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Radar History RADAR CONTRIBUTIONS TO MARITIME SECURITY KHALID S. ALSUWAIEYH RSNF EW INSTRUCTOR NFS, ALJUBAIL Radar History • 1842 Christian Andreas Doppler. described • 1922 A. H. Taylor and L.C.Young locate a how he observed frequency of light and sound wooden ship for the first time. waves was affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector. • 1930 L. A. Hyland, locates an aircraft for the first time. • 1865 James Clerk Maxwell Describe The Electromagnetic Waves And their Propagation. • 1931 A ship is equipped with radar. A parabolic dishes with horn radiators were used. • 1886 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered the electromagnetic waves. • 1936 The development of the Klystron by Metcalf and Hahn. This will be an important • 1921 The invention of the Magnetron as an component in radar units as an amplifier or an efficient transmitting tube by Albert Wallace oscillator tube. Hull. • 1939 at the beginning of WW2 Different radar equipments are developed in the USA, Russia, Germany, France, Britain, Italy, and Japan. Radar History In 1903-1934German inventor Christian Hülsmeyer who first used them to build a simple ship detection device intended to help avoid collisions in fog Numerous similar systems, which provided directional information to objects over short ranges, were developed over the next two decades. The development of systems able to produce short pulses of radio energy was the key advance that allowed modern radar systems to come into existence Radar History • The original cavity magnetron built by Randal and Boot, in 1940 which provided a leap forward in radar design Radar History In the 1934–1939 period, eight nations developed independently, and In great secrecy systems of this type: 1-Great Britain 2-Germany 3-The United States 4-The USSR 5- Japan 6-The Netherlands 7-France 8- Italy Radar History A Chain Home radar Operating at 22-25 MHz with maximum range of 40 miles one of the first comprehensive radar systems Radar History The German Freya radar (1938) Worked at 250 MHz, 120 miles range and smaller than its Chain Home counterpart Radar History Ship at sea where the first target to be detected by radar. This leads us to our subject in today’s lecture The radar contributions in maritime security. Radar Contributions in Maritime Security In 1939, the battleship New York (BB-34) Received the US first radar, the XAF developed by Naval Research Lab NRL Aircraft carrier Cruisers RADAR system Destroyer multi RADAR system Madina ( F 2000S class ) Al Farouq ( PGG class ) Radar Contributions in Maritime Security • The successful optimization of the detection performance of maritime surveillance radars requires a detailed knowledge and understanding of both forward and backscattering from the ocean surface. Such an understanding enables the development of suitable signal processing techniques. Radar Contributions in Maritime Security • The quality of the antenna is something very important in a radar system. • To limit jamming efficiency it is necessary to have a well designed antenna. The main radar antenna types are : • Slotted wave guide antenna, • Parabolic antenna, • Cosecant-squared antenna, • Cassegrain antenna, • Array antenna. ANTENNA TYPE (Broadside array) ANTENNA TYPE (Parabolic Antenna) ANTENNA TYPE (Truncated parabolic) ANTENNA TYPE (Cosecant-squared) SEA TIGER RAN 10-S (IT) ANTENNA TYPE (Cassegrain Antenna) TYPE 909 (UK) ANTENNA TYPE (Phase Array) ANTENNA TYPE (Phase Array) Radar Contributions in Maritime Security The cost and power requirements of such systems need to be lowered. Their deployment must also take into account the coastal environment, and they must integrate properly in the landscape. They should interface seamlessly with existing infrastructure supporting operations undertaken. RADAR CIRCUITS Sensitivity Time Control (STC) : • STC is used to vary the gain or sensitivity of receiver as the range of radar varies. • STC is designed to reduce close sea returns and clutter. • STC is a “no cost” EP which can be used to reduce jamming at short range and prevent saturation. Sensitivity Time Control S R PPI Without FTC S Video after FTC R PPI With FTC ACTIVE ANTI-SHIP MISSILE • The missile itself is fitted with a transceiver/receiver radar. • These seekers are tracking radar that can independently engage targets after the launch, without further assistance. They are called "fire and forget" missiles. ACTIVE MISSILE HARPOON SEMI-ACTIVE ANTI-AIR MISSILE • Radar: Semi-active guidance needs only one pulsed radar tracking and illuminating the target and a data link (DT), which provides a phase reference for the seeker in the missile. • The missile seeker antenna bistatically tracks the reflections