~~ United States In cooperation with ~wJl Department of New Jersey Agricultural Soil Survey of ~ Agriculture Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers, the Soil State University; and the Bergen County, Conservation New Jersey Department Service of Agriculture, State Soil New Jersey Conservation Committee

How To Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the suNey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the

Index to Map Sheets, MAP SHEET which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet, and turn to that sheet. INDEX TO MAP SHEETS

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Index to Map Units (see Con­ NOTE: Map unit symbols in a soil tents), which lists the map survey may consist only of numbers or units by symbol and letters, or they may be a combination name and shows the of numbers and letters. page where each map MAP SHEET unit is described.

The Summary of Tables shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. See Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Soil Conservation Service has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1980. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1985. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1980. This survey was made cooperatively by the Soil Conservation Service and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers, the State University; and the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, State Soil Conservation Committee. It is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Bergen County Soil Conservation District. Partial funding for the survey was provided by the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. All programs and services of the Soil Conservation Service are offered on a nondiscriminatory basis, without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, marital status, or handicap.

Cover: State Route 4 cuts through an area of Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, in the Palisades Range west of the George Washington Bridge.

ii Contents

Index to map units ...... iv Adrian series ...... 61 Summary of tables ...... vi Boonton series ...... 62 Foreword ...... vii Carlisle series ...... 63 General nature of the county ...... 1 Dunellen series ...... 63 How this survey was made ...... 3 Fluvaquents ...... 64 Map unit composition ...... 4 Haledon series ...... 64 General soil map units ...... 7 Hasbrouck series ...... 65 Soil descriptions ...... 7 Hibernia series ...... 65 Detailed soil map units ...... 13 Otisville series ...... 66 Soil descriptions ...... 13 Pascack series ...... 66 Use and management of the soils ...... 4 7 Preakness series ...... 67 Woodland management and productivity ...... 48 Riverhead series ...... 68 Recreation ...... 49 Rockaway series...... 68 Wildlife habitat ...... 50 Sulfaquents ...... 69 Engineering ...... 51 Sulfihemists ...... 69 Soil properties ...... 57 Udorthents ...... 70 Engineering index properties ...... 57 Wethersfield series ...... 70 Physical and chemical properties ...... 58 Formation of the soils ...... 73 Soil and water features ...... 59 References...... 77 Classification of the soils ...... 61 Glossary...... 79 Soil series and their morphology ...... 61 Tables ...... 89

Issued March 1995

iii Index to Map Units

Ad-Adrian muck ...... 13 HbB-Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent BoB-Boonton gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony ...... 27 slopes ...... 14 HUB-Haledon-Urban land complex, undulating ..... 27 SoC-Boonton gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent HvA-Hasbrouck loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, slopes ...... 14 very stony ...... 28 BoD-Boonton gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent HzB-Hibernia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very slopes ...... 15 stony ...... 28 BoE-Boonton gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent OlD-Otisville gravelly loamy sand, 15 to 25 slopes ...... 16 percent slopes ...... 29 BrB-Boonton gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent OlE-Otisville gravelly loamy sand, 25 to 35 slopes, very stony ...... 16 percent slopes ...... 29 BrC-Boonton gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent PoA-Pascack silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ...... 29 slopes, very stony ...... 16 Pr-Preakness silt loam ...... 31 BrD-Boonton gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent Ps-Pits, sand and gravel ...... 31 slopes, very stony ...... 1 7 RaA-Riverhead sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent BsB-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 8 slopes ...... 31 percent slopes ...... 1 7 RaB-Riverhead sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent BsC-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 slopes ...... 32 percent slopes ...... 18 RaG-Riverhead sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent BsD-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 slopes ...... 33 percent slopes ...... 18 RoC-Rockaway gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent SsE-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, very slopes, very stony ...... 33 steep ...... 19 RoD-Rockaway gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent BUB-Boonton-Urban land complex, undulating ..... 19 slopes, very stony ...... 34 BUG-Boonton-Urban land complex, gently RoE-Rockaway gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent rolling ...... 20 slopes, very stony ...... 35 BUD-Boonton-Urban land complex, hilly ...... 20 ArC-Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, gently SUE-Boonton-Urban land complex, very hilly ...... 21 rolling ...... 35 Ca-Carlisle muck ...... 21 RrD-Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, hilly ...... 36 DuB-Dunellen loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 22 ArE-Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, very DuG-Dunellen loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ...... 22 hilly ...... 37 DuD-Dunellen loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ...... 23 SU-Sulfihemists and Sulfaquents, frequently OVA-Dunellen-Urban land complex, nearly flooded ...... 37 level ...... 23 Ua-Udorthents, loamy ...... 38 DVB-Dunellen-Urban land complex, undulating .... 23 Ub-Udorthents, organic substratum ...... 38 DVC-Dunellen-Urban land complex, rolling ...... 24 Uc-Udorthents, organic substratum-Urban land DVD-Dunellen-Urban land complex, hilly ...... 25 complex ...... 38 FL-Fiuvaquents, loamy ...... 25 Ud-Udorthents, refuse substratum ...... 39 HaS---Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent Ue--Udorthents, wet substratum ...... 39 slopes ...... 25

iv Uf-Udorthents, wet substratum-Urban land WsB-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to complex ...... 39 8 percent slopes ...... 42 UR-Urban land ...... 40 WsC-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to WeB-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent 15 percent slopes ...... 42 slopes ...... 40 WsD-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to WaC-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 8 to 15 25 percent slopes ...... 43 percent slopes ...... 40 WsE-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, very WeD-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 15 to 25 steep ...... 43 percent slopes ...... 41 WUB-Wethersfield-Urban land complex, WeE-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 25 to 35 undulating ...... 44 percent slopes ...... 41 WUC-Wethersfield-Urban land complex, gently WrD-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 15 to 25 rolling ...... 44 percent slopes, very stony ...... 41 WUD-Wethersfield-Urban land complex, hilly ...... 44

v Summary of Tables

Temperature and precipitation (table 1) ...... 90

Freeze dates in spring and fall (table 2) ...... 91

Growing season (table 3) ...... 91

Acreage and proportionate extent of the soils (table 4) ...... 92

Woodland management and productivity (table 5) ...... 94

Recreational development (table 6) ...... 99

Wildlife habitat (table 7) ...... 105

Building site development (table 8) ...... 1 09

Sanitary facilities (table 9) ...... 114

Construction materials (table 1 0) ...... 119

Water management (table 11 ) ...... 125

Engineering index properties (table 12) ...... 130

Physical and chemical properties of the soils (table 13) ...... 136

Soil and water features (table 14) ...... 139

Classification of the soils (table 15) ...... 142

vi Foreword

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in Bergen County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Foresters, landscape architects, and gardeners can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for woodland, ornamental plantings, and landscaping. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow over bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Soil Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

(\ - {) /\ ( uJ'> \..). .;JI.i'-J..-v-­ cecil B. Currin State Conservationist Soil Conservation Service

vii

Soil Survey of Bergen County, New Jersey

By Seymour D. Goodman, Soil Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Seymour D. Goodman, Soil Conservation Service, and Daniel P. Shinder, New Jersey Department of Agriculture

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers, the State University; and the New Jersey Department of Agriculture, State Soil Conservation Committee

BERGEN CouNTY is in the northeast corner of New 5 percent of the land area is used for private Jersey (fig. 1). It is bordered by New York State on the recreational facilities or is controlled by private utilities north, Passaic County on the west and southwest, as open buffer zones and rights-of-way. The remaining Essex and Hudson Counties on the south, and the acreage is used for public parks. About one-third of this Hudson River on the east. It includes 70 municipalities acreage is state or interstate parkland. The largest and has an area of 149,135 acres. This acreage does areas of parkland are in the northwestern and northern not include rivers, lakes, and reservoirs that are valleys (5). more than 40 acres in size. In 1988, the population This survey updates an earlier survey of the Bergen of Bergen County was estimated at 827,076. The area published in 1925 (7}. It provides additional population of Hackensack, the county seat, was information and has larger maps, which show the soils 36,160 (4). in greater detail. Because of Bergen County's proximity and easy accessibility to New York City, a unique mixture of agricultural land use and urban land use has developed General Nature of the County in the area. In the early 1900's, high land values and This section provides general information about the competition between agricultural and urban uses were survey area. It describes the geology and climate of already serious problems. From 1900 to 1975, Bergen County. approximately 80 percent of the land area was used for residential, commercial, and industrial development. Geology Currently, approximately 2 percent of the land area is used for agriculture (5). Fruits, vegetables, and Prepared by Thomas A. livari, geologist, Soil Conservation ornamental plants are the major agricultural products. Service. Farms are not concentrated in any one sector of the Bergen County is part of the Appalachian Highlands, county. The size of individual farms has decreased an area that includes several physiographic provinces significantly because of the pressure of urban or regions. Two of these provinces, the New England development. Highland physiographic province and the Piedmont Approximately 2 percent of the acreage in the county physiographic province, occur within the county. The is idle land (5). Most of this land is controlled by boundary between the two provinces follows the valley state, county, or municipal authorities. An additional of the Ramapo River. 2 Soil Survey

granite. They are commonly exposed on the steep valley walls and ridgetops. They are some of the oldest rocks in New Jersey. The Triassic Lowlands is underlain by rocks of the Newark Group of Late Triassic age. The Newark Group is made up of both sedimentary and igneous rocks. These rocks underlie the entire area from the Hudson River to the Ramapo River, where they are truncated by a major fault zone called the Great Border Fault. The rocks of the Newark Group lie against the Precambrian crystalline rocks along this fault, which is outlined by the valley of the Ramapo River. The Newark Group consists of the Brunswick Formation, the Hammer Creek Formation, the Stockton Formation, the Palisade Diabase, and the Watchung Basalt. The Brunswick Formation, which underlies most of Bergen County, is made up largely of freshwater red sandstone and conglomerate containing interbedded shale. Minor amounts of siltstone, mudstone, and arkose, a feldspar sandstone, also are included, especially in the eastern half of the county. The Hammer Creek Formation is directly east of the Ramapo Valley. It consists of coarse conglomerate material deposited at the base of the Great Border Fault. A narrow area of exposed rocks of the Stockton Formation, which is a mixture of arkose, mudstone, and conglomerate, flanks the Palisade Diabase along the Hudson River. The Triassic igneous rocks, the extrusive Watchung Basalt, or lava flows, and the intrusive rock of the Palisade Diabase are commonly called trap rock. These Figure 1.-Location of Bergen County in New Jersey. rocks are much harder and more resistant to erosion than the sedimentary rocks. They form prominent hills and ridges. First Watchung Mountain, Second Watchung Mountain, Preakness Mountain, and The New England Highland physiographic province is Campgaw Mountain are composed of basalt. The west of the Ramapo Valley. Within New Jersey, this Palisades along the Hudson River are composed of region, which is often called the New Jersey Highlands, diabase. consists of the rugged Ramapo Mountains. Relief Unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age cover the ranges from 1,164 feet above mean sea level on Bald bedrock throughout most of the county. These surface Mountain to 214 feet at the point where the Ramapo deposits consist of unstratified and stratified drift River drains into Pompton Lake. The terrain is deposited by the Wisconsin Glacier and its meltwaters dominated by a series of steep-sided and narrow during the Pleistocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period. ridges. Recent, or Holocene, alluvial deposits, which are The Piedmont physiographic province is east of the reworked glacial sediments, occur along the stream Ramapo Valley. This region, which is also called the channels. Triassic Lowlands, is marked by less rugged hills that Unstratified drift, or till, which is commonly a mixture are elongated and that are oriented from north to south. of particles ranging in size from boulders to clay, covers The maximum elevation is 771 feet on Campgaw most of the county. The till material consists of deposits Mountain. The landscape is characterized by gently laid down by the retreating glaciers. The till that covers sloping and rolling topography (11 ). the Precambrian gneisses and granites is generally thin. Crystalline rocks of Precambrian age underlie the The bedrock is commonly exposed, especially on New Jersey Highlands. These rocks are mainly granitic ridgetops and on the steeper slopes. The till is gneiss, which is a metamorphic rock that resembles somewhat thicker over the Triassic rocks. The till is Bergen County, New Jersey 3 thinnest over the ridges of trap rock and is thickest in degree days accumulate by the amount that the the lowlands. average temperature each day exceeds a base Stratified drift consists of beds of sand, gravel, and temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly clay that were sorted and laid down by water flowing accumulation is used to schedule single or successive from the melting ice sheet. These glacial outwash plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring deposits occur mainly over the Triassic rocks. Extensive and the first freeze in fall. deposits of outwash sediment are in the lowland The total annual precipitation is about 45 inches. Of between Ramsey and Mahwah. Extensive deposits of this, 25 inches, or 55 percent, usually falls in April stratified sand and gravel occur as high terraces along through September. The growing season for most the Ramapo River. These terraces are made up of plants falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the material deposited between the valley walls and the rainfall in April through September is less than 20 melting glacier that occupied the valley. They range in inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of width from less than a quarter of a mile to nearly a mile, record was 8.40 inches at Suffern on August 28, 1971. but they average about half a mile. Eskers, which are Thunderstorms occur on about 13 days each year. long, twisting ridges of sand and gravel laid down by The average seasonal snowfall is about 27 inches. streams or meltwater flowing in tunnels beneath the The greatest snow depth at any one time during the glacial ice, occur throughout Bergen County. They are period of record was 14 inches. On the average, 15 common near Wyckoff, Mahwah, Ramsey, Rochelle days of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the Park, Allendale, Hillsdale, and West Livingston (12). ground. The number of such days varies greatly from The most recent Holocene sediments in Bergen year to year. County are stream alluvium, freshwater marsh and The average relative humidity in midafternoon is swamp deposits, and tidal marsh sediments. The about 50 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the alluvial sediments are sandy and gravelly material that average at dawn is about 70 percent. The sun shines has eroded from the glacial drift and has been 60 percent of the time possible in summer and 50 redeposited on the flood plains along the stream valleys percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the (6). Old remnant lakes, ponds, and kettles have filled in southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 12 miles per with organic material and mineral sediments to form hour, in spring. swamps, bogs, and marshes. The tidal marsh in the southern tip of the county occurs in the depression that was formerly Glacial Lake Hackensack (12). This How This Survey Was Made ancient lake was formed when glacial deposits dammed This survey was made to provide information about the southern end of the valley between Second the soils in the survey area. The information includes a Watchung Mountain and the Palisades. As the glacier description of the soils and their location and a melted, large amounts of sand, gravel, silt, and clay discussion of the suitability, limitations, and were deposited in the lake. The bottom of the former management of the soils for specified uses. Soil lake is at present-day sea level. Lake deposits as much scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of as 200 feet thick are around the border of this former slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of lake (6). crops and native plants growing on the soils; and the kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the soil Climate profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil for the survey area as recorded at Suffern, New York, in formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots the period 1956 to 1978. Table 2 shows probable dates and other living organisms and has not been changed of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. by other biological activity. Table 3 provides data on length of the growing season. The soils in the survey area occur in an orderly In winter, the average temperature is 28 degrees F pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, relief, and the average daily minimum temperature is 18 climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind of degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which soil is associated with a particular kind of landscape or occurred at Suffern on January 22, 1961, is -16 with a segment of the landscape. By observing the soils degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 82 in the survey area and relating their position to specific degrees. segments of the landscape, a soil scientist develops a Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are concept, or model, of how the soils were formed. Thus, equivalent to "heat units." During the month, growing during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to 4 Soil Survey

predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given of soil at a specific location on the landscape. soil will have a high water table within certain depths in Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge most years, but they cannot assure that a high water into one another as their characteristics gradually table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, specific date. soil scientists must determine the boundaries between After soil scientists located and identified the the soils. They can observe only a limited number of significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, they soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial supplemented by an understanding of the soil­ photographs and identified each as a specific map unit. landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads, predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries determine the boundaries. accurately. Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, texture, Map Unit Composition size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an other features that enable them to identify soils. After area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area describing the soils in the survey area and determining dominated by two or three kinds of soil. A map unit is their properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to identified and named according to the taxonomic taxonomic classes (units). Taxonomic classes are classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils the soils are natural objects. In common with other systematically. The system of taxonomic classification natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in used in the United States is based mainly on the kind their properties. Thus, the range of some observed and character of soil properties and the arrangement of properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic classified and named the soils in the survey area, they class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including compared the individual soils with similar soils in the areas of soils of other taxonomic classes. same taxonomic class in other areas so that they could Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soil or confirm data and assemble additional data based on soils for which it is named and some soils that belong to experience and research. other taxonomic classes. These latter soils are called While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some inclusions or included soils. of the soils in the area generally are collected for Most inclusions have properties and behavioral laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in scientists interpret the data from these analyses and the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and management. These are called noncontrasting (similar) the soil properties to determine the expected behavior inclusions. They may or may not be mentioned in the of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of map unit descriptions. Other inclusions, however, have the soils are field tested through observation of the soils properties and behavior divergent enough to affect use in different uses under different levels of management. or require different management. These are contrasting Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, (dissimilar) inclusions. They generally occupy small and some new interpretations are developed to meet areas and cannot be shown separately on the soil maps local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, because of the scale used in mapping. The inclusions such as research information, production records, and of contrasting soils are mentioned in the map unit field experience of specialists. For example, data on descriptions. A few inclusions may not have been crop yields under defined levels of management are observed and consequently are not mentioned in the assembled from farm records and from field or plot descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was so experiments on the same kinds of soil. complex that it was impractical to make enough Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on observations to identify all of the kinds of soil on the soil properties but also on such variables as climate landscape. and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way over long periods of time, but they are not predictable diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data. from year to year. For example, soil scientists can The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure Bergen County, New Jersey 5 taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the information for the development of resource plans, but landscape into segments that have similar use and onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive uses management requirements. The delineation of such in small areas. landscape segments on the map provides sufficient

