ERDKUNDE Band 34, Heft 2 F E R D. D 0 M M LE R S VE R LAG /B O N NJuni 1980

THE CLIMATIC REGIONS OF -)

With 1 figure, 1 supplement (II)**) and 2 tables

Masatoshi M. Yoshino

Zusammenfassung: Die Klimaregionen II. Problems in climatic subdivision: em In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, Japan nach pirisch makro-, makro-meso-, meso-, meso-regional, Climatic subdivisions are regional divisions based zu unter und mikro-regional-klimatischen Gesichtspunkten on a In climatological system of classification. general, gliedern. Dabei ergeben sich fiir die makroklimatische Glie classification means into groups or fiir die makro-mesoklimatische 13 und fiir die arranging objects derung 5, sets on the basis of their similarities or mesoklimatische 39 Diese Zahl ent relationships Gliederung Regionen. scholars have contributed to spricht in etwa der Zahl der von anderen Klimatologen in (Sokal, 1974). Many climatic classification and division since the last cen vorangegangenen Untersuchungen gewonnenen Regionen. and Knoch and Schulze have sum Die Zahl der Regionen fiir die meso-regional-klimatische tury, (1954) Gliederung belauft sich auf 186 und die fiir die mikro marized their work. regional-klimatische Gliederung auf 323 Regionen. Die There are two methods in climatic division: one is durchschnittliche der nach or or Ausdehnung mikro-regional empirical inductive, the other genetic deductive. klimatischen Gesichtspunkten gegliederten Regionen betragt In this study on local or micro-scale subdivision, in ca. 1150 km2. Dieser Wert entspricht den iiblichen mikro-, addition to macro- and meso-scale subdivisions, an lokal- oder Werten. gelandeklimatischen Typische Beispiele as or causes empirical method is used, the genetics of fiir mit Stadtklima, usw. werden im Regionen Gebirgsklima climatic are of scale. This is einzelnen vorgestellt. Die erarbeiteten Klimaregionen sind phenomena mostly global than meso-scale a subdivision in einer beigefiigten Karte (II) in Farbe dargestellt. larger and, accordingly, of local scale must be carried out empirically mainly based on local climatic factors such as micro-topo graphy, local distribution of land and sea etc. The I. Introduction: horizontal scales of the regions used in this paper are as follows (Yoshino, 1975): macro-scale from 200 to The of has been studied under Japan 50 000 km., meso-scale from 10 to 200 km. and local or since the end of the last regional aspects century, micro-scale from 100 m. to 10 km. on a macro or In mainly, meso-scale basis. order both of climatic subdivisions in local or micro to Examples characterize regions from the point of view of pure scale are found in the climatic atlasses published by the climatology and to contribute to the detailed planning German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst). of agriculture, industry etc. from the point of view of They include a map showing "Klimabezirke" (climatic applied geography, local or micro-climatic subdivi districts), which are subdivided into areas of 2 600 sions of the are needed. regions 3 500 sq. km. The horizontal scale of 50-60 sq. km. In the course of the 26 volumes of the preparing with the local or micro-scale mentioned of edited Aono et al. corresponds "Regional Geography Japan" by above. (1968-1979) the author has studied the climatic sub divisions of Japan on a local or micro-climatic scale. These studies were taken up in the late nineteenfifties, were not but first results for the Kanto district pub III. Previous studies on climatic subdivisions 1967 sum lished until (Yoshino, 1967). This paper of Japan: on marizes the studies the climatic regions of Japan. The oldest description of climatic subdivisions of Japan for the purpose ofweather forecastingwas made Die danken Herrn Prof. Dr. Gerhard *) Herausgeber byNakagawa in 1899. In a textbook on geography by Aymans herzlichst fiir die Miihe bei der redaktionellen grofie Yazu (1912) which was broadly used from about 1910 Oberarbeitung bzw. Obersetzung der in englisch geschriebe until about 1930, itwas shown that Japan has to be nen Aufsatze der japanischen Autoren. divided into four climatic regions, if the Supan classi **) Den Druck der Kartenbeilagen II, III und V dieses fication method of world is Heftes finanzierte der Verein zur Forderung der kulturellen applied (Supan, A Sanders contains und wissenschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen Japan und der 1911). climatography by (1920) a to Bundesrepublik Deutschland e. V. Koln, dem hiermit bestens simple division which refers a study by the Jap gedankt sei. anese Agricultural Bureau published in 1910. Band 34/1980 82_Erdkunde_

