Die Verrekening Van Drama- En Teaterteorie by Die Skryf Van 'N Afrikaanse Teaterteks

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Die Verrekening Van Drama- En Teaterteorie by Die Skryf Van 'N Afrikaanse Teaterteks DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS VICTOR THEODOR BOTHMA Verhandeling ingelewer ter gedeeltelike voldoening aan die vereistes vir die graad Magister Artium (Drama en Teaterkuns) Fakulteit Geesteswetenskappe Universiteit van die Vrystaat Julie 2012 Studieleier: Prof N. J. Luwes DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS BEDANKINGS Eerstens wil ek my Skepper bedank dat hy my ’n goedhartige moeder gegee het wat in 1992, ten spyte van haar armoede, R3000 aan my geskenk het om te gaan studeer. Al het sy nie besef dat dit hopeloos onvoldoende was om werklik te studeer nie, het dit die grondslag vir my gelê om in 2006 terug universiteit toe te kom om verder te studeer. Ek bedank Linky van der Westhuizen dat sy my erf op Rosendal verkoop het, wat my finansieel daartoe in staat gestel het om verder te studeer. Ek bedank ook mnr. A.L. Badenhorst van beurse en lenings vir sy hulp deur die jare om beurse en lenings aan my toegestaan te kry. Die welsynbeamptes van die universiteit bedank ek vir hulp in die vorm van voedsel, ensovoorts, asook dat hulle in 2007 gereël het dat ek enkele maande vir twee ure per dag in die Wynand Mouton teater kon werk om sodoende kosgeld te kon verdien het. Ek wil die Tswelopele-instansie bedank vir hul befondsing van die Tswelopele- beurs in 2009 en 2010, asook die Fanie van der Merwe-trust wat in 2008 en 2011 beurse aan my toegestaan het. NSFAS wil ek van harte bedank vir hulle lening in 2012 waarsonder ek beswaarlik hierdie verhandeling sou kon voltooi. Die N.G. Kerk te Fouriesburg wil ek bedank vir die geld wat hulle aan my geskenk het en die kospakkies wat gereeld aan my besorg is. Jan Scheepers wil ek bedank vir die R1000 wat hy aan my geskenk het om in 2011 tydelik te kon registreer. Ek wil ook my groot vriend van my 1992- universiteitsdae, Isak Voor de Wind, bedank vir sy bydraes. Nelis Roos van Fouriesburg wat deur die jare altyd van hulp was en veral vir die klere wat hy in DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS 2006 aan my geskenk het, sowel as ander persone in Fouriesburg, verdien ‘n spesiale dank. Ek bedank oor die Round Table tak van Ficksburg wat op inisiatief van Nelis Roos R6,000 ingesamel en aan my geskenk het en wat my gehelp het om die studie te voltooi. Verder ‘n spesiale dank aan my oorlede vriend Martin Smit wat my toegelaat het om my VW Kombi-wrak in sy erf te parkeer, waarin ek die afgelope vyf jaar oornag het. Anton Liebenberg, bestuurder van Thakanengbrug, Lyes Yaddadene van die Deli en Alzabeth Delport wil ek bedank vir hul aansporing en voortdurende hulp en geselskap. Die baie kliënte wat deur die loop van my studies my ondersteun het deur my skilderye en boeke te koop, verdien ook ‘n spesiale vermelding. Ek wil ook dr. Susan Brokensha bedank vir die Engelse taalversorging van die abstract wat sy uitstekend verrig het, asook Johan Nel wat my studie se taalversorging uiters bekwaam behartig het. Laastens en definitief die belangrikste persoon wie ek wil bedank, is my studieleier, prof. Nico Luwes, vir die geduld wat hy met ‘n ou student gehad het en die hulp wat hy verleen het vanuit die Dramadepartement se fondse. Sonder sy kundigheid sou ek definitief nie hierdie mylpaal in my lewe kon behaal nie. DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS OPSOMMING Hierdie studie ondersoek teorieë en strategië vir die skryf van ‘n Afrikaanse teaterteks. Die studie onderneem ‘n deeglike agtergrondstudie oor die onstaan en ontwikkeling van die drama as teaterteks, vanaf die antieke Griekse drama tot die moderne vorme van teatertekste. Die reeks intellektuele oefeninge vir die skrywer, voordat die skryfproses begin, is aan die hand van Luwes se model in die studie ondersoek en toegepas. Hierdie riglyne is aangevul en verbreed met ‘n literatuurstudie van ondersteunende drama- en teaterteorieë van byvoorbeeld Cassady en Cassady, Lategan, Grebanier, Keuris, Cronje, Hatlen, Bentley en Conradie. Ondersoek is ingestel na eksterne geografiese en tydgebonde sisteme wat die skryf van teatertekse beïnvloed. Ook eksterne sosiale sisteme, wat ‘n invloed op individue soos die skrywer, teaterkunstenaars en gemeenskappe uitoefen en moontlik bepalend kan wees van wat in die teks gereflekteer word, word indringend bespreek. Die intellektuele oorweging van die skrywer t.o.v. genre kom volgende in die literatuurstudie onder die loep. Die studie beskryf in detail die verskillende genres en subgenres wat in die dramaliteratuur voorkom. Genres wat onder andere ondersoek is sluit tragedie, sosiale drama, melodrama die verskillende subgenres van komedie, satire, rillers, ens. in. Die verskillende genres word telkens bespreek met praktiese voorbeelde uit bestaande dramaliteratuur. Hierna kom die laaste intellektuele oefeninge, voordat die fisiese skryfproses vir die dramaturg begin, ter sprake. Die dramaturg neem besluite t.o.v. die styl waarin die