7

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication in the Piedmont physiographic province. They include shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of loams and gravelly sandy loams and wet, organic or soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general mineral soils underlain by stratified glacial outwash or soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it marine and estuarine deposits. consists of one or more major soils and some minor soils. It is named for the major soils. The soils making 1. Urban Land-Dunellen-Riverhead up one unit can occur in another but in a different Urban land and nearly level to steep, very deep, well pattern. drained, loamy and gravelly soils; on outwash plains and The general soil map can be used to compare the terraces underlain by deposits of stratified sand and suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of gravel suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. This map unit is throughout the Piedmont province. It Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for is near valley streams in low and intermediate positions planning the management of a farm or field or for on the landscape. It makes up about 48 percent of the selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. county. It is about 34 percent Urban land, 29 percent The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place Dunellen soils, 6 percent Riverhead soils, 15 percent in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that other soils on terraces and outwash plains, and 16 affect management. percent soils of minor extent. About 57 percent of the county consists of soils that Urban land consists of areas in which more than 85 formed in water-sorted material. About half of these percent of the surface is covered by streets, roads, soils have slight or moderate limitations that affect driveways, buildings, and other structures. community development, and the rest have a seasonal Dunellen soils formed in glacial outwash derived high water table, have steep slopes, or are subject to mostly from red sandstone, diabase, basalt, and minor occasional or frequent flooding. These soils have fragments of granitic gneiss. The underlying red severe limitations if used as sites for sanitary facilities sandstone bedrock is generally at a depth of more than because they have a coarse textured subsoil that does 6 feet. not adequately filter the effluent. Riverhead soils formed in glacial outwash derived About 43 percent of the county consists of soils that mostly from granitic gneiss and from some red formed in glacial till. About half of these soils have sandstone, shale, diabase, and basalt. slight or moderate limitations that affect community Other soils on terraces and outwash plains include development, and the rest have a seasonal high water Otisville, Pascack, and Preakness soils. The table, steep slopes, or a slowly permeable layer in the excessively drained Otisville soils are in intermediate subsoil that restricts root development and the positions on the landscape. The nearly level, somewhat downward movement of water. poorly drained Pascack and poorly drained Preakness soils are in the lower areas and on flood plains. Of minor extent in this unit are Udorthents, Soil Descriptions Fluvaquents, and Boonton, Haledon, Adrian, and Carlisle soils. Udorthents are in areas that have been Urban Land and Soils That Formed in Water-Sorted cut, filled, smoothed, or otherwise disturbed by human Deposits activity. The gently sloping to steep, moderately well These map units are on low terraces adjacent to drained Boonton soils are on glacial till ridges. The valley streams, upland outwash plains, and tidal flats somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils are in between the New Jersey Highlands and the Palisades drainageways and in the lower areas. The very poorly 8 Soil Survey

drained, organic Adrian and Carlisle soils are in and becomes extremely acid when excavated because depressions. Fluvaquents are somewhat poorly drained of the content of sulfides. These soils are suitable for to very poorly drained and are on flood plains. They are wetland wildlife habitat. subject to occasional or frequent flooding. Also of minor extent are water areas less than 40 acres in size. Rock Outcrop, Urban Land, and Soils That Formed in These areas make up about 1 percent of the unit. Glacial Till This unit is used mainly for residential or commercial These map units are in the New Jersey Highlands, in development. Undeveloped areas include parks, the Palisades, and on the higher ridges and till plains playgrounds, vacant lots, and isolated wooded tracts. throughout the Piedmont province. The soils are deep, Dunellen soils are well suited to community gently sloping to very steep, and loamy. Stony soils and development. The coarse textured soils on terraces and areas of Rock outcrop are common. outwash plains, however, are severely limited as sites for sanitary facilities. 3. Boonton-Rock Outcrop

2. Urban Land-Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists Rock outcrop and gently sloping to vety steep, very deep, moderately well drained, loamy soils; on uplands Urban land and nearly level, very deep, very poorly drained, organic and mineral soils; in tide-flooded areas This map unit is in wooded areas on the ridgetops and side slopes of the Palisades in the northeastern This map unit consists of large areas of Urban land part of the county, mostly within Palisades Interstate and soils in tidal marshes in the south-central part of Park. It is also in the Second Watchung Range in the the county. It makes up about 8 percent of the county. It western part of the county near Franklin Lakes. It is about 37 percent Urban land, 23 percent Sulfaquents makes up about 1 percent of the county. It is about 31 and Sulfihemists, and 40 percent various types of percent Boonton soils, 11 percent Rock outcrop, and 58 Udorthents. percent soils of minor extent. Urban land consists of areas in which more than 85 Boonton soils formed in unsorted glacial till derived percent of the surface is covered by streets, roads, mostly from red sandstone, shale, basalt, and diabase. driveways, buildings, and other structures. The most They typically have a slowly permeable subsoil layer extensive areas are parking lots, commercial centers, called a fragipan. This layer restricts root development and industrial parks. Most areas have been paved well and the downward movement of water. Depth to the above the grade to provide adequate protection from underlying sandstone, basalt, or diabase bedrock is flooding. commonly between 6 and 10 feet (fig. 2). Approximately Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists are undeveloped and 30 percent of the Boonton soils have steep or very are subject to daily tidal flooding. The mineral steep slopes. Sulfaquents and organic Sulfihemists are underlain by The Rock outcrop is mostly basalt or diabase. stratified sand, silt, and clay deposits of postglacial Of minor extent in this unit are Haledon and Lake Hackensack. Hasbrouck soils, Fluvaquents, and Udorthents. The Included in this unit are areas of Udorthents that gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils have a wet substratum, an organic substratum, or a and the nearly level, poorly drained Hasbrouck soils are refuse substratum. These areas have been filled, in drainageways and in the lower areas. Fluvaquents smoothed, or otherwise extensively disturbed by human are somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained and activity. The fill material generally consists of a mixture are on flood plains. They are subject to occasional or of rubble, stones, boulders, and various kinds of soil frequent flooding. Udorthents are in areas that have material. The Udorthents that have a refuse substratum been cut, filled, smoothed, or otherwise disturbed by are sanitary landfills that may contain high levels of human activity. natural gas and thus are unsuitable for most urban This unit is used mainly as woodland. A few areas uses. The most extensive landfill site in the county is have been cleared and are used for low-density east of Porete Avenue in North Arlington. Because of residential development. the variability of the fill material, onsite investigation is The Boonton soils are limited as sites for community needed to determine the suitability of the Udorthents for and recreational development because of a high erosion specific uses. potential and because of the fragipan, which tends to Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists are severely limited as cause lateral seepage of water into excavations and sites for community development because of the daily foundations. Blasting of the Rock outcrop is required if tidal flooding. Also, the underlying material is unstable excavations are made. Bergen County, New Jersey 9

Figure 2.-A deep cut In an area of Boonton soils. These soils are underlain by sandstone bedrocl< at a depth of about 3 meters.

4. Boonton-Urban Land-Rock Outcrop Boonton soils formed in unsorted glacial till derived mostly from red sandstone, shale, basalt, and diabase. Urban land, Rock outcrop, and gently sloping or They typically have a slowly permeable subsoil layer undulating to very steep, very deep, moderately well called a fragipan. This layer restricts root development drained, loamy soils; on uplands and the downward movement of water. Depth to the underlying diabase, basalt, or red sandstone bedrock is This map unit is mainly on the ridgetops and side commonly between 6 and 10 feet. Slopes are steep or slopes of the Palisades in the extreme eastern part of very steep on slightly more than 12 percent of the the county overlooking the Hudson River and the New undeveloped acreage of Boonton soils. York City skyline. It is also on glacial till plains and the Urban land consists of areas in which more than 85 higher ridges in the western part of the county near percent of the surface is covered by streets, roads, Oakland, Mahwah, and Franklin Lakes. It makes up driveways, buildings, and other structures. about 8 percent of the county. It is about 27 percent The Rock outcrop is mostly basalt or diabase. Boonton soils, 21 percent Urban land, 3 percent Rock Of minor extent in this unit are Haledon soils, outcrop, and 49 percent soils of minor extent. Fluvaquents, and Udorthents. The gently sloping, 10 Soil Survey somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils are in cut, filled, smoothed, or otherwise disturbed by human drainageways and in the lower areas. Fluvaquents are activity. Also of minor extent are areas of hard basalt or somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained and are diabase rock outcrop and areas of shallow soils on flood plains. They are subject to occasional or underlain by soft, red sandstone bedrock. frequent flooding. Udorthents are in areas that have Most areas of this unit are used for residential or been cut, filled, smoothed, or otherwise disturbed by community development. human activity. Also of minor extent are areas of soils The Boonton soils are limited as sites for community that are similar to the Boonton soils but have bedrock development because of a high erosion potential and within a depth of 6 feet. because of the fragipan, which tends to cause lateral Most areas of this unit have been cleared and are seepage of water into excavations and foundations. used for residential or other urban development. Blasting of the rock outcrop is required if excavations The Boonton soils are limited as sites for community are made. The soft sandstone bedrock in the areas of development because of a high erosion potential and shallow soils is rippable with heavy machinery. because of the fragipan, which tends to cause lateral seepage of water into excavations and foundations. 6. Rockaway-Rock Outcrop Blasting of the Rock outcrop is required if excavations Rock outcrop and sloping to very steep, very deep, are made. moderately well drained, very stony soils; on uplands This map unit is on the ridgetops and side slopes of 5. Boonton-Urban Land the New Jersey Highlands west of the Ramapo River. It Urban land and gently sloping or undulating to very makes up about 6 percent of the county. It is about 62 steep, very deep, moderately well drained, loamy soils; percent Rockaway soils, 19 percent Rock outcrop, and on uplands 19 percent soils of minor extent. Rockaway soils formed in unsorted glacial till derived This map unit is mostly on glacial till plains and the mostly from gneiss and schist. They typically have a higher ridges in scattered areas throughout the slowly permeable subsoil layer called a fragipan. This Piedmont province. It makes up about 18 percent of the layer restricts root development and the downward county. It is about 57 percent Boonton soils, 16 percent movement of water. Depth to the underlying granite or Urban land, and 27 percent soils of minor extent. gneiss bedrock is commonly between 6 and 10 feet. Boonton soils formed in unsorted glacial till derived Slopes are steep or very steep on slightly more than 65 mostly from red sandstone, shale, basalt, and diabase. percent of the acreage of Rockaway soils. They typically have a slowly permeable subsoil layer The Rock outcrop is mostly granite or gneiss. called a fragipan. This layer restricts root development Of minor extent in this unit are Hibernia, Adrian, and and the downward movement of water. Depth to the Carlisle soils. The gently sloping, somewhat poorly underlying sandstone, basalt, or diabase bedrock is drained Hibernia soils are in drainageways and in the generally more than 6 feet. Slopes are moderately lower positions on the landscape. The very poorly steep to very steep on slightly more than 40 percent of drained, organic Adrian and Carlisle soils are in the undeveloped acreage of Boonton soils. depressions. Urban land consists of areas in which more than 85 Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland percent of the surface is covered by streets, roads, wildlife habitat or are open space. driveways, buildings, and other structures. The Rockaway soils are limited as sites for Of minor extent in this unit are Fluvaquents, community and intensive recreational development Udorthents, and Haledon, Hasbrouck, Dunellen, because of the fragipan, which tends to cause lateral Riverhead, Pascack, Adrian, and Carlisle soils. The seepage of water into excavations and foundations. gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils Blasting of the Rock outcrop is required if excavations and the nearly level, poorly drained Hasbrouck soils are are made. in drainageways and in the lower areas. The well drained Dunellen and Riverhead soils and the 7. Wethersfield-Rock Outcrop somewhat poorly drained Pascack soils are on the major stream terraces. Fluvaquents are somewhat Rock outcrop and gently sloping to very steep, very poorly drained to very poorly drained. They are in the deep, well drained, loamy soils; on uplands in the lower areas on flood plains and are subject to northern part of the Palisades occasional or frequent flooding. The very poorly This map unit is on the ridgetops and side slopes of drained, organic Adrian and Carlisle soils are in the Palisades in the northeast corner of the county. It is depressions. Udorthents are in areas that have been in the towns of Alpine, Norwood, and Rockleigh and is Bergen County, New Jersey 11 almost entirely within the confines of the Palisades Wethersfield soils formed in unsorted glacial till Interstate Park system. It makes up about 3 percent of derived primarily from red sandstone, basalt, and the county. It is about 30 percent Wethersfield soils, 13 diabase. They typically have a dense, slowly permeable percent Rock outcrop, and 57 percent soils of minor substratum that restricts root development and the extent. downward movement of water. Depth to the underlying Wethersfield soils formed in unsorted glacial till sandstone or basalt bedrock is commonly more than 6 derived primarily from red sandstone and diabase. They feet. Slopes are moderately steep to very steep on typically have a dense, slowly permeable or very slowly approximately 25 percent of the undeveloped acreage permeable substratum. Depth to the underlying bedrock of Wethersfield soils. About 3 percent of this unit is commonly between 6 and 10 feet. Slopes are consists of Wethersfield soils that have a very stony moderately steep to very steep on approximately 30 surface. percent of the acreage of Wethersfield soils. Urban land consists of areas in which more than 85 The Rock outcrop is basalt. percent of the surface is covered by streets, roads, Of minor extent in this unit are areas of soils in which driveways, buildings, and other structures. the bedrock is within a depth of 6 feet; areas of gently Of minor extent in this unit are Fluvaquents, sloping, somewhat poorly drained soils; and areas of Udorthents, and Haledon, Hasbrouck, Dunellen, nearly level or level, poorly drained and very poorly Riverhead, Pascack, and Adrian soils. The gently drained soils in depressions and in broad, well defined sloping or nearly level, somewhat poorly drained drainageways. Haledon and poorly drained Hasbrouck soils are in More than 95 percent of this unit is woodland. Most drainageways and depressions. The well drained of the woodland is used as extensive recreational Dunellen and Riverhead soils and the somewhat poorly facilities. drained Pascack soils are on narrow terraces along The Wethersfield soils are severely limited as sites some of the major streams. The very poorly drained, for community and intensive recreational development. organic Adrian soils are in depressions. Fluvaquents Areas that are not protected by a vegetative cover have are somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained and a high erosion potential. The firm, slowly permeable are on the broader flood plains. Udorthents are in areas substratum can cause lateral seepage of ground water that have been cut or filled. Also of minor extent are into excavations and through basement walls. Blasting areas of soils that are similar to the Wethersfield soils of the Rock outcrop is required if excavations are made. but have bedrock within a depth of 4 feet. Most areas of this unit are used for residential or 8. Wethersfield-Urban Land community development. The Wethersfield soils are limited as sites for Urban land and gently sloping or undulating to steep, community development. In the steeper areas, they very deep, well drained, loamy soils; on uplands have a moderately high or high erosion potential. The This map unit is on glacial till plains and the higher firm substratum tends to cause lateral seepage of water ridges throughout the northern part of the Piedmont into excavations and foundations. Blasting of the basalt province. It makes up about 8 percent of the county. It bedrock is required if deep excavations are made. The is about 54 percent Wethersfield soils, 17 percent large sandstone bedrock is generally rippable with heavy areas of Urban land, and 29 percent soils of minor machinery. extent.

13

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units on the detailed soil maps at the back as one unit because similar interpretations can be made of this survey represent the soils in the survey area. for use and management. The pattern and proportion of The map unit descriptions in this section, along with the the soils in the mapped areas are not uniform. An area soil maps, can be used to determine the suitability and can be made up of only one of the major soils, or it can potential of a soil for specific uses. They also can be be made up of all of them. Sulfihemists and used to plan the management needed for those uses. Sulfaquents, frequently flooded, is an undifferentiated More information on each map unit, or soil, is given group in this survey area. under the heading "Use and Management of the Soils." Most map units include small scattered areas of soils Each map unit on the detailed soil maps represents other than those for which the map unit is named. an area on the landscape and consists of one or more Some of these included soils have properties that differ soils for which the unit is named. substantially from those of the major soil or soils. Such A symbol identifying the soil precedes the map unit differences could significantly affect use and name in the soil descriptions. Each description includes management of the soils in the map unit. The included general facts about the soil and gives the principal soils are identified in each map unit description. Some hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for small areas of strongly contrasting soils are identified by specific uses. a special symbol on the soil maps. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the areas have little or no soil material and support little or surface layer or of the substratum, all the soils of a no vegetation. Pits, sand and gravel, is an example. series have major horizons that are similar in Miscellaneous areas are shown on the soil maps. Some composition, thickness, and arrangement. that are too small to be shown are identified by a Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface special symbol on the soil maps. layer or of the substratum. They also can differ in slope, Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree of erosion, and of each map unit. Other tables (see "Summary of other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis Tables") give properties of the soils and the limitations, of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil "Glossary" defines many of the terms used in maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil describing the soils. phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Boonton gravelly loam, 3 to Soil Descriptions 8 percent slopes, is a phase of the Boonton series. Some map units are made up of two or more major Ad-Adrian muck. This soil is level or nearly level soils. These map units are called soil complexes or and very poorly drained. It is in depressions on outwash undifferentiated groups. plains. It is ponded. Most areas are oval or elongated A soil complex consists of two or more soils, or one and range from 5 to more than 150 acres in size. or more soils and a miscellaneous area, in such an Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot Typically, this soil has layers of black muck about 25 be shown separately on the soil maps. The pattern and inches thick. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all areas. more is stratified brown gravelly sand to dark gray Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, gently rolling, is an loamy fine sand. example. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more poorly drained Hasbrouck and Preakness soils, the very soils that could be mapped individually but are mapped poorly drained Carlisle soils, and the somewhat poorly 14 Soil Survey

drained to very poorly drained Fluvaquents. Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is Fluvaquents and Hasbrouck and Preakness soils do not slight. The available water capacity is moderate. In have a thick organic surface layer. Carlisle soils have areas that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid an organic surface layer that is more than 50 inches above the fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and thick. Also included are some areas of mucky soils that slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The seasonal have a substratum of loamy glacial till or alluvium. high water table is perched above the fragipan from Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map November through May in most years. The potential for unit. frost action is moderate. Permeability is rapid in the Adrian soil. Surface runoff Most areas are used for homesite development, is slow if the soil is drained. The hazard of water woodland, or recreational facilities. A small acreage is erosion is slight, but the hazard of wind erosion is used for the production of vegetables, fruit crops, or severe if the soil is cleared of vegetation and drained. horticultural plants (fig. 3). The available water capacity is high. In areas that have The seasonal high water table and the restricted not been limed, reaction is moderately acid to neutral in permeability in the fragipan are the major limitations the organic material and neutral or mildly alkaline in the affecting community development. Downslope mineral substratum. The seasonal high water table is movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a ponded on the surface or is directly below the surface hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for from November through June in most years. The waste disposal systems. potential for frost action is high. The organic layers This soil has good potential as habitat for woodland have low strength and tend to subside if the soil is and openland wildlife. It is suited to trees. drained. The capability subclass is lie. Most areas of this soil support trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants suited to wetlands. The frequent BoC-Boonton gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent flooding, the seasonal high water table, and the low slopes. This soil is sloping and moderately well drained. strength are the major limitations affecting community It is near the top of long, glacial till ridges and in areas and recreational development. · around the perimeter of slightly convex plains. Individual This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife. areas are irregular in shape and range from 5 to 275 The capability subclass is Vw. acres in size. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly BoB-Boonton gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 35 slopes. This soil is undulating and moderately well inches thick. The upper 17 inches is yellowish brown or drained. It is on long, narrow glacial till ridges and on brown gravelly loam. The lower 18 inches is a firm and slightly convex, broad plains. Individual areas are brittle fragipan of reddish brown or dark reddish brown irregular in shape and range from 5 to 135 acres in gravelly fine sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of size. 66 inches or more is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam and gravelly loamy fine sand. loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is about 35 Included with this soil in mapping are the somewhat inches thick. The upper 18 inches is yellowish brown or poorly drained Haledon soils in narrow drainageways, brown gravelly loam that has gray mottles in the lower areas of Boonton soils that have slopes of less than 8 part. The lower 17 inches of the subsoil is a firm and percent, small areas that have a stony surface, and a brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy few areas of rock outcrop. Also included, on ridges, are loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more soils that are less than 40 inches deep over bedrock. is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam and gravelly Included areas make up about 15 percent of the map loamy fine sand. unit. Included with this soil in mapping are the somewhat Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the poorly drained Haledon soils in slightly concave areas Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. and in narrow drainageways, areas of Boonton soils Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is that have slopes of more than 8 percent, small areas moderate. The available water capacity also is that have a stony surface, and a few areas of rock moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is outcrop. Also included, on ridges, are soils that are less strongly acid above the fragipan, moderately acid in the than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Included areas fragipan, and slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. make up about 10 percent of the map unit. The potential for frost action is moderate. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the Most areas are used for homesite development, Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. woodland, or recreational facilities. A small acreage is Bergen County, New Jersey 15

w(f • "' ... _~ -,. ---,. • ,

Figure 3.-Vegetabl& producllon In on area ol Boonton gravelly loom, 3 to 8 percent slopeo.