Fukui a (1933) presented detailed climatic division two neighbouring stations and drew a boundary line of on Japan based his previous work by empirical between them, if the correlation coefficient was of no methods (Fukui, 1928). He divided Japan into three statistical significance. main parts: A genetic classification was attempted by Suzuki on the basis of airmasses for a 1. South Japan and the southern parts of theAmami (1962, 1966) prevailing a mean division of the first order and of distribution areas of Oshima Islands having annual temperature >20 ?C. winter for a division of the second order. These were subdivided further rainfall 2. Middle Japan consisting of Kyushu, , by considering totals of frontal and activities. In a later and the Oshima Peninsula of , cyclonic study Suzuki (1974) out that these climatic where the mean annual temperature is < 20 ?C and pointed mean at regions correspond quite well with the distribution of the monthly temperature during least three some and months <0 ?C. plants anthropogeographical phenomena. Other genetic classifications of climate took into 3. North Japan, the remaining part of Hokkaido, account maxima the shurin mean < precipitation during bai-u, where the monthly temperature is 0 ?C or winter monsoon seasons 4 or more. , (Maejima, 1967). during months According to the new classification method by His division of the second order, based on themean Thornthwaite (1948) Japan can be divided into annual and monthly precipitation and its seasonal 25 regions (Fukui, 1957, 1958). Similar to the radia ten changes, shows meso-climatic regions. The third tion-aridity index of Budyko (1956), R/LP, where R order division considered again the seasonal changes is net radiation, L sensible heat of evaporation and P of precipitation and furthermore the number of days annual precipitation, Uchijima (1962) proposed an with frost, snow, and ice, their duration, local wind, agroclimatic classification of paddy field environments duration of sea fog, sea ice and frozen ice in the coastal of Japan by developing an index Sw;7L P*, where Sw* or net on regions mountain fog in the mountainous regions. is the radiation the water surface and P* the on This division of the third order resulted in 26 regions precipitation the water surface. He divided Japan at into four accumulated water and 36 subregions. first regions by temper Later, Fukui (1934, 1938) applied Koppen's classi atures of less than 3 000 ?C, 3 000-4000 ?C, 4 000 fication method (Koppen, 1931) and Isozaki (1933) 5 000 ?C and of more than 5 000 ?C and then by the the old method of Thornthwaite (1931) to Japan, index.This latterdivision resulted in 15 regions. using the observed data of about 100 stations. Schwind (1967) in his physical regional geography Trewartha himself developed an empirical climatic of Japan developed a division of his own which isbased division of Japan in the firstof his regional geography on Koppen's classification and on the classification of are (Trewartha, 1945), but applied Koppen's classifica Fukui. The subdivided regions 6 regions ("Regio tionmethod in his second edition (Trewartha, 1965). nen") of the first order, 22 provinces ("Provinzen") Based on the data observed at about 2000 climato of the second order and 56 districts ("Distrikte") of the logical stations, Sekiguti (1949) presented a climatic third order. Mizukoshi (1977) in his climatographical classification of Japan in a detailed colour map using description presented a first order climatic division of 7 Koppen's method. Unfortunately, however, Hokkaido regions. and the Nansei Islands (Ryukyu) are not shown in The Japan Meteorological Agency established agri to their this map. It was made clear that cultural meteorological regions establish obser vation network about ten years ago. Their map shows 1. Cfa climate prevails in Japan generally, 690 micro-scale subdivisions, the most two approximately 2. with increasing altitude types of changes occur, detailed subdivision so far, but which, unfortunately, i.e.Cfa, Cfb, Dfb, and Cfa, Dfa, Dfb, no climatic boundaries of macro- or meso 3. Cw climate does occur in provides sporadically Japan, scale. 4. Dfc climate is found in the above 2 000 m in regions Table 1 summarizes the results and shows the re Central Japan and 1 500 m in the Tohoku District, divisions of the first,second and third order 5. EH climate occurs at an altitude of more than gional by the different researchers. From this the following gen 2 500-2 900 m in theNorth and Central Japanese eral statements may be derived. Alps and of more than 2 300-2 400 m in the South and in the mountains of the Kanto 1. There are 2-8 subdivisions of the first order. When District. ommittingTrewartha's division combining regions Sekiguti (1952, 1959) developed a new classifica of the first and second order, however, then there tion method based on themonthly changes as well as are only 2-6 subdivisions of thefirst order. on the annual means of air temperature, precipitation, 2. The number of subdivisions of the second order is water to at an em sunshine and surplus. In order arrive relatively large, when the empirical method is objective division of regions he calculated correlation ployed (15-23), but relatively small, when the ge coefficients by forming pairs of all monthly values of neticmethod is employed (5-7). Masatoshi M. Yoshino: The climatic regions of Japan 83

