BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Status of marine and Stuart Banks

Charles Darwin Foundation

The driving questions for research in marine conserva - systems, extractive , and non extractive tion remain: How has and will the human presence in tourism activities emphasize the importance of making Galapagos change natural ecosystem processes? And informed management decisions based upon the best how do we achieve a sustainable multi-use Marine and most recent scientific advice available. Reserve that maintains biodiversity and endemism and hence its unique status as a natural resource, while at the same time permit responsible use of these IUCN evaluation of marine groups resources for fisheries, tourism, science, and educa - tion? Marine Reserve managers worldwide face these Early red listing by the IUCN focused on charismatic same questions, yet few places of comparable size groups and those obviously impacted by human activity harbor such a unique confluence of marine species of on a global scale, such as whales, pinnipeds, and more differing biogeographic affinities, such rich and inspiring recently marine reptiles and sharks (Fig. 1, Table 1). natural seascapes, a hugely dynamic biophysical Despite their importance, little attention was given to environment, and at the same time have undergone the many important subtidal -forming species such rapid development of human activities. such as and macroalgae. These species are heavily impacted by ENSO events and their subsequent recovery Even after decades of exploration, the Galapagos most likely compromised by rapid human development Marine Reserve (GMR) continues to reveal new in the coastal zone. A red listing process was initiated mysteries. Now, with novel satellite and sensor tech - in 2006 for these groups, and a further fish evaluation nology, we are beginning to understand how to follow is planned for 2007. and predict how marine ecosystems change under strong climatic pressures such as El Niño. With climate A review of Galapagos marine groups includes 25 change a global issue, Galapagos may experience species not yet accepted on the IUCN Red List (Table more frequent El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1, Fig. 2). Of these 25, 80% have already been effects. New species previously hidden in deep waters reviewed by experts for inclusion in 2007. Of the 57 and others believed to be extinct can now be revealed species already incorporated into the Red List, 41% are by remote deep water exploration vehicles. Monitoring categorized as threatened: Vulnerable (VU), frameworks for marine species and the subtidal marine Endangered (EN), or Critically Endangered (CR). ecosystem provide us with a wealth of new information regarding the composition of Galapagos coastal communities, yet much work remains to ensure a timely flow of information to an effective participatory According to the IUCN Red List, 40% of the decision-making forum. Complex interactions arising marine species evaluated to date are threatened. from the juxtaposition of cold and warm current

Table 1. Number of marine species listed in IUCN threat categories by marine group.

Marine group No. species on Red No. species submitted List as of 2006 for inclusion Marine Birds 5 Cetaceans 15 Fish 6 2 Molluscs 2 Pinnipeds 2 Rays 5 Marine reptiles 5 Sharks 17 Echinoderms 2 Corals 4 Macroalgae 16 1 Total 57 25 Source: CDF databases

118 Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Table 2. Marine species in IUCN Red List by threat category.

Threat Category Species listed EX CR EN VU NT LC DD

2006 Species 57 3 6 14 5 17 12

Percent 5% 11% 25% 9% 30% 21%

Species submitted EX CR EN VU NT LC DD for inclusion 2006 Species 25 13 3 9

Source: CDF databases

Figure 1. Marine groups evaluated in recent years (data for 2007 were recently submitted)

25 Crustaceans Macroalgae Corals 20 d e

t Echinoderms

a u l Sharks a

v e

Marine reptiles s e

i 15

c Rays e p

s Pinnipeds

f o Molluscs r e

b 10 Fish m

u Cetaceans N Marine Birds 5

0 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 57 Year of evaluation Source: CDF databases

Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 119 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Figure 2. Marine species of the GMR evaluated by IUCN threat categories

80 Data deficient (DD) Lower risk (LR/ cd,Ic,) N

C Near threatened (NT) U I

y Vunerable (VU) b

60

d Endangered (EN) e t

a Critically endangered (CR ) u l a

v Culmulative total of GMR species e evaluated under IUCN and expert s

e criteria i

c e

p 40 s

f o

r e b

m Estimated u

N 2007 *

20

0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Note: Year Source: CDF databases

Figure includes threatened species reviewed in 2006 for Red List inclusion in 2007.