used for the production of vegetables, fruit crops. or Typically, the surface layer Is dark brown gravelly hor1icultural plants. loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is about 35 The slope and the restricted permeability in the inches thick. The upper 17 inches is yellowish brown fragipan are the major limitations affecting community and brown gravelly loam. The lower 18 inches is a firm development. Downslope movement of water along the and brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy top of the fragipan also is a limitation on sites for loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more dwellings with basements and for waste disposal Is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam and gravelly systems. loamy fine sand. This soil has good potential as habitat for upland and Included with this soil in mapping are areas ol woodland wildlife. It is suited to trees. Boonton soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent The capability subclass is llle. or more than 25 percent, areas that have a stony surface, and a few areas of rock oulcrop. Also Included, BoD-Boonton gravelly loam, 15 t.o 25 percent on ridges, are soils that are less than 40 Inches deep slopes. This soil is moderately steep and moderately over bedrock. Included areas make up aboul t 5 percent well drained. It is on lhe side slopes of long, narrow of the map unit. glacial Jill ridges. Individual areas are irregular In shape Permeability is moderate above the fragipan In the and range from 5 to 85 acres in size. Boonton soil and slow or very slow In the fragipan. 16 Soil Survey

Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is water along the top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites moderate. The available water capacity also is for dwellings with basements. moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is This soil has fair or good potential as habitat for strongly acid above the fragipan, moderately acid in the upland wildlife. It is suited to trees. fragipan, and slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The capability subclass is VIe. The potential for frost action is moderate. Most areas are used for homesite development, BrB-Boonton gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent woodland, or recreational facilities. A small acreage is slopes, very stony. This soil is gently sloping and used for the production of vegetables, fruit crops, or moderately well drained. It is on broad glacial till ridges horticultural plants. and convex till plains. Individual areas are dominantly The slope and the restricted permeability in the irregular in shape and range from about 50 to more fragipan are the major limitations affecting community than 100 acres in size. and recreational development. Downslope movement of Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the water along the top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites surface. The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam for dwellings with basements and for waste disposal about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 34 inches systems. thick. The upper 20 inches is yellowish brown or brown This soil is suited to woodland wildlife habitat and is gravelly loam that has gray mottles in the lower part. fairly suited to openland wildlife habitat. It is suited to The lower 14 inches of the subsoil is a firm and brittle trees. fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam that The capability subclass is IVe. has gray mottles and streaks throughout. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is reddish BeE-Boonton gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent brown gravelly fine sandy loam. slopes. This soil is steep and moderately well drained. Included with this soil in mapping are the somewhat It is on the side slopes of glacial till ridges. Individual poorly drained Haledon soils in slightly concave areas areas are irregular in shape. Most areas range from 5 and in narrow drainageways, areas of Boonton soils to 100 acres in size. that have slopes of more than 8 percent, small areas of Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly Boonton soils that have a stony or extremely stony loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is about 36 surface, and areas of rock outcrop. Included areas inches thick. The upper 16 inches is yellowish brown or make up about 10 percent of the map unit. brown gravelly loam. The lower 20 inches is a firm and Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. slight. The available water capacity is moderate. In Included with this soil in mapping are areas of areas that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid Boonton soils that have slopes of less than 25 percent above the fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and or more than 35 percent, areas of Boonton soils that slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The seasonal have a stony surface, and a few areas of rock outcrop. high water table is perched above the fragipan from Also included are soils that are less than 40 inches November through May in most years. The potential for deep over bedrock. Included areas make up about 15 frost action is moderate. percent of the map unit. Most areas are used for homesite development or Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the recreational facilities. Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. seasonal high water table, and the very stony surface The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that are the major limitations affecting community and have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid above the recreational development. Downslope movement of fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and slightly water along the top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites acid or neutral in the substratum. The potential for frost for dwellings with basements and for sewage disposal action is moderate. systems. Most areas are used for homesite development, This soil is suited to woodland wildlife habitat. woodland, or recreational facilities. A small acreage is The capability subclass is Vis. terraced and is used for the production of fruit crops. The slope and the restricted permeability in the BrC-Boonton gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent fragipan are the major limitations affecting community slopes, very stony. This soil is sloping and moderately and recreational development. Downslope movement of well drained. It is near the top of long, broad glacial till Bergen County, New Jersey 17

ridges and convex till plains. Individual areas are Boonton soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent dominantly irregularly shaped or elongated and range or more than 25 percent, small areas of Boonton soils from 1 0 to 100 acres in size. The areas that are about that are stony, and some areas of rock outcrop. 100 acres in size are in the boroughs of Franklin Lakes Included areas make up about 15 percent of the map and Oakland and in the township of Mahwah. unit. Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the surface. The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 34 inches Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. thick. The upper 17 inches is yellowish brown or brown The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that gravelly loam. The lower 17 inches is a firm and brittle have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid above the fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. The fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and slightly substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is reddish acid or neutral in the substratum. The potential for frost brown gravelly fine sandy loam. action is moderate. Included with this soil in mapping are the somewhat Most areas are used for homesite development, poorly drained Haledon soils in narrow drainageways, woodland, or recreational facilities. areas of Boonton soils that have slopes of less than 8 The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the slope, percent or more than 15 percent, small areas of and the very stony surface are the major limitations Boonton soils that are stony or extremely stony, and affecting community and recreational development. some areas of rock outcrop. Included areas make up Downslope movement of water along the top of the about 15 percent of the map unit. fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings with Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the basements and for waste disposal systems. Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. This soil is suited to woodland wildlife habitat. The Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is slope and the very stony surface are moderate moderate. The available water capacity also is limitations affecting woodland management. moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is The capability subclass is VIs. strongly acid above the fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. BsB-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 8 The potential for frost action is moderate. percent slopes. This map unit consists of the Most areas are used for homesite development, undulating, moderately well drained Boonton soil and woodland, or recreational facilities. areas of Rock outcrop. It is on the Palisades Range in The slope, the restricted permeability in the fragipan, the eastern part of the county and in areas associated and the very stony surface are the major limitations with the First Watchung Range in the boroughs of affecting community and recreational development. Oakland and Franklin Lakes. The Boonton soil and the Downslope movement of water along the top of the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intricately mixed or so fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings with small that it was not practical to map them separately. basements and for sewage disposal systems. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 5 This soil is suited to woodland wildlife habitat. to 200 acres in size. They are about 50 percent The capability subclass is VIs. Boonton soil, 25 percent Rock outcrop, and 25 percent included soils. BrD-Boonton gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the slopes, very stony. This soil is moderately steep and surface of the Boonton soil. The surface layer is dark moderately well drained. It is generally on the side brown gravelly loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is slopes of long, broad glacial till ridges and convex till about 34 inches thick. The upper 20 inches is yellowish plains. Individual areas are irregularly shaped or brown or brown gravelly loam that has gray mottles in elongated and range from 20 to 120 acres in size. the lower part. The lower 14 inches of the subsoil is a Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine surface. The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam sandy loam that has gray mottles and streaks about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is about 36 inches throughout. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or thick. The upper 18 inches is yellowish brown or brown more is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. gravelly loam. The lower 18 inches is a firm and brittle Rock outcrop consists mainly of basalt or diabase fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. The that is interbedded in places with red sandstone. substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is reddish Included in mapping are the somewhat poorly brown gravelly fine sandy loam. drained Haledon soils in small, slightly concave areas Included with this soil in mapping are areas of and in narrow drainageways; narrow areas of Boonton 18 Soil Survey soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent; and small that is interbedded in places with red sandstone. areas of Boonton soils that are stony. These soils make Included in mapping are the somewhat poorly up about 10 percent of the map unit. Also included are drained Haledon soils in narrow drainageways, narrow areas of soils that are similar to the Boonton soil but areas of Boonton soils that have slopes of less than 8 are less than 40 inches deep over bedrock. These soils percent or more than 15 percent, and small areas of make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Boonton soils that are stony. These soils make up Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the about 10 percent of the map unit. Also included are Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. soils that are similar to the Boonton soil but are less Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of water erosion than 40 inches deep over bedrock. These soils make up is slight. The available water capacity is moderate. In about 15 percent of the map unit. areas that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the above the fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The seasonal Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is high water table is perched above the fragipan from moderate. The available water capacity also is November through May in most years. The potential for moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is frost action is moderate. strongly acid above the fragipan, moderately acid in the Most areas are used for homesite development or fragipan, and slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. recreational facilities. The potential for frost action is moderate. The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the Most areas are used for homesite development or seasonal high water table, the very stony surface, and recreational facilities. the Rock outcrop are the major limitations affecting The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the slope, community and recreational development. Downslope the very stony surface, and the Rock outcrop are the movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a major limitations affecting community and recreational hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for development. Downslope movement of water along the waste disposal systems. top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings This map unit is suited to woodland wildlife habitat. with basements and for waste disposal systems. The Boonton soil has moderate limitations affecting No capability subclass is assigned. woodland management, but the areas of Rock outcrop are severely limited for this use. BsD-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 No capability subclass is assigned. percent slopes. This map unit consists of the moderately steep, moderately well drained Boonton soil BsC-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 and areas of Rock outcrop. It is on the upper side percent slopes. This map unit consists of the rolling, slopes of the Palisades Range in the eastern part of the moderately well drained Boonton soil and areas of Rock county, in areas associated with the First Watchung outcrop. It is on the top of the Palisades Range in the Range in the boroughs of Franklin Lakes and Oakland, eastern part of the county, in areas associated with the and in the township of Mahwah. The Boonton soil and First Watchung Range in the boroughs of Franklin the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intricately mixed or Lakes and Oakland, and in the township of Mahwah. so small that it was not practical to map them The Boonton soil and the Rock outcrop occur as areas separately. Individual areas are long and narrow or so intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical irregularly shaped and range from 5 to 70 acres in size. to map them separately. Individual areas are irregularly They are about 50 percent Boonton soil, 20 percent shaped or elongated and range from 5 to 500 acres in Rock outcrop, and 30 percent included soils. size. They are about 55 percent Boonton soil, 20 Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the percent Rock outcrop, and 25 percent included soils. surface of the Boonton soil. The surface layer is dark Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the brown gravelly loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is surface of the Boonton soil. The surface layer is dark about 36 inches thick. The upper 18 inches is yellowish brown gravelly loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is brown gravelly loam. The lower 18 inches is a firm and about 34 inches thick. The upper 17 inches is yellowish brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy brown or brown gravelly loam. The lower 17 inches is a loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown or dark is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. The substratum Rock outcrop consists of basalt or diabase that is to a depth of 66 inches or more is reddish brown interbedded in places with red sandstone. gravelly fine sandy loam. Included in mapping are areas of Boonton soils that Rock outcrop consists mainly of basalt or diabase have slopes of less than 15 percent or more than 25 Bergen County, New Jersey 19

percent and small areas of Boonton soils that are stony. inches deep over bedrock. These soils make up about These soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit. 25 percent of the map unit. Also included are areas of soils that are similar to the Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the Boonton soil but are less than 40 inches deep over Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. bedrock. These soils make up about 20 percent of the Surface runoff is very rapid. The hazard of erosion is map unit. severe. The available water capacity is low. In areas Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. above the fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The potential The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that for frost action is moderate. have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid in the Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational upper part of the subsoil, moderately acid in the facilities. fragipan, and slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the slope, The potential for frost action is moderate. and the Rock outcrop are the major limitations affecting Most areas are used for homesite development or community and recreational development. Downslope recreational facilities. movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the slope, hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for the very stony surface, and the Rock outcrop are the waste disposal systems. major limitations affecting community and recreational This unit is suited to trees. The slope is a moderate development. Downslope movement of water along the limitation affecting woodland management. top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings No capability subclass is assigned. with basements and for waste disposal systems. No capability subclass is assigned. BUB-Boonton-Urban land complex, undulating. This map unit consists of the undulating, moderately BsE-Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, very steep. well drained Boonton soil and areas of Urban land. It is This map unit consists of the very steep, moderately east of the Ramapo River on long glacial till ridges and well drained Boonton soil and areas of Rock outcrop. It on slightly convex, broad till plains. The Boonton soil is on the side slopes of the Palisades Range in the and the Urban land occur as areas so intricately mixed eastern part of the county, in areas associated with the or so small that it was not practical to map them First Watchung Range in the boroughs of Franklin separately. Individual areas are irregular in shape, and Lakes and Oakland, and in the township of Mahwah. most range from 5 to 140 acres in size. They are about The Boonton soil and the Rock outcrop occur as areas 55 percent Boonton soil, 30 percent Urban land, and 15 so intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical percent included areas. Slopes range from 3 to 8 to map them separately. Individual areas are long and percent. narrow and irregularly shaped or oval. Most areas range Typically, the surface layer of the Boonton soil is from 15 to 60 acres in size. They are about 40 percent dark brown gravelly loam about 8 inches thick. The Boonton soil, 20 percent Rock outcrop, and 40 percent subsoil is about 35 inches thick. The upper 18 inches is included soils. Slopes range from 25 to 40 percent. yellowish brown gravelly loam that has gray mottles in Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the the lower part. The lower 17 inches of the subsoil is a surface of the Boonton soil. The surface layer is dark firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine brown gravelly loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is sandy loam that has gray mottles and streaks about 37 inches thick. The upper 17 inches is yellowish throughout. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or brown gravelly loam. The lower 20 inches is a firm and more is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine sandy Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more covered by paved driveways, parking lots, patios, paved is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. walkways, buildings, and other structures. Rock outcrop consists of basalt or diabase that is Included in mapping are areas of the somewhat interbedded in places with red sandstone. poorly drained Haledon soils in narrow drainageways Included in mapping are areas of Boonton soils that and small depressions, areas of Boonton soils and have slopes of less than 25 percent or more than 40 Udorthents that have slopes of less than 3 percent or percent and small areas of poorly drained and very more than 8 percent, areas of rock outcrop, and areas poorly drained soils. These soils make up about 15 of soils that are similar to the Boonton soil but are less percent of the map unit. Also included are areas of soils than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Included areas that are similar to the Boonton soil but are less than 40 make up about 15 percent of the map unit. 20 Soil Survey

Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the bedrock. Included areas make up about 15 percent of Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. the map unit. Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the slight. The available water capacity is moderate. In Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. areas that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is above the fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and moderate. The available water capacity also is slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The seasonal moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is high water table is perched above the fragipan from strongly acid above the fragipan, moderately acid in the November through May in most years. The potential for fragipan, and slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. frost action is moderate. The seasonal high water table is perched above the Most areas of this unit are used for single-family fragipan from November through May in most years. dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-fourth The potential for frost action is moderate. acre or less in the central and southeastern parts of the Most areas of this unit are used for single-family county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-fourth western parts. acre or less in the central and southeastern parts of the The restricted permeability in the fragipan and the county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and seasonal high water table are the major limitations western parts. affecting community development. Downslope The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a seasonal high water table, and the slope are the major hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for limitations affecting community development. waste disposal systems. The limitations affecting lawns, Downslope movement of water along the top of the ornamental shrubs, and trees are slight or moderate. fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings with No capability subclass is assigned. basements and for waste disposal systems. The limitations affecting lawns, ornamental shrubs, and trees are moderate. BUC-Boonton-Urban land complex, gently rolling. No capability subclass is assigned. This map unit consists of the sloping, moderately well drained Boonton soil and areas of Urban land. It is east BUD-Boonton-Urban land complex, hilly. This of the Ramapo River on long glacial till ridges and in map unit consists of the hilly, moderately well drained areas near the perimeter of slightly convex, broad till Boonton soil and areas of Urban land. It is on the side plains. The Boonton soil and the Urban land occur as slopes of long, narrow glacial till ridges. About 90 areas so intricately mixed or so small that it was not percent of this unit is east of the Saddle River, and 10 practical to map them separately. Individual areas are percent is between the Saddle and Ramapo Rivers. The irregular in shape, and most range from 5 to 150 acres Boonton soil and the Urban land occur as areas so in size. They are about 55 percent Boonton soil, 30 intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical to percent Urban land, and 15 percent included areas. map them separately. Individual areas are irregular in Slopes range from 8 to 15 percent. shape, and most range from 5 to 170 acres in size. Typically, the surface layer of the Boonton soil is They are about 65 percent Boonton soil, 25 percent dark brown gravelly loam about 6 inches thick. The Urban land, and 10 percent included areas. Slopes subsoil is about 34 inches thick. The upper 17 inches is range from 15 to 25 percent. yellowish brown gravelly loam. The lower 17 inches is a Typically, the surface layer of the Boonton soil is firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine dark brown gravelly loam about 5 inches thick. The sandy loam that has gray mottles in the lower part. The subsoil is about 35 inches thick. The upper 17 inches is substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is reddish yellowish brown gravelly loam. The lower 18 inches is a brown gravelly fine sandy loam. firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or covered by paved driveways, parking lots, patios, paved more is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. walkways, buildings, and other structures. Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is Included in mapping are areas of the somewhat covered by paved driveways, parking lots, paved poorly drained Haledon soils in narrow drainageways, walkways, buildings, and other structures. areas of Boonton soils and Udorthents that have slopes Included in mapping are some areas of rock outcrop, of less than 8 percent or more than 15 percent, areas of areas of Boonton soils and Udorthents that have slopes rock outcrop, and areas of soils that are similar to the of less than 15 percent or more than 25 percent, and Boonton soil but are less than 40 inches deep over areas of soils that are similar to the Boonton soil but Bergen County, New Jersey 21 are less than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Included Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the areas make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the Surface runoff is very rapid. The hazard of erosion is Boonton soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. severe. The available water capacity is moderate. In Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. areas that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that above the fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid above the slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The potential fragipan, moderately acid in the fragipan, and slightly for frost action is moderate. acid or neutral in the substratum. The potential for frost Most areas of this unit are used for single-family action is moderate. dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-half acre Most areas of this unit are used for single-family or less in the southern part of the county to as much as dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-third acre 1 acre in the northern part. or less in the central and southeastern parts of the The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the depth county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and to the fragipan, and the slope are the major limitations western parts. affecting community development. Downslope The restricted permeability in the fragipan, the depth movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a to the fragipan, and the slope are the major limitations hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for affecting community development. Downslope waste disposal systems. The limitations affecting lawns movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a are severe, and those affecting ornamental shrubs and hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for trees are moderate or severe. waste disposal systems. The limitations affecting lawns No capability subclass is assigned. are severe, and those affecting ornamental shrubs and trees are moderate. Ca-Carlisle muck. This soil is nearly level and very No capability subclass is assigned. poorly drained. It is frequently flooded. It is in depressions on outwash plains and glacial till plains and BUE-Boonton-Urban land complex, very hilly. in the broader areas on flood plains. Most areas are This map unit consists of the very hilly, moderately well oval or elongated and range from 5 to 90 acres in size. drained Boonton soil and areas of Urban land. It is on Some of the larger areas, primarily in the central part of the side slopes of the higher glacial till ridges between the county, have been converted to urban land. Slopes the Saddle River and the Palisades Range. The range from 0 to 2 percent. Boonton soil and the Urban land occur as areas so Typically, the surface layer and the upper part of the intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical to subsoil are black muck about 48 inches thick. Many map them separately. Individual areas are dominantly woody fragments as much as 6 inches in length are irregular in shape, and most range from 5 to 100 acres between depths of 12 and 48 inches. The lower part of in size. They are about 70 percent Boonton soil, 20 the subsoil to a depth of 66 inches or more is dark percent Urban land, and 10 percent included areas. reddish brown muck that contains many woody Slopes range from 25 to 35 percent. fragments as much as 6 inches in length. Typically, the surface layer of the Boonton soil is Included with this soil in mapping are narrow areas of dark brown gravelly loam about 4 inches thick. The the very poorly drained Adrian soils, the poorly drained subsoil is about 36 inches thick. The upper 16 inches is Hasbrouck and Preakness soils, and the somewhat yellowish brown gravelly loam. The lower 20 inches is a poorly drained to very poorly drained Fluvaquents. Also firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown gravelly fine included, in narrow areas adjacent to streams, are soils sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or that have a surface layer and subsoil of silt loam or fine more is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. sandy loam underlain by organic material. Included soils Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is make up about 15 percent of the map unit. covered by paved driveways, patios, paved walkways, Permeability is rapid in the Carlisle soil. Surface buildings, and other structures. runoff is slow during periods when the water table is low Included in mapping are small areas of Boonton soils or if the soil is drained. The hazard of water erosion is and Udorthents that have slopes of less than 25 percent slight, but the hazard of wind erosion is significant if the or more than 35 percent, areas of soils that are similar soil is cleared and drained. The available water capacity to the Boonton soil but are less than 40 inches deep is high. In areas that have not been limed, reaction over bedrock, and areas of rock outcrop. Included areas ranges from neutral to very strongly acid throughout the make up about 10 percent of the map unit. profile. The seasonal high water table is at the surface 22 Soil Survey or directly below the surface for as much as 7 months stratified substratum is a hazard on sites for dwellings in most years. The potential for frost action is high. The with basements and for waste disposal systems. organic layers have low strength and tend to subside if This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. the soil is drained. The limitations affecting woodland management Most areas support trees, shrubs, and herbaceous generally are slight. plants adapted to wetlands. The capability subclass is lie. The frequent flooding, the seasonal high water table, and the low strength are the major limitations affecting DuC-Dunellen loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. This community and recreational development. soil is gently rolling and well drained. It is on the side This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife. slopes of broad plains or stream terraces. Individual The limitations affecting woodland management are areas are long and irregularly shaped or oval. Most severe. areas range from 5 to 165 acres in size. The capability subclass is Vw. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is brown DuB-Dunellen loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. This loam about 23 inches thick. The substratum to a depth soil is undulating and well drained. It is on broad of 66 inches or more is stratified reddish brown gravelly outwash plains or stream terraces. Individual areas are sand, sand, and loamy sand and brown sandy loam. irregularly shaped or oval. Most areas range from 5 to Included with this soil in mapping are a few small 65 acres in size. areas of Dunellen soils that have slopes of less than 8 Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish percent, areas of the poorly drained Pascack soils in brown loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is brown the lower reaches of narrow drainageways, and a few loam about 21 inches thick. The substratum to a depth areas of soils that are similar to the Dunellen soil but of 66 inches or more is stratified reddish brown gravelly have gray mottles between depths of 18 and 40 inches. sand, sand, and loamy sand and brown sandy loam. Also included, in the Northern Valley, are some Included with this soil in mapping are Dunellen soils Dunellen soils in which the lower part of the subsoil and that have slopes of more than 8 percent; areas of the the substratum have thick layers of silt and very fine poorly drained Pascack soils in narrow drainageways; sand that are frequently saturated until late summer. and nearly level soils, in depressions or adjacent to Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map watercourses, that have gray mottles between depths of unit. 18 and 40 inches. Also included, in the Northern Valley, Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the are some areas of Dunellen soils in which the lower subsoil of the Dunellen soil and rapid in the substratum. part of the subsoil and the substratum have thick layers Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is of silt and very fine sand that are frequently saturated moderate. The available water capacity also is until late summer. Included soils make up about 15 moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is percent of the map unit. very strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the and the upper part of the subsoil and strongly acid or subsoil of the Dunellen soil and rapid in the substratum. moderately acid in the lower part of the subsoil and Surface runoff is medium or slow. The hazard of the substratum. The potential for frost action is erosion is moderate. The available water capacity also moderate. is moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer facilities. A small acreage is used for the production of and the upper part of the subsoil and strongly acid or vegetables, fruit crops, or horticultural plants. moderately acid in the lower part of the subsoil and the The slope and the potential for frost action are the substratum. The potential for frost action is moderate. major limitations affecting community and recreational Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational development. Because of the rapid permeability, the facilities. A small acreage is used for the production of effluent from waste disposal systems can contaminate vegetables, fruit crops, or horticultural plants. the ground water. Downslope movement of water along The rapid permeability and the moderate potential for the top of the subsoil or the stratified substratum is a frost action are the major limitations affecting hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for community development. Because of the rapid waste disposal systems. permeability, the effluent from waste disposal systems This soil is suited to habitat for upland wildlife. The can contaminate the ground water. Downslope limitations affecting woodland management are slight. movement of water along the top of the subsoil or the The capability subclass is llle. Bergen County, New Jersey 23

DuD-Dunellen loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes. This Typically, the surface layer of the Dunellen soil is soil is moderately steep and well drained. It is on the very dark grayish brown loam about 6 inches thick. The side slopes of the higher, broad outwash plains or subsoil is brown loam about 29 inches thick. The stream terraces. Individual areas are long and narrow substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is stratified or oval. Most areas range from 5 to 30 acres in size. reddish brown gravelly sand, sand, and loamy sand and Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish brown sandy loam. brown loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is brown Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is loam about 31 inches thick. The substratum to a depth covered by parking lots, patios, paved walkways, of 66 inches or more is stratified reddish brown gravelly buildings, and other structures. sand, sand, and loamy sand and brown sandy loam. Included in mapping are narrow areas of Dunellen Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent, small Dunellen soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent areas of the poorly drained Pascack soils in or more than 25 percent. Also included, in the Northern depressions or adjacent to watercourses, areas of soils Valley, are some areas of Dunellen soils in which the that have gray mottles at a depth of 18 to 40 inches, lower part of the subsoil and the substratum have thick and areas of Riverhead soils west of the Saddle River layers of silt and very fine sand that are frequently and in the northern part of the county. Also included, in saturated until late summer. Included soils make up the Northern Valley, are some areas of Dunellen soils in about 15 percent of the map unit. which the lower part of the subsoil and the substratum Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the have thick layers of silt and very fine sand that are subsoil of the Dunellen soil and rapid in the substratum. frequently saturated. Included soils make up about 15 Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. percent of the map unit. The available water capacity is high. In areas that have Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly subsoil of the Dunellen soil and rapid in the substratum. acid in the surface layer and the upper part of the Surface runoff is slow. The hazard of erosion is slight. subsoil and strongly acid or moderately acid in the The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that lower part of the subsoil and the substratum. The have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or potential for frost action is moderate. strongly acid in the surface layer and the upper part of Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational the subsoil and strongly acid or moderately acid in the facilities. lower part of the subsoil and the substratum. The The slope and the potential for frost action are the potential for frost action is moderate. major limitations affecting community and recreational Most areas of this map unit are used for single-family development. The slope and the rapid permeability in dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-fourth the substratum are severe limitations on sites for waste acre or less in the central and southeastern parts of the disposal systems. Downslope movement of water along county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and the top of the subsoil or the stratified substratum is a western parts. hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for The rapid permeability in the substratum and the waste disposal systems. moderate potential for frost action are the major This soil is fairly well suited to habitat for upland limitations affecting community and recreational wildlife. The limitations affecting woodland management development. Because of the rapid permeability, the are moderate. effluent from sanitary facilities can contaminate the The capability subclass is IVe. ground water. Downslope movement of water along the top of the subsoil or the stratified substratum is a OVA-Dunellen-Urban land complex, nearly level. hazard on sites for dwellings with basements. The This map unit consists of the nearly level, well drained limitations affecting lawns and landscaping are slight. Dunellen soil and areas of Urban land. It is on broad No capability subclass is assigned. outwash plains or stream terraces between the Ramapo River and the Palisades Range. The Dunellen soil and DVB-Dunellen-Urban land complex, undulating. the Urban land occur as areas so intricately mixed or so This map unit consists of the undulating, well drained small that it was not practical to map them separately. Dunellen soil and areas of Urban land. It is between the Individual areas are dominantly irregularly shaped or Ramapo River and the Palisades Range on broad oval, and most range from 5 to 185 acres in size. They outwash plains or stream terraces. The Dunellen soil are about 55 percent Dunellen soil, 30 percent Urban and the Urban land occur as areas so intricately mixed land, and 15 percent included soils. Slopes range from or so small that it was not practical to map them 0 to 3 percent. separately. Individual areas are irregularly shaped or 24 Soil Survey oval, and most range from 5 to 310 acres in size. They DVC-Dunellen-Urban land complex, rolling. This are about 55 percent Dunellen soil, 30 percent Urban map unit consists of the rolling, well drained Dunellen land, and 15 percent included soils. The areas that are soil and areas of Urban land. It is between the Ramapo more than 125 acres in size are primarily in the River and the Palisades Range on the side slopes of Northern Valley and in northwestern Bergen County. broad outwash plains or stream terraces. The Dunellen Slopes range from 3 to 8 percent. soil and the Urban land occur as areas so intricately Typically, the surface layer of the Dunellen soil is mixed or so small that it was not practical to map them very dark grayish brown loam about 5 inches thick. The separately. Individual areas are long and irregularly subsoil is brown loam about 21 inches thick. The shaped or oval, and most range from 5 to 300 acres in substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is stratified size. They are about 55 percent Dunellen soil, 30 reddish brown gravelly sand, sand, and loamy sand and percent Urban land, and 15 percent included soils. The brown sandy loam. areas that are more than 100 acres in size are primarily Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is in the Northern Valley. Slopes range from 8 to 15 covered by parking lots, patios, paved walkways, percent. buildings, and other structures. Typically, the surface layer of the Dunellen soil is Included in mapping are small areas of Dunellen very dark grayish brown loam about 3 inches thick. The soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more subsoil is brown loam about 23 inches thick. The than 8 percent, small areas of the poorly drained substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is stratified Pascack soils in depressions or adjacent to reddish brown gravelly sand, sand, and loamy sand. watercourses, areas of soils that have a cobbly or stony Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is surface, and the well drained Riverhead soils west of covered by paved driveways, patios, paved walkways, Saddle River and in the northern part of the county. buildings, and other structures. Also included, in the Northern Valley, are some Included in mapping are small areas of Dunellen Dunellen soils in which the lower part of the subsoil and soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more the substratum have thick layers of silt and very fine than 15 percent, small areas of the poorly drained sand that are frequently saturated until late summer. Pascack soils in the upper end of small drainageways, Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map areas that have a cobbly or stony surface, and unit. Riverhead soils west of Saddle River and in the Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the northern part of the county. Also included, in the subsoil of the Dunellen soil and rapid in the substratum. Northern Valley, are some Dunellen soils in which the Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is lower part of the subsoil and the substratum have thick moderate. The available water capacity also is layers of silt and very fine sand that are frequently moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is saturated until late summer. Included soils make up very strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer about 15 percent of the map unit. and the upper part of the subsoil and strongly acid or Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the moderately acid in the lower part of the subsoil and the subsoil of the Dunellen soil and rapid in the substratum. substratum. The potential for frost action is moderate. Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is Most areas of this map unit are used for single-family moderate. The available water capacity also is dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-fourth moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is acre or less in the central and southeastern parts of the very strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and and the upper part of the subsoil and strongly acid or western parts. moderately acid in the lower part of the subsoil and the The rapid permeability in the substratum and the substratum. The potential for frost action is moderate. moderate potential for frost action are the major Most areas of this map unit are used for single-family limitations affecting community and recreational dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-fourth development. Because of the rapid permeability, the acre or less in the central and southeastern parts of the effluent from sanitary facilities can contaminate the county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and ground water. Downslope movement of water along the western parts. top of the subsoil or the stratified substratum is a The rapid permeability in the substratum, the hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for moderate potential for frost action, and the slope are waste disposal systems. The limitations affecting lawns the major limitations affecting community and and landscaping are slight. recreational development. Downslope movement of No capability subclass is assigned. water along the top of the subsoil or the stratified Bergen County, New Jersey 25 substratum is a hazard on sites for dwellings with movement of water along the top of the subsoil or the basements and for waste disposal systems. stratified substratum is a hazard on sites for dwellings No capability subclass is assigned. with basements and for sewage disposal systems. No capability subclass is assigned. DVD-Dunellen-Urban land complex, hilly. This map unit consists of the hilly, well drained Dunellen soil FL-Fiuvaquents, loamy. This map unit consists of and areas of Urban land. It is mostly on the side slopes nearly level, somewhat poorly drained to very poorly of broad outwash plains or stream terraces between the drained soils on flood plains. These soils are frequently Saddle River and the Palisades Range. A few areas are flooded. Most areas are long and narrow and range in northwestern Bergen County, primarily in the from about 5 to 130 acres in size. Slopes range from 0 municipalities of Allendale, Ramsey, and Saddle River. to 3 percent. The Dunellen soil and the Urban land occur as areas so Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid. intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical to Surface runoff is medium or slow. The hazard of water map them separately. Individual areas are mainly long erosion is severe, but new material is deposited and narrow or are irregularly shaped or oval, and most regularly when floodwaters subside. The available water range from 5 to 50 acres in size. They are about 60 capacity is high. In areas that have not been limed, percent Dunellen soil, 25 percent Urban land, and 15 reaction ranges from moderately acid to neutral. The percent included soils. Slopes range from 15 to 25 potential for frost action is high. percent. Most areas support reeds and herbaceous wetland Typically, the surface layer of the Dunellen soil is plants. The somewhat poorly drained areas and some very dark grayish brown loam about 2 inches thick. The of the poorly drained areas support trees and shrubs subsoil is brown loam about 31 inches thick. The adapted to wetlands. substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is stratified The frequent flooding and the seasonal high water reddish brown gravelly sand, sand, and loamy sand. table are the major limitations affecting community and Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is recreational development. covered by parking lots, patios, paved walkways, These soils have good potential as habitat for buildings, and other structures. wetland wildlife, but they have severe limitations that Included in mapping are areas of Dunellen soils that affect woodland management. have slopes of more than 25 percent and areas of No capability subclass is assigned. Riverhead soils west of the Saddle River and in the northern part of the county. Also included, in the HaB-Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent Northern Valley, are some Dunellen soils in which the slopes. This soil is gently sloping or undulating and is lower part of the subsoil and the substratum have thick somewhat poorly drained. It is in narrow drainageways layers of silt and very fine sand that are frequently or at the base of glacial till ridges and till plains. saturated from spring through late summer. Included Individual areas are dominantly long and narrow. Most soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. areas range from 5 to 60 acres in size. The areas that Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the are more than 20 acres in size are concentrated in the subsoil of the Dunellen soil and rapid in the substratum. municipalities of Montvale, Saddle River, Upper Saddle Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. River, and Woodcliff Lake. The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or brown gravelly loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is strongly acid in the surface layer and the upper part of about 35 inches thick. The upper 7 inches is brown the subsoil and strongly acid or moderately acid in the gravelly loam that has a few faint mottles. The next 16 lower part of the subsoil and the substratum. The inches is yellowish red gravelly loam and gravelly sandy potential for frost action is moderate. loam that has many reddish gray mottles. The lower 12 Most areas of this map unit are used for single-family inches is a firm and brittle fragipan of brown gravelly dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-third acre fine sandy loam that has gray coatings on peds. The or less in the central and southeastern parts of the substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is reddish county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and brown gravelly sandy loam. western parts. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of The slope and the rapid permeability in the Haledon soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent, substratum are the major limitations affecting areas of soils that have a stony surface layer, and community and recreational development. Downslope areas of the poorly drained Hasbrouck soils in small 26 Soil Survey