Table 1: The number of climatic regions of Japan in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order in the previous studies

_ , ,Number of the regions Researchers and year - Remarks of publication 1st order 2nd order 3rd order

13Fukui, 19333 34 Counted for the Japanese territory at present by the writer. - - Trewartha, 1945 8 Except Nansei Isl. - Sekiguti, 1949 3 8 By Koppen's method. Except Hokkaido and Nansei Isl. - - 23 Fukui, 1957 Counted transitional climate region as one respectively. Except Nansei Isl. Suzuki, 1962, 5 8 2 1966 Except Nansei Isl. - Isl. Uchijima, 1962 154 Except Nansei

7 Maejima,31967 10 Except Nansei Isl.

Schwind,22 1967 6 56 For the Japanese territory at present. - - Mizukoshi, 19777 For the territory roughly at present.

3. The same tendency can be observed when dealing Table 2: Scales and letters of the respective orders and with the third order: There are 34 subdivisions ac numbers of regions obtained in this study cording to Fukui and 56 according to Schwind by the empirical division, but 8 according to Suzuki Order Scale of Examples of Number of subdivision and 10 according to Maejima by the genetic divi letters used regions sion. 1st Macro I, II, III, IV and V 5 4. In the case of empirical division, the number of re 2nd Macro-meso 13 gions in the second order is roughly four times as IIl5 II2, IVj, V2- large as that of the firstorder, and the number of 3rd Meso A, B, C,- 39 of third order is three times as divisions the about 4th Meso-local a, b, d, g,- 186 as that of the second order. large 5th Local-micro al5 b2, cl5 g4,- 323 5. The actual area of the subdivisions comprises 60 000-70 000 sq. km in the first order, 15 000 and The between III and IV 25 000 sq. km in the second order and 6 600-11 000 Kyushu. boundary whicti is the most and most sq. km in the third order. important significant boundary in Japan reflects the divide between the Pacific-side IV. Method of climatic subdivision: climate and the Japan-Sea climate. The boundary is drawn in accordance with the 50 cm-isoline of mean an In this study attempt is being made to divide the maximum snow depth which plays a definite role as a climatic from to regions the first the fifthorder. In delimiting factor for the distribution of vegetation to reference the standard scale of climates (Yoshino, (Yoshino, 1978), human activity (Arisue, 1955) and scales of are as 1975), the the five orders follows: The social life (Suzuki, 1974). The boundary between IV first order is of macro-scale, the second order between and V is drawn by taking into account the regions macro- and the third order of meso-scale, is meso-scale, where the monthly mean temperature is 0 ?C in four the fourth between meso- and local scale and the fifth months or more. order of local or micro-scale. The letters for each order The subdivision of the second order has been carried used in this as well as the of out in a study numbers the regions such way that the regions obtained have a thus obtained are in 2 shown Table and Supplement II. horizontal range of 300-600 km. The regions of the The boundaries are established as follows: The are bound 2nd order mostly of longish shape coinciding with between I and II considers the 180 ?C ary warmth the geographical regions or districts generally recog index line Kira or the 20 ?C nized. For by (1977), approximately instance, Region IVi corresponds to "Sanin" isotherm of the annual mean air temperature. The District, Region IV2 to "Hokuriku" District and Re boundary between II and III coincides in most parts gion III3 to the "Chubu" and "Kanto" Districts. 0 with the ?C isotherm of the mean daily minimum The regions of the 3rd, 4th and 5th order are divided in which is an temperature January indicator for fre in the following way: At first distribution maps were frost occurrence. corre quent This boundary roughly drawn up using the long-term annual mean value of with the 16 ?C isotherm of mean sponds the annual the climatic stations (Japan Met. Agency, 1958, 1959, on the of temperature Honshu, Shikoku 1972). The scale of the original working maps has been Erdkunde84 Band 34/1980