Threatened marine species Bleaching of reef corals and strong swells led to a >97% reduction in abundance, although the colonies The marine species listed in Annex 1 are the most that remain are still relatively widespread and show threatened coastal marine species in the GMR. These signs of recovery in some areas. Certainly thermal and species are particularly sensitive to stress due to physical wave stress on large intertidal algae has driven climatic events and human activities. Endangered several species collected from the early 1930s and species that visit the GMR but are seldom observed later, such as Bifurcia galapagensis, to Critically (such as the great white shark) are not included. The Endangered status and possibly to Extinction. data cover marine birds and some other vertebrates Reconstruction of past climate suggests that strong that form colonies on land but spend the majority of climatic events have altered marine subtidal and intertidal their life in the marine environment. Annex 2 includes habitats in Galapagos for hundreds if not thousands all species evaluated as Data Deficient and for which of years. In contrast, the greatly increased human further research and monitoring are required. activity in the coastal zone over the last 40 years is unprecedented in the islands evolutionary history. Population data for threatened species and reasons for their decline Overfishing of key predators, such as bacalao and lobster, has likely impacted the top-down control of All species listed in Table 2 have experienced severe habitat engineers such as urchins, which today form declines or have very restricted distributions. El Niño extensive barrens encrusted with events have strongly affected the majority of resident marine species, particularly the and macroalgae communities, both of which include important habitat- forming species upon which many other species Corals and macroalgae are important habitat- depend. forming species that have been severely impacted by El Niño; the evaluation of their threat status began in recent years.

120 Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

throughout the archipelago, compromising the natural Some dark, deep-water habitats below 30 m appear as recovery of other species while breaking down the calm as protected coastal mangroves or lagoons and foundation of old corals. The magnificent scallop, harbor species previously believed to be extinct. Nodipecten magnificus , is now only found in parts of Others are dominated by localized upwelling, which western Isabela and Fernandina, having been fished as encourages endemism of cold-water species and incidental catch after being already heavily affected provides a constant influx of nutrients into the coastal during strong El Niño events. Threatened solitary fringe. Strong currents tearing past vertical walls corals, such as Tubastrea taguensis , that were formerly produce some of the greatest biological turnover of widespread are now only found in small pockets of filter feeders in any system, while attracting large cold water. Many migratory species, such as marine pelagic visitors, such as sharks and consequently turtles and pelagic sharks, are still threatened by indus - tourists. The habitats reflect the unique placement of trial fishing activities outside of the GMR and illegal the islands on the equator and the currents that fishing activities within the Reserve. surround them - particularly those associated with cold water upwelling and hydrothermally active hot spots. As global warming scenarios predict more frequent This great diversity of near-shore and off-shore habitats and stronger El Niños, an increase in sea level, acidifi - in a relatively confined area generates an astounding cation of the world’s oceans, and possible changes in biological panorama. current patterns, the only thing that is certain is that change will occur. How we respond and adapt in the Although all habitats in Galapagos are influenced by face of that change over the coming decades will likely the interplay between El Niño events and human use, determine the extinction or survival of many threatened highly productive habitats that are of particular impor - and endemic species. tance have been damaged since the El Niño of 1982/83. Macroalgae beds forming important nursery habitat for many species and communities were prevalent across the archipelago 40 years ago, whereas today they are greatly reduced (to <5% of Marine turtles and pelagic sharks continue to be their historical range) and restricted to localities in the highly threatened species primarily due to illegal far north and west of the archipelago and a few frag - fishing activities in the GMR. ments elsewhere. Today the prevalent habitat across subtidal rocky reefs is urchin barrens, with biogenic sediments from deteriorated coral reefs, which change the physical and biotic environment. These areas, as Key habitat s well as habitats for which little information exists (such as sea mounts and soft bottom sediments), have been More than 80% of the near coastal subtidal and targeted as a priority for conservation measures. With intertidal habitat is rocky reef, fringed by soft bottom the development of subtidal monitoring over the last sediments that host distinct species assemblages that seven years, the species inventory for the GMR is change with the often dramatic bathymetry and greatly improved and now includes those rare and oceanographic environment. In the open waters, newly discovered species and the habitats that they strong currents scour the islands, forming productive depend upon to survive (Table 4). fronts, eddies, and submarine channels that affect species’ distribution and recruitment patterns. Few areas of similar size harbor such a rich diversity of Macroalgae beds, abundant in the GMR 40 years habitat where productive coastal waters and the fringes ago, are perhaps the marine habitat that is most interact with open and deep water systems, volcanic threatened. Today, the remaining 5% of the submarine hotspots, mangrove-fringed bays, fragmented original beds are restricted to a few sites. coral reefs, sand flats, and thick algal beds (Table 3).

Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 121 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Table 3. Habitat types within the Galapagos Marine Reserve.

Type of habitat or community Area covered (estimated area or Status percent of coastline) Rocky intertidal >80% Stable Rocky subtidal reef > 80% Stable Soft bottom sediments < 20% Stable

Vertical walls > 50 signiÞcant walls Stable

< 500 m extensions in Wolf Coral communities Fragmented, low and Darwin, elsewhere fragmented Predominant in the west coasts Macroalgae beds <15% of the coast of Isabela and Fernandina Low – medium Mangroves Approximately 5800 ha Stable Sandy beaches Approximately 460 ha Stable

Coastal lagoons Approximately 285 ha Unknown

Open water pelagic Approximately 127,000 km2 Stable

Seamounts Approximately 1,400 km2 Stable

Hydrothermal vents Baseline data not available Unknown

Abyssal plain (> 3000 m depth) Approximately 26,000 km2 Stable Galapagos shelf and platform (>100 - 3000 m) Approximately 17,000 km2 Stable Source: CDF databases

Table 4. New and rediscovered marine species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Year Group Species Island registered 2004 Anemone Anthopleura mariscali Pinzón, Santa Cruz, South Plaza , Sin Nombre 2004 Bivalve Nodipecten magnificus Fernandina, Isabela, Genovesa 2006 Coral Leptoseris sp. Darwin 2006 Coral . Santa Cruz 2004 Damselfish Nexilosus latifrons Fernandina, I sabela 2006 Fish Kathetostoma averruncus Santa Cruz 2005 Gorgonia Heterogorgia hickmani Floreana 2005 Gorgonia Pacifigorgia symbi otica Darwin 2004 Gorgonia Pacifigorgia damper i Darwin , Wolf 2004 Gorgonia Pacifigorgia rubripunct ata Ce ntral archipelago 2004 Leptoser is scabra Wolf,D arwin 2003 Hermatypic coral Gardineroseris planulata Wolf,D arwin 2006 Hydroid Nemalecium lighti Wolf 2004 Macroalgae (kelp) Eisenia galapagensis Isabela, Fernandina 2007 Macroalgae (kelp) Desmeretia ligulata Isabela 2006 Octacoral () Ptilosarcus s p. Wolf 2006 Octacoral (sea pen) Virgularia galapagensis Santiago 2006 Octacoral (sea pen) Cavernulina cf. darwini Santiago 2004 Pinniped Miroungal eonina Isabela 2004 Ray Rayav eléis Isabela 2004 Ray Torpedo tremens Isabela 2002 Sea star Heliaster cumingii Isabela, Santa Cruz 2004 Sea star Pauli a horrida Isabela, Santa Cruz 2004 Sea star Coronoaster marchenus Fernandina 2002 Sea star Acanthaster planki Darwin 2005 Shark Bythaelurus sp. Isabela 2002 Slipper lobster Parribacus scarlatinus . Wolf,D arwin, Pinzón , Isabela, Genovesa 2004 Solitary coral Tubastraeat aguensis Isabela 2004 Solitary coral Tubastraea faulkner i Isabela 2004 Solitary coral Tubastraea floreana Floreana 2000 Solitary coral Rhizopsammia wellingtoni Santa Cruz 2003 Solitary coral Astrangia brownii Floreana, Isabela Source: CDF databases