Figure 4.-An area of Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. This soil is suitable for ponds and recreational development.

depressions. Also included are a few areas of Haledon inches during winter and spring in most years. The soils that have bedrock within a depth of 60 inches and potential for frost action is high. in which the fragipan, if it occurs, is weakly expressed. Most areas are used as woodland. Many of the Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map smaller areas are remnants of larger areas that have unit. been filled or drained and are used for urban or Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the commercial development (fig. 4). Haledon soil and slow in the fragipan. Surface runoff The slow permeability in the fragipan, the seasonal is medium. The hazard of erosion is slight. The high water table, and the high potential for frost action available water capacity is moderate. In areas that have are the major limitations affecting community not been limed, reaction is moderately acid or slightly development. Downslope movement of water along the acid in the upper part of the subsoil and slightly acid or top of the tragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings neutral in the fragipan and the substratum. The with basements and for waste disposal systems. seasonal high water table is at a depth of 6 to 18 This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. Bergen County, New Jersey 27

The seasonal high water table is a limitation affecting wildlife but is well suited to habitat for woodland wildlife. woodland management. The seasonal high water table is a moderate limitation The capability subclass is lllw. affecting woodland management. The capability subclass is Vlw. HbB-Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony. This soil is gently sloping or HUB-Haledon-Urban land complex, undulating. undulating and is somewhat poorly drained. It is in This map unit consists of the undulating, somewhat narrow drainageways on broad glacial till ridges and till poorly drained Haledon soil and areas of Urban land. It plains. Individual areas are long and narrow or are is east of the Ramapo River in slight depressions on broad and irregularly shaped. Most areas range from 5 broad glacial till ridges and till plains. The Haledon soil to 180 acres in size. and the Urban land occur as areas so intricately mixed Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the or so small that it was not practical to map them surface. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown separately. Individual areas are either long and narrow gravelly loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is about or broad and irregularly shaped, and most range from 5 33 inches thick. The upper 7 inches is brown cobbly to 80 acres in size. They are about 45 percent Haledon loam that has a few gray mottles. The next 18 inches is soil, 30 percent Urban land, and 25 percent included yellowish red gravelly loam that has many gray mottles soils. Slopes range from 3 to 8 percent. in the upper part and gray gravelly sandy loam that has Typically, the surface layer of the Haledon soil is very many yellowish red mottles in the lower part. The lower dark grayish brown gravelly loam about 8 inches thick. 8 inches of the subsoil is a firm and brittle fragipan of The subsoil is about 35 inches thick. The upper 5 reddish brown gravelly sandy loam. The substratum to a inches is brown gravelly loam that has a few faint depth of 66 inches or more is reddish brown gravelly mottles. The next 18 inches is yellowish red gravelly sandy loam. loam that has many reddish gray mottles in the upper Included with this soil in mapping are areas of part and gray gravelly loam that has many yellowish red Haledon soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or mottles in the lower part. The lower 12 inches of the more than 8 percent, areas of stony or extremely stony subsoil is a firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown soils, and areas of the poorly drained Hasbrouck soils gravelly loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches in small depressions. Also included are a few areas of or more is reddish brown gravelly sandy loam. Haledon soils that have bedrock within a depth of 60 Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is inches and in which the fragipan, if it occurs, is weakly covered by paved driveways, patios, paved walkways, expressed. Included soils make up about 15 percent of buildings, and other structures. the map unit. Included in mapping are narrow areas of the Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the moderately well drained Boonton soils near the Haledon soil and slow in the fragipan. Surface runoff is perimeter of the mapped areas and on small knolls. medium. The hazard of erosion is slight. The available Also included are areas of soils that are similar to the water capacity is moderate. In areas that have not been Haledon and Boonton soils but are less than 40 inches limed, reaction is moderately acid or slightly acid in the deep over bedrock. Included soils make up about 25 upper part of the subsoil and slightly acid or neutral in percent of the map unit. the fragipan and the substratum. The seasonal high Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the water table is at a depth of 6 to 18 inches during winter Haledon soil and slow in the fragipan. Surface runoff is and spring in most years. The potential for frost action medium. The hazard of erosion is slight. The available is high. water capacity is moderate. In areas that have not been Most areas are used as woodland. Many of the limed, reaction is moderately acid or slightly acid in the smaller areas are remnants of larger areas that have upper part of the subsoil and slightly acid or neutral in been filled or drained and are used for urban or the fragipan and the substratum. The seasonal high commercial development. water table is at a depth of 6 to 18 inches during winter The stony surface, the slow permeability in the and spring in most years. The potential for frost action fragipan, the seasonal high water table, and the high is high. potential for frost action are the major limitations Most areas of this map unit are used for single-family affecting community development. Downslope dwellings. Individual lots vary in size from one-fourth movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a acre or less in the central and southeastern parts of the hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for county to as much as 1 acre in the northeastern and waste disposal systems. western parts. This soil is poorly suited to habitat for openland The slow permeability in the fragipan, the seasonal 28 Soil Survey

high water table, and the high potential for frost action limitations affecting community and recreational are the major limitations affecting community development and onsite waste disposal. development. Downslope movement of water along the This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings but is poorly suited to habitat for upland wildlife. The with basements and for waste disposal systems. The seasonal high water table is a severe limitation affecting seasonal high water table is a moderate limitation woodland management. affecting lawns, ornamental shrubs, and trees. The capability subclass is IVw. No capability subclass is assigned. HzB-Hibernia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very HvA-Hasbrouck loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony. This soil is gently sloping or undulating and is stony. This soil is level and is poorly drained or very somewhat poorly drained. It is in narrow drainageways poorly drained. It is in broad drainageways or or in depressions on broad glacial till ridges and till depressions on till plains. Individual areas are plains. Individual areas are long and narrow or oval. dominantly long and narrow or broad and oval. Most Most areas range from 5 to 30 acres in size. All areas areas range from 5 to 50 acres in size. of this soil are west of the Ramapo River in the Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the township of Mahwah and the borough of Oakland. surface. The surface layer is very dark brown loam Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is very dark surface. The surface layer is very dark grayish brown gray loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is about 35 loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 40 inches thick. The upper 11 inches is gray fine sandy inches thick. The upper 24 inches is dark yellowish loam that has light reddish brown mottles. The next 11 brown loam and yellowish brown loam that has many inches is reddish gray sandy clay loam that has strong dark grayish brown and reddish yellow mottles. The brown and light reddish brown mottles. The lower 13 lower 16 inches is a very firm and brittle fragipan of inches is a firm and brittle fragipan of reddish brown dark yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam. The fine sandy loam. The substratum to a depth of 66 substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is olive inches or more is reddish brown gravelly fine sandy brown gravelly sandy loam. loam. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the Included with this soil in mapping, in areas adjacent poorly drained Hasbrouck soils; some small areas, in to streams, are soils that have a surface layer and the deeper depressions, of soils that have a thin subsoil of silt loam. Also included are areas of soils in organic surface layer; and areas of Hibernia soils that the deeper depressions that have a surface layer of are stony or extremely stony. Also included are areas of mucky silt loam or muck and a subsurface layer as soils that are similar to the Hibernia soil but are less much as 16 inches thick and areas of Hasbrouck soils than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Included soils make that are not so stony as the major Hasbrouck soil. up about 10 percent of the map unit. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the map Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the unit. Hibernia soil and slow or very slow in the fragipan. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is subsoil of the Hasbrouck soil and slow or very slow in slight. The available water capacity is moderate. In the fragipan. Surface runoff is slow. The hazard of areas that have not been limed, reaction ranges from erosion is slight. The available water capacity is extremely acid to strongly acid in the surface layer and moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction the upper part of the subsoil and is very strongly acid or ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the strongly acid in the lower part of the subsoil and the surface layer and the upper part of the subsoil, is substratum. The seasonal high water table is perched moderately acid or slightly acid in the fragipan, and is above the fragipan at a depth of 6 to 18 inches during slightly acid or neutral in the substratum. The water winter and spring in most years. The potential for frost table is at the surface or within a depth of 6 inches action is high. during winter and spring in most years. The potential for Most areas of this soil are used as woodland, except frost action is high. for small areas in parks. Most areas have not been Most of the larger areas of this soil are used as disturbed by urban or commercial development. woodland. Many of the smaller areas are remnants of The stony surface, the restricted permeability in the larger areas that have been filled or drained and are fragipan, the seasonal high water table, and the high used for urban or commercial development. potential for frost action are the major limitations The slow permeability, the seasonal high water table, affecting community development. Downslope and the high potential for frost action are the major movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a Bergen County, New Jersey 29 hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is sewage disposal systems. stratified dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly sand. This soil is poorly suited to habitat for openland Included with this soil in mapping are a few small wildlife but is well suited to habitat for woodland wildlife. areas of Otisville soils that have slopes of less than 25 The seasonal high water table is a moderate limitation percent or more than 35 percent. Also included are a affecting woodland management. few areas of the well drained Riverhead soils east of The capability subclass is Vis. Ramapo Valley Road. Included soils make up about 5 percent of the map unit. OtD-Otisville gravelly loamy sand, 15 to 25 Permeability is rapid in the Otisville soil. Runoff is percent slopes. This soil is moderately steep and medium. The hazard of erosion is slight or moderate. excessively drained. It is on the side slopes of kames The available water capacity is very low. In areas that and glacial outwash terraces. Individual areas are have not been limed, reaction ranges from extremely irregularly shaped or oval. Most areas range from 5 to acid to strongly acid to a depth of 35 inches and from 40 acres in size. extremely acid to moderately acid below that depth. The Typically, the surface layer is brown gravelly loamy potential for frost action is low. sand about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is about 17 Most areas are used as woodland or are nonwooded inches thick. The upper 9 inches is yellowish brown and tracts that support native herbaceous weeds. dark yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand. The lower 8 The rapid permeability and the slope are the major inches is loose, dark yellowish brown gravelly sand. limitations affecting community and recreational The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is dark development. yellowish brown extremely gravelly sand. This soil is poorly suited to wildlife habitat. The slope Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of and the low available water capacity are moderate or Otisville soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent. severe limitations affecting woodland management. Also included are a few areas of the well drained The capability subclass is VIIs. Riverhead soils east of Ramapo Valley Road. Included soils make up about 5 percent of the map unit. PoA-Pascack silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Permeability is rapid in the Otisville soil. Runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is slight. The available This soil is nearly level and somewhat poorly drained. It water capacity is very low. In areas that have not been is in shallow depressions and drainageways on glacial limed, reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly outwash terraces and in areas at the base of the acid to a depth of about 35 inches and from extremely terraces adjacent to perennial streams. Individual areas acid to moderately acid below that depth. The potential are long and narrow or are broad and oval. Most areas for frost action is low. range from 5 to 100 acres in size. The areas that are Most areas are used as woodland or are nonwooded more than 30 acres in size are in the northern part of tracts that support native herbaceous weeds. the Northern Valley on outwash terraces adjacent to the The rapid permeability and the slope are the major Hackensack River and Sparkill Creek. limitations affecting community and recreational Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish development. brown silt loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is This soil is poorly suited to wildlife habitat. The very about 27 inches thick. The upper 21 inches is dark low available water capacity is a severe limitation brown fine sandy loam that has strong brown and affecting woodland management. brown mottles. The lower 6 inches is brown sandy loam The capability subclass is Vis. that has reddish gray coatings on peds. The substratum to a depth of 72 inches or more is stratified reddish OtE-Otisville gravelly loamy sand, 25 to 35 brown, dark reddish gray, and brown loamy sand, sand, percent slopes. This soil is steep and excessively and loamy very fine sand. drained. It is on the side slopes of kames and glacial Included with this soil in mapping are level areas of outwash terraces. Individual areas are long and narrow the very poorly drained Adrian soils and areas of the or are oval. Most areas range from 5 to 50 acres in poorly drained and very poorly drained Preakness soils size. in small depressions. Also included, in narrow areas Typically, the surface layer is brown gravelly loamy near the perimeter of the map unit, are soils that are sand about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is about 19 similar to the Pascack soil but have gray mottles inches thick. The upper 5 inches is yellowish brown and between depths of 24 and 40 inches. Included soils dark yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand. The lower 14 make up about 15 percent of the map unit. inches is loose, dark yellowish brown gravelly sand. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in the 30 Soil Survey

Figure 5.- A typical area ol Proaknua alit loam. P11cack soils are In tho background.

subsoil of the Pascack soil and rapid or very rapid In have been used for urban or commercial development. lhe substratum. Surface runoff is slow. The hazard of The seasonal high wafer !able, !he rapid permeability erosion is slight. The available water capacity is in the substratum, and lhe high potential for frosl action moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is are the major limitalions affecling community strongly acid or very strongly acid in the subsoil and !he development. The seasonal high water table is a upper part of the substralum. It ranges lo moderalely limitation affecting lawns and landscaping and on sites acid below a depth of 48 inches. The seasonal high used for recreational development. waler table is al a deplh of 6 10 18 inches from fall This soil is well suited lo habitat for upland wildlife through spring in most years. The potential for frosl but is poorly suited to habitat for wetland wildlife. The aclion is high. seasonal high water !able is a llmilation affecling Most areas of this soil are used as woodland. Many woodland management. of the smaller areas are remnanls of larger areas that The capability subclass Is llw. Bergen County, New Jersey 31

Pr-Preakness silt loam. This soil is level or nearly size. Undisturbed soils surrounding areas of the unit level and is poorly drained or very poorly drained. It is include Dunellen, Otisville, Pascack, Preakness, and frequently flooded. It is in broad depressions on Riverhead soils. Slopes are dominantly 0 to 3 percent outwash plains and in postglacial lakebeds and on but range from 0 to 50 percent. narrow flood plains along streams associated with Included in mapping are mounds of cobbles and outwash terraces. Individual areas are long and stones and mounds of soil material from the surface irregularly shaped or oval. Most areas range from 5 to layer and subsoil that have been stockpiled for future 165 acres in size. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. use. Narrow areas of the steep or very steep Dunellen, Typically, the surface layer is black silt loam about 10 Otisville, and Riverhead soils are near the perimeter of inches thick. The subsoil is about 25 inches thick. The the map unit. Also included are soils that have layers of upper 16 inches is dark gray fine sandy loam that has very fine sand, silt, and clay. pinkish gray and brown mottles and pinkish gray fine Permeability is rapid or very rapid in the sand and sandy loam that has reddish yellow mottles. The lower gravel and moderately slow or slow in the underlying 9 inches is pinkish gray loamy fine sand. The layers of silt and clay. Surface runoff is slow to rapid. substratum to a depth of 66 inches or more is stratified The hazard of water erosion is slight in the sand and with colors and textures ranging from brown sand and gravel and severe in the silt layers. In areas that have gravelly sand to pinkish gray silt. not been limed, reaction is dominantly strongly acid in Included with this soil in mapping are level areas of the relatively undisturbed perimeter areas. It ranges to the very poorly drained Adrian soils, the somewhat slightly acid or neutral in the soil material on the floor of poorly drained Pascack soils in narrow areas near the the pits. Depth to the seasonal high water table is perimeter of the map unit and on small knobs, and extremely variable depending on the depth of some soils in areas near the Hackensack Meadowlands excavation and the elevation of any adjacent stream or that have a surface layer and subsoil of loamy sand. other body of water. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map Abandoned areas of this map unit support some unit. native herbaceous weeds and shrubs, but areas that Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil of the are actively mined generally do not support vegetation. Preakness soil and rapid in the substratum. Surface Because of the variability of the soil material in runoff is slow. The hazard of erosion is slight. The individual areas, onsite investigation is needed to available water capacity is moderate. In areas that have determine the suitability of this map unit for any use. not been limed, reaction is strongly acid or very strongly No capability subclass is assigned. acid in the subsoil and the upper part of the substratum. It ranges to moderately acid in the substratum below a RaA-Riverhead sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent depth of 60 inches. The seasonal high water table is at slopes. This soil is nearly level and well drained. It is the surface or within a depth of 6 inches from fall on convex outwash plains and stream terraces. through spring in most years. The potential for frost Individual areas are irregular in shape. Most areas action is high. range from 5 to 65 acres in size. Most areas are used as woodland. Some areas are Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy loam open wetlands. Many of the smaller areas are remnants about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is about 26 inches of larger areas that have been filled and are used for thick. The upper 19 inches is yellowish brown gravelly urban or commercial development (fig. 5). sandy loam. The lower 7 inches is dark yellowish brown The seasonal high water table, the frequent flooding, gravelly loamy sand. The substratum to a depth of 66 and the high potential for frost action are the major inches or more is loose, stratified yellowish brown and limitations affecting community and recreational dark yellowish brown gravelly sand. development. Included with this soil in mapping are narrow areas of This soil is well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife. Riverhead soils that have slopes of more than 3 The seasonal high water table and the frequent flooding percent. Also included, in depressions, are soils that are are limitations affecting woodland management. similar to the Riverhead soil but have gray mottles in The capability subclass is IVw. the lower part of the subsoil. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Ps-Pits, sand and gravel. This map unit consists of Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil of the areas that are being mined for sand and gravel or that Riverhead soil and very rapid in the substratum. were mined and are presently abandoned (fig. 6). It is in Surface runoff is slow. The hazard of erosion is slight. the municipalities of Franklin Lakes, Mahwah, and The available water capacity is low. In areas that have Oakland. Individual areas range from 10 to 110 acres in not been limed, reaction is strongly acid or very strongly 32 Soil Survey

Flgu"' 6.-A typical area of Pita, oand end grovel.