means 1:1 000 000 and the number of climatological stations maps No. 1-3 of the climatological of air tem is about 1 900 for the whole of Japan. The basic maps perature on each other and themap of subdivision III produced for the present study are concerned with: by projecting map I onto map II. In the same way the map subdivision VI relating Air temperature: to precipitation has been drawn up by merging themap of subdivision IV showing climatological precipitation a Climatic extremes: intensitieswith themap of subdivision V containing mean means. 1. the monthly minimum temperature ob the climatological Finally, the map of sub served in January division VII has been prepared according to the pre mean 2. the monthly maximum temperature in vailing wind conditions studied by Kawamura (1977). a August In last step themaps of subdivision III, VI and VII one 3. the absolute minimum temperature observed have been merged into map, the map of climato 4. the absolute maximum temperature observed logical subdivision. In this case the lines on the three were means maps treated equally in general which that b Climatic means: are air temperature, precipitation and wind conditions mean 1. the monthly temperature in January regarded as having the same values in the subdivision mean 2. the monthly temperature in August of climate in a small scale. 3. the annual mean temperature

Precipitation: V. Results: c intensities: - Climatological precipitation a) Macro and meso-scale 1. the absolute daily maximum precipitation ob subdivisions served The results of subdivisions into those of the first, 2. number of with 1 the days precipitation mm/day second and third order are dealt with first.The sub or more division shows 5 regions of the firstorder, 13 regions 3. the number of with drizzle (0.1-1.0 mm/day) days of the second order and 39 regions of the third order, all of them shown in 1. The number of the sub d Climatological means: Fig. divisions of the third order is almost the same as that by 1. themonthly precipitation inJanuary representing Fukui and two thirds of that by Schwind the winter monsoon season (1933) are as (1967). Their names follows: 2. the monthly precipitation in June representing season the bai-u Region Ii~ Nansei Islands and others. 3. in themonthly precipitation August representing A: Iriomote, and Ishigaki Isls., B: Miyako, Okinawa the summer monsoon season and Yoron Isls., C: Oki-no-erabu, Amami-oshlma, 4. in the monthly precipitation September repre and Kikai Isls., and D: Oki-no-daito, Minamidaito, season senting the typhoon and Kitadaito Isls. ? In a first or isoline others. step every isotherm, isohyetal Region I2 Ogasawara Islands and map is subdivided in accordance with the following A: Iwo Isl., B: Ogasawara Isls., and C: Torishima phenomena: Isl. are in 1. Significant values considered particular. ? Hi ?The Pacific coast of South Kyushu and For example, the 0?C, 3 ?C, ?6?C isotherms Region mean tem Shikoku. on the maps of the monthly minimum case Kanto District. A: Yaku and the Pacific coast perature are applied in the of Isl., Isl., and B: The Pacific coast of The criteria of significance vary from district to of South Kyushu, district. Shikoku. 2. attention is to the areas, where the ? Special given II2 Part of the Pacific coast fromKii Penin or isolines run in Region isotherms, isohyetes closely, sula to Bos5 Peninsula. other words, where their gradient is steep.Here A: The Pacific coast of Kii and Atsumi Peninsulas, again the criteria of what constitutes steep gradi and B: The Pacific coast of the Izu and Boso Penin ents vary from district to district. In this study sulas. the criteria have been determined subjectively. ? IIIi and a part of Yamaguchi Prefec In a second step these subdivisions are projected on Region Kyushu ture. each other in the following manner: The map of sub lowlands of western B: The central division I is obtained by projecting themaps No. 1-4 A: The Kyushu, extremes of on mountain areas of andC: Northern of the climatological air temperature Kyushu, Kyushu, each other, the map of subdivision II by projecting Goto Retto, Tsushima and other islands. Masatoshi M. Yoshino: The climatic regions of Japan 85

