. B 735 288. luminosities 10%–15% above the design the Super Proton Synchrotron only allows look forward to the completion of what is observed 349±62 such atomic pairs, background description based on Monte B Adeva et al. 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. in press value of 1034 cm–2 s–1. the injection of 2220 bunches per beam already a very successful year. corresponding to a signal of 5.6σ. Carlo simulations, and represents the fi rst arXiv:1605.06103v1. E d u C a t i O n a strOpartiCLE p h y s i C s Beamline competition calls all schools AMS reports unexpected result in antiproton data CERN has announced the 4th edition of its The 2016 Beamline for Schools competition Researchers working on the AMS (Alpha that measures the type, energy and direction placed constraints on existing models and Beamline for Schools Competition, which attracted 151 teams from 37 countries (blue), Magnetic Spectrometer) experiment, which of particles. The goals of AMS are to use its gave rise to new ones, including collisions of will see two winning teams of students representing a total of 1261 students. Two is attached to the International Space Station, unique position in space to search for dark dark-matter particles, astrophysical sources undertake an experiment of their design teams from Poland and the UK were selected have reported precision measurements of matter and antimatter, and to study the origin and collisions of cosmic rays – some of at a fully equipped CERN beamline next to travel to CERN in September to carry out antiprotons in primary cosmic rays at energies and propagation of charged cosmic rays: which make specifi c predictions about the year. The 2017 competition, which is made their winning experiment proposals. never before attained. Based on 3.49 × 105 electrons, positrons, protons, antiprotons antiproton fl ux and the antiproton-to-proton possible thanks to the Alcoa Foundation, is antiproton events and 2.42 × 109 proton events, and nuclei. So far, the collaboration has fl ux ratio in cosmic rays. open to teams of high-school students aged decay and investigated high-energy gamma the AMS data represent new and unexpected published several key measurements of With its latest antiproton results, AMS 16 or older. A maximum of nine students rays. Interested schools can pre-register their observations of the properties of elementary energetic cosmic-ray electrons, positrons, has now simultaneously measured all of the per winning team will be invited to CERN, team to receive the latest updates, and further particles in the cosmos. protons and helium, for example fi nding an charged-elementary-particle cosmic-ray and teams can be composed of pupils from Previous winners have tested webcams information about how to apply can be found Assembled at CERN and launched in May excess in the positron fl ux (CERN Courier fl uxes and fl ux ratios. Due to the scarcity of a single school or a number of schools and classroom-grown crystals in the at cern.ch/bl4s. The deadline for submissions 2011, AMS is a 7.5 tonne detector module November 2014 p6). This latter measurement antiprotons in space (being outnumbered by working together. beamline, and also studied how particles is 31 March 2017.

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L h C E X p E r i M E n t s ATLAS observes single top-quarks at 13 TeV Cabling, Temperature Sensors & Heaters

The ATLAS –1 ATLAS uses neural networks to exploit the for specialist applications. 10000 ATLAS √s = 13 TeV, 3.2 fb collaboration + data kinematic differences between the signal l SR tq is exploiting tt, Wt, tb and background processes as much as the window of W+ + jets possible, thereby optimising the statistical 5000 Z, V V + jets opportunity opened by the LHC’s 13 TeV multijet power of the data set. Ten different kinematic We focus on solving your challenges, ensuring that our experience and events/0.1 post-fit unc. run to search directly for unknown particles. variables were combined into a discriminant, history provide products tailored to provide outstanding performance Complementary to this approach, the which is assumed to be close to zero for and suitability to your application. collaboration is also looking for deviations 0 background-like events and unity for 1.2

in the cross-sections and kinematic pred. signal-like events (see fi gure). distributions of Standard Model processes, 0.8 The cross-sections were measured to be

which could be caused by energy-dependent data/ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 156±28 pb for top-quark production and O couplings that become accessible at the NN 91±19 pb for top-antiquark production. These higher collision energy. The neural-network discriminant for the are slightly higher than expected (+15% Using data recorded in 2015 positive channel in the signal region. and +12%, respectively), but still in good corresponding to an integrated luminosity of The signal and backgrounds are normalised agreement with the predictions. The largest 3.2 fb –1, ATLAS has recently measured the to the fi t results and the hatched and grey uncertainties are related to the Monte Carlo total cross-sections of single top-quark and histograms represent the uncertainty. generators used to model the t-channel single top-antiquark production via the t-channel top-quark process and the tt̅ pair-production exchange of virtual W . This channel tt̅ pair production, the selection of candidate process, the b-jet identifi cation effi ciency and has exciting kinematic features such as events requires one charged lepton, missing the jet energy scale. In future measurements Temperature is our business Cables | Temp Measurement | Electric Heaters polarised top-quarks and forward spectator transverse momentum and two hadronic jets of the single top-quark process, the focus will jets. Compared to the dominant top-quark− to be present (exactly one of which has to be be on reducing the uncertainties, exploiting www.okazaki-mfg.com top-antiquark (tt̅) pair-production process, identifi ed to contain b ). improved calibrations and extending studies however, the single-production process is To measure the cross-section of top-quark of the Monte Carlo generators. experimentally more challenging due to a and top-antiquark production separately, okazaki-cernad-193x125-Sep16.indd 1 06/09/2016 14:30 higher background level. Because the two the events are separated into two channels ● Further reading 2014 major background processes are W+jets and according to the sign of the lepton charge. ATLAS Collaboration 2016 CERN-EP-2016-197. ALICE pinpoints J/ψ regeneration

The ALICE Collaboration has the more head-on and violent the collisions. ALICE, inclusive J/ψ → μ+μ– 3500 measured with high precision A clear decreasing trend of the RAA with < 8 GeV/c Periodic Table of thethe ElementsElements the production of J/ψ in 1.2 2.5 < y < 4, pT increasing participating nucleons is observed collisions of lead nuclei at the for peripheral collisions, followed by a highest LHC energy, confi rming constant evolution for more central collisions 0.8 the role of the “regeneration mechanism” in (see fi gure). Thanks to the increased AA R Data provided by kind permission of www.webelements.com J/ψ production. integrated luminosity delivered by the LHC, J/ψ mesons are bound states of a charm 0.4 the higher collision energy and improved 95.96 (c) and anticharm (c–) quark and they are Pb–Pb √s NN = 5.02 TeV detection techniques, the accuracy of the new particularly sensitive probes of the quark– Pb–Pb √s NN = 2.76 TeV measurement is drastically improved and 0 plasma (QGP) formed in high-energy 0 100 200 300 400 unambiguously confi rms ALICE’s earlier Flerovium heavy-ion collisions. The production of observation. In short, at LHC energies, a J/ψ Livermorium 〈Npart〉 Fl Lv J/ψ mesons is suppressed in the QGP by regeneration mechanism competes with the [289] [294] the screening of the cc– binding, which The J/ψ nuclear modifi cation factor versus J/ψ suppression mechanism, both of which is generated by the large surrounding the average number of are due to the formation of the QGP. colour-charge density. Such suppression participating in Pb–Pb collisions at The improved accuracy of the RAA was observed at RHIC in the US in AuAu –nucleon collision energies of 5.02 measurement at 5.02 TeV imposes strong

1529 collisions at a collision energy of 0.2 TeV. (red) and 2.76 (blue) TeV. constraints on theoretical calculations, the Using data from LHC Run 1, ALICE also uncertainties of which are now signifi cantly measured a suppression in PbPb collisions nuclear modifi cation factor (RAA), which is larger than the experimental ones. The 13.78 13.50 1050 1750 at 2.76 TeV. However, the value was smaller defi ned as the ratio of the yield in PbPb to that additional data expected to be accumulated than that measured at lower collision energy in an equivalent number of pp collisions. The during LHC Run 2 will further constrain (see CERN Courier March 2012 p14), hinting J/ψ RAA measured by ALICE as a function of the models through more differential at a new mechanism of J/ψ production in the average number of nucleons participating measurements, including the J/ψ elliptic fl ow. the QGP: regeneration by recombination of in the collision in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV deconfi ned charm and anticharm quarks. is compared to the value at 2.76 TeV. The ● Further reading The J/ψ suppression is quantifi ed by the larger the number of participating nucleons, J Adam et al. (ALICE Collaboration) arXiv:1606.08197.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 News Detection Solutions for Today and Tomorrow LHCb fi nds early surprises at Run 2

The bumper data harvest 4 unexpected behaviour when compared to at LHC Run 2 continues FONLL what was observed at 7 TeV during Run 1. for the LHCb experiment. Although the ratio of the cross-sections at X)/d η ) data b 3 In mid-August, the the two energies is roughly equal to two, collaboration celebrated the milestone of as predicted, there is a clear dependence 1 fb–1 integrated luminosity collected so 2 on pseudorapidity (which is related to the

far during 2016, with signifi cantly more (d ␴ (pp → H angle of production) that differs markedly Discover today the products of tomorrow expected to come during the remainder of 1 13 TeV from the current model expectations. The 13/7 LHCb the year. This corresponds to the production R 7 TeV ratio in the data is signifi cantly higher at low of around 1012 beauty hadrons, of which 0 values of pseudorapidity, which corresponds 2 3 4 5 the most interesting decays have been η to the more central regions of production selected and recorded for offl ine analysis. ( s e e fi g u r e .) The stupendous performance of the LHC The ratio of differential cross-sections for This result, which was fi rst shown at the Look for these Posters and Talks in the IEEE NSS/MIC Technical Program has been central to this success. Indeed, the b- production with respect to ICHEP conference in Chicago in August, is LHCb operations team has had to adjust pseudorapidity, η, measured at collision still being digested by theorists. Although • Engineering LYSO Single Crystals for Performance (N29-41) trigger and offl ine procedures to prevent the energies of 13 and 7 TeV. Data are it is too early to speculate on the causes of • High performance CLLB detectors for dual gamma and neutron detection (N29-37) torrent of incoming data from overfl owing compared to predictions described in Eur. this intriguing behaviour, and indeed the the experiment’s data-storage resources. Phys. J C 75 610. consequences for other measurements, it is • Efficient Positioning of Silicon Photomultipliers on Large Scintillation Crystals (N18-6) With LHCb’s physics programme centred hoped that many other surprises lurk in the around painstaking precision measurements, glimpses into the new sample are already Run-2 data set. • A Cost Effective Means of Extending the Lifetime of Plastic in Portal Monitors (N54-2) the most eagerly awaited results from the revealing surprising results. For example, a • Li co-doped NaI:Tl - a Large Volume Neutron-Gamma Dual Mode with Exceptional PSD (N60-4) Run 2 data set will not begin to appear measurement of the production cross-section ● Further reading LHCb Collaboration 2016 LHCb-PAPER-2016-031. until early next year. However, the fi rst of beauty hadrons at 13 TeV has shown www.crystals.saint-gobain.com Fig. 1. (Left) 95% CL exclusion regions in the U.S.A: +1 440 834 5600 [email protected] / Europe: +33 164 45 10 10 [email protected] CMS preliminary dark-matter summary ICHEP 2016 mass plane of the mediator and DM Probing dark 1200 axial-vector mediator, Dirac DM candidate for dijet searches and different matter with CMS gq = 0.25, gDM = 1 values of ETmiss. 800 observed exclusion 95% CL dijet [EXO-16-032] + [arXiv:1604.08907]

(GeV) boosted dijet [EXO-16-030] Fig. 2. (Below) Feynman diagrams showing DM DM + j/Vqq

Understanding the nature M 400 [EXO-16-037] the production of the mediator and its decay DM + γ of dark matter (DM) is [EXO-16-039] to SM (left) and DM (right) particles. The

DM = Z|| the focus of extensive 0 [EXO-16-038] former yields a dijet topology while the latter research at collider- and 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 produces events with a high-momentum jet astrophysics-based MMed (GeV) in combination with signifi cant missing experiments. The most well-known transverse energy. SUPPORTING YOUR ADVANCES signature for DM production at the LHC is q q′ q g DM the so-called “mono-X” topology, for which IN events are characterised by the presence of a z′ z′ high-momentum object (e.g. a jet in the case RaySearch is a committed pioneer of software that drives innovation of a mono-jet signature) from initial-state in therapy. Many leading particle centers around the radiation in combination with signifi cant globe rely on RayStation®, our next-generation treatment planning missing transverse energy (ETmiss). The system, as a platform for both clinical excellence and cutting- q q′ q DM ETmiss signature may arise from DM edge research. RayStation handles a wide variety of treatment particles that are stable yet electrically dilepton and diphoton searches may be particles (fi gure 2, left). techniques and beam lines. What’s more, it is the first commercially neutral and part of a colour-singlet, which relevant. Although the absolute exclusions available system to enable planning for carbon-ion pencil beam means they will escape detection in the Using proton–proton collision data from provided by these searches depend strongly scanning. By supporting the most advanced particle therapy CMS experiment. the LHC collected at a centre-of-mass on the chosen coupling and DM model techniques, we are helping to advance cancer treatment worldwide. For a large class of DM models, however, energy of 13 TeV, the CMS collaboration scenario, the example of the axial-vector Learn more at www.raysearchlabs.com the mediator cannot only be probed by has recently updated several of its DM model illustrates that, in addition to the conventional DM searches (such as the searches and placed stringent constraints conventional mono-X plus ETmiss searches, mono-X plus ETmiss analyses) but also on interesting DM parameter space (see dijet constraints can place signifi cant by direct searches for the mediator. Such fi gure 1). The limits shown in this plot are bounds on relevant DM models and thus searches measure the mediator’s decay obtained by interpreting different collider are an important ingredient in our quest of into Standard Model (SM) particles such searches from CMS in a simplifi ed DM searching for DM at colliders. as quarks, and . The most model. The model corresponds to an prominent example is the dijet-resonance axial-vector mediator particle that is excited ● Further reading search but also, depending on specifi c in proton–proton collisions and decays into CMS Collaboration cms.web.cern.ch/news/ properties of the DM model considered, two DM particles (fi gure 2, right) or SM latest-results-cms-presented-ichep-2016.

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C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY Deep-sea vents likely origin of life

