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Streamflow and Water Quality of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County

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Streamflow and Water Quality of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County STREAMFLOW AND WATER QUALITY OF THE GRAND CALUMET RIVER, LAKE COUNTY, INDIANA, AND COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS, OCTOBER 1984 By Charles G. Crawford and David J. Wangsness U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4208 Prepared in cooperation with the INDIANA STA-TE BOARD OF HEALTH Indianapolis, Indiana 1987 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey 6023 Guion Road, Suite 201 U.S. Geological Survey Indianapolis, Indiana 46254 Books and Open-File Reports Box 25425, Federal Center, Bldg. 41 Denver, Colorado 80225 (Telephone: [303] 236-7476) CONTENTS Page Abstract................................................................ 1 Introduction............................................................ 2 Background.......................................................... 2 Purpose and scope................................................... 2 Acknowledgments..................................................... 3 The Grand Calumet River basin........................................... 3 Data-collection procedures.............................................. 7 Study duration and sampling frequency............................... 7 Selection of sampling stations...................................... 7 Measurement of streamflow........................................... 9 Sample-collection procedures........................................ 10 Sample handling and preservation.................................... 11 Analytical laboratory procedures.................................... 12 Biochemical-oxygen demand....................................... 12 Constituents and properties other than biochemical-oxygen demand 13 Streamflow.............................................................. 13 Diel variations in flow............................................. 27 Flow balance........................................................ 32 East Branch Grand Calumet River................................. 32 West Branch Grand Calumet River................................. 35 Water quality........................................................... 38 Water-quality characteristics....................................... 46 Dissolved oxygen................................................ 46 Specific conductance............................................ 50 pH.............................................................. 54 Water temperature............................................... 54 Chloride........................................................ 54 Sulfate......................................................... 62 Fluoride........................................................ 62 Hardness........................................................ 62 Dissolved and suspended solids.................................. 66 Nitrogen........................................................ 69 Phosphorus...................................................... 69 Biochemical-oxygen demand....................................... 76 Cyanide......................................................... 76 Phenol.......................................................... 80 Chromium........................................................ 80 Copper.......................................................... 80 Iron............................................................ 84 Lead............................................................ 84 Mercury......................................................... 84 Nickel.......................................................... 88 Zinc............................................................ 88 Exceedance of water-quality standards........................... 88 Chemical-mass discharge............................................. 92 East Branch Grand Calumet River................................. 120 West Branch Grand Calumet River................................. 121 Summary and conclusions................................................. 122 References cited........................................................ 125 Appendix: Streamflow in the West Branch Grand Calumet River, September 18-19, 1985................................................. 127 -iii- ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing study area and location of sampling stations.... 4 2-65. Graphs showing: 2. Relation of streamflow and time, East Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 28 3. Relation of streamflow to time, West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 29 4. Water levels in Lake Michigan, Calumet Harbor, Illinois, October 2-4, 1984.......................... 31 5. Relation to cumulative effluent discharge to stream- flow, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 33 6. Estimates of streamflow adjusted for gains or losses used for calculating instream chemical-mass dis­ charge, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 34 7. Longitudinal variations in dissolved-oxygen concentra­ tion, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 47 8. Relation of dissolved-oxygen concentration to time, East Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984... 48 9. Relation of dissolved-oxygen concentration to time, West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984... 49 10. Longitudinal variation in specific conductance, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984.................................... 51 11. Relation of specific conductance to time, East Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............... 52 12. Relation of specific conductance to time, West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............... 53 13. Longitudinal variation in pH, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984... 55 14. Relation of pH to time, East Branch Grand Cilumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 56 15. Relation of pH to time, West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 57 16. Longitudinal variation in water temperature, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984.................................... 58 17. Relation of water temperature to time, East Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............... 59 18. Relation of water temperature to time, West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............... 60 19. Longitudinal variation in concentration of chloride, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 61 20. Longitudinal variation in concentration of sulfate, (A) East Branch And (B) West Branch Grand Cal.met River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 63 -iv- ILLUSTRAT IONS Con t inue d Page Figure 21. Longitudinal variation in concentration of fluoride, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 64 22. Longitudinal variation in hardness of water, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984.................................... 65 23. Longitudinal variation in concentration of dissolved solids, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 67 24. Longitudinal variation in concentration of suspended solids, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 68 25. Longitudinal variation in concentration of total organic nitrogen, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............... 70 26. Longitudinal variation in concentration of ammonia, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 71 27. Longitudinal variation in concentration of nitrite, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 72 28. Longitudinal variation in concentration of nitrate, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 73 29. Longitudinal variation in concentration of total phosphorus (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 74 30. Longitudinal variation in concentration of ortho- phosphorus (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984..................... 75 31. Longitudinal variation in concentration of total biochemical-oxygen demand, (A.) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984... 77 32. Longitudinal variation in concentration of carbonaceous biochemical-oxygen demand, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984... 78 33. Longitudinal variation in concentration of cyanide, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 79 34. Longitudinal variation in concentration of phenol, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 81 35. Longitudinal variation in concentration of chromium, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October 3-4, 1984............................. 82 36. Longitudinal variation in concentration of copper, (A) East Branch and (B) West Branch Grand Calumet River, October
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