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Implementation of Silicon Based Dosimeters, the Dose Magnifying University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2011 Implementation of silicon based dosimeters, the dose magnifying glass and magic plate for the dosimetry of modulated radiation therapy Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Wong, Jeannie Hsiu Ding, Implementation of silicon based dosimeters, the dose magnifying glass and magic plate for the dosimetry of modulated radiation therapy, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, Engineering Physics, University of Wollongong, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3348 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. IMPLEMENTATION OF SILICON BASED DOSIMETERS, THE DOSE MAGNIFYING GLASS AND MAGIC PLATE FOR THE DOSIMETRY OF MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong BBiomed. Eng., MMed.Phys. Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering 2011 © Copyright 2011 by Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong ALL RIGHTS RESERVED CERTIFICATION I, Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Centre for Medical Radia- tion Physics, Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. (Signature Required) Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong 30 June 2011 Table of Contents ListofTables................................... vi List of Figures/Illustrations ........................... xii ABSTRACT................................... xiii Acknowledgements................................ xv Contribution of Collaborators ..........................xviii Publication List .................................. xx Conferences.................................... xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project aim ................................. 2 2 Literature review 4 2.1Cancerstatistics.............................. 4 2.2Radiationtreatmenttrend......................... 4 2.3 Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy ................. 6 2.3.1 StepandshootIMRTdelivery................... 6 2.3.2 Dynamic sliding window IMRT delivery . ............ 7 2.4 Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy .................... 7 2.5StereotacticRadiosurgery/Radiotherapy................ 8 2.6HelicalTomotherapy............................ 8 2.7Currentqualityassuranceanddosimetricapproaches.......... 9 2.7.1 Ionisationchamber......................... 10 2.7.2 Filmdosimetry........................... 10 2.7.3 Silicon diode ............................. 11 2.7.4 Diamonddetectors......................... 14 2.7.5 Geldosimetry............................ 14 2.7.6 Electronicportalimagingdevice.................. 15 2.8Highspatialresolutiondosimetry..................... 16 2.8.1 Concept of silicon strip detector .................. 16 2.8.2 Application of high spatial resolution dosimeters in medical ra- diationtherapy........................... 19 2.9 Concept of a two dimensional array detector ............... 20 2.9.1 Pixelateddetector......................... 24 2.9.2 MAESTRO project ......................... 25 i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii 3 Methodology 26 3.1DoseMagnifyingGlass........................... 26 3.1.1 Designandfabrication....................... 26 3.1.2 Detectorpackaging......................... 28 3.2MagicPlate................................. 28 3.2.1 Epitaxialdiodes........................... 29 3.3TERAreadoutsystem........................... 31 3.3.1 HowTERAworks......................... 33 3.3.2 Amplitude and timing ....................... 37 3.3.3 Charge collection in silicon strip detector ............. 38 3.4Filmdosimetry............................... 39 3.4.1 Radiographic film .......................... 39 3.4.2 Radiochromicfilm......................... 40 4 Radiation response and basic characterisation of the Dose Magnifying Glass 43 4.1Introduction................................. 43 4.2Materialsandmethods........................... 44 4.2.1 Percentdepthdosemeasurement................. 44 4.2.2 Dose per pulse response measurement ............... 45 4.2.3 Stem effect measurement ...................... 48 4.2.4 Dose linearity measurement .................... 49 4.2.5 Energyresponsemeasurement................... 49 4.2.6 Angularresponsemeasurement.................. 50 4.3Results.................................... 52 4.3.1 Percentdepthdose......................... 52 4.3.2 Dose per pulse response . ..................... 54 4.3.3 Stem effect ............................. 58 4.3.4 Dose linearity ............................ 58 4.3.5 Energyresponse........................... 