The last universal common ancestor The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life is known to have lived inhabited a geochemically active about 3.4 billion years ago, yet how and environment rich in hydrogen, carbon where LUCA lived has remained a mystery. dioxide and iron. Data support the theory of Now, research by William Martin and an autotrophic origin of life in a colleagues of Heinrich Heine University hydrothermal setting. in Düsseldorf, Germany, supports the view that this ancient life form existed in a metabolism and the fi xing of carbon dioxide hydrothermal vent with low oxygen levels. NZASRoF’05/NOAA Vents Program and nitrogen. This suggests an environment By reconstructing evolutionary trees for where lots of those gases were present, in more than six million genes from bacteria addition to iron, making hydrothermal vents and single-celled micro-organisms, the the likely origin of life. team was able to identify 355 protein families that were likely in the LUCA ● Further reading genome and are involved in anaerobic M Weiss et al. 2016 Nature Microbiology 1 16116. Light Transport Systems Self-mixing Sensor Seeing single in the cathode. Oxygen is reduced to form A major challenge in radiation-intense We offer a compact laser Nuclear forensics superoxide at the cathode, which then bonds environments is the signal transfer from diode based sensor for detecting While it is known that rod cells in the retina to CO2 and combines with aluminium from the source to the (often expensive and not a small displacement and measuring the An analysis of stable isotopes in bomb debris radiation-hard) detection system. Lens-based vibration with an accuracy of better than respond to single photons, it has remained an the anode to make aluminium oxalate. For light transport systems suffer from aberrations, 300 nm. This easy-to-use sensor can be easily open question whether or not a single photon has revealed details of the 70 year-old Trinity each kilogram of aluminium, more than nuclear test, offering a new diagnostic for misalignment and radiation damage. D-Beam used for many purposes including cryogenic can actually be perceived by a human being, 9 kg of CO2 can be captured from fl ue gas offers optical fibre based light transport chamber vibration detection or referencing the or whether a few (typically thought to be 5–7) non-proliferation and verifi cation efforts. while providing 3.6 kWh of electricity – systems that can replace conventional displacement of wired or translational stages are needed. Jonathan Tinsley of the Research Susan Hanson and colleagues of Los Alamos enough to make the new cell a potentially lens-based systems. for diagnostics. Moreover, it can also be used Institute of Molecular Pathology in Vienna, National Laboratory in New Mexico, US, used useful strategy to reduce CO emissions and for velocity measurements of gas-jets and fluid 2 Amongst others, we are experienced in the Austria, and colleagues have now shown that molybdenum-isotope ratios, plus the total produce power at the same time. targets. Our sensor provides a reliable, low amount of molybdenum (all of which are stable D-Beam, a new spin-off company from the development, optimisation and experimental cost and robust solution that can be used in we can indeed recognise single photons. The decay products of short-lived zirconium ● University of Liverpool and the Cockcroft exploitation of synchrotron radiation-based even the harshest environments. team used a single-photon source based on Further reading Institute in the UK provides a range of profile monitors, novel micro mirror array-based spontaneous parametric down-conversion isotopes produced in the explosion), to W Sadat and L Archer 2016 Science Advances beam halo monitors for the measurements with reliable and cost-efficient beam diagnostics and a “two-alternative forced-choice” calculate the original post-blast zirconium- 2 e1600968. high dynamic range, and advanced sensor for use at accelerator and clinical facilities, D-Beam offers easy-to-use and user isotope levels. They found a yield that is in technologies, such as silicon photomultipliers. protocol, in which subjects were asked to light sources, and reactors for applications friendly diagnostics for charged particle distinguish a light stimulus from a blank agreement with the offi cial reported yield, Centuries-old sharks in research, healthcare, security, beams. This includes custom-build diagnostics and were then given feedback about the suggesting that a nuclear detonation can be environment and manufacturing. Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) for your specific needs. We have a wide range correctness of their answers. Interestingly, characterised at any time. A novel application of radiocarbon of numerical and analytical tools for modelling Beam diagnostics is a highly specialised area Based on Fibres and optimising our products for even the most the probability of reporting a single photon dating suggests that the Greenland ● where it takes many years to develop a new challenging projects. We have established is affected by a previous photon having been Further reading shark (Somniosus microcephalus) is the D-Beam offers BLMs based on fibres with sensor technology. The first advantage of a collaborative network with universities, sent, suggesting a priming process that boosts S Hanson et al. 2016 PNAS 113 8104. longest-lived vertebrate known, boasting unique features compared to the commonly D-Beam is the availability of a broad range of research centres and industry partners from used BLMs. The fibre-based BLM gathers the the visual system on a timescale of seconds. a lifespan of at least 272 years. Julius cutting edge beam diagnostics solutions that all over the world. information from the entire beam line you are Nielsen of the University of Copenhagen are not currently offered by any other company. ● interested in, and not only one point. Further reading and colleagues dated eye-lens nuclei from Further information can be found at Secondly, we have the required skilled experts J Tinsley et al. 2016 Nature Communications 28 female Greenland sharks measuring www.d-beam.co.uk to optimise a given diagnostics technology Due to the large number of monitors necessary 7 12172. 81–502 cm in length using the pulse of to cover all beam modules in latest generation platform towards your specific applications. Alexandra Alexandrova large scale accelerators, it is desirable to carbon-14 produced by nuclear tests in the Email: [email protected] find a solution which minimises also the overall 1950s. Only the smallest sharks (measuring Telephone: +44(0)1925 864 430 or Electricity from carbon dioxide costs of the system. The use of optical fibres 220 cm or less) showed signs of the Custom-designed Radiators +44(0)7449 618 935 in different configurations allows covering Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be used as fuel radiocarbon bomb pulse, which is a time We offer radiators for high current/high larger segments of the machines. This allows Prof. Carsten P. Welsch in a battery made from easily obtainable marker of the early 1960s. The age of the energy beam applications, as well as highly to find new sources or losses and to protect Email: [email protected] ± sensitive radiators for low intensity beams materials, offering a novel approach to sharks at sexual maturity was 156 22 years the equipment. Telephone: +44(0)1925-864 352 where a small number of particles need to be sequester CO2 emissions, according to and the largest shark was 392±120 years old, Or +44(0)7973 247 982 detected. Our radiators can be used for single Our systems provide a resolution of around researchers at Cornell University in the suggesting that some Greenland sharks today Fax: +44(0)1925 864 037 particle detection as well as for beam loss 10 cm, which gives an accurate determination US. Wajdi Al Sadat and Lynden Archer Trinity was the code name for the fi rst were alive at the same time as Copernicus. monitoring applications. They are based on of the loss position. Due to their intrinsic D-Beam constructed an electrochemical cell with atomic test. (Image credit: Los Alamos the generation of scintillation and Cherenkov design advantages our systems are Keckwick lane, Daresbury laboratory ● metallic aluminium as the anode and a CO2/ National Laboratory.) Further reading radiation in different types of optical fibres completely insensitive to magnetic fields Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD oxygen gas mixture as the active material J Nielsen et al. 2016 Science 353 702. and cutting edge photo detectors. and . United Kingdom

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What PoWers your accelerator? Astrowatch

C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH Earth-like planet orbits our nearest star

Astronomers have found clear evidence of Centauri b orbits the star in only 11.2 days a planet orbiting the closest star to Earth, and has a minimum mass of 1.27 Earth Proxima Centauri. The extrasolar planet is masses. The exact value of the mass cannot only slightly more massive than the Earth be determined by the radial-velocity

and orbits its star within the habitable ESO/M Kornmesser method because it depends on the unknown zone, where the temperature would allow inclination of the orbit with respect to the liquid water on its surface. The discovery line of sight. represents a new milestone in the search for During the fi rst half of 2016, Proxima exoplanets that possibly harbour life. Centauri was regularly observed with Since the discovery of the fi rst exoplanet the HARPS spectrograph on the ESO HV and RF Technology Innovations from L-3 in 1995, more than 3000 have been found. 3.6 m telescope at La Silla in Chile, and Most were detected either via radial velocity simultaneously monitored by other L-3 Electron Devices is leading the technology revolution with powerful solutions like the 13 kW klystron for the 12 GeV or transit techniques. The former relies on telescopes around the world. This campaign, Upgrade at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and the 90 kW IOT amplifier for Brookhaven National Lab’s spectroscopic measurements of the weak which was led by Guillem Anglada-Escudé NSLS-II Booster RF Transmitter System. For high-voltage switching or stable and reliable RF power, L-3’s thyratrons, back-and-forth wobbling of the star induced An artist’s impression of the surface of the of Queen Mary University of London and klystrons, IOTs and TWTs are meeting the demanding requirements of many of the world’s major accelerator systems, and by the gravitational pull of the orbiting planet Proxima b orbiting the red-dwarf star shared publicly online as it happened, was we are working to produce the next generation of devices for tomorrow’s new accelerators. planet, while the latter method measures the Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the solar called the Pale Red Dot. slight drop in the star’s brightness due to the system. The rocky planet is a little more The fi nal results have now been published, To learn more about L-3’s innovative technology, visit L-3com.com/edd or email us at [email protected]. occultation of part of its surface when the massive than the Earth and has an orbit concluding with a discussion on the Electron Devices L-3com.com planet passes in front of it. within the habitable zone, where liquid water habitability of the planet. Whether there is an Exoplanets discovered so far exhibit a could fl ow on its surface. atmosphere and liquid water on the surface diverse range of properties, with masses is the subject of intense debate because ranging from Earth-like values to several Proxima Centauri b matches this red-dwarf stars can display quite violent times the mass of Jupiter. Massive planets condition and is also a special planet for us behaviour. The main threats identifi ed in close to their parent star are the easiest because it orbits our nearest star, located the paper are tidal locking (for example, to fi nd: the fi rst known exoplanet, called just 4.2 light-years away. Near does not does the planet always present the same 51 Peg b, was a gaseous Jupiter-sized planet necessarily mean bright, however. Proxima face to the star, as does our Moon?), strong (a “hot Jupiter”) with a temperature of the Centauri is actually a cool red star that is stellar magnetic fi elds and strong fl ares with order of 1000 °C due to its proximity to much too dim to be seen with the naked eye high ultraviolet and X-ray fl uxes. Whereas the star. The ultimate goal of exoplanet and, with a mass about eight times smaller robotic exploration is some time away, the hunters is to fi nd an Earth twin or at least than the Sun, it is also around 600 times less future European Extremely Large Telescope an Earth-sized planet at the right distance luminous. The habitable zone around this (E-ELT) should be able to see the planet and from its parent star to have liquid water on its red-dwarf star is therefore at much shorter probe its atmosphere spectroscopically. surface. This condition defi nes the habitable distances than the corresponding distances zone, which is the range of distance around in our solar system – equivalent to a small ● Further reading the star that would be suitable for life. fraction of the orbit of Mercury. Proxima G Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016 Nature 536 437.

Picture of the month

This stunning view of the distant galaxy-cluster Abell S1063 was taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope as part of the Frontier Field programme. The cluster itself is seen as it was four-billion years ago – the time it took light to reach us. But the main goal of this observation is to explore a time even earlier than this, where no telescope has looked NASA, ESA, and J Lotz (STScI) before. The huge mass of the cluster distorts and magnifi es the light from galaxies that lie behind it due to gravitational lensing. This allows Hubble to see galaxies that would otherwise be too faint to observe and makes it possible to study the very fi rst generation of galaxies in the universe. Three other clusters have already been observed as part of the Frontier Fields programme and two more will be observed over the next few years, giving astronomers a remarkable picture of how they work and what lies both within and beyond them.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 Advertising feature CERN Courier October 2016 ICHEP 2016 Bakeable and passive wide-range gauges for vacuum –12 measurement from atmosphere to 5 l 10 mbar

The development of vacuum gauges for precise microcontroller-driven digital-processing unit. coloured live graph. The digital Pirani concept measurement of pressures down to the In contrast to the conventional analogue- has also been paving the way for use of more 10–12 mbar range requires a considerable based set-up, the electronics can be spatially complex algorithms in data processing for amount of experience, expertise and separated from the vacuum gauge, which optimally tuning the system response, e.g. innovativeness. Total pressure measurement leads to the creation of a fully bakeable wide- according to reaction or setting time. The with focus on high sensitivity, low maintenance range gauge for pressure measurement from simple integration of wide-range gauges into –12 and long life (due to low radiation atmosphere down to 5 l 10 mbar. superior process control becomes possible susceptibility) of the vacuum gauges plays an and thus facilitates the integration of important role in ensuring successful process Passive wide-range gauges – sensitive continuous total-pressure measurement into management and control of accelerator electronics apart from radiation long-existing process-control units. systems. By collaborating in pioneering The concept of a passive wide-range gauge not research projects, VACOM has grown to be a only allows for bake-out procedures to be In-house development and production strong and innovative partner in developing and performed on installed gauges, but also Cutting-edge technologies are an important providing vacuum components and vacuum enables positioning of the rather radiation- part of our in-house development and measurement with the special demands of sensitive electronic parts at a safe distance, manufacturing process, as evidenced in our accelerator facilities. whereas the passive sensor can be installed state-of-the-art research laboratories, very close to the beam. Through this, the computational modelling and use of innovative Bakeable wide-range gauges lifetime of the wide-range gauges can be vacuum materials, bonding techniques and Since its discovery, the Pirani gauge has been significantly increased. As a matter of course, production methods. However, the most ICHEP 2016 attracted particle physicists from across the globe. (Image credit: Reidar Hahn, Fermilab.) widely used as a stand-alone gauge or as a the hot cathodes integrated in all of the new valuable source of creating innovative part of wide-range pressure gauges in wide-range gauges maintain their low-heat products is the co-operative relationship combination with hot or cold cathodes. input due to the small work function of their between us and our customers. Through this, Conventionally, Pirani gauge signal processing yttria-coated iridium filaments. we are able to provide a growing portfolio of is realised by on-gauge analogue electronics, in-house manufactured products, from vacuum Particle physics under the i.e. the Wheatstone bridge. Besides its Modern communication and sensor control measurement to aluminum chambers, high- versatility, accuracy, robustness and low cost, Next to pressure-sensor technology, a focus of temperature optical fibre feedthroughs or this set-up comes with restrictions concerning our in-house activities is the development and vacuum components with guaranteed the proximity of the electronics and the gauge production of advanced gauge controllers. The outgassing (according to VACOM® Vacuum itself. Because the Wheatstone bridge has to new concept of configurable vacuum Classes). be installed directly on the gauge, bakeable measurement gives users the opportunity to spotlight in Chicago and passive wide-range gauges do not exist. choose between active and passive However, to reliably reach the lowest of measurement with only one sensor – the new pressures, which are often a prerequisite for passive wide-range gauges can be extended by high acceleration of particles, a vacuum bake- easy-to-add-on gauge electronics for an active out at 200 °C or higher becomes mandatory. A measurement mode. However, the cutting- bakeable wide-range gauge (with separated or edge solution is to connect the novel sensors Mysterious bumps, rediscovered Higgs 500 for posters by 65 conveners. During three days of plenary ses- easily removable electronics) would be the to a new controller unit that is able to connect sions, 36 speakers from around the world overviewed results pre- perfect tool for continuous, compact and and control up to three passive or nine active bosons, oscillations and dark sented at the parallel and poster sessions. remote pressure control from atmosphere to gauges at one time. Moreover, integrated VACOM Vakuum Komponenten & Messtechnik One of the most popular parallel-session themes concerned the lowest ultra-high-vacuum region. Bluetooth technology enables the user to GmbH matter were among the scientifi c highlights display the data of all connected gauges on a In den Brückenäckern 3, enabling technologies, totalling around 400 abstract submis- The new generation of wide-range gauges mobile device (smartphone or tablet) via the 07751 Großlöbichau, Germany at ICHEP 2016, which took place in Chicago sions, and rich collaborative opportunities were discussed in the integrates a novel Pirani gauge set-up in which corresponding app. Here, the measurement Web www.vacom-vacuum.com new “technology applications and industrial opportunities” track. the gauge’s signal processing is realised by a data is clearly presented numerically or in a Email [email protected] from 3 to 11 August. Young-Kee Kim, Another innovation at ICHEP 2016 concerned diversity and inclu- sion, which appeared as a separate parallel track. A number of Joe Lykken and Katie Yurkewicz reveal all. new initiatives in communication, education and outreach were also piloted. These included lunchtime sessions aimed at increas- ing ICHEP participants’ skills in outreach and communication This summer, the city of Chicago in Illinois was not only a vacation through news and social media, “art interventions” and a physics destination for North American tourists – it was also the preferred slam, where fi ve scientists competed to earn audience applause destination for more than 1400 scientists, students, educators and through presentations of their research. The outreach programme members of industry from around the world. Fifty-one countries was complemented by events at 30 public libraries in Chicago and from Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South a public lecture about gravitational waves. America were represented at the 38th International Conference on While the public had an increasing number of ways to connect High Energy Physics (ICHEP), which is the largest such confer- with the conference, however, the main attraction for attendees ence ever held. remained the same: new science results. And no result was more Indeed, the unexpectedly large interest in the meeting caused some highly anticipated than the updates on the 750 GeV diphoton reso- re-thinking of the conference agenda. A record 1600 abstracts were nance hinted at in data from the ATLAS and CMS experiments ▲ submitted, of which 600 were selected for parallel presentations and recorded during 2015.