acid in the subsoil. It ranges to moderately acid in the ReB-Riverhead sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent substratum. The potential for frosl action is moderale. slopes. This soil Is gently sloping or undulating and Is Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational well drained. It is on convex outwash plains and stream development. Some areas have been cleared and terraces. Individual areas are irregular in shape. Most support native herbaceous weeds and shrubs. A few areas range from 5 to 65 acces in size. areas are used for the production of vegetables and Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy loam fruil or are used as cemeleries. Many of lhe smaller about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 22 inches areas are remnants of larger areas that have been used lhlck. The upper 18 inches is yellowish brown gravelly for urban or commercial development. sandy loam. The lower 4 inches is dark yellowish brown The very rapid permeability in the substralum and the gravelly loamy sand. The substratum Ia a depth of 66 moderate potential for frost action are the major inches or more is loose, stratified yellowish brown and limitations affecting community and recreational dark yellowish brown gravelly sand. development. The loose material in the substratum may Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of cause sidewalls Ia cave if shallow excavalions are Riverhead soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent. made. Also included are areas of poorly drained Riverhead This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. It soils in narrow drainageways and areas of the has few limitations that affecl woodland management. excessively drained Otisville soils in the municipalities The capability subclass is lis. of Franklin Lakes and Mahwah. Included soils make up Bergen County, New Jersey 33 about 15 percent of the map unit. acid in the substratum. The potential for frost action is Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil of the moderate. Riverhead soil and very rapid in the substratum. Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is areas or have been cleared and support native moderate. The available water capacity is low. In areas herbaceous weeds and shrubs. A few areas are used that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid or for the production of vegetables and fruit or are used as very strongly acid in the subsoil. It ranges to moderately cemeteries. Many of the smaller areas are remnants of acid in the substratum. The potential for frost action is larger areas that have been used for urban or moderate. commercial development. Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or for The very rapid permeability and the slope are the recreational development. Some areas have been major limitations affecting community and recreational cleared and support native herbaceous weeds and development. The moderate potential for frost action shrubs. A few areas are used for the production of also is a limitation on sites for local roads and streets. vegetables and fruit or are used as cemeteries. Many of The loose material in the substratum may cause the smaller areas are remnants of larger areas that sidewalls to cave if shallow excavations are made. have been used for urban or commercial development. This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. It The very rapid permeability in the substratum is the has few limitations that affect woodland management. major limitation affecting onsite sewage disposal The capability subclass is llle. systems. The slope is a limitation on sites for small commercial buildings, and the potential for frost action RoC-Rockaway gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent is a limitation on sites for local roads and streets. The slopes, very stony. This soil is sloping or rolling and is loose material in the substratum may cause sidewalls to moderately well drained. It is on the top of ridges and cave if shallow excavations are made. on foot slopes in hilly or mountainous areas This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. It characterized by glaciated topography (fig. 7). Individual has few limitations that affect woodland management. areas are elongated and irregularly shaped or oval. The capability subclass is lis. Most areas range from 5 to 60 acres in size. All areas are west of the Ramapo River in the municipalities of Mahwah and Oakland. RaC-Riverhead sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the slopes. This soil is sloping or rolling and is well surface. The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam drained. It is on convex outwash plains and stream about 2 inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish terraces. Individual areas are long and irregularly brown gravelly loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is shaped. Most areas range from 5 to 170 acres in size. about 32 inches thick. The upper 9 inches is slightly Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy loam sticky, yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam. The about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is about 24 inches next 8 inches is sticky, yellowish brown gravelly fine thick. The upper 14 inches is yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam that has dark brown mottles. The lower 15 sandy loam. The lower 10 inches is dark yellowish inches is a firm and brittle fragipan of dark yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand. The substratum to a depth brown gravelly fine sandy loam that has dark brown of 66 inches or more is loose, stratified yellowish brown mottles. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or and dark yellowish brown gravelly sand. more is olive brown gravelly loamy sand. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Included with this soil in mapping are several small Riverhead soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent areas of Rockaway soils that have slopes of less than 8 or more than 15 percent and some soils in the steeper percent, areas of soils that are stony or extremely areas that are eroded and have a gravelly surface. Also stony, areas of Hibernia soils in narrow drainageways, included are a few small areas of the excessively and some areas of rock outcrop. Also included, in the drained Otisville soils in the municipalities of Franklin northern half of Mahwah, are Riverhead soils in which Lakes and Mahwah. Included soils make up about 20 the top of the fragipan is at a depth of more than 40 percent of the map unit. inches. Included areas make up about 25 percent of the Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil of the map unit. Riverhead soil and very rapid in the substratum. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the Surface runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is Rockaway soil. It is slow in the fragipan and moderate moderate. The available water capacity is low. In areas or moderately rapid in the substratum. Surface runoff is that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid or medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. The very strongly acid in the subsoil. It ranges to moderately available water capacity is low. In areas that have not 34 Soil Survey

Agure 7.-A typical area ol Rockaway gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent a lopes, very stony.

been limed, reaction Is very strongly acid or strongly water along the top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites acid throughout the profile. The seasonal high water for dwellings with basements and for sewage disposal table is perched above the fragipan during winter and systems. spring 1n most years. The potential for frost action is This soil is well suited to habitat for woodland wildlife. moderate. It has few limitations that affect woodland management. Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational The capability subclass is VIs. facilities. A few small areas are used for low-density residential development. RoD-Rockaway gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent The slow permeability in the fragipan. the seasonal slopes, very stony. This soil is moderately steep and high water table. the slope, and the large stones on the moderately well drained. It is on the upper side slopes surface are the major limitations affecting community of high ridges and on the side slopes of low ridges. and recreational development. Downslope movement of Individual areas are elongated and irregular in shape. Bergen County, New Jersey 35

Most areas range from 5 to 50 acres in size. All areas in shape. Most areas range from 5 to 220 acres in size. are west of the Ramapo River in the municipalities of One area about 220 acres in size is in the vicinity of Mahwah and Oakland. Bald Mountain. All areas are west of the Ramapo River Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the in the municipalities of Mahwah and Oakland. surface. The surface layer is dark brown very stony Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the loam about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer is surface. The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam yellowish brown gravelly loam about 6 inches thick. The about 2 inches thick. The subsurface layer is yellowish subsoil is about 39 inches thick. The upper 9 inches is brown gravelly loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is slightly sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam. The next about 34 inches thick. The upper 9 inches is slightly 10 inches is sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam that sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam. The next 8 inches has dark brown mottles. The lower 20 inches is a firm is sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam that has dark and brittle fragipan of yellowish brown gravelly loam brown mottles. The lower 17 inches is a firm and brittle that has dark brown mottles. The substratum to a depth fragipan of dark yellowish brown gravelly loam and of 66 inches or more is olive brown gravelly loamy gravelly fine sandy loam that has dark brown mottles in sand. the upper part. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches Included with this soil in mapping are narrow areas of or more is olive brown gravelly loamy sand. Rockaway soils that have slopes of less than 15 Included with this soil in mapping are areas of percent, areas of soils that are stony or extremely Rockaway soils that have slopes of more than 35 stony, a few areas of the somewhat poorly drained percent, areas of soils that are stony or extremely Hibernia soils in small seeps and at the upper end of stony, a few areas of the somewhat poorly drained narrow drainageways, and some areas of rock outcrop. Hibernia soils in small seeps, and a few areas of rock Also included, in the northern half of Mahwah, are soils outcrop. Also included, in the northern half of Mahwah, that are similar to the Rockaway soil but have a are Rockaway soils in which the top of the fragipan is at fragipan at a depth of more than 40 inches. Included a depth of more than 40 inches. Included areas make areas make up about 15 percent of the map unit. up about 45 percent of the map unit. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the Rockaway soil. It is slow in the fragipan and moderate Rockaway soil. It is slow in the fragipan and moderate or moderately rapid in the substratum. Surface runoff is or moderately rapid in the substratum. Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. The available very rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. The water capacity is low. In areas that have not been available water capacity is low. In areas that have not limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly throughout the profile. The seasonal high water table is acid throughout the profile. The seasonal high water perched above the fragipan for brief periods during table is perched above the fragipan for brief periods winter and spring in most years. The potential for frost action is moderate. during winter and spring in most years. The potential for frost action is moderate. Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational facilities. A few small areas are used for low-density Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational residential development. facilities. The slow permeability in the fragipan, the seasonal The slow permeability in the fragipan, the seasonal high water table, and the slope are the major limitations high water table, and the slope are the major limitations affecting community and recreational development. affecting community and recreational development. Downslope movement of water along the top of the Downslope movement of water along the top of the fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings with fragipan is a hazard on sites for dwellings with basements and for sewage disposal systems. basements and for sewage disposal systems. This soil is well suited to habitat for woodland wildlife. This soil is well suited to habitat for woodland wildlife. The slope is a limitation affecting woodland The slope is a limitation affecting woodland management. management. The capability subclass is VIs. The capability subclass is VIIs.

RoE-Rockaway gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent ArC-Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, gently slopes, very stony. This soil is steep and moderately rolling. This map unit consists of the gently rolling, well drained. It is on the side slopes of high ridges and moderately well drained Rockaway soil and areas of in hilly or mountainous areas characterized by glaciated Rock outcrop. It is on the top of ridges in hilly or topography. Individual areas are elongated and irregular mountainous areas characterized by glaciated 36 Soil Survey topography. The Rockaway soil and the Rock outcrop RrD-Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, hilly. This occur as areas so intricately mixed or so small that it map unit consists of the hilly, moderately well drained was not practical to map them separately. Individual Rockaway soil and areas of Rock outcrop. It is on the areas are elongated and irregularly shaped or oval, and upper side slopes of high ridges in hilly or mountainous most range from 5 to 360 acres in size. They are about areas characterized by glaciated topography. The 60 percent Rockaway soil, 20 percent Rock outcrop, Rockaway soil and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so and 20 percent included soils. All areas are west of the intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical to Ramapo River in the municipalities of Mahwah and map them separately. Individual areas are elongated Oakland. Slopes range from 8 to 15 percent. and irregular in shape, and most range from 5 to 60 Typically, stones cover 3 to 5 percent of the surface acres in size. They are about 60 percent Rockaway soil, of the Rockaway soil. The surface layer is dark brown 25 percent Rock outcrop, and 15 percent included soils. loam about 2 inches thick. The subsurface layer is All areas are west of the Ramapo River in the yellowish brown cobbly loam about 6 inches thick. The municipalities of Mahwah and Oakland. Slopes range subsoil is about 34 inches thick. The upper 9 inches is from 15 to 25 percent. slightly sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam. The next Typically, the Rockaway soil has an extremely stony 8 inches is sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam that surface. The surface layer is dark brown extremely has dark brown mottles. The lower 17 inches is a firm stony loam about 3 inches thick. The subsurface layer and brittle fragipan of dark yellowish brown gravelly is yellowish brown cobbly loam about 6 inches thick. loam and gravelly fine sandy loam that has dark brown The subsoil is about 33 inches thick. The upper 9 mottles. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or inches is slightly sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam. more is olive brown gravelly loamy sand. The next 10 inches is slightly sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam that has dark brown mottles. The lower 14 Rock outcrop consists of hard granite, gneiss, or schist. inches is a firm and brittle fragipan of dark yellowish brown gravelly loam or gravelly fine sandy loam that Included in mapping are areas of Rockaway soils that has brown mottles. The substratum to a depth of 66 have slopes of less than 8 percent, Rockaway soils that inches or more is olive brown gravelly loamy sand. are stony or very stony, areas of soils that are less than Rock outcrop consists of hard granite, gneiss, or 40 inches deep over bedrock, and areas of the schist. somewhat poorly drained Hibernia soils in narrow Included in mapping are narrow areas of Rockaway drainageways. Also included, in the northern half of soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent, Mahwah, are Rockaway soils in which the top of the Rockaway soils that are stony or very stony, areas fragipan is at a depth of more than 40 inches. Included adjacent to the Rock outcrop that are less than 40 soils make up about 20 percent of the map unit. inches deep, and areas of the somewhat poorly drained Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the Hibernia soils in small seeps at the upper end of narrow Rockaway soil. It is slow in the fragipan and moderate drainageways. Also included, in the northern half of or moderately rapid below the fragipan. Surface runoff Mahwah, are soils that have a fragipan at a depth of is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. The more than 40 inches. Included soils make up about 15 available water capacity is low. In areas that have not percent of the map unit. been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the acid throughout the profile. The seasonal high water Rockaway soil. It is slow in the fragipan and moderate table is perched above the fragipan during winter and or moderately rapid below the fragipan. Surface runoff spring in most years. The potential for frost action is is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. The available moderate. water capacity is low. In areas that have not been Most areas of this map unit are used as woodland or limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid for recreational facilities. A few small areas are used for throughout the profile. The seasonal high water table is low-density residential development. perched above the fragipan for brief periods during The slow permeability in the fragipan, the seasonal winter and spring in most years. The potential for frost high water table, the large stones on the surface, and action is moderate. the Rock outcrop are the major limitations affecting Most areas of this map unit are used as woodland or community and recreational development. for recreational facilities. A few small areas are used for This unit is moderately suited to habitat for woodland low-density residential development. wildlife. The large stones and the Rock outcrop are The slow permeability in the fragipan, the seasonal limitations affecting woodland management. high water table, the slope, the large stones on the No capability subclass is assigned. surface, and the Rock outcrop are the major limitations Bergen County, New Jersey 37 affecting community and recreational development. The slow permeability in the fragipan, the seasonal This unit is moderately suited to habitat for woodland high water table, the slope, the large stones on the wildlife. The slope, the large stones, and the Rock surface, and the Rock outcrop are the major limitations outcrop are limitations affecting woodland management. affecting community and recreational development. No capability subclass is assigned. This unit is moderately suited to habitat for woodland wildlife. The slope, the large stones, and the Rock ArE-Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, very hilly. outcrop are limitations affecting woodland management. This map unit consists of the very hilly, moderately well No capability subclass is assigned. drained Rockaway soil and areas of Rock outcrop. It is on the side slopes of high ridges in hilly or mountainous SU-Sulfihemists and Sulfaquents, frequently areas characterized by glaciated topography. The flooded. This map unit consists of very deep, level or Rockaway soil and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so nearly level, very poorly drained soils in marine and intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical to estuarine marshes. They are subject to daily tidal map them separately. Individual areas are elongated flooding. Individual areas are irregular in shape and and irregular in shape, and most range from 5 to 600 range from 5 to more than BOO acres in size. These acres in size. They are about 60 percent Rockaway soil, soils were mapped together because they have no 30 percent Rock outcrop, and 10 percent included soils. significant differences that affect use and management. All areas are west of the Ramapo River in the They are remnants of one continuous marsh that municipalities of Mahwah and Oakland. Slopes range extended northward along the Hackensack River to the from 25 to 35 percent. confluence with Cole's Brook and along Overpeck Typically, stones cover 3 to 5 percent of the surface Creek into the city of Englewood. At its southernmost of the Rockaway soil. The surface layer is dark brown point in Bergen County, the marsh was as much as 3 loam about 2 inches thick. The subsurface layer is miles wide. Some areas of this unit are made up almost yellowish brown cobbly loam about 6 inches thick. The entirely of Sulfihemists or of Sulfaquents, and some subsoil is about 34 inches thick. The upper 9 inches is areas are made up of both soils. The total acreage of slightly sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam. The next this unit is made up of about 50 percent Sulfihemists, 8 inches is sticky, yellowish brown gravelly loam that 40 percent Sulfaquents, and 10 percent included soils. has dark brown mottles. The lower 17 inches is a firm Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. and brittle fragipan of dark yellowish brown gravelly Because of the variability of the soils, a typical profile loam and gravelly sandy loam that has dark brown is not described. Sulfihemists have at least 16 inches of mottles. The substratum to a depth of 66 inches or organic material extending from the surface to any more is olive brown gravelly loamy sand. contrasting underlying mineral material. In most areas Rock outcrop consists of hard granite, gneiss, or the organic material is more than 51 inches thick. The schist. upper 12 inches is neutral in hue or is black, dark Included in mapping are narrow areas of Rockaway reddish brown, or very dark brown. The organic material soils that have slopes of less than 25 percent, areas of is highly decomposed and contains roots of wetland Rockaway soils that are stony or very stony, and areas plants. Below a depth of 12 inches, the organic material adjacent to the Rock outcrop that are less than 40 has colors similar to those in the upper 12 inches but is inches deep. Also included are the somewhat poorly less decomposed and is interbedded with thin, highly drained Hibernia soils in small seeps and at the upper decomposed organic layers that total less than 10 end of narrow drainageways. Included soils make up inches in thickness where the depth to contrasting about 10 percent of the map unit. mineral material is at least 51 inches. The underlying Permeability is moderate above the fragipan in the mineral material is stratified or varved and has colors Rockaway soil. It is slow in the fragipan and moderate ranging from dark gray to white and from pink to light or moderately rapid below the fragipan. Surface runoff yellowish brown. The material is dominantly fine sandy is very rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. The loam or silt loam, but it has thin layers that range in available water capacity is low. In areas that have not texture from very gravelly sand to clay. been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly In some areas Sulfaquents have a surface layer of acid throughout the profile. The seasonal high water organic material less than 16 inches thick. The organic table is perched above the fragipan for brief periods material is black or dark reddish brown and is highly during winter and spring in most years. The potential for decomposed. In areas where the surface layer is made frost action is moderate. up of mineral material, it is black, dark reddish brown, Most areas of this map unit are used as woodland or or very dark brown silt loam or fine sandy loam and has for recreational facilities. an organic matter content of less than 20 percent. The 38 Soil Survey mineral surface layer is 4 to 12 inches thick. The investigation is needed to determine the potential of underlying mineral material is stratified or varved and individual areas for any use. has colors ranging from dark gray to white and from No capability subclass is assigned. pink to light yellowish brown. Textures of the individual strata range from very gravelly sand to clay. Ub-Udorthents, organic substratum. This map unit Included with these soils in mapping are small areas is in low areas of marine and estuarine deposits. of Udorthents that have an organic or refuse Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from substratum. Included soils make up about 10 percent of less than 5 to about 195 acres in size. Slopes range this unit. from 0 to 5 percent. Available water capacity is high in the Sulfihemists Areas of this unit have been filled and smoothed or and Sulfaquents. Permeability is rapid or very rapid in otherwise extensively disturbed to a depth of 3 feet or the organic material and variable in the mineral more. The original soil can no longer be identified. The material. Runoff is very slow. The water table is above fill material generally consists of a mixture of stones, the surface daily at high tide and is generally within a boulders, rubble, and soil material. In most areas the depth of 1 foot at low tide. Reaction is slightly acid or original soils are presumed to have been deep, very neutral throughout when the soils are moist but is poorly drained, organic or mineral soils that were strongly acid or very strongly acid when the soils are subject to daily tidal flooding. dry. The depth to bedrock is more than 72 inches in the Included in mapping are small areas of the very Sulfaquents. It is typically more than 10 feet in the poorly drained Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists; areas of Sulfihemists. Udorthents that have a refuse substratum; Udorthents These soils are very poorly suited to cultivated crops, that have a wet substratum, in narrow areas around the woodland, and most urban uses because of the perimeter of the map unit; and areas that have short, prolonged periods of saturation and the daily flooding. steep slopes of more than 5 percent. Included areas They are well suited to habitat for wetland wildlife. make up about 10 percent of the map unit. No capability subclass is assigned. Most areas of this map unit are reserved for development and include railroad lines and unpaved Ua-Udorthents, loamy. This map unit is on uplands service roads. Some areas have a vegetative cover and in areas covered by glacial till or outwash and on are used for recreational purposes. stream terraces. Individual areas are irregular in shape. Because of the variability of the soil material, onsite Most areas range from 5 to 85 acres in size. Slopes investigation is needed to determine the potential of range from 0 to 5 percent. individual areas for any use. Areas of this unit have been cut and smoothed or No capability subclass is assigned. otherwise extensively disturbed to a depth of 3 feet or more. The original soil can no longer be identified. Uc-Udorthents, organic substratum-Urban land Included in mapping are small areas of the complex. This map unit is in low areas of marine and moderately well drained Boonton soils and the estuarine deposits and in the uplands. The Udorthents somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils on glacial till and the Urban land occur as areas so intricately mixed ridges along the perimeter of the disturbed areas; areas or so small that it was not practical to map them that have short, steep slopes of more than 5 percent; separately. Individual areas are irregular in shape and small sand and gravel pits; areas of Udorthents that range from less than 5 to about 310 acres in size. They have a wet substratum; and areas of urban land. are about 50 percent Udorthents, organic substratum; Included areas make up about 5 percent of the map 35 percent Urban land; and 15 percent included areas. unit. The most extensive area is south of the Meadowlands In most areas of this map unit, layers of soil have Sports Complex in East Rutherford. Slopes range from been removed and about 5 to 10 inches of soil material 0 to 5 percent. from other areas has been added to the surface layer to Areas of Udorthents, organic substratum, have been support an adequate vegetative cover. In other areas, filled to variable depths and have been smoothed and the soil material has not been replaced and the partially paved. In most areas the original soils are vegetative cover is sparse. presumed to have been deep to shallow, very poorly Most areas are used for playgrounds, baseball fields, drained, organic soils that were subject to daily tidal or other intensive recreational facilities. Other areas are flooding or prolonged pending. The fill material is made idle land or are reserved for future development. up of stones, boulders, rubble, and varying amounts of Because of the variability of the soil material, onsite soil and nonsoil material. Bergen County, New Jersey 39

Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is Ue---Udorthents, wet substratum. This map unit is covered by single-family dwellings, commercial on upland stream terraces, in drainageways, in areas of buildings, roads and streets, small parking lots, and marine and estuarine deposits, and on flood plains. other structures. Individual areas are irregular in shape. Most areas Included in mapping are loamy Udorthents, natural range from 5 to 180 acres in size. Slopes range from 0 and constructed drainageways, areas of water, and to 5 percent. areas that have short, steep slopes of more than 5 Areas of this unit have been filled and smoothed or percent. Also included are small areas of the poorly otherwise extensively disturbed to a depth of 3 feet or drained Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists in marine and more. In most areas the original soils are presumed to estuarine deposits, the very poorly drained Carlisle and have been deep, somewhat poorly drained to very Adrian soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Haledon poorly drained soils that were subject to flooding or soils in upland areas along the perimeter of the map prolonged pending. The fill material generally consists unit. Included areas make up about 15 percent of the of a mixture of soil material and varying amounts of map unit. stones, boulders, and rubble. Silty and sandy soil This map unit is predominantly used for major dredgings are common near bodies of water. thoroughfares, large parking lots, and commercial or Included in mapping are small areas of urban land, industrial complexes. areas of loamy Udorthents, and areas that have short, Because of the variability of the fill material, onsite steep slopes of more than 5 percent. Included areas investigation is needed to determine the potential of make up about 30 percent of the map unit. individual areas for any use. Most areas of this map unit are used for playgrounds, No capability subclass is assigned. baseball fields, or other intensive recreational facilities commonly associated with parks and schools. Other Ud-Udorthents, refuse substratum. This map unit areas are open space or are reserved for future is in low areas of marine and estuarine deposits, on community development. upland stream terraces, and on till plains. Individual Because of the variability of the soil material, onsite areas are irregular in shape. Most areas range from 5 investigation is needed to determine the suitability of to 41 0 acres in size. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. individual areas for any use. This unit has been or is presently being filled or No capability subclass is assigned. otherwise extensively disturbed to a depth of 3 feet or more. The original soil can no longer be identified. The Uf-Udorthents, wet substratum-Urban land fill material generally consists of various kinds of refuse, complex. This map unit is in low areas of marine and solid waste, and other nonsoil material. In some areas estuarine deposits, on upland stream terraces, and on limited amounts of soil material have been added to or flood plains. The Udorthents and the Urban land occur incorporated with the dominant fill material. In most as areas so intricately mixed or so small that it was not areas the original soils are presumed to have been practical to map them separately. Individual areas are deep, somewhat poorly drained to very poorly drained irregular in shape. Most areas are less than 20 acres in soils in low areas and a few small upland areas. size but range to as much as 580 acres. The largest Included in mapping are areas of the very poorly area is south of Route 46 and extends along the west drained Sulfaquents and Sulfihemists, areas of side of the Hackensack River in Little Ferry and Udorthents that have an organic or wet substratum, and Moonachie. Areas of this unit are about 50 percent areas that have short, steep slopes of more than 5 Udorthents, wet substratum; 35 percent Urban land; and percent. Included areas make up about 5 percent of the 15 percent included areas. Slopes range from 0 to 5 map unit. percent. This unit is used mainly as sites for disposal of Areas of Udorthents, wet substratum, have been refuse. The disposal sites are used by several filled to a depth of at least 3 feet and have been communities. Other extensive areas of the unit, such as smoothed and partially paved. In most areas the those in Overpeck County Park, were formerly refuse original soils are presumed to have been deep, poorly disposal sites but have been closed to additional filling drained or very poorly drained soils that were subject to and now support vegetation. These areas provide flooding or prolonged pending. The fill material consists excellent public recreational facilities. of soil material; varying amounts of stones, boulders, Because of the variability of the fill material, onsite and rubble; and small amounts of other nonsoil investigation is needed to determine the potential of material. individual areas for any use. Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is No capability subclass is assigned. covered by single-family dwellings, commercial 40 Soil Survey buildings, roads and streets, small parking lots, and yellowish red gravelly fine sandy loam that is very firm other structures. in place. Included in mapping are small areas of loamy Included with this soil in mapping are areas of Udorthents, small areas of somewhat poorly drained to Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 3 very poorly drained soils that formed in water-sorted percent or more than 8 percent and Wethersfield soils material or glacial till in areas along the perimeter of the that have less gravel in the surface layer and subsoil map unit, and areas that have short, steep slopes of than the major Wethersfield soil. Also included are more than 5 percent. Included areas make up about 15 areas of the somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils in percent of the map unit. small, slightly concave areas and in narrow Most areas of this map unit are used for residential, drainageways. Included soils make up about 10 percent commercial, or industrial development. of the map unit. Because of the variability of the fill material, onsite Permeability is moderate in the solum of the investigation is necessary to determine the potential of Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface individual areas for any use. runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is slight or No capability subclass is assigned. moderate. The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the surface layer and UR-Urban land. This map unit is nearly level or subsoil and strongly acid or moderately acid in the gently sloping. It occurs throughout the survey area, substratum. The potential for frost action is moderate. except in the borough of Alpine and west of the Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational Mahwah River in the boroughs of Mahwah and facilities. Oakland. Individual areas are irregular in shape and The slow permeability in the substratum is the major range from 5 to more than 750 acres in size. Slopes limitation affecting community and recreational range from 1 to 5 percent. development. This unit consists of areas that have been cut and This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. It filled or areas in which more than 85 percent of the has moderate limitations that affect woodland surface is covered by paved surfaces or buildings and management. other structures. The capability subclass is lie. Included in mapping are high-density residential areas in which less than 85 percent of the surface is Wee-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent covered and in which the soils consist of reworked soil slopes. This soil is strongly sloping and well drained. It material or Udorthents. In the Meadowlands area, the is in perimeter areas of broad, convex glacial till plains. soils are Udorthents that have either a loamy Individual areas are irregular in shape. Most areas substratum or a wet substratum. Included areas make range from 5 to 200 acres in size. up about 25 percent of the unit. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly Most areas of this unit are used for commercial and loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is 18 inches industrial development, such as shopping malls and thick. The upper 10 inches is yellowish brown gravelly office building complexes. Some areas are used for loam. The lower 8 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. central school sites. The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is Because of the variability of the soil material, onsite yellowish red gravelly fine sandy loam that is very firm investigation is needed to determine the potential of in place. individual areas !or any use. Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of No capability subclass is assigned. Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent and areas of the somewhat poorly drained WeB-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent Haledon soils in narrow drainageways. Included soils slopes. This soil is gently sloping and well drained. It is make up about 15 percent of the map unit. in convex areas on broad glacial till plains. Individual Permeability is moderate in the solum of the areas are irregular in shape. Most areas range from 5 Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface to 130 acres in size. runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly The available water capacity also is moderate. In areas loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is 18 inches that have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid thick. The upper 10 inches is yellowish brown gravelly or strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and loam. The lower 8 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is potential for frost action is moderate. Bergen County, New Jersey 41

Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly facilities. loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is 16 inches The slope and the slow permeability in the thick. The upper 7 inches is yellowish brown gravelly substratum are the major limitations affecting loam. The lower 9 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. community and recreational development. The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. It yellowish red gravelly fine sandy loam that is very firm has moderate limitations that affect woodland in place. management. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of The capability subclass is llle. Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 25 percent or more than 35 percent and areas of soils that are less than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Also WeD-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent included are areas of the poorly drained Hasbrouck and slopes. This soil is moderately steep and well drained. somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils in seeps. It is on the sides of low, long and narrow glacial till Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map ridges. Individual areas are irregular in shape. Most unit. areas range from 5 to 30 acres in size. Permeability is moderate in the solum of the Typically, the surface layer is dark brown gravelly Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is 17 inches runoff is very rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. thick. The upper 9 inches is yellowish brown gravelly The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that loam. The lower 8 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and yellowish red gravelly fine sandy loam that is very firm strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The in place. potential for frost action is moderate. Included with this soil in mapping are areas of Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or for Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 15 recreational facilities. percent or more than 25 percent and areas of soils that The slope and the slow permeability in the are less than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Also substratum are the major limitations affecting included are areas of the somewhat poorly drained community and recreational development. Haledon and poorly drained Hasbrouck soils in seeps. This soil is fairly well suited to habitat for upland Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map wildlife. It has moderate limitations that affect woodland unit. management. Permeability is moderate in the solum of the The capability subclass is VIe. Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. The WrD-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent available water capacity is moderate. In areas that have slopes, very stony. This soil is moderately steep and not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly well drained. It is on the side slopes of low, long and acid in the surface layer and subsoil and strongly acid narrow glacial till ridges. Individual areas are irregular in or moderately acid in the substratum. The potential for shape. Most areas range from 20 to 1 00 acres in size. frost action is moderate. Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the Most areas of this soil are used as woodland or for surface. The surface layer is dark brown very stony recreational facilities. loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is 21 inches The slope and the slow permeability in the thick. The upper 14 inches is yellowish brown gravelly substratum are the major limitations affecting loam. The lower 7 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. community and recreational development. The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is This soil is fairly well suited to habitat for upland yellowish red gravelly fine sandy loam that is very firm wildlife. It has moderate limitations that affect woodland in place. management. Included with this soil in mapping are a few areas of The capability subclass is IVe. Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or more than 25 percent and a few areas of WeE-Wethersfield gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent soils that have bedrock at a depth of 40 to 60 inches. slopes. This soil is steep and well drained. It is on the Also included are a few areas of the somewhat poorly sides of high, long glacial till ridges. Individual areas are drained Haledon and poorly drained Hasbrouck soils in dominantly irregular in shape. Most areas range from 5 seeps. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the to 30 acres in size. map unit. 42 Soil Survey

Permeability is moderate in the solum of the not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface acid in the surface layer and subsoil and strongly acid runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is moderate. The or moderately acid in the substratum. The potential for available water capacity also is moderate. In areas that frost action is moderate. have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or Most areas of this unit are used as woodland or for strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and recreational facilities. strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The The slow permeability in the substratum, the very potential for frost action is moderate. stony surface, the depth to bedrock, and the Rock Most areas are used as woodland or for recreational outcrop are the major limitations affecting community facilities. and recreational development. The slow permeability in the substratum, the slope, This unit is well suited to habitat for woodland the very stony surface, and the depth to bedrock are wildlife. The Wethersfield soil has moderate limitations the major limitations affecting community and that affect woodland management. recreational development. No capability subclass is assigned. This soil is well suited to habitat for upland wildlife. It has moderate limitations that affect woodland WsC-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 management. percent slopes. This map unit consists of the sloping, The capability subclass is VIs. well drained Wethersfield soil and areas of Rock outcrop. It is on the top of the Palisades Range in the WsB-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 8 eastern part of the county. The Wethersfield soil and percent slopes. This map unit consists of the gently the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intricately mixed or sloping, well drained Wethersfield soil and areas of so small that it was not practical to map them Rock outcrop. It is on the top of the Palisades Range in separately. Individual areas are irregular in shape, and the eastern part of the county. The Wethersfield soil most range from 5 to 40 acres in size. An area that is and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intricately about 500 acres in size is near the southern end of the mixed or so small that it was not practical to map them Palisades Range. The areas of this unit are about 55 separately. Individual areas are irregular in shape, and percent Wethersfield soil, 20 percent Rock outcrop, and most range from 1 0 to 200 acres in size. They are 25 percent included areas. about 50 percent Wethersfield soil, 25 percent Rock Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the outcrop, and 25 percent included areas. Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the surface of the Wethersfield soil. The surface layer is surface of the Wethersfield soil. The surface layer is dark brown gravelly loam about 3 inches thick. The dark brown gravelly loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is 21 inches thick. The upper 14 inches is dark subsoil is 21 inches thick. The upper 14 inches is dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown gravelly loam. The yellowish brown and yellowish brown gravelly loam. The lower 7 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. The lower 7 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is yellowish substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is yellowish red and strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam that is red and strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam that is very firm in place. very firm in place. Rock outcrop consists primarily of diabase. Rock outcrop consists primarily of diabase. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Included in mapping are a few small areas of Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 8 Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more than 15 percent, some areas that are percent or more than 8 percent, some areas that are extremely stony, and a few areas of the somewhat extremely stony, and small areas of the somewhat poorly drained Haledon soils in narrow drainageways. poorly drained Haledon and poorly drained Hasbrouck Also included are areas of soils that are similar to the soils in small depressions or narrow drainageways. Also Wethersfield soil but are less than 40 inches deep over included are areas of soils that are similar to the bedrock. Included areas make up about 25 percent of Wethersfield soil but are less than 40 inches deep over the map unit. bedrock. Included areas make up about 25 percent of Permeability is moderate in the solum of the the map unit. Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface Permeability is moderate in the solum of the runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface The available water capacity also is moderate. In areas runoff is slow. The hazard of erosion is slight. The that have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid available water capacity is moderate. In areas that have or strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and Bergen County, New Jersey 43 strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The The slow permeability in the substratum, the slope, potential for frost action is moderate. the very stony surface, the depth to bedrock, and the Most areas of this unit are used as woodland or for Rock outcrop are the major limitations affecting recreational facilities. community and recreational development. The slow permeability in the substratum, the very This unit is poorly suited to habitat for openland stony surface, the depth to bedrock, and the Rock wildlife but is well suited to habitat for woodland wildlife. outcrop are the major limitations affecting community The Wethersfield soil has moderate limitations that and recreational development. affect woodland management. This unit is well suited to habitat for woodland No capability subclass is assigned. wildlife. The Wethersfield soil has moderate limitations that affect woodland management. WsE-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, very No capability subclass is assigned. steep. This map unit consists of the very steep, well drained Wethersfield soil and areas of Rock outcrop. It WsD-Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to is on the side slopes of the Palisades Range in the 25 percent slopes. This map unit consists of the eastern part of the county. The Wethersfield soil and moderately steep, well drained Wethersfield soil and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intricately mixed or areas of Rock outcrop. It is on the upper side slopes of so small that it was not practical to map them the Palisades Range in the eastern part of the county. separately. Individual areas are dominantly long and The Wethersfield soil and the Rock outcrop occur as narrow and irregularly shaped, and most range from 5 areas so intricately mixed or so small that it was not to 100 acres in size. They are about 40 percent practical to map them separately. Individual areas are Wethersfield soil, 20 percent Rock outcrop, and 40 long and narrow and irregularly shaped, and most range percent included soils. The largest and steepest areas from 5 to 100 acres in size. They are about 50 percent are on east-facing side slopes. Slopes range from 25 to Wethersfield soil, 20 percent Rock outcrop, and 30 35 percent. percent included areas. Typically, stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the Typically, the Wethersfield soil has a very stony surface of the Wethersfield soil. The surface layer is surface. The surface layer is dark brown very stony dark brown gravelly loam about 3 inches thick. The loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is 21 inches subsoil is 21 inches thick. The upper 14 inches is dark thick. The upper 14 inches is yellowish brown gravelly yellowish brown and yellowish brown gravelly loam. The loam. The lower 7 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. lower 7 inches is strong brown gravelly loam. The The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is y~llowish yellowish red gravelly fine sandy loam that is very firm red and strong brown gravelly fine sandy loam that is in place. very firm in place. Rock outcrop consists primarily of diabase. Rock outcrop consists primarily of diabase. Included in mapping are a few small areas of Included in mapping are small areas of Wethersfield Wethersfield soils that have slopes of less than 15 soils that have slopes of less than 25 percent, some percent or more than 25 percent, some areas that are areas of soils that do not have a very stony surface, extremely stony, and a few areas of the somewhat and a few small areas of the somewhat poorly drained poorly drained Haledon and poorly drained Hasbrouck Haledon soils in seeps. Also included are a few areas soils in small, slightly concave areas or narrow of soils that are similar to the Wethersfield soil but are drainageways. Also included are areas of soils that are less than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Included soils similar to the Wethersfield soil but are less than 40 make up about 40 percent of the map unit. inches deep over bedrock. Included areas make up Permeability is moderate in the solum of the about 30 percent of the map unit. Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface Permeability is moderate in the solum of the runoff is very rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface The available water capacity is moderate. In areas that runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is moderate. The have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or available water capacity also is moderate. In areas that strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and potential for frost action is moderate. strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The Most areas of this unit are used as woodland or for potential for frost action is moderate. recreational facilities. Most areas of this unit are used as woodland or for The slow permeability in the substratum, the slope, recreational facilities. the depth to bedrock, and the Rock outcrop are the 44 Soil Survey major limitations affecting community and recreational No capability subclass is assigned. development. This unit is poorly suited to habitat for upland wildlife. WUC-Wethersfield-Urban land complex, gently The Wethersfield soil has severe limitations that affect rolling. This map unit consists of the well drained woodland management. Wethersfield soil and areas of Urban land. It is on the No capability subclass is assigned. top of long glacial till ridges and in perimeter areas of broad, convex glacial till plains east of the Ramapo WUB-Wethersfield-Urban land complex, River in the northern part of the county. The undulating. This map unit consists of the well drained Wethersfield soil and the Urban land occur as areas so Wethersfield soil and areas of Urban land. It is on the intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical to tops of long, broad glacial till ridges and on broad, map them separately. Individual areas are irregular in convex glacial till plains east of the Ramapo River in shape, and most range from 5 to 100 acres in size. the northern part of the county. The Wethersfield soil They are about 55 percent Wethersfield soil, 30 percent and the Urban land occur as areas so intricately mixed Urban land, and 15 percent included soils. Slopes range or so small that it was not practical to map them from 8 to 15 percent. separately. Individual areas are irregular in shape, and Typically, the surface layer of the Wethersfield soil is most range from 5 to 100 acres in size. They are about dark brown gravelly loam about 8 inches thick. The 55 percent Wethersfield soil, 30 percent Urban land, subsoil is 18 inches thick. The upper 10 inches is and 15 percent included soils. Slopes range from 3 to 8 yellowish brown gravelly loam. The lower 8 inches is percent. strong brown gravelly loam. The substratum to a depth Typically, the surface layer of the Wethersfield soil is of 65 inches or more is yellowish red gravelly fine sandy dark brown gravelly loam about 8 inches thick. The loam that is very firm in place. subsoil is 18 inches thick. The upper 10 inches is Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is yellowish brown gravelly loam. The lower 8 inches is covered by paved driveways, patios, paved walkways, strong brown gravelly loam. The substratum to a depth buildings, and other structures. of 65 inches or more is reddish yellow gravelly fine Included in mapping are small areas of Wethersfield sandy loam that is very firm in place. soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is than 15 percent and areas of the somewhat poorly covered by paved driveways, patios, paved walkways, drained Haledon soils in narrow drainageways. Also buildings, and other structures. included, adjacent to areas of rock outcrop, are soils Included in mapping are a few areas of Wethersfield that are less than 40 inches deep over bedrock. soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map than 8 percent and areas of the somewhat poorly unit. drained Haledon soils in small depressions and narrow Permeability is moderate in the solum of the drainageways. Also included, adjacent to areas of rock Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface outcrop, are soils that are less than 40 inches deep runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. over bedrock. Included soils make up about 15 percent The available water capacity also is moderate. In areas of the map unit. that have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid Permeability is moderate in the solum of the or strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The runoff is medium. The hazard of erosion is moderate. potential for frost action is moderate. The available water capacity also is moderate. In areas Most areas of this unit are used for single-family that have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid dwellings. Individual lots vary from one-fourth acre to 1 or strongly acid in the surface layer and subsoil and acre in size. strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum. The The slope and the slow permeability in the potential for frost action is moderate. substratum are the major limitations affecting Most areas of this unit are used for single-family community and recreational development. The dwellings. Individual lots vary from one-fourth acre to 1 Wethersfield soil is well suited to plants that provide acre in size. cover and food for small animals and birds. The slow permeability in the substratum is the major No capability subclass is assigned. limitation affecting community and recreational development. The Wethersfield soil is well suited to WUD-Wethersfield-Urban land complex, hilly. This plants that provide cover and food for small animals and map unit consists of the well drained Wethersfield soil birds. and areas of Urban land. It is on the side slopes of long Bergen County, New Jersey 45