from the target SEMI-ACTIVE MISSILE NAVAL GUNS Type 904 Vickers 4.5 IN MK6 NAVAL GUNS Castor 2C Creusot-Loire 100 mm NAVAL GUNS (Phalanx 20 mm CWIS) NAVAL GUNS (Goalkeeper CIWS ) Radar Contributions to Maritime Security An integrated maritime surveillance (IMS) system, based on high-frequency radar. IMS provides low-cost, 24-hour, real-time, over-the- horizon surveillance of large ocean areas, out to the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The system can be used to coordinate search and rescue operations, and to combat smuggling, drug trafficking, illegal dumping of pollutants, and other undesirable activities. Radar Contributions to Maritime Security The major challenges in using high frequency radars are: 1- Operating within the crowded EM spectrum. 2- Maintaining effective operation in high environmental noise, ocean clutter, ionospheric clutter and other undesirable sources of interferences. Radar Contributions to Maritime Security • Numerous national and multinational initiatives in maritime surveillance have been initiated, with the goal of having knowledge of all coastal and open-seas activities relevant to national security. As part of this effort. • Multi-sensor fusion of data from maritime surveillance assets provides a consolidated surveillance picture for anomaly detection. Airborne maritime radar Maritime security aircraft Radar Contributions to Maritime Security The Global Hawk system is a high altitude endurance unmanned aerial vehicle developed under the United States Air Force Advanced Concept Demonstrator program primarily as a reconnaissance system for use against fixed and mobile targets. The Global Hawk system deployed to Australia focus on maritime surveillance. Radar Contributions to Maritime Security • The Australian deployment was the culmination of two years collaboration between the United States and Australia that included modifications to the radar sensor and system control. Global Hawk maritime surveillance UAV maritime surveillance system Maritime Security • Maritime security is concerned with the prevention of intentional damage through sabotage, subversion, or terrorism. Maritime security is one of the three basic roles of the Coast Guards in all countries have gradually developed in response to a series of catastrophic events, which began many years ago. • There are three main maritime security activities conducted by the Coast Guard: • Port Security. • Vessel Security. • Facility Security. Port Security • The Port Security requirements requires security measures for ports in order to reduce the risks and to mitigate the results of an act that threatens the security of personnel, facilities, vessels, and the public. • The regulations draw together assets within port boundaries to provide a framework to communicate, identify risks, and coordinate resources to mitigate threats and consequences. These measures must ensure that the total port security posture is accurately assessed, and that security resources are appropriate to meet these programs. Port Security • We must identify critical assets within a port, develop a prioritized list of those most susceptible to acts of sabotage, and plan for adequate security measures to meet specific needs. Vessel Security • Coast guard Code regulate vessel security. • The regulations require the owners or operators of vessels to designate security officers for vessels, develop security plans based on security assessments, implement security measures specific to the vessel’s operation, and comply with current Marine Security levels. Facility Security • A facility is defined as: any structure or facility of any kind located in, on, under, or adjacent to any waters subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. and used, operated, or maintained by a public or private entity, including any contiguous or adjoining property under common ownership or operation. Some examples of facilities are: • Barge fleeting facilities. • Container terminals. • Oil storage facilities. • Passenger vessel terminals. Radar Contributions to Maritime Security Activities in the sea related to border surveillance, including fight against drug trafficking and illegal immigration as well as search-and-rescue operations require for the authorities to detect at a long distance (typically: over the horizon) the presence of small vessels. The performance of existing radar systems need to be improved to that effect, or to be combined with other technologies. References 1- Radar Handbook Skolnik 2- Radar Principles Edde 3- US Navy Fact Files US Navy 4- Port and Maritime Security Online 5- Jane's fighting ships 6- Jane's Radar and EW equipment 7- EW course NFS Jubail Any questions ???.
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