–12 Overview of total pressure gauges and pressure curve for vacuum measurement down to 5 l 10 mbar 19

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–1 ATLAS preliminary ATLAS preliminary CMS preliminary 12.9 fb (13 TeV) 4 4 10 10 5000 H → γγ 35 data data data all categories ATLAS preliminary 3 background-only fit 3 background-only fit mH = 125.09 GeV, μ^ = 0.90 S/(S+B) weighted GeV Higgs (m = 125 GeV) 10 10 H / * spin-0 selection spin-0 selection 4000 data H → ZZ → 4I * 102 102 30 ZZ √s = 13 TeV, 2015, 3.2 fb–1 √s = 13 TeV, 2016, 12.2 fb–1 S + B fit –1 13 TeV, 14.8 fb Z + jets, tt 10 10 3000 B component events/20 GeV events/20 GeV tt + V, VVV 1 1 ±1 ␴ 25 ±2 ␴ uncertainty –1 2015 –1 2016 2000 10 10 2015 + 2016 20 2.5 GeV

ATLAS-CONF-2016-059 / * H → ZZ → 4I 10 10 1000

S/(S + B) weighted events Z

events 15 0 0 H → γγ 0 data-fitted background data-fitted background –10 –10 200 B component subtracted 10 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 750 GeV 750 GeV 100 mγγ (GeV) mγγ (GeV) 0 5 CMS preliminary 2.7 fb–1 (13 TeV, 3.8 T) CMS preliminary 12.9 fb–1 (13 TeV) data –100 data 103 EBEB fit model EBEB fit model 0 102 ±1 ␴ ±1 ␴ 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 ±2 ␴ 102 ±2 ␴ mγγ (GeV) mγγ (GeV) 10 10

events/20 GeV Fig. 2. In case there was any doubt about the existence of the Higgs , the CMS (left) and ATLAS (right) experiments have events/20 GeV 1 1 rediscovered the 125 GeV-mass particle in independent data recorded at almost twice the collision energy (13 TeV). 2015 2016 Higgs bosons than in Run 1, and the Higgs has been “rediscovered” dominance of matter over antimatter in the universe, while data stat 2 stat 2 in the new data with a signifi cance of 10σ (fi gure 2). A major focus from NOνA disfavour the idea that mixing of the second and third 0 0 of the new analyses is to demonstrate the production of Higgs parti- neutrino fl avours is maximal, representing a test of a new symmetry –2 –2

(data-fit)/ σ cles in association with a W or Z boson, or with a pair of top quarks that underlies maximal mixing (fi gure 3, overleaf). (data-fit)/ σ 400 800 1200 1600 400 800 1200 1600 2000 and their decay patterns. These production and decay channels are The long simmering issue of sterile – hypothesised par- 750 GeV 750 GeV mγγ (GeV) mγγ (GeV) important tests of Higgs properties, and so far the Higgs seems to ticles that do not interact via SM forces – also received new atten- behave just as the SM predicts. tion in Chicago. The 20 year-old signal from the LSND experiment Fig. 1. A slight excess in the number of diphoton events corresponding to a mass of 750 GeV observed by ATLAS and CMS in 2015 About 20 new searches looking for heavier cousins of the Higgs at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the US, which indicates 4σ (left) did not reappear in data recorded this year (right), showing that the famous “bump”, which generated hundreds of theoretical were reported. These “heavy Higgs”, once produced, could decay evidence for such a particle, was matched some years ago by anoma- explanations, was likely to be a statistical effect. in ways very similar to the Higgs itself, or might decay into a pair lies from the MiniBooNE experiment at Fermilab. As reported at of Higgs bosons. Other searches covered the possibility that the ICHEP, however, cosmological data and new results from IceCUBE Exploring the unknown (Mu to E Gamma) experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute in itself has exotic decays: “invisible” decays into unde- in Antarctica and MINOS+ at Fermilab do not confi rm the existence The spectacular performance of the LHC during 2016, which Switzerland revealed the most sensitive search to date for charged tected particles, decays into exotic bosons or decays that violate of sterile neutrinos. On the other hand, the Daya Bay experiment in saw about 20 fb–1 of 13 TeV proton–proton collisions delivered to lepton-fl avour violation, which would also be a clear signature of the conservation of lepton fl avour. No signals have emerged yet, China, Reno in South Korea and Double Chooz in France all confi rm ATLAS and CMS by the time of the conference, gave both experi- new physics. Using bottom and charm quarks to probe new physics, but the LHC experiments are providing increasing sensitivity and a reactor neutrino fl ux that is low compared with the latest model- ments unprecedented sensitivity to new particles and interactions. the Beijing Spectrometer (BES) at IHEP in China and the Belle coverage of the full menu of possibilities. ling, which could arise from mixing with sterile neutrinos. However, The collaborations reported on dozens of different searches for experiment at KEK in Japan showcased a series of precision and all three of these experiments also confi rm a “bump” in the neutrino new phenomena. In a dramatic parallel session, both ATLAS and rare-process results. While they have a few interesting discrepan- Neutrino mysteries spectrum at an energy of around 5 MeV that is not predicted, so there CMS revealed that their 2016 data do not confi rm the previous cies from Standard Model (SM) predictions, presently no signs of With neutrinos currently among the most interesting objects to is certainly more work to be done in understanding the modelling. hints of a diphoton resonance at 750 GeV (fi gure 1); apparently, physics beyond the SM have emerged. study to look for signs of physics beyond the SM, ICHEP included those hints were nothing more than tantalising statistical fl uctua- Meanwhile on the heavy-ion front, the ALICE experiment at the reports from three powerful long-baseline neutrino experiments: Probing the dark sector tions. Disappointed theorists were happily distracted by other new LHC joined ATLAS, CMS and LHCb in presenting new observa- T2K at J-PARC in Japan, and NOνA and MINOS at Fermilab in the Dark matter dominates the universe, but its identity is still a mys- results, however. As expected, these include interesting excesses tions of the dramatic and mysterious properties of quark–gluon US, which are addressing some of the fundamental questions about tery. Indeed, some theorists speculate about the existence of an worth keeping an eye on as more data become available. Still in plasma. This was complemented by results from the STAR and neutrinos such as CP violation, the ordering of their masses and their entire “dark sector” made up of dark photons and multiple species the running for future big discoveries are the production of heavy PHENIX experiments at RHIC at the Brookhaven National Labo- mixing behaviour. While not yet of dark matter. Numerous approaches are being pursued to detect particles predicted by and exotic theories, and the ratory in the US. conclusive, the results presented dark matter directly, and these are complemented by searches at direct production at the LHC of dark-matter particles. So far, no Neutrino physics is at ICHEP show that neutrino the LHC, surveys of large-scale structure and attempts to observe signs of such particles have been seen at ATLAS or CMS. Rediscovering the Higgs physics is entering a new era of high-energy particles from dark-matter annihilation or decay in Many other experiments reported on their own searches for new Perhaps unsurprisingly, given that its discovery in 2012 was one of entering a new era sensitivity and maturity. Data or around our Galaxy. Regarding direct detection, experiments particles and interactions, including new LHCb results on the most the biggest in particle physics for a generation, the Higgs boson was of sensitivity and from T2K currently favour the are advancing steadily in sensitivity: the latest examples reported sensitive search to date for CP violation in the decays of neutral the subject of 30 parallel-session talks. New LHC measurements maturity. idea of CP violation in the lepton at ICHEP came from LUX in the US and PandaX-II in China, and D mesons which, if detected, would allow researchers to probe CP are a great indicator of how the Higgs boson is being used as a new sector, which is one of the condi- already they exclude a substantial fraction of the parameter space ▲ violation in the up-type quark sector. Final results from the MEG tool for discovery. Already Run 2 of the LHC has produced more tions required for the observed of supersymmetric dark-matter candidates (fi gure 4, overleaf).

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ICHEP 2016 ICHEP 2016 CONTROL THE SMALLEST LEAK WITH OUR GAS DOSING LEAKVALVE NOvA preliminary 25 103 10–42 3.5 20 T2K Run1-7c preliminary normal hierarchy NOvA 6.05 × 10 pot-equiv. ) 20 90% C.L. allowed region 1␴ 2 XENON100LUX 2012 2015 normal hierarchy PandaXDarkSide–50 2015 2015 –43 2␴ 102 10 inverted hierarchy )

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10–1 VERNIER FEATURES NEW! 0 All manual valves equipped 2.0 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 101 102 103 104 105 with a Vernier for precise δCP (radians) 2 control of the gas flow. sin2θ mWIMP (GeV/c ) 23 Scale resolution is 200 for Fig. 3. With nearly twice the antineutrino data in 2016 compared with its 2015 result, the T2K experiment’s observed electron Fig. 4. The LUX and PandaX experiments saw no signals of the whole control range. antineutrino appearance rate is lower than would be expected if CP asymmetry is conserved (left). With data accumulated until May dark-matter candidates and their results were consistent with Without extra cost. 2016, representing 16% of its planned total, NOvA’s results (right) show an intriguing preference for non-maximal mixing – that is, a background expectations. A substantial region of parameter 2 preference for sin θ23 ≠ 0. 5. space is now excluded.

Dark energy – the name given to the entity thought to be driv- lattice QCD calculations play a key role in extracting fundamental entifi c opportunities on offer now and in the future with which to ing the cosmic acceleration of today’s universe – is one of two parameters such as the CKM mixing matrix, as well as squeezing further explore the smallest and largest structures in the universe. www.nenion.at provocative mysteries, the other concerning the primordial epoch down uncertainties to the point where effects of new phenomena The LHC is performing beyond expectations, and will soon enter of cosmic infl ation. ICHEP sessions concerned both current and may conclusively emerge. a new era with its planned high-luminosity upgrade. Meanwhile, planned observations of such effects, using either optical surveys propelled by surprising discoveries from a series of pioneering of large-scale structure or the cosmic microwave background. Both Facilities focus experiments, neutrino physics has progressed dramatically, and approaches together can probe the nature of dark energy by look- With particle physics being a global endeavour, the LHC at CERN its progress will continue with new and innovative experiments. ing at the abundance of galaxy clusters as a function of redshift; serves as a shining example of a successful large international sci- Intense and muon beams, and SuperKEKB, will provide as reported at the Chicago event, this is already happening via the ence project. At a session devoted to future facilities, leaders from excellent opportunities to search for new physics in different Dark Energy Survey and the South Pole Telescope. major institutions presented the science case and current status of ways, and will help to inform future research directions. Diverse new projects that require international co-operation. These include approaches to probe the nature of dark matter and dark energy are Progress in theory the International Linear Collider (ILC) in Japan, the Circular also on their way. While we cannot know what will be the headline Particle theory has been advancing rapidly along two main lines: new Electron–Positron Collider (CEPC) in China, an energy upgrade results at the next ICHEP event – which will be held in 2018 in ideas and approaches for persistent mysteries such as dark matter and of the LHC, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) and the Future Seoul, South Korea – we can be certain that surprises are in store. naturalness, and more precise calculations of SM processes that are Circular Collider (FCC) at CERN, the Long-Baseline Neutrino relevant for ongoing experiments. As emphasised at ICHEP 2016, Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment Résumé new ideas for the identity of dark matter have had implications (DUNE) in the US, and the Hyper-K neutrino experiment in Japan. La physique des particules à l’honneur à Chicago for LHC searches and for attempts to observe astrophysical dark- While the high-energy physics experiments of the future were a key matter annihilation, in addition to motivating a new experimental focus, one of the well-attended sessions at ICHEP 2016 concerned Cet été, du 3 au 11 août, plus de 1 400 scientifi ques, étudiants, programme looking for dark photons. A balanced view of the natu- professional issues critical to a successful future for the fi eld of par- enseignants et industriels du monde entier se sont réunis à Chicago ralness problem, which concerns the extent to which fundamental ticle physics. Diversity and inclusion were the subject of four hours (Illinois, États-Unis) pour la 38e Conférence internationale sur parameters appear tuned for our existence, was presented at ICHEP. of parallel sessions, discussions and posters, with themes such as la physique des hautes énergies (ICHEP). Il s’agissait de la plus While supersymmetry is still the leading explanation, theorists are communication, inclusion and respect in international collaboration grande conférence jamais organisée sur le sujet, avec 51 pays also studying alternatives such as the “relaxion”. This shifts attention and how harassment and discrimination in scientifi c communities d’Afrique, d’Asie, d’Océanie, d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord et to the dynamics of the early universe, with consequences that may be create barriers to access. The sessions were mostly standing-room du Sud représentés. Les bosses mystérieuses, les bosons de Higgs observable in future experiments. only, with supportive but candid discussion of the deep divides, har- redécouverts, les oscillations de neutrinos et la matière noire There have also been tremendous developments in theoretical assment, and biases – both explicit and implicit – that need to be over- étaient parmi les principaux sujets scientifi ques. Les technologies calculations with higher-order QCD and electroweak corrections, come in the science community. Speakers described a number of prometteuses ont également été un thème important, avec environ which are critical for understanding the SM backgrounds when positive initiatives, including the Early Career, Gender and Diversity 400 résumés d’articles ou de présentations soumis ; les sessions searching for new physics – particularly at the LHC and, soon, offi ce established by the LHCb collaboration, the Study Group on portant sur des questions liées à la communication, à la diversité et at the SuperKEKB B factory in Japan. The LHC’s experimental Diversity in the ATLAS collaboration, and the American Physical à l’inclusion ont elles aussi attiré un large public. precision on top-quark production is now reaching the point where Society’s “Bridge Program” to increase the number of physics PhDs theory requires next-to-next-to-next-to-leading-order corrections among students from under-represented backgrounds. Young-Kee Kim (chair of ICHEP 2016), University of Chicago, and just to keep up, and this is starting to happen. In addition, recent ICHEP 2016 clearly showed that there are a vast number of sci- Joe Lykken and Katie Yurkewicz, Fermilab.

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This delivery technique is competitive with beam delivery with precision Cycling This property, which was fi rst identifi ed by accelerator-pioneer the most advanced forms of X-ray irradiation, such as intensity- • Small beam sizes – small magnets, Robert Wilson in 1946 when he was involved in the design of the modulated (IMRT), tomotherapy, Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, results in a greater treatment effi - and others, because it uses a smaller number of entering ports and light gantries – smaller footprint Medical ciency and a lower risk of complications. hence reduces the overall absorbed dose to the patient. • Highly efficient single turn extraction Synchrotron The pioneers of proton therapy used accelerators from physics Owing to its high dose accuracy, proton therapy has histori- • Efficient extraction – less shielding (iRCMS) laboratories at locations including Uppsala in Sweden in 1957; cally been oriented towards the treatment of uveal melanoma and • Flexibility – protons and/or carbon, Boston Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory in the US in 1961; and the base-of-skull tumours, for which X-rays are less effi cient. 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Particle physics, and CERN in particular, has played a key role By the early 2000s, the number of treatment centres had risen to in the success of proton therapy. One of the fi rst facilities operat- around 20, and today proton therapy is booming: some 45 facilities ing in Europe was MEDICYC – a 65 MeV proton medical cyclo- www.bestcyclotron.com www.bestproton.com are in operation worldwide, with around 20 under construction and tron that was initially devoted to neutron production for cancer a further 30 at the planning stage in various countries around the therapy. It was installed at the Centre Antoine Lacassagne (CAL) in ▲ www.teambest.com world (see www.ptcog.ch). Nice in 1991, where the fi rst proton-therapy treatment for ocular 25

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60 ● High resolution ● No 138La background 40 protons relative dose (%) ● 76 x 76 mm available 20 carbon ions tumour 4% @ 662 keV 0 0 5 10 15 The S2C2 cyclotron and its compact gantry produced by IBA. penetration depth in tissue (cm) Blue shows the beamline that feeds the R&D room for the France The MEDICYC Cyclotron (the orange magnet in the back) in the Hadron research teams, while green shows the second fi xed-beam Effective relative dose versus tissue depth for different forms of PS East Hall during tests in the early 1990s. treatment room, which will be installed in the near future. radiation.

melanoma was achieved in France. MEDICYC was designed by feasibility studies for EULIMA. The feasibility study group was breakthroughs compared with existing systems. The accelerator is a small team of young CAL members hosted by CERN in the PS hosted by CERN and the main design option for the accelerator four-times lighter and consumes eight-times less energy than cur- division, and the advice of the passionate experts there was key to was a four-magnetic-sector cyclotron with a single large cylindri- rent machines for the same performance, and its maximum energy SCIONIX Holland B.V. the success of this accelerator. Preliminary studies for MEDICYC cal superconducting excitation coil designed by CERN magnet- of 230 MeV can treat all tumours deep in the human body up to a Tel. +31 30 6570312 and the fi rst test of the radiofrequency accelerating system were specialist Mario Morpurgo. CAL was selected as a candidate site depth of 32 cm. Its signifi cantly lower cost represents a particularly Fax. +31 30 6567563 performed at CERN. Indeed, because the cyclotron was completed to host the EULIMA prototype because it offered both adequate attractive alternative compared with the global industrial standard. Email. [email protected] before the building that would house it, it was proposed to assemble space in the MEDICYC building to house the machine and treat- It also foreshadows a major development of proton therapy in the www.scionix.nl the cyclotron magnet at CERN in the East Hall of the PS division, ment rooms, while also offering an adequate supply of medical, coming years, because compact synchrocyclotron technology is to perform the magnetic-measurement campaigns. scientifi c and technical staff in an attractive site. also being developed for the acceleration of alpha particles and During its 25 year operational lifetime, which began in June When the EULIMA came to an end in 1992, the empty EULIMA heavier ions for hadron therapy. 1991, MEDICYC has reached a high level of reliability and suc- hall was available for future development projects in high-energy A major innovation is its rotating compact gantry, the fi rst proto-CCMar13Ad_Scionix.indd 1 04/02/2013 15:22 cessfully treated more than 5500 patients for various ocular proton therapy. Therefore, in 2011, we were able to construct the type of which was installed in the US in 2013. The new beamline tumours with a 96% local control rate. Owing to its high-dose- new S2C2 facility at CAL at low cost. This compact, approximately has a mobility that allows operators to direct the radiation beam profi le quality (0.8 mm dose fall-off beyond the Bragg peak, which 40 tonne facility provides proton beams with an energy of 230 MeV in different incidences around the patient and offer unprecedented is of the utmost importance for irradiating tumours close to the and delivers its dose using dynamic pencil-beam scanning (PBS). compactness, reducing costs further. The new S2C2 and the future optical nerve), MEDICYC will continue to run its medium-energy Its design is the result of a collaboration between AIMA (a spin-out upgrading programme of MEDICYC embody the medical mission proton-therapy programme. Moreover, CAL is investigating a company from CAL) and Belgian medical fi rm IBA. of CAL at large by bringing together advanced proton therapy for MEDICYC improvement programme for increasing the beam The facility comprises a beamline that feeds an R&D room for treating patients and scientifi c research activities with multidisci- intensities in view of new medical-isotope production at high ener- research teams, which have decided to commit themselves to a plinary teams of medical physicists and radiobiologists. gies with protons and deuterons. national research programme called France Hadron. The programme On 30 June this year, a new proton therapy centre called the Institut gathers several hadron-therapy centres based at Paris-Orsay, Lyon, Résumé Méditerranéen de Protonthérapie (IMPT) was inaugurated at CAL, Caen, Toulouse and Nice, in addition to several universities and Protonthérapie : l’ère de la précision Technology Metals | Advanced Ceramics marking a new phase in European advanced hadron therapy. Join- national public research institutions, to co-ordinate and organise a ing MEDICYC as the driver of this new facility is a new cyclotron national programme of research and training in hadron therapy. This La protonthérapie est une technique de radiothérapie innovante, High Performance Solutions called the Superconducting Synchro-cyclotron (S2C2). This facility, programme aims at bringing nuclear-physics techniques to clini- qui peut traiter des tumeurs avec beaucoup plus de précision que les for Particle Accelerators which will expand the proton-therapy activity of MEDICYC, uses cal research through dosimetry, rayons X ou les rayons gamma. Le nombre de centres de traitement the latest technology to precisely target tumours while controlling radiation biology, imaging, con- par protonthérapie augmente rapidement, et offre aux patients des H.C. Starck’s global supply chain produces semi-finished, finished and fully the intensity and spatial distribution of the dose with fi ne precision. It trol of target positioning, and traitements plus effi caces avec un risque de complications moindre. machined refractory products for high energy physics projects: MEDICYC was > Beam > Targets > Shutters is therefore ideal for treating base of skull, head and neck, sarcomas quality-control instruments. Au Centre Antoine Lacassagne, à Nice, une nouvelle installation > Radiation Shielding > Beam Blockers tumours and with priority oncopediatics tumours, and is expected designed by a small As is the case for eye treat- de protonthérapie de haute énergie, qui tire son origine d’une Fabrications from pure molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum, and collaboration avec le CERN vieille de 30 ans, se prépare à présent à to treat up to 250 patients per year in its fi rst phase. team hosted by ment at MEDICYC, the new alloys are available in a wide range of at and round products: facility will operate in co- traiter son premier patient. À performance égale, son accélérateur CERN, and the advice > Plate, Sheet, Foil > Bar and Tube CERN beginnings est quatre fois plus léger et consomme huit fois moins d’énergie operation with the Léon Bérard Superconducting wire bundles are manufactured from niobium and The new facility at CAL has its roots in a CERN-led project called of the passionate cancer centre in Lyon and que les machines actuelles, et il peut traiter tous types de tumeurs tantalum bar and foils with toll extrusion services for the large diameter EULIMA (European Light Ions Medical Accelerator) – a joint ini- experts there was other oncologic centres in the situées profondément à l’intérieur du corps humain. bundles. tiative at the end of the 1980s to bring the potential benefi t of hadron south of France. The new high- key to its success. [email protected] therapy with light ions to cancer patients in Europe. Historically, energy proton facility displays Joel Hérault, Pierre Mandrillon, François Demard and Richard www.hcstarck.com CAL was involved with several European institutes to undertake many innovative technological Trimaud, Centre Antoine Lacassagne (CAL), Nice.