122 Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007

BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Annex 1. Threatened marine species on the Red List or submitted in 2006 for evaluation, by category. GLPS Expert Year of Species Scientific NameAdvice Status evaluation Principal threat GPetralapaelPetr PataPatagosel Pata petrpegapeg eladpegda a ada PterodPteromaromarodroma pphahaeo eopphapygiygieopaa ygi a CR CR 119941 994 Pesc Paesc iinncidcideFaishe ientancidentariesll y ntaly es anespeci dpeciy preespeses datiecintro intrionesduciodu i ntrbydascidasodu int roducidas ced species HTortugawksTortugbilla ca turreyreya catle rey EretmtmocheErochelysetmochelys im imlysbribri imcatacatbria cat a CR CR 119961 996 Pesc Paesc IncincideFadentishe Incidentalalriesntal bycatch LTeatortugherbackTortuga laúda turtl aúdle DermocheDermochelyslys co colysriacearia cocearia cea CR CR 19861 986 Pesc Paesc IncincideFadentishe Incidentalalriesntal bycatch BDlack-samiamiselaDselaamipott seladedede GalápagosGalápa deamself Galápagosish gos Azur Ainazur eeupalamainaupalama eupalama CRCR** CR* 2000772 007 C aambmCbioaiom cliclEbiolimátmáti N iñoclimicocoáti (El(Elco Ni N (ño)iño)El Niño) TEwenstrellaellEty-stra solsofour-raelll a solyed sun star HelieliasastHelitererast solsoerlararis solais ris CR* CR* 2 2007 2 007 Cambiamb Cambiioo climclElimát oN átiiñoclimáticoco ((EElicol Niñ N (Eliño)o) Niño) EDlongólaólarDr ateóladdee marrmarhe deart mar urchin ClypeastepeasterClypeastr eloneloerngatusgatus elongatus CRCR* CR* 220070072 007 DeescsconDonoesociconcidaUnkndaocidaown process WCoralellinC oraldegto WWellinn's deellin coralWellingtogtonn gto n RhizopszopsammiaRhizopsammiaammia WWeellinlling Wegtonltonling ton C R* CR* 2007 2007 2 007 C amb io cli Cambimáti Cambicoo cl E(Ellimát oN Ni iñoclño)imático (Elico N (Eliño) Niño) FClororaleanaC oralde FFloco lorderalreanaean Floareana TubaubasTstraubatraeaeastra floeareanareana floreana CR200*7 CR * 2 C0amb072 0io0 7cli máti co C(Ela mNiCbioño)am climEbiol N iñoáticlimátco (Elico Niñ (Elo) Niño) TCagusoralC oraldecup ccopa opa decor copa alde de T Taagus degus Ta gus Tubaubas Tstraubatraeaeastra taguentaeaguens taguenssiiss is CR* CR* 2 2007 2 007 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iñoclimáticoco (El(Eicol Ni N (Eño)iño)l Niño) GAalapalgaA cafécaflgagosé caf stéring weed BifuifurrcaBcarifuriaiarca galapagengalapagria galapagensisissensi s CR* CR* 2 2007 2 007 Efecto Efec indiinditoOrectver recindigrazitoorec d dee topeng pes desquequerí pesríasqueras (pa (píasstoast reooreo de de her herbíbívoros)voros) TAroplgaAical cafécaflga éaci cafdweeé d DesmaDerestiasmarestia ttropiropica tropica ca CRCR** CR* 2000772 007 C aambmCbioaiom cliclEbiolimátmáti N iño,climicoco cláti (El(Elimatco Ni N (ño),iñoeEl ch Niñ), ange, Ef Efeo)ectctoo ov indir indergectirerazctooing de de pesqu pesqueríaserías (pas (ptoreastoreoo de hdeerb herbíívoros)voros) BArownlgaA cafécaflga algaé café GlossolossophoGlophorssophoraa galapagensisgalapara galapaggensisensi s CR* CR* 2007 2 0072 007 C amb io cli CambimátiCacoom cl E(Elbiolimát N Ni iño,clño),imático cl (Eimat Eficol ectN (Eliñoeo ch iNndir), iño)ange, Efeectcto oov d inerge pedirrazsquectingeríaso de (ppesquastoreeríaso de (p hasterboreoívoros) de herbívoros) BArownlgaA cafécaflga algaé café SpatSoglooglossupatoglssummossum scschmittiihmittii schmittii CRCR* CR* 2000772 007 C aambmCbioaiom cliclimEbiolmáti N iño,áticlimcoco cláti (El(imatElco Ni Niñ (ño),eEl cho), Niñ ange, Ef Efo)ectecto ov oindir inergdireectrazctooing de de pe pesqusqueríaserías (past (poreastoreoo de hdeerb herbíívoros)voros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja GraccilaGilarariacila sskottskottsria skobergiittsb ergii CRCR** CR* 2000772 007 C aambmCbioaiom cliclEbiolimátmáti N iño,climáticoco cl (El(Elimatico Ni N (Elño),iñoe ch N), iño)ange, Ef Efeectctoo ov indir indergectirerazctooing de de pe pesqusqueríaserías (pas (ptoreastoreoo de hdeerb herbíívoros)voros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja GallaaxauGxauralaraxaura babarrbaabata batarba ta CRCR* CR* 2000772 007 C aambmCbioaiom cliclimEbiolmáti N iño,áticlimcoco cláti (El(imatElco Ni Niñ (ño),eEl cho), Niñ ange, Ef Efo)ectecto ov oindir inergdireectrazctooing de de pe pesqusqueríaserías (past (pasoretoro deoe hdeerb herbívoros)ívoros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja PhycodPhyrinarincoda erineleglegana eleganss ans CR* CR* 2 2007 2 007 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iño,climáticoco cl (El(Elimatico Ni N (Eño),iñoe lch N), iño)ange, Ef Efeectctoo ov indir indergectirerazctooing de de pe pesqusqueríaserías (pas (pastoretoro deoe hdeerb herbívoros)ívoros) BBluealleallena Bwnaallehale AzulAnazul A zul BallaeaenBnoptaloptaenoptera musculusmuscera musculus ulus EN EN 198619 86 Pesc Paesc a niIantevel a ni rnat mundimvelundiona malialundl fisialheries GPingüinalapaingüiPingüinnogoso dede penguin oG Galápa alápagode Galápagoss gos Sphephe Sniscusniscpheusnisc men meusndic diculusmendiculus ulus EN EN 2000 20002 000 C ambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iñoclimáticoco and (El(Eicol Ni pN reda(Eño)iñol N )y tioiñoy es espnpecie) byyeci esp isntroes inteci introduducesrod intedcidasucidrod speciesucidas as FCligormormoránhtlessCoránorm cormorán no voladorvolado orano voladont r r Phalahalac Pcrohalaroccororaxcroaxcor harrisiharrax isiharr isi EN EN 20002 000 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimámáti oN iñoclticoimátco and (El(Eicol Ni pN reda(Eño)iñol N )y tioiñoy es esnpecie) pecibyy esp isntroes inteci introduducesrod intedcidasucidrod speciesucidas as GTortugreeTnortug turta velerderdea ve rde CheloniloniaChealonia mydasdas my das EN EN 119821 982 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclFisheimátmátio clriesimáticoco (Elan(Elico Nid N (Elpreño)iño Niñodat )y y es esionpeci) peciy byespeses intiecintro intrroduesducodu intcedidasrodcidas speciesucidas OTortugliveT ortugridla golfinagolfeya tu inagolfrtle ina LepidoidoLepchecheidolyslysche o olililysvaceavac olieavac ea EN EN 191982821 982 Pesc Paesc iinncidcideFaishe inentalntalcideriesntal bycatch MVieiagnraVif ieiicera nt scallop NodiNipepectodcteipeenn ctem magagnin magnifficusicusnif icus EN EN 1 9961 996 Pesc Paesc hahastastaFaishe incide 1991992ries2,ntal , PesanPesc dyca Elcaa in inNmbicideiño,cideontal clclntalimatimát y yc ambecambico changeioio cli climmátátiicoco SAtrinlgaAg cafécaflga sargé caf assumé SarrgassumgassuSargassm setiumfoliumfolium setifoli um EN* EN* 22007007 2 007 Efecto Efec indiindtoOirerectver indictograziorec d dee topeng pe desquesqu pesríaseríqueras (pa (píasstoastreooreo de de her herbíbívoros)voros) BArownlgaA cafécaflga algaé café DictyotaDictyo mamajtajor ormajor EEN*N* EN* 22007 2 007 Efecto Efec indiinditoOrectver recindigrazitoorec d dee topeng pes desquequer pesríasquerías (pa (píasstoastoreoreo de d hee rbíherbívoros)voros) GKalapaelelpp Kdeelgos pGalápago Galápa de