firstorder subdivision / \ ._^ ' -second order subdivision \> v J--\ \ \ rzpQ .-third order subdivision / \BYr\7?**^{f+^ J v

\ \ .? lvi 3 , ; / )/I ^^yiV1^ [^^^^JI _35

' *?'JjjPT 111 t ^ /' c f^sr <4? P A cy F ? -o^ \ 3o--|L._.__._a i_-_r r c \ ftf/AM ._.-f*"' N |S?"^> V^Jnie/\0 C E A \ . I (Ryukyuj '2 j '1 I / 1 " ! ..,. | ; i 25^_lllands ^_f '130'' 1a'_ _135?_140? E_L Fig. /: The climatic regions of Japan ? ? Region III2 Setouchi (Inland Sea region) and its sur Region III5 The Pacific coast ofHokkaido. rounding region. A: The eastern edge of Oshima Peninsula and the A: A part of Kyushu, and most parts of the moun Pacific coast fromMuroran to Cape Erimo, and B: tain areas of Shikoku and Kii, B: The lowlands of The plains of the river Tokachi and of the lower Shikoku and Chugoku and Setouchi area in a narrow course of the river Kushiro, the Nemuro Peninsula, area a sense, and C: A zonal extending from part of theHabomai and the Islands. to Kii mountainous area via ? Kyushu Chugoku Region IVi The greater part of the Japan Sea side of Mountains. theChugoku District. ?Chubu and Kanto the Region III3 Districts, except A: The coastal area and , B: The moun Pacific coast areas, and the mountain regions exposed tain area, and C: The detached areas of the alpine or to the Sea climate. Japan subalpine zones in Shikoku and . A: The region Ise and Tokai area, ? surrounding Bay Region IV2 The Japan Sea side region of the Chubu B: The mountainous of regions Chubu, northern District. Kanto and southernTohoku, and C: The main part A: The Hokuriku coastal area and the of of theKanto District. islands Sado and Awashima, B: The mountainous areas of ?The Pacific coast of Tohoku District. Region III4 Hokuriku, Chubu, northern Kanto, and Fukushima A: Pacific The coast, Plain, and the lowland of Prefecture, and C: alpine or subalpine zones of the the riverKitagami, and B: The Sanriku coastal area. Chubu District. Erdkunde86 Band 34/1980

? Region IV3 The Japan Sea side of theTohoku District snow accumulation is not infrequent in winter, although and the southernpeninsula ofHokkaido. it is located at 30? 30' N. In Shikoku, the Japan Sea side climate can be found in the of Mount A: The Japan Sea coast of the Tohoku District, B: region The central mountainous areas of the Tohoku Dis Ishizuchi (1 982 m) with its surrounding area (IVi, Ca), and in the of Mount 955 and its trict,C: The central and northern parts of Kitagami region Tsurugi (1 m) area their location on Mountains, and D: Oshima Peninsula, Okushiri Is surrounding (IVi, Cb), despite the Pacific side. In these winter snow is charac land, the Iburi Mountains and Shikotan Peninsula. regions to teristic in particular. The same applies the Regions Region V?The main part ofHokkaido. IVi, Cc and IVi, Cd of theKii Peninsula. Heavy rain A: The river basin of the Ishikari, the southern fall can be observed in these regions during the bai-u is Yubari Mountains and theHidaka area, B: The area and typhoon seasons, but maximum precipitation in fact that these are surrounding the Teshio Mountains and Mount found winter, despite the regions Shokanbetsu, and the Rishiri and , C: located on the Pacific side. Mount Odaigahara Mountainous areas of Tokachi and Kushiro and (1 695 m) in Region IVi, Cd shows the highest mean 5186 mm at the Kunashiri and Etorofu Isls., D: Okhotsuk coastal annual precipitation in Honshu, i.e. station 566 area of Soya and Abashiri, and E: Central high Odaigahara climatological (1 m). Regions Cb and Cc are the so-called mountainous areas of Hokkaido composed of Ishi IV2, Bd4, Ca, Japanese are kari,Hidaka and theYubari Mountains. Alps of central Japan. The peaks generally higher than 3 000 m. The climate ismarked by strongwesterly snow b) Local and micro-scale winds, low temperature and heavy fall. subdivisions