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A new project called CERN MEDICIS aims to cells, killing them with minimal damage to healthy tissue. CERN-MEDICIS aims to further advance this area of medi- produce novel isotopes as diagnostic agents cine. New isotopes with specifi c types of emission, tissue penetra- tion and half-life will be produced and purifi ed based on expertise and treatments for brain and pancreatic acquired during the past 50 years in producing beams of radioiso- cancers, explain Leo Buehler, Thomas tope ions for ISOLDE’s experimental programme. Diagnosis by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), a form Cocolios, John Prior and Thierry Stora. of , covers the vast majority of worldwide isotope consumption based on the gamma-emitting 99mTc, which is used for functional probing of the brain and various other organs. PET Accelerators and their related technologies have long been devel- protocols are increasingly used based on the positron emitter 18F oped at CERN to undertake fundamental research in nuclear and, more recently, a 68Ga compound. Therapy, on the other hand, physics, probe the high-energy frontier or explore the properties is mostly carried out with beta emitters such as 131I, more recently of antimatter. Some of the spin-offs of this activity have become with 177Lu, or with 223Ra for the new application of targeted alpha key to society. A famous example is the World Wide Web, while therapy (see p35). Other isotopes also offer clear benefi ts, such as another is medical applications such as positron emission tomog- 149Tb, which is the lightest alpha-emitting radiolanthanide and also raphy (PET) scanner prototypes and image reconstruction algo- combines positron-emitting properties. rithms developed in collaboration between CERN and Geneva University Hospitals in the early 1990s. Today, as accelerator Driven by ISOLDE physicists develop the next-generation radioactive beam facili- With 17 Member States and an ever-growing number of users, ties to address new questions in nuclear structure – in particular ISOLDE is a dynamic facility that has provided beams for HIE-ISOLDE at CERN, SPIRAL 2 at GANIL in France, ISOL@ around 300 experiments at CERN in its 50 year history. It allows Myrrha at SCK•CEN in Belgium and SPES at INFN in Italy – researchers to explore the structure of the , study medical doctors are devising new approaches to diagnose and treat particle physics at low energies, and provides radioactive probes diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancers. for solid-state and biophysics. Through 50 years of collabora- The bridge between the radioactive-beam and medical commu- tion between the technical teams and the users, a deep bond has nities dates back to the late 1970s, when radioisotopes collected formed, and the facility evolves hand-in-hand with new technolo- from a secondary beam at CERN’s Isotope mass Separator On- gies and research topics. Line facility (ISOLDE) were used to synthesise an injectable radi- CERN MEDICIS is the next step in this adventure, and the user opharmaceutical in a patient suffering from cancer. 167Tm-citrate, community is joining in efforts to push the development of the a radiolanthanide associated to a chelating chemical, was used to Clockwise from top left: Storage shelves for ISOLDE and CERN-MEDICIS targets after their operation, showing the robot for remote handling. machine in a new direction. The project was initiated six years ago perform a PET image of a lymphoma, which revealed the spread- A “fresh” target unit stands on the CERN-MEDICIS supply point, ready for the robot pick-up and transportation to the irradiation point. A rail by a relatively small collaboration involving CERN, KU Leuven, out cancerous tumours. While PET became a reference protocol conveyor system end-station for target transportation, showing the inspection camera and two modern target units. The MEDICIS building at CERN, EPFL and two local University Hospitals (CHUV in Lausanne to provide quantitative imaging information, several other pre- next to ISOLDE. (Image credits: Yury Gavrikov.) and HUG in Geneva). One year later, in 2011, CERN decided to clinical and pilot clinical tests have been performed with non-con- streamline medical production of radioisotopes and to offer grants ventional radioisotopes collected at radioactive-ion-beam facilities conventional isotopes to be used as a diagnostic agent and for body – a method called . The fi rst clinical trials took dedicated to technology transfer. While the mechanical conveyor – both for diagnosis and for therapeutic applications. brachytherapy or unsealed internal radiotherapy for the treatment place at the Curie Institute in France and at St Luke’s Memorial system to transport the irradiated targets was covered by such a Despite signifi cant progress made in the past decade in the fi eld of non-resectable brain and pancreatic cancer, among other forms Hospital in New York at the beginning of the 20th century, for the grant, the construction of the CERN MEDICIS building began in of oncology, however, the prognosis of certain tumours is still of the disease. Initiated in 2010, the facility will use a proton beam treatment of . September 2013. The installation of the services, mass separator poor – particularly for patients presenting advanced glioblastoma at ISOLDE to produce isotopes that fi rst will be destined for hospi- A century later, in 2013, a milestone was met with the successful and laboratory is now under way. 223 multiforme (a form of very aggressive brain cancer) or pancreatic tals and research centres in Switzerland, followed by a progressive clinical trials of Ra in the form of the salt-solution RaCl2, which At ISOLDE, physicists direct a high-energy proton beam from adenocarcinoma. The latter is a leading cause of cancer death in roll-out to a larger network of laboratories in Europe and beyond. was injected into patients suffering from prostate cancers with the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) at a target. Since the beam the developed world and surgical resection is the only potential The project is now approaching its fi nal phase, with start-up fore- bone metastasis. The positive effect on patient survival was so clear loses only 10% of its intensity and energy on hitting the target, treatment, although many patients are not candidates for surgery. seen in June 2017. in the last clinical validation (so-called phase III), that the trial was the particles that pass through it can still be used. For CERN- Although external-beam gamma radiation and chemotherapy are terminated prematurely to allow patients who had received a pla- MEDICIS, a second target therefore sits behind the fi rst and is used used to treat patients with non-operable pancreatic tumours, and A century of treatment cebo to be given the effective drug. Today, the availability of new for exotic isotope generation. Key to the project is a mechanical survival rates can be improved by combined radio- and chemo- The idea of using radioisotopes to cure cancer was fi rst proposed isotopes, medical imagery, robotics, monoclonal antibodies and a system that transports a fresh target and its ion source into one of therapy, there is still a clear need for novel treatment modalities for by Pierre Curie soon after his discovery of radium in 1898. The better understanding of tumour mechanisms has enabled progress the two ISOLDE target-stations’ high resolution separator (HRS) pancreatic cancer. use of radium seduced many physicians because the penetrating in both brachytherapy and unsealed internal radiotherapy. Radio- beam dump, irradiates it with the proton beam from the PSB to ▲ A new project at CERN called MEDICIS aims to develop non- rays could be used superfi cially or be inserted surgically into the isotopes can now be placed closer to and even inside the tumour generate the isotopes, then returns it to the CERN-MEDICIS

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Staged production During its initial stage in 2017, only low-Z materials, such as tita-

nium foils and Y2O3 ceramics, will be used as targets. From these, we will produce batches of several hundred MBq of 44,47Sc and 61,64Cu. In the second stage, tentatively scheduled for 2018, we will use targets from the nuclei of higher atomic numbers, such as tantalum foils, to reach some of the most interesting terbium and lanthanide isotopes. In a fi nal phase in 2018, we foresee the use of uranium and targets to reach an even wider range of isotopes and most of the other alpha-emitters. Selected isotopes will fi rst be testedin vitro for their capacity to Magnets for research destroy glioblastoma or pancreatic adenocarcinoma or neudoen- and medicine docine tumour cells, and in vivo by using mouse models of cancer. Fig. 2. Characterisation of the PET imaging capability of the We will also test the isotopes for their direct effect on tumours and scanditronix-magnet.se 152

., MEDICIS-Promed long-lived (17.5 hours) isotope Tb for clinical PET scans. The when they are coupled to peptides with tumour-homing capaci- fi gure shows the image of a standardisation phantom (wells of ties. New delivery methods for brachytherapy using stereotactic, increasing diameters) used in pre-clinical nuclear-medicine endoscopic ultrasonographic-guided or robotic-assisted surgery

F Cicone et al laboratories. A good resolution obtained after 10 minutes with a will be established in large-animal models. Fig. 1. Pre-clinical imaging of 152Tb anti-TEM1 antibodies in a clinical PET scanner shows that clinical imaging with 50 MBq Moreover, this new facility marks the entrance of CERN into the mouse grafted with tumour cells using a PET scanner at 24 (left) activities will be possible in humans. era of theranostics. This growing oncological fi eld allows nuclear- and 48 (right) hours, showing targeting of the medicine physicians to verify and quantify the presence of cellular radiopharmaceutical within the tumour. The grafted tumour the European Commission entitled MEDICIS-Promed, which and molecular targets in a given patient with the diagnostic radio- tissues (TU on the upper right) can be visualised as bright spots. stands for MEDICIS-produced radioisotope beams for medicine. isotope, before treating the disease with the therapeutic radioisotope. Other organs are also visible in the centre. The goal of this 14-institution consortium is to train a new gen- The prospect of a dedicated facility at CERN for the production of eration of scientists to develop systems for personalised medicine innovative isotopes, together with local leading institutes in life and laboratory. The system was fully commissioned in 2014 under combining functional imaging and treatments based on radioac- medical sciences and a large network of laboratories, makes this an proton-beam irradiation with a target that was later used to pro- tive ion-beam mass separation. Subsystems for the development exciting scientifi c programme in the coming years. duce a secondary beam, thus validating the full principle. A crucial of new radiopharmaceuticals, isotope mass separators at medical functional element was still missing: the isotope mass separator, cyclotrons, and of mass-separated 11Carbon for PET-aided hadron ● Further reading & shaping along with its services and target station. Coincidentally, however, therapy are to be specifi cally developed to treat ovarian cancer. R Augusto et al. 2014 Applied Sciences 4 265. charge amplifiers CERN MEDICIS started just as the operation of KU Leuven’s iso- Pre-clinical experiments have already started, with the fi rst imag- G Horev-Drori. et al. 2011 Translational Research 159 32. tope-separation facility ended, and a new lease of life could there- ing studies ever done with these exotic radioisotopes. For this, a C Parker et al. 2013 New England Journal of Medicine 369 213. preamplifiers fore be given to its dipole magnet separator, which was delivered to specifi c ethical review board has been implemented within the M Sadeghi et al. 2010 Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics 6 239. CERN earlier this year for testing and refurbishment. consortium and is chaired by independent members. detect A close collaboration is growing at MEDICIS centred around With the MEDICIS facility entering operation next year, an Résumé the core team at CERN but involving partners from fundamental increasing range of innovative isotopes will progressively become Le CERN produira des radio-isotopes pour la médecine femtoJoule , material science, radiopharmacy, medical phys- accessible. These will be used for fundamental studies in cancer pulses! ics, immunology, radiobiology, oncology and surgery, with more research, for new imaging and therapy protocols in cell and ani- Le lien entre les communautés des accélérateurs et de la médecine to come. mal models, and for pre-clinical trials – possibly extended to early remonte à presque 50 ans. Aujourd’hui, alors que les physiciens phase clinical studies up to Phase I trials. During the next few développent la nouvelle génération de machines pour la recherche, Training network years, 500 MBq isotope batches purifi ed by electromagnetic mass les médecins imaginent de nouvelles méthodes pour diagnostiquer With such an exceptional tool at hand, and based on growing separation combined with chemical methods will be collected on et traiter les maladies neurodégénératives et les cancers. Le projet pre-clinical research experiments performed at local univer- a weekly basis. This is a step increase in production to make these MEDICIS du CERN vise à développer de nouveaux isotopes sity hospitals, in 2014 a H2020 Innovative Training Network innovative isotopes more available to biomedical research labora- pouvant être utilisés à la fois comme agents de diagnostic et pour la all product specifications can be found online at: was set up by CERN to ensure MEDICIS is fully exploited. This tories, compared with the present production of a few days per year curiethérapie ou la radiothérapie interne avec source non scellée, “Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions” proposal was submitted to in a facility such as ISOLDE. pour le traitement de cancers du cerveau ou du pancréas non http://cremat.com opérables et d’autres formes de cette maladie. L’installation, dont Cremat's low noise charge sensitive preamplifiers (CSPs) can be l’idée a germé en 2010 et qui sera opérationnelle en 2017, utilise un used to read out pulse signals from p-i-n photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes (APDs), SiPM photodiodes, semicon- faisceau de protons et l’installation de faisceaux d’ions radioactifs ductor radiation detectors (e.g. Si, CdTe, CZT), ionization ISOLDE pour produire des isotopes médicaux. Ces isotopes seront chambers, proportional counters, surface barrier/PIPS detectors Eletta Flow Monitors d’abord destinés à des hôpitaux et des centres de recherche en and PMTs. Our CSPs and shaping amplifiers are small c r e m a t Recognized extreme reliability in your Suisse, puis progressivement à d’autres laboratoires en Europe et epoxy-sealed plug-in modules less than 1 2 950 Watertown St cooling system for more than 60 years. ailleurs dans le monde. in in area. We provide evaluation boards West Newton, MA and instrument designs as Open Source 02465 USA Leo Buehler, Geneva University Hospitals, Thomas Cocolios, KU Leuven, Hardware allowing the user to integrate our +1(617)527-6590 modules into their commercial instruments. [email protected] Meet us October 3-4 John Prior, CHUV, and Thierry Stora, CERN. ”France at CERN” event 30 [email protected] CERN, Geneva 31 www.eletta.com CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 CERN Courier October 2016 Medical isotopes Medical isotopes