kelp Galápagoss gos Eiseiseniania Eise gagalapanialapa galapagengensissigensiss EN*EN* EN* 20072 007 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iño,climáticoco cl ((EimatElicol Niñ N (Eiñoeo), lch N), iñoange, Ef Efeect), cto o Efeov indir indergctoectireraz indctooing irede de ctope pesqusqu deerí pesquaserías (paserías (ptoreastoreoo de hdeerb herbíívoros)voros) GLoboalapaL obomarinmagosrin ma seaoo rin liono ZaalophusloZphusalophus wollebaekwolle wobaekillebaei ki VU VU 1999661 996 C aambm Cbioambiio cliclElimátmáti oN iño,climáticoco ov (El(Elicoerf Ni N ish(Elño),iñoing N), iñoSo S ofobrbre), foo Spescepeobrd souscaaepe d ercedesca aliment ,al d deimeniseas alo,imene,to, enferme ento,ferm endadfermedaesdesedades GLoboalapaL obomarinmagosrin ma fuoo rderinde seal doo d deoss pelos pdelosos p elos Arctrctococe Arctephphaluocephaluss g alusgalalapaapa galapaggoengoensissioens sis VU VU 1965 1 965 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iño,climáticoco ov (El(Eicoerfl Ni N ish(Eño)iñoling N,), iñoSob S ofobr), repfoo Sepeobrescd souscaaepe d ercedesca alime ,al d deimeniseasento alimen,to, enferme ento,ferm endadfermedaesdeseda des SCperachalachCmaloteachal otewh ale ote PhysehysePhyseterter macmteracro rocmacrocepephalushaluscephalus VVUU VU 1999661 996 P eescascaPescaFisheries HumpbBalleallenaBnaalle ackjojoronarobada wh badajoroalebada MegMaptegeraapt nneraovaeanovaeang novaeanggliaeliae lia e VU VU 119861 986 Pesca PescaFisheries LGavaaviaviotaG otagullavi de ota lavla devaa lava LaarusrusL afuligifulrusig finosusnosusuliginosus VU VU 119941 994 Desc DonoesccidaUcidaononkncidaown WAlbalbataveAtrosdroslba alb tros atross Phoebashoebast Phoebastririaa iirrtrirrooraarata irtaro rata VU VU 2000002 000 Pesca PescaFisheries MIgIguanaarinuanaIgeuana imarmaguanarina inamar ina AmbAlyrhynchuslyrhmbynchuslyrhynchus cr criistatusstatus cristatus V VUU VU 1999661 996 C aambmCbioaiom cliclimEbiolmáti N iñoáticlimcoco andáti (El(Elco Ni pNiñ reda(ño)Elo) Niñ y tioy es eso)npeci pecbyy eses iiesntropeci intr inducesoductro intduciedidasrod speciesdasucidas WTibuhaleTrónibu sha ballenabrónallerk bnaalle na RhinRcodocodhinoncodn ttyypusonpus ty pus VU VU 119901 990 Pesca PescaFisheries OTibuceaniTrónibuc dewhiderón pu pute dentastintas ppu sh blan ntasbarklancas bcaslan cas Carcharcharhi Carcharhinusnusarh inuslongimanusgimanus longimanus VU VU 2000002 000 Pesca PescaFisheries BBacalaoacalaoBacalao or sa ilf in grou per MyctycterMeroyopecperterrcaopeca olfax olfrcaax olfa x VU VU 1999661 996 P eescasca PescaFisheries BPigeatudatudoyePatudo tuna o ThunnunnusThusnnus obesusobesus obesus VU VU 1999661996 P eescascaPescaFisheries SCeahaballiCorseaballito dedeto marmar de mar HippoippoHicamppopuscam in inpusgensgens in genPacific Pacifis Pa c cific VVUU VU 119969961 996 PeescascaPescaFisheries MGobyystGery misteobym istego mriosobyriosoiste rioso ChhrioleriolepiChpisriolepis tagusitagusis tagusi VU* VU* 2 2007 2 007 Desc DonoesccidaUcidaononkncidaown process CCartangagoCrejoang crab derejode Carta Ca derta Cagogorta go Hexapanopeusexapanope Hexapanopus ca caeusrtarta cagoegoertansinsisgoes nsis VVUU** VU* 2007072 007 DescesconDonoesociconUcidadanknocidaown process ICsaboralelaC oralde cor IIsabsab deal ela elaIsab ela PolycyPoathuslycyathus isaisabebelae islaeabe lae VU*U* VU* 2007 2 007 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iñoclimáticoco (El(Elico Ni N (Eño)iñol N ) iño) GCalapaaraCcolaragos púcol rpurpurock púrararpusnail