The results of the local and micro-scale subdivisions Regions of typical basin climates are shown in the colored map. The number of the sub In there are many with basin divisions of the fifthorder amount to 323 as shown in Japan regions typical climates characterized by high diurnal ranges of tem Table 2. The average size of a region is 1 150 sq. km, perature, a large number of days with frost, frequent an area of approximately 34 by 34 km. One can say fog, low wind speed, mountain and valley breezes and that this figureagrees with the standard scales for local a relatively large number of days with thunderstorms. or micro-scale climatic regions of the order of 10 km. An example is theHita basin of Region IIIi, Bes in In this study the author refrains from describing a Kyushu. Region III3, Bj*2 in central Japan might be each region due to lack of space. However, several furthergood example. The basin climate inHokkaido examples of the typical local and micro-climatic re is characterized by a very low minimum temperature. such as the with urban climate, mountain gions regions The absolut minima are ?41,5 ?C at Bifuka (Region climate, basin climate, cape climate and plain climate V, Ad3) recorded on January 27, 1931, -41,3 ?C at are given. Kamiotoineppu (Region V, Ad3) recorded on the same re day, ?41,0 ?C at (Region V, Ad2) urban climate Typical regions of corded on January 29, 1902, and -40,8 ?C atMoshiri V, Bd) recorded on January 29, 1977. These is a region of core urban (III3, Cc2) and of (Region stations are located at the bottom of the basins. The suburban climate (III3, Cc^). In Region surrounding mean here is also monthly minimum temperature low, Cc2 air temperature is higher, vapour pressure lower, < ?19 ?C. It isworth noting that these values relative humidity much lower, the number of fog days mostly are observed at stations located in areas between much smaller, and the amount of dust fall decreasing 43-45? N. (Yoshino, 1975). In Region Cci these tendencies are lessmarked but still clearly to be noticed. In contrast, more country wind components develop in Region Cci, Regions of typical cape climate than inRegion Cc2. The climate is one of the local and Other regions of typical urban climates are found in cape outstanding micro-climatic features in This climate is charac (III3, Cd2) and in (III2, Cf2). The Japan. terized wind wind effect, climatic differencesbetween the centers of these regions by high speed, salty high maximum areas are in core minimum temperature and relatively low and their surrounding smaller than the For instance, cape Ashizuri in Region Hi, of Tokyo, due to the difference both in area and in temperature. Ba2 has a monthly mean minimum temperature of population. 7,3 ?C in January as against 1,6 ?C at Tosashimizu located about 12 km away from the coast. The hori Regions of typicalmountain climates zontal gradient reaches about 0,48 ?C/1 km. This may to the fact that thewarm current flows In Kyushu the most typical mountain climate is be attributable monsoon not found inYakushima Island (Hi, Aa2). In the valleys near the cape and the strong winds do form m which are effective ofMount Miyanoura (1 935 m) of this island 2-3 of strong ground inversions, partie Masatoshi M. Yoshino: The climatic regions of Japan 87