BNL Two of the hot Radioisotope Half-life Decay Target Application cells used for mode Energetic protons boost radioisotope Be-7 53.2 days EC water gamma-ray source processing at Mg-28 20.9 hours β– KCl Mg tracer BNL to protect Sc-47 3.3 days β– Ti metal immunotherapy workers from Fe-52 8.3 hours EC, β+ Ni metal Fe metabolism high radiation BNL isotope production Co-55 17.5 hours EC, β+ Fe-56 PET label levels while Zn-65 244.1 days EC Ga metal Zn tracer performing Cu-67 2.6 days β– ZnO immunotherapy chemical Ge-68/Ga-68 270.8 days EC, β+ Ga metal PET calibration, separation. /1.13 hours generator parent As-73 80.3 days EC Ge metal As tracer Recent accelerator upgrades and associated BNL Rb-81/Kr-81m 4.6 hours/ EC Kr gas lung ventilation radii to create one large and one smaller circle. The radius values improvements to medical-isotope production 13.1 seconds and the number of beam pulses for each radius can be programmed Sr-82/Rb-82 25.6 days EC/β+ RbCl cardiac studies to optimise the beam distribution, allowing a fi ve-fold reduction in at Brookhaven National Laboratory will help /1.27 minutes peak power density. Y-86 14.7 hours EC, + SrCl cancer imaging β 2 Given the resulting increase in current from these upgrades, a par- to meet global demand for strontium-82 and + Y-88 106.6 days EC, β Nb metal gamma-ray source allel effort was required to increase the linac-beam intensity. This actinium-225, explain Cathy Cutler and Tc-95m 61 days EC Rh metal Tc-99m stand in was accomplished by extending the present pulse length by approx- Ru-97 2.9 days EC Rh metal gastric studies imately fi ve per cent and optimising low-energy beam-transport Leonard Mausner. Cd-109 461.4 days EC Ag metal gamma-ray source parameters. These adjustments have now raised the maximum beam Sn-117m 13.8 days IT Sb metal bone-pain current to 173 μA, boosting radioisotope production by more than a palliation third. After irradiation, all targets need to be chemically processed to The mission of the US Department of Energy (DOE) isotope I-123 13.3 hours EC NaI thyroid and other purify the radioisotope of interest from target material and all other programme is to produce and distribute radioisotopes that are in imaging studies coproduced radioisotopes, which is carried out at Brookhaven’s Xe-127 36.4 days EC CsCl lung ventilation short supply and in high demand for medical, industrial and envi- Brookhaven’s linear accelerator is 144.8 m long and feeds a dedicated target-processing laboratory. Pb-203 51.9 hours EC Bi metal immunotherapy ronmental uses. The DOE programme also maintains the unique beam either to the BLIP or the Booster accelerator. infrastructure of national laboratories across the country, one of Tri-lab effort which is Brookhaven National Laboratory’s medical radioisotope It works by diverting the excess beam of Brookhaven’s 200 MeV Radioisotopes developed and distributed at BLIP, where Among the highest-priority research efforts of the MIRP is to programme, MIRP. Although there are many small accelerators in proton linac to water-cooled target assemblies that contain spe- EC = electron capture, IT = isomeric transition, β– = beta decay assess the feasibility of using an accelerator to produce the alpha the US that produce radioisotopes, the availability of proton ener- cially engineered targets and degraders to allow optimal energy and β+ = positron decay. emitter 225Ac. Alpha particles impart a high dose in a very short gies up to 200 MeV from the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer to be delivered to the targets. The use of higher-energy particles path length, which means that high doses to abnormal diseased (BLIP) is unique. allows relatively thick targets to be irradiated, in which the large of the beam across the target. This system requires rapid cycling tissues can be delivered while limiting the dose to normal tissues. Radioisotopes are of interest both for and for number of target nuclei compensate for the generally smaller reac- magnets and power supplies to continuously move the beam spot, Although there have been several promising preclinical and clini- diagnostic imaging and therapy. The most important aspect of tion cross-sections compared to low-energy nuclear reactions. and has been fully operational since January 2016. cal trials of alpha emitters in the US and Europe, the 10 day half- Brookhaven’s isotope programme is the large-scale production Although the maximum proton energy is 200 MeV, lower energies Production of 82Sr is accomplished by irradiating a target com- life of 225Ac would enable targeted alpha radiotherapy using large and supply of clinical-grade strontium-82 (82Sr). Although 82Sr is can be delivered by sequentially turning off the accelerating sec- prising rubidium-chloride salt with 117 MeV protons, with the ras- proteins such as monoclonal antibodies and peptides for selective not directly used in humans, its short-lived daughter product 82Rb tions to achieve 66, 92, 117, 139, 160, 181 and 200 MeV beams. This ter parameters driven by the thermal properties of the target. This treatments of metastatic disease. 225Ac decays through multiple is a potassium mimic and upon injection is rapidly taken up by is the only linac with such a capability, and its energy and intensity demanded diagnostic devices in the BLIP beamline that enable the alpha emissions to 213Bi, which is an alpha emitter with a half-life viable cardiac tissue. It is therefore supplied to hospitals as a gen- can be controlled on a pulse-by-pulse basis. As a result, the linac profi le of the beam spot to be measured, both for initial device tun- of 46 minutes and can therefore be used with peptides and small erator for positron emission tomography (PET) scans of the heart, can simultaneously supply high-intensity pulses to the BLIP and a ing and commissioning and for routine monitoring. These included molecules for rapid targeted alpha therapy (see article on p35). where its short half-life (76 seconds) allows multiple scans to be low-intensity polarised proton beam to the booster synchrotron for a laser-profi le monitor, beam-position monitor and plunging multi- Although 225Ac is the leading-candidate alpha emitter, vital performed and minimal doses delivered to the patient. At present, injection into the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and the wire devices. It was also necessary to build an interlock system to research has been hindered by its very limited availability. To accel- up to 350,000 patients per year in the US receive such PET scans, Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) for Brookhaven’s nuclear- detect raster failure, because the target could be destroyed rapidly erate this development, a formal “Tri-Lab” collaboration has been but demand is growing beyond capacity. physics programme. This shared use allows for cost-effective oper- if the smaller-diameter beam spot stopped moving. The beam is established between BNL and two other DOE laboratories: Los ▲ There is also signifi cant promise for the utilisation of alpha emit- ation. The BLIP design also enables bombardment of up to eight moved in a circular pattern at a rate of 5 kHz with two different Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Oak Ridge National ters for treating a variety of diseases including metastatic cancer, targets, offering the unique ability to produce multiple radioisotopes viral and fungal infections and even HIV, for which the leading at the same time (see table overleaf). Target irradiations for radi- candidate is the alpha-emitter 225Ac. Thanks to a series of upgrades ation-damage studies are also performed, including for materials completed this year, Brookhaven is now in a position to boost pro- relevant to collimators used at the LHC and Fermilab. duction of both of these vital medical isotopes. The Gaussian beam profi le of the linac results in very high power density in the target centre. Until recently, the intensity of the beam Protons on target was limited to 115 μA to ensure the survival of the target. This year, The BLIP was built in 1972 and was the world’s fi rst facility to uti- however, a raster system was installed that allows the current on lise high-energy, high-current protons for radioisotope production. the target to be increased by allowing a more uniform deposition

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Laboratory (ORNL). The aim is to evaluate the feasibility of irradiat- ing thorium targets with high-energy proton beams to produce much larger quantities of 225Ac for medical applications. Because there is TRIUMF targets alpha a direct correlation between beam intensity and radioisotope yields, the higher the intensity the higher the yield of these and other use- ful isotopes. So far, BNL and LANL have measured cross-sections, developed and irradiated relevant alpha-emitter targets for shipment to ORNL and other laboratories. These include several targets con- therapy taining 225Ac-radioactivity up to 5.9 GBq and others for chemical and biological evaluation of both direct 225Ac use as well as use of a gen- erator to provide the shorter-lived 213Bi. Similar irradiation methods are available at LANL and also TRIUMF in Canada. Irradiation of thorium metal at high energy also creates copious Proton beamlines from TRIUMF’s 520 MeV Fig. 1. (Left) fi ssion products. This complicates the chemical purifi cation but Representation of also creates an opportunity because some coproduced radiomet- cyclotron will irradiate thorium and uranium the linear energy Helge Thisgaard α als are of interest for other medical applications. The BNL group targets to produce a variety of radiometals transfer of alpha, therefore plans to develop and evaluate methods to extract these β– beta, and Auger from the irradiated-thorium target in a form suitable for use. In for the production of alpha emitters, describe electron radiation addition to 225Ac, the BNL programme is evaluating the future pro- on DNA. duction of other radioisotopes that can be used as “theranostics”. Paul Schaffer and Valery Radchenko. This term refers to isotope pairs or even the same radioisotope that Fig. 2. (Below) Micromatter Technologies Inc. can be used for both imaging and therapeutic applications. Among Auger e– Simplifi ed the potentially attractive isotopes for this purpose that can be pro- External-beam radiation therapy is used routinely to treat many representation of duced at BLIP are the beta- and gamma-emitters 186Re and 47Sc. different types of cancerous tumours, delivering a targeted dose of a targeted BNL has served as the birthplace for nuclear medicine from the radiation to cancer cells while sparing surrounding healthy tissue radiation-therapy 1950s, and saw the fi rst use of high-intensity, high-power beams for as much as possible. While there have been dramatic improvements radio- radioisotope production. Under the guidance of the DOE isotope in the control of patient and tumour dose during recent years, many pharmaceutical. programme, the laboratory is using its unique accelerator facili- challenges persist. These include side effects such as depressed ties to develop and supply radioisotopes for imaging and therapy. immunity, which makes patients susceptible to post-treatment targeting vector Completed and future upgrades will enable large-scale production infections, and an increase in secondary cancers. (e.g. antibody, peptide, etc...) of alpha emitters and theranostics to meet presently unmet clinical An alternative approach involves delivering a therapeutic radia- S need. These will enable personalised patient treatments and overall tion dose to tumour cells selectively through a strategy similar to NH Caterina F Ramogida improvements in patient health and quality of life. that for molecular imaging: therapeutic isotopes are incorporated NH linker into complex pharmaceuticals for specifi c, targeted delivery of a radionuclide bifunctional chelate Résumé potent radiation dose directly to cancerous cells. This approach Des protons énergétiques pour stimuler la production d’isotopes has been recognised since the time of Madame Curie, but even à Brookhaven after a century of development, this application remains woefully be developed for each application, TRT isotopes are generating unoptimised. signifi cant interest internationally. Les récentes améliorations des accélérateurs et les améliorations To study the full potential of , the medical Within the Life Sciences Division of TRIUMF in Vancouver, associées de la production d’isotopes médicaux au Laboratoire research community is increasingly demanding therapeutic alpha- Canada, TRT is now an active research effort. The goal is to exploit national de Brookhaven (États-Unis) aideront à répondre à la and beta-emitting isotopes to treat advanced metastatic cancer and TRIUMF’s production and radiochemistry capabilities to enable demande mondiale de strontium-82 et d’actinium-225. Le premier, ou other diffuse diseases. Such therapeutic isotopes are changing the fundamental and applied research with a spectrum of isotopes across plutôt son produit de fi liation de courte durée de vie, le rubidium-82, cancer-treatment landscape, yet lack of availability and cost are different disciplines. In the near-to-medium term, TRIUMF plans to est absorbé rapidement par les tissus cardiaques viables, et il est par signifi cantly affecting further research and development. develop platform technologies to enable accelerator-based radiome- conséquent très demandé par les hôpitaux en tant que générateur tallic isotope production and applications beyond the current state- pour les scanners du cœur utilisant la technique de la tomographie Targeted radionuclide therapy of-the-art. Access to a host of metallic isotopes will allow TRIUMF par émission de positons (TEP). Chaque année, rien qu’aux Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) involves the injection of to leverage its radiochemistry expertise to demonstrate the synthesis États-Unis, jusqu’à 350 000 patients reçoivent ce type de scanners particle-emitting radionuclides appended to a biological target- of novel radiopharmaceuticals, including TRT drugs. par TEP, et la demande est en train de dépasser les capacités. Les ing , which direct a lethal dose of radiation to a specifi c améliorations réalisées des installations de Brookhaven, et celles à site within the body. The short range and highly cytotoxic nature Alpha therapy in sight venir, permettront une production à grande échelle d’émetteurs alpha of alpha and beta particles destroys small, diffuse and post- Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) is a type of TRT that exploits the et d’isotopes utilisables à la fois pour la thérapie et pour le diagnostic operative residual tumours while minimising damage to healthy high linear-energy transfer of alpha particles (fi gure 1) to maxim- afi n de répondre à la demande clinique, actuellement insatisfaite. tissue. TRT’s strength lies in the diversity and adaptability of ise tumour-cell destruction while minimising damage to surround- both isotopes and targeting molecules, which include monoclonal ing cells. As such, TAT has tremendous potential to become a very Cathy Cutler (director of MIRP) and Leonard Mausner, Brookhaven antibodies, antibody fragments, nanoparticles, and small peptides powerful, selective tool for personalised cancer treatments. To fulfi l ▲ National Laboratory, US. and molecules. Because this allows an optimal delivery regimen to its promise, however, TAT relies heavily on new developments in

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The Society of Nuclear

Medicine 2012 Image of the TRIUMF Year, showing the shrinkage of liver lesions and bone metastases after treatment with 11 GBq of 213Bi DOTATOC in patients with tumours resistant to previous therapy with 90Y 177 design: idea-r.it Alfred Morgenstern and Lu.

isotope production. It also demands organic, bioinorganic and orga- Several clinical trials with alpha-emitting radionuclides – includ- nometallic synthesis techniques to create new molecular probes, and ing 225Ac (phase II trial) and 213Bi (phase III) – are under way around novel techniques to address the stability of metal complexes in vivo. the world, based on the standard chelation approach. Despite the Several promising alpha-emitting radionuclides are currently challenges involved, these trials are already showing extremely high under consideration worldwide – including 149Tb, 211At, 212Bi, 212Pb, promise and superiority over existing beta-emitting radionuclides. 213Bi, 223Ra, 225Ac, 226Th and 230U – and very promising results have Further research is therefore warranted to investigate and optimise already emerged from clinical and pre-clinical studies of TAT various production strategies designed to make TAT a viable clinical The Advanced Rare IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL) is TRIUMF’s agents. Progress at several laboratories is fuelling great optimism modality. The TAT isotope 225Ac has demonstrated particularly high fl agship facility aimed at expanding its ability to produce and in the medical community. For example, the US Food and Drug potential in recent years because its half-life correlates well with study isotopes for science and medicine. Administration recently approved the use of the alpha emitter the biological half-lives of intact antibodies, and its multiple alpha- 223 225 RaCl2 (registered under the trademark Xofi go) for pain relief emitting daughters enhance the therapeutic effect. Ac also can The ultimate goal of TRIUMF’s TRT programme is to carry out from bone metastases, and several other TAT drugs are in the be used as a parent radionuclide for a 225Ac/213Bi generator system. clinical testing and establish the effi cacy of TRT agents, enabling clinical-trial pipeline. a national and possibly international clinical-trial programme for Securing a constant supply of clinically relevant amounts of TRIUMF’s strategy promising therapeutics. TRIUMF research partners will develop alpha-emitting radionuclides remains a challenge, since their TRIUMF has extensive expertise in all aspects of the production of new radiopharmaceuticals incorporating therapeutic nuclei into production requires high-Z targets and a complex infrastructure. medical isotopes, including the development of high-powered tar- targeting molecules, producing therapeutic conjugates that are “Generator systems” are a convenient source of TAT isotopes: for gets for large-scale production and expertise in isotope-production used to shepherd their targeted payload to tumours. In addition, example, 225Ac (which has a half-life of 9.92 days) can be harvested simulations with its existing Monte Carlo code FLUKA and the research will be carried out to design new molecules that can be as a decay product of 229Th. Because the global quantity of 229Th new Geant4. TRIUMF’s strategy involves using both existing and used to target different types of tumours. is not being replenished and the 229Th/225Ac generator can only be new proton beamlines from its 520 MeV cyclotron, along with a By leveraging TRIUMF’s existing infrastructure and estab- eluted every nine weeks, annual worldwide production is limited newly built 30 MeV electron linac in the upcoming Advanced Rare lished research partnerships, the medical community can look to approximately 1.7 curies. Several alternative strategies are there- IsotopE Laboratory (ARIEL) facility, to irradiate thorium and ura- forward to production of higher quantities of TRT isotopes. Should fore being proposed to produce such isotopes directly. nium targets to produce a variety of radiometals. These include the promising results seen to date materialise into a viable treat- BOOST YOUR OLD TAT radionuclides must be carefully processed before being used 225Ra and 224Ra, which are parent isotopes for the daughter products ment option for late stage and/or currently untreatable cancers, in medical applications. They fi rst must be isolated with high radio- 225Ac, 212,213Bi and 212Pb. Because these targets can be positioned the results will bring new hope for a signifi cant number of cancer chemical purity from the target material, which can be achieved downstream from the science targets, the symbiotic production of patients worldwide. VACUUM FURNACE using classical chemical procedures such as ion exchange, extraction these radiometals is limited only by the beam intensity. and precipitation. Purifi ed TAT radionuclides are then attached to Under the envisioned operating conditions of the new proton Résumé www.tav-engineering.com biomolecule targeting vectors via a bifunctional chelator, which con- beamline, FLUKA simulations of the ARIEL proton target station TRIUMF vise la thérapie par rayonnement alpha nects the biomolecule with a radionuclide complex (fi gure 2). The predict yields of several-hundred millicuries of 225Ac per irradiation stability of compounds containing alpha-emitting radionuclides is and signifi cant quantities of other isotopes. While only very small La radiothérapie par faisceaux externes est régulièrement utilisée a challenge because after decay most of the daughter isotopes are quantities of 225Ac are required for radionuclide therapy, larger quan- pour traiter les tumeurs cancéreuses, mais le contrôle de la dose radioactive elements that no longer remain chelated. Moreover, the tities are required to produce enough 213Bi in those treatments where administrée au patient est une diffi culté constante. Une alternative radioactive daughters can accumulate and cause unwanted toxic- it’s preferred. A larger demand for 213Bi will then drive a similarly consiste à délivrer une dose de radiation puissante directement ity in healthy organs, especially those involved in excretion such increased demand for 225Ac to provide adequate 225Ac/213Bi genera- à l’intérieur des cellules cancéreuses. Cependant, même après as the liver and kidneys. These issues have driven demand for a tors. Thus, TRIUMF’s emerging production capacity would yield un siècle de développement, cette méthode n’a malheureusement more robust and stable chela- suffi cient225 Ac to enable the assembly of multiple 225Ac/213Bi genera- toujours pas été optimisée. Afi n d’étudier tout le potentiel de la tion system and/or encapsula- tors for therapeutic research studies in patients at multiple centres. thérapie par radionucléides, les chercheurs ont besoin de toujours sĂĐƵƵŵĨƵƌŶĂĐĞƌĞŶĞǁĂůŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŝƚƐǀĂůƵĞ͕ŽƉƟŵŝnjĞƐ tion methods that contribute to Based on typical operating-schedule estimates, this technique could plus d’isotopes émettant des rayonnements alpha et bêta pour ƚŚĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƚƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƐĂƚ TRT isotopes an optimised pharmacokinetic result in the production of several curies of 225Ac per year, compared traiter des cancers avancés, des métastases et d’autres maladies ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ͘ are generating profi le with rapid cell internali- to the current global output of 1 to 2 curies per year, making the diffuses. En vue d’atteindre cet objectif, une nouvelle ligne de dsŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐĞdžƚĞŶĚƐƚŚĞůŝĨĞŽĨLJŽƵƌĨƵƌŶĂĐĞ͕ signifi cant interest sation. By doing so, the hope is proposed infrastructure a potentially potent source of this valuable faisceau de protons du cyclotron de 520 MeV TRIUMF sera ĂĚĂƉƚƐŝƚƚŽƚŚĞůĂƚĞƐƚŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ to keep radioactive daughter isotope. Furthermore, many other medically relevant radioisotopes utilisée ; elle irradiera des cibles de thorium et d’uranium afi n de ŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞƐƵŶƉůĂŶŶĞĚĚŽǁŶƟŵĞ͘ internationally. nuclei proximal to the original apart from 225Ac are produced from a thorium or uranium target. produire divers radiométaux pour la production d’émetteurs alpha. KƵƌůŽŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨ decay site and thus close to the The higher current proton beam at ARIEL will enable TRIUMF ƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĂŶĚƚĞƐƚĞĚŽŶŽƵƌƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐ͕ targeted tissue. researchers to explore this exciting medical isotope further. Paul Schaffer and Valery Radchenko, TRIUMF, Canada. ĞŶƐƵƌĞŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͘ENGINEERING 36 Vacuum furnace renewal increases its value, optimizes the energy consumption and boosts performances at the same time. TAV Engineering extends the life of your furnace, adapts it to the latest industry regulations and minimizes unplanned downtime. www. Our long experience in the eld and the reliability of the materials selected and tested on our CERNCOURIER premises, ensure high quality results. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 Faces & Places