dramaturg die teks gaan skryf. In die literatuurstudie oor die verskillende style word verskeie voorbeelde uit bv. die realisme, stilisme, romantisisme en dies meer met gepaste voorbeelde uit die dramaliteratuur en die filmbedryf ondersoek en beskryf. DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS ‘n Literatuurstudie oor die invloed en voorkomste van handeling, tyd ruimte en karakterbeelding in die dramateks is in detail ondersoek as riglyne wat die dramaturg in sy skryfproses tot praktiese hulp kan wees. Laastens is die praktiese skryfproses toegelig aan die hand van bogenoemde sistematiese literatuurstudie as riglyn. Struktuurbeplanning en die gebruik van middele tot die dramaturg se beskikking as metodes vir teksontwikkeling en teksverryking kom onder die loep. Die verskeie teorieë van bogenoemde kundiges is geëntegreer om ‘n logiese proses vir die dramaturg daar te stel oor hoe die buitelyn van die intrige geskep kan na word na die intellektuele keuses wat die dramaturg uitgevoer het t.o.v. genre, styl, formaat ens. Riglyne vir die skep van geloofwaardige karakters en werkwyses oor hoe die funksies van dialoog, die gebruik van ruimte, toepassing van seisoen en tyd en die handeling en dialoog van karakters vir karakterskepping dat dit sodoende die teks verryk is op gepaste wyse beskryf en aangebied. Alhoewel Luwes se model ‘n waardevolle hulp in die strukturering en samestelling van hierdie studie was, was dit tog nodig om die verskeie ander teoretici se teorieë hiermee te integreer om ‘n meer effektiewe stel riglyne te ontwikkel. Luwes se model kan veral uitgebrei word wat die keuse van genres en style betref. In die slothoofstuk bevind die studie dat daar wel riglyne vir die voornemende dramaturg by die skryf van ‘n teaterteks is wat moontlik tot hulp kan wees tydens die skryfproses. DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS ABSTRACT Taking the origin of the drama as theatre text dating from the ancient Greeks to contemporary forms of theatre texts into account, this study investigates the theories and strategies behind writing a dramatic text in Afrikaans. The series of intellectual exercises the dramatic playwright needs to accomplish before the start of the writing process is explored and applied within the framework of a model developed by Luwes. These guidelines are enhanced and expanded upon through a literature review of supporting drama and theories of the theatre by writers such as Cassady & Cassady, Lategan, Grebanier, Keuris, Cronje, Hatlen, Bentley, and Conradie. External geographical and time- dependent systems that influence the writing of theatre texts are examined. External social systems which may influence the writer, theatre artists, and communities, and which could potentially determine what will be reflected in the text, are also considered and discussed in depth. In terms of genre, the intellectual consideration of the writer is then explored. Using practical examples from the existing literature on drama, various genres and sub-genres such as tragedy, satire, and melodrama are discussed. Next, the last of the intellectual exercises before the physical writing process starts is examined. Here, the dramatic playwright must decide which style to adopt and a review of the literature reflects myriad styles from which to choose, including realism, stylism, and romanticism. A literature review of the influence and occurrences of action, time, space, and character portrayal in the drama text is conducted, and these elements are then presented as guidelines that could be of practical use to the playwright during the writing process. Having expounded upon the practical writing process, the planning of the structure and the tools as methods to develop and enrich the text that are at DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS the writers’ disposal come under the microscope. Different theories are integrated to form a logical process to create the outline of the plot for the playwright, taking into account the different intellectual choices that need to be made in terms of genre, style, format, and so forth. Guidelines are identified not only for the creation of believable characters, but also for the procedures that underline the functions of dialogue. Although the model devised by Luwes is a valuable one and served to guide this study, it was nevertheless necessary to integrate various researchers' theories to develop an effective set of guidelines for the would-be playwright when it comes to creating a dramatic text. The model proposed by Luwes can be extended as far as genres and style is concerned. DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS DIE VERREKENING VAN DRAMA- EN TEATERTEORIE BY DIE SKRYF VAN 'N AFRIKAANSE TEATERTEKS INHOUDSOPGAWE i-v HOOFSTUK 1 1 1 INLEIDING 1 1.1 DIE ONTSTAAN VAN DRAMA EN TEATER 1 1.2 NOODSAAK EN DOELSTELLING 4 1.3 METODOLOGIE 4 1.4 NAVORSINGSONTWERP 5 HOOFSTUK 2 7-21 1 INTELLEKTUELE OEFENINGE VIR DIE DRAMATURG ALVORENS DIE FISIESE SKRYFPROSES BEGIN HOOFSTUK 3 22 DIE INTELLEKTUELE OEFENING T.O.V.
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