ularly inwinter. Region IIj, Bc2, Region II2, Bb2, Re Knoch, K. und Schulze, A.: Methoden der Klimaklassifi Pet. Mitt. gion III3, Ce2 and Region III5, Ad2 may also be good kation. Geog. (1954), Erganzungsheft, (249), our 1-79. examples of cape climate in country. Koppen, W.: Grundrifi der Klimakunde. Berlin (1931), 1-388. Regions of typical plain climate Maejima, L: A climatic division of Japan. In: Chirigaku zusetsu, ed. M. Ichikawa et In theKanto Plain there is a typical plain climate: by al., Kokinshoin, Tokyo (1967), 31.*) Region III3, Cb2, where dry and cold northwesterly M.: Climatic division and In: fall winds prevail in the winter monsoon period Mizukoshi, climatography. Climate of ed. E. Amsterdam, (Yoshino, 1970) and south or southeasterly warm Japan, by Fukui, Elsevier, and 225-270. are summer monsoon Kodansha, Tokyo (1977), winds predominant in the period. G.: On the climatic division of The centre of this region has a relatively dry climate. Nakagawa, Japan. Jour. are Geog., Tokyo (1899), 11, 347-354.*) In summer, low pressure systems produced locally. E. M.: Climatic zones of and Formosa. Southerly winds bring the polluted air from theTokyo Sanders, Japan Mon. Wea. Rev. 404-408. area to (1920), 48, this region. M.: Das Inselreich. Walter de The other example becomes evident in the Tokachi Schwind, japanische Gruyter, Berlin 1-581. Plain (III5, Bb). In this region, the strong local wind, (1967), Sekiguti, T.: The climatic classification of "tokachi-harukaze", prevails in spring, while the winter Koppen Japan. Shakaichiri,Tokyo (1949), (15), 12-16.*) is very cold, because of the strong ground inversion, - : Some of climatic classification: A new classi and is scarce the sea problems precipitation relatively through fication of climates of Proc. 8th General sons. Japan. Assembly, 18th Congr. of IGU (1952), 285-290. - : Climatic regions in Japan. Tokyo Geog. Papers (1959), References (3), 65-78.**) Sokal,R. R.: Classification: purposes, principles, progress, H. etal.: Nihon chishi of Aono, (Regional geography Ja prospects. Science (1974), (185), 1115-1123. pan). 26 vols., Ninomiya-shoten, Tokyo (1968-1979).*) Supan, A.: Grundziige der physischen Erdkunde. Leipzig T.: Snow accumulation and bus Arisue, communication. (1911), 1-230. Tenki (1955), 2, 32-35 *) Suzuki, H.: The classification of Japanese climates. Geog. M. I.: balans zemnoi Budyko, Teplovoi poverkhnosti. Rev. Japan (1962), 35, 205-211.**) Gidromet. 1-254. - : Izdat., Leningrad (1956), Japanese climate and climatic regions. In: Nippon, ed. R. et Fukui, E.: On the climatic classification of Japan. Geog. by Ishida al., Kokinshoin, Tokyo (1966), 41-62.*) - : Rev. of Japan, 4 (1928), 841-853 *) Climatic regions and related phenomena in Japan. Bull. - : The climatic provinces of Japan. Geog. Rev. of Japan, Dept. Geogr. Univ. Tokyo (1974), (6), 15-39. 9 (1933), (1) 1-17, (2) 109-127, (3) 195-219, (4) 271 Thornthwaite, C. W.: The climates of North America to a new 300.**) according classification. Geog. Rev. (1931), 21, - : Koppen's climatic classification and its application to 633-655. - : Japan.Rissho-Daigaku Chirigakkaishi (1934), (1), 40.*) An approach toward a rational classification of climate. - : Climatology. Kokinshoin, Tokyo (1938), 1-566.**) Rev. 38, 55-94. - Geog. (1948), : The second Thornthwaite climatic classification of Ja G. Trewartha, T.: Japan: A physical, cultural, and regional pan. Tokyo Geog. Papers (1957), (1), 103-112.*) - geography. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison (1945), : The second Thornthwaite climatic classification of . 1-607. Tokyo Geog. Papers (1958), (2), 47-64.*) - : Japan. A geography. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison M.: The new Thornthwaite climatic classification Isozaki, and Milwaukee (1965), 1-652. and its to adaptation Japanese region. Jour. Geog., Tokyo, 2.: Uchijima, Agroclimatological classification of Japan in 45 (1934), 234-245.*) relation to paddy rice cultivation. Bull. National Inst. The of Japan Meteorological Agency: temperature Japan; Agr. Sci., Japan (1962); Ser. A (9), 1-28.**) Monthly averages, Kansoku-gijutsu-shiryo (1958), (10), Yazu, M.: A textbook on of 1-178. climatography Japan. Maruzen, - : Tokyo (1912), 1-353.*) The precipitation of Japan; Monthly averages, ibid M. M.: Climatic division of Kanto (1959), (13), 1-185. Yoshino, district, Japan. - Ann. Tohoku Ass. 19, : The monthly normals of temperature and Geog. (1967), 165-171.**) precipitation - : at Oroshi, ein starker Lokalwind in der Kanto-Ebene, climatological stations in Japan (1941-1970), ibid Ja pan. Colloquium Geographicum, Bonn (1970), 12, 43-57. (1972), (36), 1-209. - : Climate in a area. small Press, Kawamura, T.: AreaJ distribution of surface winds in Ja Tokyo (1975), 1-549. pan. Tech. - Rep. Japan Meteorological Agency (1977), : Altitudinal vegetation belts of Japan with special refer (91), 1-76.**) ence to climatic conditions, Arctic and Alpine Res. (1978), Kira, T.: A of climatological interpretation Japanese veg 10 (2), 449-456. etation zones. In: Vegetation science and environmental protection, ed. by A. Miyawaki and R. Tiixen, Maruzen, 21^30. in Tokyo (1977), *) Japanese. **) in Japanese with English abstract. II zu ERDKUNDE 34,2 Beilage Beitrag Yoshino_