a ppOintMEnts New leader for UK fusion programme

The UK Atomic Energy Authority Ian Chapman is one of the youngest CEOs of

(UKAEA) has appointed plasma-physicist UKAEA a major research facility. Please visit us Ian Chapman as its new chief executive. at our new website: www.weka-ag.ch Taking over the role from Steve Cowley fusion programme manager. “I hope my on 1 October, Chapman will lead the UK’s profi le means that fusion, and its huge magnetic-confi nement fusion research potential to give the world cleaner energy, programme at Culham Science Centre and will get noticed,” he says. “Furthermore, I operation of the JET fusion device on behalf hope my appointment will inspire the next Oil & gas industry Liquefaction of gases Chemical industry of European scientists. Aged 34, Chapman generation of scientists and engineers to Petro industry Gas recirculation systems Pharma industry is one of the youngest scientist to lead a make a success of ITER, the international Shipbuilding industry Hydrogen infrastructure Hydrogen infrastructure major research centre and held various fusion project that in my opinion is the Energy production Space infrastructure Space infrastructure roles at Culham prior to the appointment, most important experiment mankind has WEKA AG · Schürlistrasse 8 Water management Plasma & fusion research Energy production including head of science and ever done.” CH-8344 Bäretswil · Switzerland Phone +41 43 833 43 43 a W a r d s E X h i B i t i O n s Level Measurement Cryogenic Components Valve Technology Fax +41 43 833 43 49 [email protected] · www.weka-ag.ch QCD pioneer wins Prange prize CERN tours more

Theorist Frank Wilczek of the Massachusetts ARCA Flow Group worldwide: popular than ever Competence in valves, pumps & cryogenics Institute of Technology in the US has been named the 2016 recipient of the Richard CERN is Geneva’s top tourist attraction, E Prange Prize and Lectureship in Condensed according to TripAdvisor, welcoming almost Matter Theory and Related Areas. He 110,000 visitors per year. The laboratory HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES FOR RESEARCH received a $10,000 honorarium and delivered has been listed on the TripAdvisor website a public lecture, “Some Intersections of Art since 2012 and currently tops the charts of and Science”, at the University of Maryland, both the 24 tours and the 28 museums listed CUSTOM HV PRECISION & POWER FOR LABS MODULARITY FOR DETECTORS READY FOR CONTROL which established the award, in September. for Geneva. CERN has also received a 2016 up to up to 30 kV now up to Wilczek, who shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Certifi cate of Excellence from the fi rm in 100 kV Physics, is a pioneer of asymptotic freedom, recognition of the quality of its tours and the 150 W 10 kW 30 kV EMBEDDED which underpins quantum chromodynamics service it provides to visitors. (QCD). The Prange Prize honours the late CERN’s visitor numbers have soared Richard E Prange, whose career at Maryland Frank Wilczek at the 2003 HEP-EPS since the start-up of the LHC in 2008 and the spanned four decades. conference in Aachen. discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, and on 15 July a record number of 755 visitors Order of Alfonso X the Wise entered the site (the average is around 400 per day). Recently, the visits service introduced individual guided tours, which are proving to be a great success: every morning the tour slots are fully booked in less than fi ve minutes. WIN | MAC | LINUX EMBEDDED SERVICES: EPICS | SNMP | LABVIEW... Maximilien Brice, Claudia Marcelloni/CERN Claudia Brice, Maximilien Javier Martínez de la Torre

From left: Marcial Marín Hellín, José María Lassalle Ruiz, Íñigo Méndez de Vigo y Montojo, José Miguel Jiménez and Carmen Vela Olmo. AC/DC SYSTEMS CONTROL CUSTOM SOLUTIONS DC/DC Head of CERN’s technology department, José research and scientifi c management in particle Miguel Jiménez, has been awarded a Spanish physics. The ceremony took place at the civil decoration called the Order of Alfonso National Library of Spain, Madrid, on 12 July, The Globe of Science and Innovation is a  +49 351 26996-0  iseg-hv.com X the Wise for his outstanding experience in in the presence of government ministers. landmark for CERN’s visitors. 35 YEARSHIGH OF COMPETENCEVOLTAGE IN

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 CERN Courier October 2016 Faces & Places Faces & Places CERN hits the festival circuit 10,000th teacher visits CERN Charlotte Potter-Landua Charlotte Maximilien Brice/CERN Maximilien

HST 2016 teachers with CERN Director-General Fabiola Gianotti.

This summer, CERN welcomed its 10,000th residential programme, which has taken knowledge about the research being carried school teacher, who was a participant of this place every July since 1998, saw 48 teachers out at CERN and offers a range of educational More than 30,000 people attended the WOMAD festival in the UK this summer. year’s International High School Teacher come to CERN from across the world. The resources for use by the teachers to inspire (HST) programme. This three-week-long HST programme aims to increase teachers’ their students’ curious minds (see also p53). On 28–31 July, CERN continued its efforts in conjunction with the UK Institute of to reach new audiences by organising a Physics, the University of Lancaster and the C O n F E r E n C E s Alize photo Alize “physics pavilion” at the annual WOMAD Science and Technology Facilities Council, music festival in the UK countryside. A received more than 3600 visitors and Strong interactions VACUUM three-day programme of talks and events generated considerable media attention. The was on offer, including topics such as event culminated in a packed audience, which in Montpellier SOLUTIONS “What’s the matter with antimatter?” in had queued for 90 minutes to hear about the addition to shows featuring the Cosmic science of the long-running science-fi ction FROM A Piano and a musical piece created from the series Dr Who. “I knew we’d got something The 19th International Montpellier sonifi cation of LHC data. Activities such right when a little girl raised her hand at the Conference in Quantum Chromodynamics as two “Build your own cloud chamber” end of one session and asked the speaker: (QCD16) took place in Montpellier, France, SINGLE SOURCE workshops and a live link-up with the ‘How old were you when you knew you on 4–8 July. Around 50 participants took ATLAS visitor centre took festival goers up wanted to be a physicist?’” says pavilion part, with equal numbers of theorists Pfei er Vacuum stands for innovative close and personal with particle physics. manager Connie Potter of CERN. and experimentalists, to discuss all ● and custom vacuum solutions worldwide, The physics pavilion, which was organised womad.co.uk/the-physics-pavilion/. aspects of QCD. This ranged from formal technological perfection, competent fi eld-theory approaches to confi nement, advice and reliable service. We are the in addition to phenomenological facets Delegates at QCD16 in Montpellier. only supplier of vacuum technology that Vintage silicon detectors preserved such as proton structure, form factors, provides a complete product portfolio:

IKO-Nikhef exotic and standard meson spectroscopy, insights on the structure functions and presentations about the non-perturbative The Nikhef laboratory in Amsterdam has determinations of the strong coupling properties of the proton. BESIII has also aspects of QCD and the quark–gluon ■ Pumps for vacuum generation teamed up with the Museum Boerhaave constant αs, and searches for new physics obtained improved results on light hadron plasma. These QCD presentations were up to 10-13 hPa in Leiden to preserve some of the earliest beyond the Standard Model. spectroscopy from J/ψ decays and, along complemented by talks from ATLAS and ■ Vacuum measurement and analysis silicon detectors. Developed for the “BOL” Highlights from this year’s event included with NA62, made new measurements of CMS about precise measurements of the equipment nuclear research project between 1967 and a summary of new determinations of αs and and pion form factors. New BaBar top-quark mass, electroweak parameters ■ Leak detectors and leak testing 1977, 64 silicon units were located inside the experimental status of the exotic XYZ results on the low-energy cross-sections such as those relevant to the Higgs boson, systems of a cast-bronze spherical frame that fully spectra by the BESIII experiment, with new relevant for the muon g-2 contribution and searches for new physics. ■ System technology and contamination π management solutions surrounded the beam target. The system’s 4 improved determinations of their masses were also presented, confi rming previous The 20th International Conference ■ Chambers and components coverage, position measurements for several from QCD spectral sum rules at NNLO. experimental results. The meeting also in Quantum Chromodynamics, which coincident particles and full-absorption Meanwhile, CLAS, HERA, the LHC and saw a formal non-trivial proof of the gauge celebrated its 30th anniversary last year, energy determination for hadrons preluded the NICA-SPD project have gained deeper invariance of the gluon operator A2 among will be held in Montpellier on 3–7 July 2017. the standard concept used today in collider Are you looking for a experiments in particle physics. Although perfect vacuum solution? the historical roots of the silicon detectors in Extreme QCD weighs up results Please contact us: the LHC experiments can be traced to this “checkerboard” design, today the position The summer of 2016 will be remembered reassuring to spend three days discussing a 1 to 3 August, with 80 participants. Here, Pfei er Vacuum (Schweiz) AG precision of the silicon trackers is at least View of the BOL chamber, which was as a time of some confusion in particle theory we traditionally do not understand “extreme” refers to conditions of high Daniel Dietiker 50 times better. The BOL inner-detector installed in a beam at the IKO cyclotron in physics. The main event of the summer very well, but where there are copious temperature or density that can occur (Customer Support, Sales & Service, body, together with silicon-detector units, Amsterdam in 1969. conference season was the confi rmation experimental data and many exciting in neutron stars, the early universe or Product Specialist mass spectrometer) Förrlibuckstrasse 30 the associated front-end electronics, that a statistical fl uctuation at an energy of applications: non-perturbative quantum heavy-ion collisions at the LHC and at the 8005 Zürich read-out boards and multiple-ADC boards, liquefi er used by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 750 GeV seen by the LHC’s ATLAS and chromodynamics (QCD). Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in T +41 44 444 22 65 will become part of the Dutch scientifi c in 1908 to discover superconductivity CMS detectors was indeed just that, and not The “extreme QCD” conference, the the US.

F +41 44 444 22 66 heritage collection in the Rijksmuseum and microscopes made by Antoni van evidence for a new fundamental particle, as 14th conference in the series, was held Ulrich Heinz of ▲ [email protected] Boerhaave – where they will join the helium Leeuwenhoek in the late 17th century. had been hoped by many. It was therefore at Plymouth University in the UK from started the presentations by reviewing www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com 41

16.08.03_Cern_Courier_Nr8_3Prod_PrismaPlus_ASM310_HiPace700_63x262_EN_CH.indd03.08.16 12:21 1 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 CERN Courier October 2016 Faces & Places Faces & Places Alan Stewart PlymouthAlan University Stewart Keynote speakers at V i s i t s

XQCD 2016: E V E n t s p O t L i G h t Bennett/CERN Sophia Anders Hansen, On 16 August, Ulrich Heinz, Yuya ambassadors and mission Tanizaki, Daniel staff from the Group of Nogradi, George Fifteen – a group formed in Fleming, Claudia 1989 comprising countries Ratti, Biagio Lucini from Latin America, Africa and Guido Cossu. and Asia, with a common goal of enhanced growth and prosperity – visited some of the intriguing and puzzling results the ATLAS visitor centre that have come out of the LHC, including with former collaboration hints of collective fl ow behaviour not spokesperson Peter Jenni PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter only in heavy-ion collisions but even in (4th from the left) and high-multiplicity proton–proton collisions. young ATLAS scientist In other talks, we heard of progress in Nedaa Asbah (6th from Reach new heights lattice QCD calculations of thermodynamic the right). quantities, which form the basis of the analysis of heavy-ion experiments, including novel

in magnetic eld ways of computing the energy-momentum Brice/CERN Maximilien tensor and calculations of transport properties Following Romania’s ascension of the quark–gluon plasma. There were to full CERN membership in measurement also stimulating talks on topics as varied July, a ceremony was held as the eigenvalue spectrum from the Dirac on 5 September at which the The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new operator in QCD, and new approaches to The fourth biennial Workshop on Discovery Romanian fl ag was raised at standard for precision magnetometers. thermalisation in heavy-ion collisions. Physics at the LHC (Kruger 2016) will be the CERN entrance. The blue, held in South Africa on at the Leveraging 30 years of expertise building The ever-increasing speed of 4–9 December yellow and red fl ag joined supercomputers and the continual Protea Hotel Kruger Gate, which is located those of the other 21 Member the world’s gold standard magnetometers, improvement of algorithms have turned 100 m from the entrance to the Kruger National States of CERN in a ceremony it takes magnetic  eld measurement to lattice fi eld techniques into a precision tool Park. The surroundings and the physics results attended by the president of presented during this workshop will serve to new heights: measuring higher elds with for physical systems that can be written as Romania, Klaus Iohannis, the a path integral with similar properties to inspire discussions between theorists and Romanian minister for education better resolution. a probability problem. However, there are experimentalists on the latest LHC and Tevatron and scientifi c research, still classes of problems, such as working measurements, as well as expectations for Mircea Dumitru, and several The PT2026 offers unprecedented  exibility at nonzero chemical potential, that require the future. Attendance will be limited to about other members of the president’s path integrals with complex actions, and 100 participants, and more information can be offi ce, the government and in the choice of parameters, interfacing thus are almost impossible to solve using found at www.kruger2016.tlabs.ac.za. academia in Romania. and probe placement, as well as greatly standard Monte Carlo algorithms. Delegates improved tolerance of inhomogeneous heard about recent progress that has been made towards tackling this so-called “sign L E t t E r s elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces problem” using methods such as the density the political level in one Member State to my In 1938, Crane and Halpern (Phys. Rev. and LabVIEW software, it  ts perfectly into of states, complex Langevin and Lefschetz The home of the SPS knowledge, and I guess at least two. 53 789) used a chlorine-38 beta source in ● John Walsh, Swindon, UK. modern laboratory environments. thimble integration. The article by Lyn Evans celebrating a cloud chamber to observe the recoiling This was followed by a wide-ranging and 40 years of SPS operation (CERN Courier nucleus and the associated beta particle

www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com thought-provoking panel discussion about July/August 2016 p61) raised a lot of Neutrino discovery date for individual events. Although the track the problems and prospects of fi nite-density memories, but I must take issue with the Christine Sutton’s article about the left by the recoiling nucleus was not long QCD. Speakers gave a clear overview of the author on one point. He says that the detection of neutrinos (CERN Courier enough to allow an energy measurement, issues of critical interest to the experimental machine was initially supposed to be built July/August 2016 pp17–19) correctly states it generated ionisation that was assumed heavy-ion programmes, and many of the in the south of France, whereas in fact there that Cowan and Reines were the fi rst to see to be proportional to the kinetic energy of non-perturbative techniques developed to were fi ve candidate sites advanced by the neutrinos at a distance from the emitting the recoil motion. Crane himself did not solve QCD are now being applied to other Member States. The achievement of John nucleus via inverse beta decay. claim to have detected neutrinos, but stated: systems. For example, lattice fi eld theory is Adams in presenting an acceptable – and However, a series of experiments “It seems now to have been adequately being used to study the 2D carbon allotrope cheaper – plan for the SPS at CERN was beginning in 1936 (e.g. Proc. Camb Phil. shown experimentally that there is apparent graphene, in addition to calculating the enormous. It was helped by one simple Soc. 32 301) searched for evidence of the non-conservation of momentum in the beta properties of novel dark-matter candidates point: CERN was where the skills were, neutrino’s existence by measuring the decay, and that, quantitatively, the maximum from strongly interacting theories. where the people best equipped to design energy and momentum of the recoil of the amount of extra momentum found is in