ggranderanra gderan de NeorapanaNeorapana ggraranndi gradiss ndis VU* VU* 1 1996 1 996 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iñoclimáticoco (El(Eicol Ni N (Eño)iño)l Niño) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja GallaaxauGxauralaraxaura iintentea rmediaintermedia VU*U* VU* 22007007 2 007 Cambiamb Cambiioo cliclElimátmáti oN iño,climáticoco cl (El(Eimaticol Ni N (Elño),iñoe ch N), iñoange, Ef Efeect), cto o Efeov indir inergctodirectraz indectoing iredoe de ctopesqu pesqu deerías pesquerías (períasast (poreastoreoo de hdeerb herbíívoros)voros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja LaurencirenciaLaurencia oppaosi osiopptocladatoclosiadtocla ad a VVUU** VU* 200707 2 007 Efecfectoto Efec inindidiretoOver recindictograzitorec de de topeng pes desquequerí pesríasquerías (p (pastasastoreoreoo de de her herbíbívoros)voros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja MyriogMyrammerammriogramme kyliniikyline kyi i linii V VUU* VU* 200707 2 007 Efecfectoto Efec inindidiretoOver recindictograzitorec de de topeng pes desquequer pesríasqueríías (p (pastasastoreoreo doe de herb heívorbíros)voros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja PseudolainudPsolaeudingiaolagiaingia hancohanco hancockiickii ckii VVUU** VU* 200707 2 007 Efecfectoto Efec ininddiretoOirever indictoctograzirec de de topeng pesq desque pesueríríasquerías (p (pasastasoretoroeo de de her herbívobívros)oros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja AcrosoAcriumrriumosorium ppaapenfussiipenfussii papenfussii VVUU** VU* 20072 007 CamCbioam clclimEbioimátl N iño,áticlimicoco cláti (E(imatEllco N Niñ iño(eEl cho), ),Niñ ange, Efe Efo),ectcto Efovo inect inergdiredireoraz ctoinctodireing de de ctope pesqusqu deerí pesquaserías (paserías (ptoreastoreoo de hdeerb herbíívoros)voros) RAedlga aA rojarojlgalgaa roja SchiizymzymeniaSchizymeenia ececuaniauadoreana ecuadoredoreana ana V U* VU* 2007 2007 2 007 C amb io cli Cambimáti Cambicoo cl E(Ellimát oN Ni iño,clño),imático cl (Elimat Efico ectN (Eiñoeo lch iNndir), iñoange, Efeect), cto oEfeov d indergecto peireraz squinctodiringeríasect deo (ppesqu deast pesquoreeríaso deríase (p hasterboreoívoros) de herbívoros)

Symbols Legend: CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable. Source: CDF databases Note: * Species submitted for the IUCN Red List inclusion in 2007 according to scientific criteria from Galapagos experts.

Annex 2. Species on the IUCN Red Listed evaluated as being Data Deficient. Marine Year added to Year Group the Red List Evaluated Common Name Scientific Name Cetaceansceans 1994 1994 Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata Cetaceansceans 1994 1994 Fraser's dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei Cetaceansceans 1994 1994 Blainville's beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris Cetaceansceans 1994 1994 Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon ginkgodens Cetaceansceans 1994 1994 Rough toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis Cetaceansceans 1994 1994 Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris Fish 1994 1996 Albacore tuna Thunnus alalunga Fish 1994 1996 Swordfish Xiphias gladius Rays 2001 2005 Longtail longa Sharks 2001 2002 Thresher shark Alopias vulpinus Sharks 2001 2004 Longnose catshark Apristurus kampae Sharks 1994 2000 Great hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran Source: CDF databases

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