mikst ciiii sea

\ h o s \ - Kl/ p \ c^t Cbi\

~ \A ^ Bd \ Bc2 %o,

o_ 190_ 290km ^ * f 4SI?1

\ Ilh M.

CLIMATIC DIV

^ ?o4 Ilk" JT I _KYUS ^? H^^Jp^^ 111 -----^S^i^ _0 \ Aa3 ^^^^ A

I Bc2 \ #

\S \ -?_ II %c M. M. Yoshino:

C DIVISION OF JAPAN

3 A ? A 1 r

\N

\ Ma / /ft ,j

0 * i /irp 4^?-Jfkr%? ,4?? Ba3? / Da\

AN

^^/^

- V ,_^S>T'- >< ; ^AvjJ Sapporo fl. ;/>/C m

H IV3 ^^^

/ Ab2/l-^ \f\

'^^^ P I W? I

** 1115 \ ^ ^ ^^^^

kyush 0------;;^^Dr&^^J^^^

^ / Hi y Aa5* ^^^^^^^ if^^f^'''^^ -J^^^f I

... %

r H _ Gedruckt mit finanziellerUnterstutzung des Vereins zur Forderung der Kulturellen undWissenschaftlichen Beziehungen zwischen Japan und der Bundesrepu ' * SHIKOKUZ'- j

^

i zwischen Japan und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland e. V. Koln. \N

Vs*a ^

/ -^/t^ w /Ba2I BVU4 ( Bai ^yCT^^

' * Bc2 V/ o /

Bd

_&_ 1/ C&^^^x^i

\ // ~/ / A /Bb ^? Art ^^^^J/^^^f

1113 ^(

Ce2

?? 3000 m Hi 2000?" - 1000_

? 500

- 200 . I?I 0

0 f> & ? 1 ? I

a m

Order of division Examples of letters Scale of division

_ 1st i, ||, hi, Macro im 2nd , in ll. 112. Macro-/Meso - 3rd A, B. C. Meso

4th - a. b. c Meso-/Local

5th . ai. b2, d3, Local-/Micro

100 0 200 300 km |

Kartographie: Geographische Institute Bonn, D. Gladenbeck