Pantone 286 Pantone 032 The next extreme QCD conference will and build the machine lived. nucleus and of all other particles emitted satisfactory agreement with that called for be held in Pisa in June 2017, where further This same argument played a part in the in a beta-disintegration decay process. either by the neutrino hypothesis, or by much progress on the sign problem and pertinent approval of LEP a decade later. Papers had These experiments showed clearly that more general theoretical arguments which theory relevant to the heavy-ion programme been published that purported to show that missing momentum and energy in beta relate the disappearance of momentum to the Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com will no doubt be reported. the new machine should be built in Hamburg decay required an explanation and that the disappearance of energy.” ● xqcd2016.math-sciences.org. rather than Geneva. This caused problems at neutrino hypothesis was the best candidate. ● Andrew Sabersky, Chico, California.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 CERN Courier October 2016 Faces & Places Faces & Places Silicon Drift Detectors • Solid State Design • Easy to Use O B i t u a r i E s Madey was awarded a PhD in 1970 and • Low Cost appointed professor of electrical engineering in 1986. In 1988, he left Stanford to take up a Martin Block 1925–2016 tenured position at Duke University, moving FAST SDD® his FEL research laboratory with him the University Hawaii of following year. He joined the University of Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS Particle physicist Martin M Block died on it to study the properties of several newly Hawaii at Mānoa in 1998. 22 July in Los Angeles, California, aged discovered particles. He left Duke for Madey was bestowed with numerous Resolution Peaking Time Northwestern University in 1961, where he 125 eV FWHM 4 µs 90, following a short illness. His career BlockSteven awards and international recognitions, was distinguished not only in terms of served on the faculty for the remainder of his including the Stuart Ballantine Medal 130 eV FWHM 1 µs the contributions he made but also by its experimental career. He co-discovered the eta from the Franklin Institute in 1989, the 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs longevity: his fi rst paper was published meson and later worked on collaborations at 2012 Robert R Wilson Prize from the 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs in 1949 and his most recent in 2016. ever-higher energies, involving heavy-liquid American Physical Society and the 2016 Block was also an active participant in bubble chambers and, eventually, modern Willis E Lamb Award for Laser Science and the Aspen Center for Physics, where he counter detectors. His work took him to Quantum Optics. He was also the keynote SDD Spectrum 5.9 founded its enduring Aspen Winter Physics accelerators all over the world, with extended speaker at the 2015 Nobel Symposium on keV 55Fe Conferences in 1985. experimental stints at Berkeley, Brookhaven, Free-Electron Lasers in Sigtuna, Sweden. Free-electron laser pioneer John Madey. eV FWHM

Block completed his doctorate at Columbia Fermilab – and particularly at CERN, which Madey held 13 patents on FEL-related Counts 125 University in 1952, where he helped to design he visited in every decade from the 1960s until technological inventions and published John Madey was also a highly dedicated 25 mm2 x 500 µm 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 magnets for the Nevis Cyclotron. As a young the 1990s. many important papers. These included a teacher, patiently mentoring his students and keV His lifelong passion for the mountains, P/B Ratio: 20000/1 professor at Duke University, he contributed seminal publication on stimulated emission sharing with them his vast knowledge and Energy (keV) the revolutionary notion that parity was especially skiing and fl y fi shing, eventually in 1976 (Phys. Rev. Lett. 36 717) and, more wisdom. ● not conserved in weak interactions. The took him to Aspen, where he purchased a recently, a comprehensive review article on Pui Lam, University of Hawaii, Resolution vs Peaking Time 180 idea, which came to him while he shared a Martin Block questioned parity conservation. home and joined the Aspen Center for Physics the history of the FEL invention (Phys. Rev. Vladimir Shiltsev, Fermilab, and Frank 25 mm2 room with Richard Feynman at a Rochester in its nascent years. There, he embarked ST Accel. Beams 17 074901). Zimmermann, CERN. 170 meeting on high-energy physics in 1956, experts tomorrow?’ He said, ‘No, they won’t upon a second career in theoretical and offered a solution to the so-called “-theta” listen to me. You ask.’ So the next day, at computational physics. A central focus of 160 Standard SDD paradox: two otherwise identical particles the meeting…I got up and said, ‘I’m asking this work concerned the forward-scattering ® 150 FAST SDD that decay into different parity states and this question for Martin Block: What would amplitudes of hadron collisions, specifi cally Roberto Petronzio thus were believed to be distinct. be the consequences if the parity rule was the issue of why the proton–proton interaction 140 The story was recounted in Feynman’s wrong?’ Murray Gell-Mann often teased cross-section grows with the square of the 130 1985 memoir Surely You’re Joking, Mr. me about this, saying I didn’t have the nerve logarithm of the energy. His work anticipated 1949–2016 Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) Feynman: “Anyway, I was sharing a to ask the question for myself. But that’s not quantitatively measurements that were 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 room with a guy named Martin Block, an the reason. I thought it might very well be an eventually performed at the LHC. In one of his Peaking Time (μs) experimenter. And one evening he said important idea.” fi nal papers, he showed that data demonstrate Our dear colleague Roberto Petronzio to me, ‘Why are you guys so insistent on Important, indeed. The 1957 Nobel convincingly that both the proton–proton passed away on 28 July at the age of 67. Throughput this parity rule? Maybe the tau and theta Prize in Physics went to Tsung-Dao Lee and antiproton–proton scattering amplitudes He was a CERN fellow from 1977 until 1,00,0000 are the same particle. What would be the and Chen-Ning Yang for their theoretical asymptotically approach those of a so-called 1979 and a staff member in the theory 0.2 μs consequences if the parity rule were wrong?’ analysis of the process, but it was not shared “black disc,” presumably as a consequence of division from 1980 until 1986. He played a I thought a minute and said, ‘It would mean by Madame Chien-Shiung Wu for her gluon saturation. signifi cant role in our fi eld as professor at 100,000 1 μs that nature’s laws are different for the right 1956 experimental demonstration of parity Block is survived by his wife, Beate, his the University of Tor Vergata, president of hand and the left hand, that there’s a way to violation in the beta decay of cobalt-60 two children, Steven and Gail, and two the INFN (2004–2011) and as a member 4 μs defi ne the right hand by physical phenomena. nuclei, nor was Block’s contribution grandchildren. of the CERN Council. Roberto was a 10,000 ● I don’t know that that’s so terrible, though acknowledged at the time. Steven Block, Stanford University, major contributor to the development Rate (OCR) Output Count there must be some bad consequences of At Duke, Block developed the fi rst and Francis Halzen, University of of QCD. He was involved, among other that, but I don’t know. Why don’t you ask the liquid-helium bubble chamber and used Wisconsin-Madison. projects, in the fi rst complete calculation 1,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 of the NLO anomalous dimensions, and in Input Count Rate (ICR) the resummation of soft-gluon emission in partonic processes. He was also John Madey 1943–2016 involved in the non-perturbative analysis Theorist Roberto Petronzio served on the of the theory. In particular, along with CERN Council. Cabibbo and Parisi, he was one of the fi rst The international accelerator community received a degree in physics and a masters electromagnetic radiation of extremely members of the APE collaboration, which Model but always looking for harbingers of was saddened to learn about the passing of in quantum electronics from the California high intensity and high quality that is managed to construct the famous series of new physics. He had an eclectic knowledge the pioneer of the free-electron laser, John Institute of Technology in 1964 and 1965, tunable over a wide range of frequencies, supercomputers for numerical simulations. of particle physics and related subjects. M J Madey of the University of Hawaii at where he fi rst raised the question of whether which is of great interest for research in Together with Cabibbo and Martinelli, he His legacy is also represented by several Mānoa, on 5 July. it was possible to enhance the transition physics, chemistry, biology and medicine. proposed the use of lattice simulations to generations of brilliant young physicists Please see our web site for complete Raised in Clark, New Jersey, John Madey rate for bremsstrahlung through stimulated While classical FELs use mirrors or compute weak amplitudes. These results spread across different laboratories and specifications and vacuum applications and his older brother Jules took an early emission. He continued thinking about the optical cavities, a more recent FEL variant, are of great importance in fl avour physics, universities throughout the world. He had a interest in amateur radio. In 1956, when question while working on his doctoral operating at ever-shorter wavelengths, is the for example in analyses at B factories and charming and wonderful personality and was John was 13 and Jules was 16, they began degree at Stanford, at which time he invented linac-based FEL such as the Linac Coherent in similar work carried out at CERN by the a great asset to our community. He will be ® AMPTEK Inc. relaying communications from the South the free-electron laser (FEL). Light Source at SLAC or the European LHCb, ATLAS and CMS collaborations. dearly missed. [email protected] Pole to families and friends in the US. Madey A FEL can produce coherent X-FEL in Hamburg, Germany. Roberto was well-anchored in the Standard ● His colleagues and friends. www.amptek.com

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Yoshio Yamaguchi, who propelled particle for Nuclear Study (INS) at the University physics in the post-war world, passed away of Tokyo, where he led the theory group. on 12 August. His research encompassed a Besides theory, he helped to create a new wide fi eld of particle physics. particle-physics laboratory in Japan that was After his education at the University realised eventually as KEK. He later moved to of Tokyo, Yamaguchi joined Osaka City the physics department at Tokyo to teach. His University and co-founded a particle-physics lectures were popular, although he worked his group. The group was soon attracted by students hard and had high expectations. the new particles that were being detected Yamaguchi was not only an excellent in collisions between cosmic rays and the and versatile physicist, but a fi rst-class atmosphere, and Yamaguchi proposed that manager. He returned to the INS as director they are created in pairs – marking the fi rst until his retirement, and was a co-founder step towards understanding strange particles. of the International Committee for Future Yamaguchi spent much time abroad Yoshio Yamaguchi helped to establish KEK. Accelerators in the 1970s, chair of the and fi rst went to the University of Illinois International Union of Pure and Applied at Urbana, where he proposed a separable division at CERN.” He was very quick to Physics from 1993 to 1996, and contributed potential of nuclear interactions. Shortly catch the essence of new experiments and to creating the Asian Pacifi c Center for afterwards, he was invited to the newly it was general lore at CERN that when you Theoretical Physics. What could be a better boost for your career than a two-year contract in a founded theory division of CERN, where made an experimental proposal, you must Yamaguchi also had a wide cultural hi-tech Organization? Get your first work experience at CERN: take part! he stayed from 1957 to 1961. Former CERN go and talk to Yamaguchi in advance to background in European and Japanese Director-General Viki Weisskopf wrote in convince him, or you would get in trouble in classics. We will greatly miss this giant of his memoir: “Yamaguchi contributed much the proposal meeting. particle physics. MPPC_ad_193x125:Layout 1 07/03/2016 19:26 Page 1 to the scientifi c atmosphere in the theoretical Yamaguchi then moved to the Institute ● His friends and students. The TTE programme is aimed at technicians who are looking to get a first, great professional experience to further their career, or before they embark on advanced study programmes.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 The European Spallation Source is preparing to construct a world-leading European materials research centre in Lund, Sweden. ESS is an international partnership of 17 European countries.

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Machine Interlocks Engineer As machine interlocks engineer you will be part of ESS’s Machine Directorate, which is responsible to deliver the accelerator and the target station. You will join the Integrated Control Systems (ICS) division, responsible for the design, construction, commissioning and operation of control systems for the ESS facility including the accelerator, target station, neutron scattering instruments and conventional facilities. CC For more details, have a look at: V http://europeanspallationsource.se/vacancies C PhD Scholarships within the International Max Planck Research School for Quantum Dynamics in Physics, Chemistry and Biology The International Max Planck Research School for Quantum Dynamics in Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IMPRS-QD) is a graduate school offering a doctoral degree program in these disciplines. The IMPRS-QD is a joint initiative of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (MPIK), the Heidelberg University, Antimatter experiments are at the cutting edge of science. They are, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), the Max Planck however, very difficult to realise. The AVA project aims at enabling new Institute for Medical reserach (all in Heidelberg) and the Heavy Ion antimatter experiments, probing the fundamental laws of nature. Research Center (GSI) in Darmstadt.

Accelerators Validating Antimatter physics Each Fellow will benefit from a wide ranging Membership in the Heidelberg Graduate School of Fundamental (AVA) is the aim of a new European research training that will take advantage of both local Physics is envisaged. Further information may be found on the en ositions and training network. and networkwide activities. Excellent salaries will be offered. school’s website http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/imprs-qd/. AVA addresses the challenges in antimatter Visit facility design and optimization, beyond state Application deadline: in te of the art beam diagnostics, and novel 31st January 2017 Applications of students from all countries are welcome. antimatter experiments. Contact and further detail: To be eligible for PhD studies at the University of Heidelberg, The network is currently offering Fellowships Prof. Dr. Carsten P. Welsch applicants should have a Master of Science degree (or equivalent). V roect to 15 talented, energetic, highly motivated Head of Department early career researchers who will be Department of Physics Applicants who do not have a Master thesis may be accepted if employed by the different beneficiary University of Liverpool they can prove their ability to carry out independent research partners across Europe. Possibilities for L69 7ZE Liverpool, UK enrolling into a PhD programme exist. [email protected] projects. International applicants whose mother-tongue is not www.ava-project.eu English or German have to provide a proof of English proficiency. At equal level of qualification, candidates with disabilities are given preference. Women are encouraged to apply. The jobs site for physics Interested students are asked to apply via web form at: and engineering http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/imprs-qd/appladmiss.html. The application deadline is 22 November 2016.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie SkłodowsaCurie grant agreement No . 49