59 4.3.6 Angularresponse.......................... 61 4.4Conclusion.................................. 63 5 Application of the Dose Magnifying Glass in the dosimetric verifica- tion of an intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment delivery 65 5.1Introduction................................. 65 5.2Materialsandmethods........................... 66 5.2.1 DoseMagnifyingGlass....................... 66 5.2.2 Uniformitymeasurement...................... 67 5.2.3 Penumbraresponsemeasurement................. 67 5.2.4 Clinical application in IMRT fields ................ 68 5.3Resultsanddiscussions........................... 69 5.3.1 Uniformity.............................. 69 5.3.2 Penumbrameasurement...................... 69 TABLE OF CONTENTS iii 5.3.3 Clinical application in IMRT fields ................ 70 5.4Conclusion.................................. 76 6 Application of the Dose Magnifying Glass in the dosimetric verifica- tion of a stereotactic radiosurgery treatment delivery 78 6.1Introduction................................. 78 6.2Materialsandmethods........................... 82 6.2.1 DoseMagnifyingGlass....................... 82 6.2.2 SRSphantom............................ 82 6.2.3 Detectorrelativesensitivityfactormeasurement......... 83 6.2.4 Angulardependencecorrection.................. 85 6.2.5 Determination of the center of rotation measurement ...... 86 6.2.6 SRSconeprofilesandtotalscatterfactormeasurement..... 87 6.2.7 Clinical stereotactic arc measurement ............... 88 6.3Resultsanddiscussions........................... 89 6.3.1 Uniformity............................. 89 6.3.2 Determination of center of rotation ................ 89 6.3.3 SRSconeprofilesandpenumbra.................. 91 6.3.4 SRSconetotalscatterfactor.................... 91 6.3.5 Clinical SRS application . ..................... 93 6.3.6 On the volume averaging effect of small field dosimetry ..... 94 6.4Conclusion..................................102 7 Application of the Dose Magnifying Glass in the quality assurance of Helical Tomotherapy 105 7.1Introduction.................................105 7.2Methodsandmaterials...........................107 7.2.1 DoseMagnifyingGlass.......................107 7.2.2 Multileaf collimator (MLC) alignment measurement ......107 7.2.3 Leafopentimemeasurement...................109 7.2.4 Leaffluenceoutputfactormeasurement..............111 7.3Resultsanddiscussions...........................113 7.3.1 Multileaf collimator alignment ...................113 7.3.2 Leafopentimethreshold......................113 7.3.3 Leaffluenceoutputfactor.....................118 7.4Conclusion..................................119 8 Radiation response and basic characterisation of the Magic Plate 121 8.1Introduction.................................121 8.2Materialsandmethods...........................122 8.2.1 PackagingoftheMagicPlate...................122 8.2.2 Radiation damage studies .....................123 8.2.3 Dose per pulse response measurement ...............126 8.2.4 Percentdepthdosemeasurement.................129 TABLE OF CONTENTS iv 8.2.5 Dose linearity measurement ....................129 8.2.6 Energydependencemeasurement.................130 8.2.7 Temperaturedependencemeasurement..............130 8.2.8 Fieldsizedependencemeasurement................132 8.2.9 Angularresponsemeasurement..................133 8.2.10Beamperturbationmeasurements.................135 8.3Results....................................137 8.3.1 Radiationdamage..........................137 8.3.2 Dose per pulse response . .....................139 8.3.3 Percentdepthdose.........................146 8.3.4 Dose linearity ............................146 8.3.5 Energydependence.........................148 8.3.6 Temperaturedependence......................150 8.3.7 Fieldsizedependence........................152 8.3.8 Angulardependence........................153 8.3.9 Beamperturbationstudy......................154 8.4Conclusion..................................156 9 Investigation of the Magic Plate in clinical application 158 9.1Introduction.................................158 9.2Materialandmethods...........................161 9.2.1 Uniformity and absolute dose calibration ............161 9.2.2 Dosemeasurementinsolidwaterphantom............164 9.2.3 Fluencemeasurementsintransmissionmode...........165 9.2.4 Performance index used for the dose distribution comparison . 166 9.3Resultsanddiscussion...........................166 9.3.1 Uniformitycorrection........................166 9.3.2 Dose distribution comparison ...................167 9.4Conclusion..................................174
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