www. The jobs site CERNCOURIER for physics and V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 engineering CERN Courier October 2016 Bookshelf Coming soon... C OMPILED BY V IRGINIA G RECO, CERN Half Life: The Divided Life of Bruno to escape to the Soviet Union at the end of Pontecorvo, Physicist or Spy the summer of 1950. The reader can try to By Frank Close solve the Pontecorvo enigma on the basis Oneworld of the information reported – did he give The destination for anyone recruiting Also available at the CERN bookshop information about the reactor commissioned In this book, Frank Close tells the story in 1947 to the Soviet Union? physicists and engineers in 2017 of the enigmatic life of renowned Italian The life of Pontecorvo and his family in physicist Bruno Pontecorvo, reporting the Soviet Union is also described, detailing plenty of historical details about his work the problems they faced settling yet again and personal affairs. The reader is taken on a into a new country, after France, the US, fascinating story, which develops in diffi cult Canada and the UK. Many other interesting times – the years just before, during and aspects of his life are discussed, including after World War Two. the events following 4 March 1955 when the Following an introduction about physicist was interviewed in Moscow after Pontecorvo’s early life, the story continues fi ve years of silence, and the happenings at with a discussion of the discovery of neutron an international meeting on high-energy moderation in 1934 and the role played by physics that he attended in Kiev in 1959. Pontecorvo, along with its scientifi c and Close also reports on an interview political consequences. The author gives with Pontecorvo by Italian journalist many insights that will amaze physicist and writer Miriam Mafai, which gives a readers. profound insight into his mysterious life. After this discovery, Pontecorvo begins his In my opinion, the book is very much career as an international scientist. He moves worth reading and the amount of detail to France in 1936, where he works with is impressive. The publication of this Frederic Jolit-Curie and meets Marianne wonderful book is already stimulating physicsworld Nordblom, his future wife. In 1938, Marianne discussions among physicists and will and Bruno have their fi rst son, Gil. At this time, the FBI sends three letters to reawaken interest in the Pontecorvo enigma. The events of the life and work of the British Security Coordination Offi ce ● Aldo Ianni, Canfranc Underground Laboratory, Pontecorvo are embedded in an incredible in Washington because of concerns about Spain. historical background. As an example, in the physicist’s communist sympathies. A March 1940, about 40 gallons of heavy water number of interesting details and anecdotes Inside CERN’s Large Hadron Collider: are shipped from Norway and hidden from are given by Close about this and other From the Proton to the Higgs Boson Nazis in France. This precious treasure would related events. By Mario Campanelli later be taken to the UK by two scientists who For security reasons, the Anglo-Canadian World Scientifi c were working with Pontecorvo. The heavy project is carried out at Chalk River, which Also available at the CERN bookshop careers water is clearly related to the attempt to use then becomes a target for Soviet agents. The In this concise book, Mario Campanelli and control nuclear fi ssion. author provides fascinating insights about provides an overview of particle-physics In Paris, Pontecorvo joins the Communist the spy network, collecting information on research at CERN. He starts with an Party. His political ideas will play a crucial the nuclear programme in the years after introduction about the history of this role in his personal and professional life. the end of World War Two. Nunn May, a branch of science, tracing the steps of its When the Nazis invade France, Pontecorvo collaborator on the project, is arrested in evolution through speculative theories and has to move away. Helped by his friend and 1946 for espionage. experimental proofs, up to the completion colleague Emilio Segré, in 1940 he and his During his years at Chalk River, of the Standard Model puzzle with the family set off for the US and settle in Tulsa, Pontecorvo also becomes interested in discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. Oklahoma. neutrinos and carries out important studies. It is hard to condense – and explain in In November 1942 he meets again his He joins the Atomic Energy Research relatively simple terms – all of this complex mentor, Enrico Fermi, who was interested Establishment in Harwell, UK, in January material. As a consequence, the fi rst Contact us today for a free consultation – together with his collaborators – in the 1949. Although offered a number of section of the book should be considered Bursting with careers advice, activities of Pontecorvo, and in particular positions in the US, he prefers to move to by particle-physicist readers as a brief Natasha Clarke in an instrument he designed to search for the UK. One month later, another colleague, summary of known concepts, while by real-life case studies and an oil underground by detecting neutrons. As Klaus Fuchs, is arrested for espionage. non-experts in the fi eld as a very quick [email protected] a consequence of this event, Pontecorvo This is a diffi cult time for Pontecorvo, overview of the basics of particle physics. extensive STEM employer directory gets the opportunity to move to Canada and whose movements are followed by Military The following chapters focus on CERN, +44 (0)117 930 1864 join the Anglo-Canadian reactor project at Intelligence. Close probes into events in home to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). powered by brightrecruits.com Montreal, aimed at making a reactor based Pontecorvo’s life during these years, to After a short account of the history of on uranium and heavy water. give the reader an idea of the role that he the laboratory concerning the different In January 1943, Pontecorvo sets off for plays. He tells the story of the Soviet agent accelerators and relative detectors his new job, which he will hold for seven Lona Cohen, as well as of Kim Philby, that followed one another, the author

years. In Canada, he joins an active team another agent who might have had an discusses the challenges that scientists ▲ made of some 100 scientists and engineers. important impact on Pontecorvo’s decision had to face to design, construct and

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 CERN Courier October 2016 Bookshelf Inside Story commission the LHC – a giant, complex environment where they took place. He was and technologically advanced apparatus. personally involved in the making of the He explains how the machine works, fi rst atomic bomb in China, aged just 17, from the superconducting magnets to the and he participated in the analysis of the acceleration phases (realised consecutively data collected by the fi rst artifi cial Chinese in different pre-accelerators and, fi nally, satellite, as well as in the construction of the A teacher’s discerning perspective in the collider) and the beam extraction, fi rst electron–positron collider. An e-mail showing that the LHC is a marvel of that he sent from Beijing to Switzerland engineering. No less important, of course, in 1986 is considered to be the fi rst in the are the detectors, which are necessary to history of the internet in China. He was also study the products of collisions for different a member of the research team that observed research purposes. A chapter is then the fi rst J/ψ particle in Beijing, and of the Physical-sciences teacher Lizelle Swanepoel describes how her participation in CERN’s High dedicated to describing the experimental CMS experiment, where he worked on the School Teacher (HST) programme is helping her to inspire a new generation of scientists. apparatus of the four main experiments: search for the Higgs boson. ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb. Not only has he had a remarkable career, The reader is also given an idea of how his personal life has also been marked by Deborah Hunter data are selected, stored and analysed to many unusual and stormy events. He had I was one of 50 teachers who took part in a extract interesting information, as well as a poor childhood, undertook various jobs three-week residential programme at CERN of the physics topics that are investigated as a labourer or a farmer, and was forced in July 2015 to get a taste of frontier research by these experiments, including the to emigrate to the US after becoming in modern physics. Participants in the Standard Model (SM), quantum personally involved in the Tiananmen programme were selected from 32 countries chromodynamics, b-quark and top-quark Square protest. across the world, and I was also the only physics, supersymmetry and any sign of The author tells the story of his scientifi c teacher from the African continent. Having new physics. The latter is what physicists trajectory and life “on the cusp” with a been selected to undertake a course at CERN working at CERN are really eager to candid spirit, describing both the events and has been a career highlight and a personal fi nd – particles or phenomena that could his inner feelings – details of his emotional dream come true. enable theorists to go beyond the SM. A fundamental parameters has been developed. experience and love stories add to the book. The grand scale of innovation going on chapter is dedicated to the discovery of the It accounts for the Big Bang (BB), cosmic at CERN is impressive. After its famous Higgs boson – the most important result microwave background (CMB) radiation Memorial Volume for Y Nambu discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, the accomplished with the LHC up to now. and the evolution of matter to the present By Lars Brink, Lay Nam Chang, Moo-Young Han and second run of experiments started last year. Since such a great endeavour cannot be day. However, the model cannot explain Kok Khoo Phua (eds) Since then, they have discovered another realised without hard work, professionalism some experimental results. The infl ation World Scientifi c new particle called the . I feel The author inside the LHC tunnel near CMS, during her stay at CERN in 2015. and collaboration, the author highlights the hypothesis, which postulates the existence Less than a year after his death privileged to have been at CERN during that importance of the human factor in such a of a scalar fi eld that caused an exponential at the age of 94, World Scientifi c time, and to have received a lecture about The HST programme is the ideal platform varied, multicultural and highly competitive expansion of the very early universe, can has published a book honouring the pentaquark just days after its discovery. for equipping teachers to inspire and environment. Finally, a few paragraphs on solve some of these open problems. the memory of Yoichiro Nambu, Of course, in addition to the large LHC prepare our future scientists and engineers. the impact of high-energy physics research This book provides a basic exposition of who was one of the greatest experiments, there are many other cool The feeling of collaboration Since my return from CERN, I have on industry and society conclude the book. BB cosmology and the infl ationary model physicists of the second half experiments going on at CERN. These include and discovery is tangible enjoyed sharing my experience with Written in a fl uid style, this book would using MATLAB tools for visualisation and of the 20th century. A brilliant mind and a the radioactive ion-beam facility ISOLDE, students and with other teachers in South appeal to those who, even if not completely to develop the reader’s understanding of the visionary thinker, Nambu contributed to the COMPASS, AMS (which is attached to the at CERN. Africa, in addition to writing articles about unfamiliar with the topic, know little about parametric dependence of the observables. development of many areas of theory – from International Space Station to look for dark CERN for the wider public in newspapers collider physics, CERN and its experiments. Different models are compared, including particle to condensed-matter physics. matter) and the Antimatter Factory. and magazines. I have also championed an ● Virginia Greco, CERN. one that assumes the Higgs fi eld as the scalar In the 1960s, he introduced the concept The feeling of collaboration and discovery ATLAS detector’s magnetic system. We after-school science club (appropriately infl ationary fi eld. In this way, readers can of spontaneously broken symmetries is tangible at CERN. It was a hub of activity also had Q&A sessions with experiment named CERN Club), in which we create Books received gain experience in using various MATLAB (with G Jona-Lasinio) and identifi ed a new while I was there, with so many summer leaders and the former Director-General, activities to teach our budding young tools (including symbolic mathematics, symmetry for quarks and gluons (with students from across the world doing where we discussed the future of CERN scientists how to explore the wonders of the Cosmology with MATLAB numerical-solution methods and plots) and M-Y Han). Both works can be considered experiments. Young and old all contribute to and education, CERN in the media, and universe. It is truly rewarding to see how By Dan Green also apply them to other problems. cornerstones of the Standard Model of physics at CERN. Nobel laureates can also how to educate the public about science. I interested these young people have become World Scientifi c particles and forces. be spotted. It is truly the most inspiring place also had the opportunity to meet the new in physics, and science in general. The aim of this book is to show Life on the Cusp This book provides an interesting on Earth from a scientifi c point of view! Director-General, Fabiola Gianotti, who is I will cherish my experience at CERN how software packages such By Weimin Wu collection of articles written by Nambu’s Our programme consisted of three the fi rst woman to head CERN. and will continue to share it in the years to as MATLAB can be extremely World Scientifi c former collaborators, colleagues, students hours of daily lectures in particle physics, CERN’s International High School come. Connections made with like-minded useful for studying cosmology The extraordinary scientifi c and friends. Through these contributions, cosmology and astrophysics, in addition Teacher (HST) programme inspires teachers from so many different countries problems by means of complex career and personal life of the the reader can gain an idea of the importance to workshops, visits to facilities and time teachers to raise and maintain the interest of have been hugely valuable. We have simulations. Thanks to the Chinese-naturalised American and variety of Nambu’s work, as well as spent on chosen projects for presentation at students in science and specifi cally modern become ambassadors for CERN and would greatly improved accuracy of cosmological physicist Weimin Wu have learn about his personality. He is described the end of the course. The projects ranged physics. CERN recognises the teacher’s like to expose our students to the spirit of data and the increased computing power played out against the backdrop by many of those who knew him as kind, from the detection of cosmic rays, LHC ability to instil a feeling of mystery and the collaboration and internationalism felt there. available, the calculation and graphic tools of profound political and warm and humble. Besides being very clever data analysis and medical applications of potential for discovery in their students, I hope to continue to foster more of these offered by this software can be profi tably cultural changes in China during the last and “many years ahead”, he was also a good CERN technologies to the importance of which can motivate them to study science qualities in my students, and to take a group employed to study physics problems and 70 years. mentor. The volume concludes with the women in physics, educational games and and engineering at university. My time at of students to CERN in the near future. compare different models. In this autobiography, Wu describes last scientifi c writing by Nambu himself, comparing science curricula from across CERN has enabled me to promote what Thank you, CERN and the HST programme! A theory that successfully describes the the diverse and colourful events of his discussing the origin and development of the globe. My workgroup had hours of goes on at this extraordinary laboratory by ● Lizelle Swanepoel, head of chemistry at Saheti universe and its evolution in terms of only six life and sketches a portrait of the social particle physics. fun building a working prototype of the sharing it with pupils and teachers alike. School, Johannesburg, South Africa.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERN Courier October 2016 CERN Courier Archive: 1973

A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 13, O CTOBER 1973, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER

M E E t i n G Physics at Bonn and Aix Two important conferences came close “Popularizing High Energy Physics”, together at the end of the summer: the 6th V F Weisskopf made the telling comment International Symposium on Electron that not a single science writer had been Nicollas H and Photon Interactions at High Energies invited to the conference. He was adamant in Bonn, 27 to 31 August, and the 2nd that the physicist had a duty to explain what he Aix-en-Provence International Conference [sic] was doing to the people who paid him. on Elementary Particles, 6 to 12 September. A most agreeable series of soirees, “La At both conferences the highlight and main Physique dans la Rue”, attracted several talking point was the evidence of neutral hundred people per evening to a courtyard currents. The discovery came in a CERN where they could talk to physicists in an experiment with a neutrino beam into the informal atmosphere. Subjects ranged from heavy liquid bubble chamber Gargamelle, and astrology to homoeopathy, nuclear reactors, was confi rmed at the National Accelerator scientifi c conscience and occasionally Laboratory USA with a neutrino beam into a high-energy physics. huge counter-spark chamber array. For a few brief days Aix-en-Provence A typical courtyard scene at Aix where small During the week of the Aix conference had the feeling that it knew what a physicist groups gathered to discuss anything from much more attention than usual was looked like. Perhaps just as important, quite a Madame Soleil to high-energy physics. given to the need for communication with few physicists had the opportunity of fi nding non-physicists. In the plenary session on out what the public looked like. ● Compiled from texts on pp 291–298.

t h E r L a B s O fi eld of energy and environment. Proposals LBL The alignment of Environmental research were drawn up on such topics as geothermal instrument at Berkeley energy, solar energy and the biomedical components effects of non-nuclear energy sources. using resonance In recent years several high-energy physics These were presented to the Atomic Energy Raman laboratories in the USA have become more Commission but non-nuclear work was scattering. The involved in research on environmental pruned from the AEC programme for the incident beam problems. The new involvement at the present fi scal year and none of the proposals comes from a Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory emerged in have got off the ground. tunable dye laser 1970 from the personal initiative of a few of Nevertheless, the LBL environmental in the foreground; the staff deeply concerned at the seriousness science programme involves an expenditure a high-resolution of many of the problems. of about a million dollars per year with spectrometer is A series of weekly seminars began in 40 scientists committed to it. Coming from visible top right. which a wide range of environmental science the personal concern of a few people three experts built up the laboratory’s awareness of years ago, this is no small achievement. ● Compiled from texts on pp303–306. what is being done, what remains to be done and where the problems lie. In April, the staff at large were sounded Compiler’s Note While the discovery of neutral currents is recalled, its importance is so out to gauge interest and search for ideas on contributions that the laboratory might well known by now that it is not covered at length in this note. make. About 50 specifi c ideas emerged and However, the progress made in popularising physics has been truly the most interesting were assembled into a astounding. Already in December 2012 at the Fête de l’Escalade, booklet A Programme for Environmental Geneva’s annual celebration of the defeat of a surprise attack by the Duke Research. At the end of 1970 J M Hollander of Savoy in 1602, a souvenir tin tray doubling as an Echelles & Dragons/ and A M Sessler [LBL director 1973–1980] Snakes & Ladders board featured a Higgs boson in square 87, taken by were appointed “co-ordinators of the promoters to be as recognisable as other cartooned notables such as environmental research” and early the Professeur Tournesol, square 16, and Marilyn Monroe, square 24. following year the fi rst project was launched, Although most members of the public are aware of the spin-off from funded by the National Science Foundation. particle physics to nuclear medicine, the transfer of technology to It was a survey of instrumentation in environmental monitoring. environmental science is less widely acclaimed. Under Andrew Sessler’s direction, LBL became a truly After building up a base research multidisciplinary research centre and a stop on celebrity tours. It seems likely that it was primarily the programme relevant to environmental work on environmental problems that appealed to eco-champions Prince Charles and the Dalai Lama problems, the philosophy moved towards during their visits to the laboratory in the 1970s. looking at the nation’s urgent problems in the

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 CERNCOURIER V o l u m e 5 6 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 6 Contents 5 V i ew p o i n t F e a t u r e s 35 TRIUMF targets alpha therapy 19 Particle physics under the spotlight in Chicago Alpha-emitters can maximise tumour-cell destruction while 7 N ew s Full report of highlights from ICHEP 2016. minimising damage to surrounding cells. Proton-radius puzzle deepens DIRAC experiment observes new • • 39 F a ce s & P l a ce s exotic atom AMS reports unexpected result in antiproton data 25 Proton therapy enters precision phase • • A new facility in Nice that has its roots at CERN is about to treat its LHC hits 2016 luminosity target • Beamline competition calls all 47 R ec r u i t me n t schools • ATLAS observes single top-quarks at 13 TeV first patient. • ALICE pinpoints J/ψ regeneration • LHCb finds early surprises 28 CERN to produce radioisotopes for health 51 B oo k s h elf

at Run 2 • Probing dark matter with CMS CERN-MEDICIS will use a proton beam from ISOLDE to develop 53 I n s i d e S t o r y non-conventional isotopes for medical diagnostics and therapy. 15 S c i e n cew a t c h 54 r c h i ve 32 Energetic protons boost BNL isotope production A 17 A s t r ow a t c h Accelerator upgrades will help to meet the demand for strontium-82.

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