and narrow glacial till ridges in the northern part of the than 25 percent. Also included are areas of the county, primarily east of the Saddle River. The somewhat poorly drained Haledon and poorly drained Wethersfield soil and the Urban land occur as areas so Hasbrouck soils in small seeps. Included soils make up intricately mixed or so small that it was not practical to about 10 percent of the map unit. map them separately. Individual areas are irregular in Permeability is moderate in the solum of the shape, and most range from 5 to 65 acres in size. They Wethersfield soil and slow in the substratum. Surface are about 65 percent Wethersfield soil, 25 percent runoff is rapid. The hazard of erosion is severe. The Urban land, and 10 percent included soils. Slopes range available water capacity is moderate. In areas that have from 15 to 25 percent. not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly Typically, the surface layer of the Wethersfield soil is acid in the surface layer and subsoil and strongly acid dark brown gravelly loam about 6 inches thick. The or moderately acid in the substratum. The potential for subsoil is 18 inches thick. The upper 9 inches is frost action is moderate. yellowish brown gravelly loam. The lower 9 inches is Most areas of this unit are used for single-family strong brown gravelly loam. The substratum to a depth dwellings. Individual lots vary from one-third acre to 1 of 65 inches or more is yellowish red gravelly fine sandy acre in size. loam that is very firm in place. The slope and the slow permeability in the Urban land consists of areas in which the surface is substratum are the major limitations affecting covered by paved driveways, patios, paved walkways, community and recreational development. The buildings, and other structures. Wethersfield soil is well suited to plants that provide Included in mapping are small areas of Wethersfield cover and food for small animals and birds. soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or more No capability subclass is assigned.

47

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of the field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land crops, and the way they respond to management. The uses to the limitations and potentials of natural criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major resources and the environment. Also, it can help to and generally expensive landforming that would change prevent soil-related failures in land uses. slope, depth, or other characteristics of the soils, nor do In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, they include possible but unlikely major reclamation conservationists, engineers, and others collect projects. Capability classification is not a substitute for extensive field data about the nature and behavioral interpretations designed to show suitability and characteristics of the soils. They collect data on erosion, limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that affect woodland, and for engineering purposes. various soil uses and management. Field experience In the capability system, soils are generally grouped and collected data on soil properties and performance at three levels-capability class, subclass, and unit (9). are used as a basis in predicting soil behavior. Only class and subclass are used in this survey. Information in this section can be used to plan the Capability classes, the broadest groups, are use and management of soils as woodland; as sites for designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The buildings, sanitary facilities, highways and other numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and transportation systems, and parks and other narrower choices for practical use. The classes are recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat. It can be defined as follows: used to identify the potentials and limitations of each Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their soil for specific land uses and to help prevent use. construction failures caused by unfavorable soil Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce properties. the choice of plants or that require moderate Planners and others using soil survey information conservation practices. can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on Class Ill soils have severe limitations that reduce the productivity and on the environment in all or part of the choice of plants or that require special conservation survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain practices, or both. or create a land use pattern in harmony with the natural Class IV soils have very severe limitations that soil. reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of management, or both. sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. layers can cause difficulty in excavation. Class VI soils have severe limitations that make them Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and generally unsuitable for cultivation. others may also find this survey useful. The survey can Class VII soils have very severe limitations that make help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and locate them unsuitable for cultivation. sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. limitations that nearly preclude their use for commercial crop production. Land Capability Classification Capability subclasses are soil groups within one Land capability classification shows, in a general class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, lie. The Crops that require special management are excluded. letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of The soils are grouped according to their limitations for erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained; 48 Soil Survey

w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with plant table 13. A rating of slight indicates that no particular growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness can be prevention measures are needed under ordinary partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows that the conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that erosion­ soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or control measures are needed in certain silvicultural stony; and c, used in only some parts of the United activities. A rating of severe indicates that special States, shows that the chief limitation is climate that is precautions are needed to control erosion in most very cold or very dry. silvicultural activities. The proper construction and In class I there are no subclasses because the soils maintenance of roads, trails, landings, and fire lanes of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only can reduce the erosion hazard. the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the soils Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They have conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, generally needed in woodland management or rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions The capability classification of each map unit is given considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the in the section "Detailed Soil Map Units." surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under Woodland Management and Productivity normal conditions the kind of equipment and season of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. If soil Table 5 can be used by woodland owners or forest wetness is a factor, equipment use is restricted for a managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops. period of less than 3 months. A rating of moderate Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils because of one or more soil factors. If soil wetness is a assigned the same ordination symbol require the same factor, equipment use is restricted for 2 to 6 months. A general management and have about the same rating of severe indicates that equipment use is potential productivity. severely restricted either as to the kind of equipment or The first part of the ordination symbol, a number, the season of use. If soil wetness is a factor, equipment indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an use is restricted for more than 6 months. Choosing the indicator tree species. The number indicates the best suited equipment and deferring the use of volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which the harvesting equipment during wet periods help to indicator species can produce. The larger the number, overcome the equipment limitation. the greater the potential productivity. The number 1 Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally indicates low productivity; 2 and 3, moderate; 4 and 5, occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by the moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and 12 kinds of soil or topographic conditions. The factors or more, extremely high. The second part of the symbol, considered in rating the soils for seedling mortality are a letter, indicates the major kind of soil limitation. The texture of the surface layer, depth to a seasonal high letter R indicates steep slopes; X, stoniness or water table and the length of the period when the water rockiness; W, excess water in or on the soil; T, toxic table is high, rock fragments in the surface layer, substances in the soil; 0, restricted rooting depth rooting depth, and aspect of the slope. A rating of slight caused by bedrock, a hardpan, or other restrictive indicates that under usual conditions the expected layers; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S, sandy mortality is less than 25 percent. A rating of moderate texture; and F, a high content of rock fragments in the indicates that the expected mortality is 25 to 50 percent. soil. The letter A indicates that limitations or restrictions Extra precautions are advisable. A rating of severe are insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, indicates that the expected mortality is more than 50 the priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S, and F. percent. Extra precautions are important. Replanting In table 5, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the may be necessary. Selection of special planting stock degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in and special site preparation, such as bedding, management. furrowing, and a surface drainage system, can reduce Erosion hazard is the probability that erosion can the seedling mortality rate. occur as a result of site preparation or cutting where the Windthrow hazard is the likelihood that trees will be soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire lanes uprooted by the wind because the soil is not deep and in log-handling areas. Forests that have been enough for adequate root anchorage. The main burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion. restrictions that affect rooting are a seasonal high water Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent table and the depth to bedrock, a fragipan, or other of the slope and on the erosion factor K shown in limiting layers. A rating of slight indicates that under Bergen County, New Jersey 49

normal conditions no trees are blown down by the wind. height, duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding is Strong winds may damage trees but do not uproot essential. them. A rating of moderate indicates that a few trees In table 6, the degree of soil limitation is expressed can be blown down during periods when the soil is wet as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil and winds are moderate or strong. A rating of severe properties are generally favorable and that limitations indicates that many trees can be blown down during are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that these periods. The use of special equipment that does limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, not damage surficial root systems during partial cutting design, or special maintenance. Severe means that soil operations can reduce the hazard of windthrow. Care in properties are unfavorable and that limitations can be thinning or not thinning at all also can reduce the offset only by costly soil reclamation, special design, hazard. intensive maintenance, limited use, or by a combination The potential productivity of merchantable or common of these measures. trees on a soil is expressed as a site index. This index The information in table 6 can be supplemented by is the average height, in feet, that dominant and other information in this survey, for example, codominant trees of a given species attain in a interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table 9 specified number of years. The site index applies to and interpretations for dwellings without basements and fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. for local roads and streets in table 8. Commonly grown trees are those that woodland Camp areas require site preparation, such as shaping managers generally favor in intermediate or and leveling the tent and parking areas, stabilizing improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis of roads and intensively used areas, and installing sanitary growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. facilities and utility lines. Camp areas are subject to The productivity class, a number, represents an heavy foot traffic and some vehicular traffic. The best expected volume produced by the most important trees. soils have mild slopes and are not wet or subject to This number, expressed as cubic meters per hectare flooding during the period of use. The surface has few per year, indicates the amount of fiber produced in a or no stones or boulders, absorbs rainfall readily but fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stand. One cubic remains firm, and is not dusty when dry. Strong slopes meter per hectare equals 14.3 cubic feet per acre. and stones or boulders can greatly increase the cost of The first species listed under common trees for a soil constructing campsites. is the indicator species for that soil. This species is Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most common in the survey area. It generally is the most vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and parking productive species on the soil. The productivity class of areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm when wet, the indicator species is the number in the ordination are not dusty when dry, are not subject to flooding symbol. during the period of use, and do not have slopes or Trees to plant are those that are suitable for stones or boulders that increase the cost of shaping commercial wood production on the soil. sites or of building access roads and parking areas. Playgrounds require soils that can withstand intensive Recreation foot traffic. The best soils are almost level and are not wet or subject to flooding during the season of use. The The soils of the survey area are rated in table 6 surface is free of stones and boulders, is firm after according to limitations that affect their suitability for rains, and is not dusty when dry. If grading is needed, recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil the depth of the soil over bedrock or a hardpan should features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the be considered. surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding Not considered in the ratings, but important in should require little or no cutting and filling. The best evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water once a year during the period of use. They have impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent the surface. and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be recreational uses by the duration and intensity of required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are firm flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not subject planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the to prolonged flooding during the period of use. They 50 Soil Survey

have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders on the of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, available surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or greens is water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness, flooding, not considered in rating the soils. and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of grasses and legumes are Wildlife Habitat fescue, timothy, bromegrass, clover, and alfalfa. Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil available to wildlife as food and cover. They also affect properties and features that affect the growth of these the construction of water impoundments. The kind and plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface abundance of wildlife depend largely on the amount and layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface distribution of food, cover, and water. Wildlife habitat stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil can be created or improved by planting appropriate moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild vegetation, by maintaining the existing plant cover, or herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod, beggartick, by promoting the natural establishment of desirable quackgrass, and ragweed. plants. Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts In table 7, the soils in the survey area are rated or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. according to their potential for providing habitat for Soil properties and features that affect the growth of various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used in hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas, and available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils that these plants are oak, poplar, cherry, sweetgum, apple, are suitable for establishing, improving, or maintaining hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and blueberry. specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in determining Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable for the intensity of management needed for each element planting on soils rated good are gray dogwood, autumn­ of the habitat (1 ). olive, and crabapple. The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element or properties and features that affect the growth of kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth of maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, the root zone, available water capacity, and wetness. and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of fair Examples of coniferous plants are pine, spruce, yew, indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be cedar, and hemlock. established, improved, or maintained in most places. Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild Moderately intensive management is required for herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil limitations are severe for the designated element or properties and features affecting wetland plants are kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, salinity, maintained in most places, but management is difficult slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates plants are smartweed, arrowhead, burreed, that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are pickerelweed, cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds. very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be Shallow water areas have an average depth of less expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are impractical or impossible. created by dams, levees, or other water-control The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the structures. Soil properties and features affecting shallow following paragraphs. water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness, surface Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seed­ stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples of shallow producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and water areas are marshes, swamps, and ponds. features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, in the following paragraphs. available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface Habitat for open/and wildlife consists of cropland, stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley. produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes, Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial grasses and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and features areas include bobwhite quail, meadow vole, that affect the growth of grasses and legumes are depth meadowlark, field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox. Bergen County, New Jersey 51

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of other behavioral characteristics affecting engineering deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and uses. associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous This information can be used to evaluate the plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild potential of areas for residential, commercial, industrial, turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes, and recreational uses; make preliminary estimates of woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, and deer. construction conditions; evaluate alternative routes for Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy roads, streets, highways, pipelines, and underground or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife cables; evaluate alternative sites for sanitary landfills, attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons, shore septic tank absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan birds, muskrat, frogs, and tree swallow. detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, Engineering ponds, terraces, and other structures for soil and water This section provides information for planning land conservation; and predict performance of proposed uses related to urban development and to water small structures and pavements by comparing the performance of existing similar structures on the same management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the or similar soils. most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given The information in the tables, along with the soil for building site development, sanitary facilities, maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in construction materials, and water management. The this survey, can be used to make additional ratings are based on observed performance of the soils interpretations. and on the estimated data in the "Soil Properties" Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a section. special meaning in soil science and are defined in the Information in this section is intended for land use "Glossary." planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for planning site investigations prior to design and Building Site Development construction. The information, however, has limitations. Table 8 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations For example, estimates and other data generally apply that affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and only to that part of the soil within depth of 5 or 6 feet. a without basements, small commercial buildings, local Because of the map scale, small areas of different soils roads and streets, and lawns and landscaping. The may be included within the mapped areas of a specific limitations are considered slight if soil properties and soil. site features are generally favorable for the indicated The information is not site specific and does not use and limitations are minor and easily overcome; eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils or moderate if soil properties or site features are not for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in the favorable for the indicated use and special planning, design and construction of engineering works. design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or Government ordinances and regulations that restrict minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or certain land uses or impose specific design criteria were site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to not considered in preparing the information in this overcome that special design, significant increases in section. Local ordinances and regulations should be construction costs, and possibly increased maintenance considered in planning, in site selection, and in design. are required. Special feasibility studies may be required Soil properties, site features, and observed where the soil limitations are severe. performance were considered in determining the ratings Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey, maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, determinations were made about grain-size distribution, utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the observed performance of the soils. The ease of digging, surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water filling, and compacting is affected by the depth to table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense layer; aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected about stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time of the kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand and silt year that excavations can be made is affected by the fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations. Estimates depth to a seasonal high water table and the were made for erodibility, permeability, corrosivity, susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of shrink-swell potential, available water capacity, and the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is 52 Soil Survey affected by soil texture and depth to the water table. special design, significant increases in construction Dwellings and small commercial buildings are costs, and possibly increased maintenance are structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed required. soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family Table 9 also shows the suitability of the soils for use dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good indicates that made for small commercial buildings without soil properties and site features are favorable for the basements, for dwellings with basements, and for use and good performance and low maintenance can dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on be expected; fair indicates that soil properties and site soil properties, site features, and observed performance features are moderately favorable for the use and one of the soils. A high water table, flooding, shrinking and or more soil properties or site features make the soil swelling, and organic layers can cause the movement of less desirable than the soils rated good; and poor footings. A high water table, depth to bedrock or to a indicates that one or more soil properties or site cemented pan, large stones, slope, and flooding affect features are unfavorable for the use and overcoming the ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping the unfavorable properties requires special design, extra and grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or maintenance, or costly alteration. 6 feet are not considered. Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and a evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, site flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally features, and observed performance of the soils. limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on soil Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to properties, site features, and observed performance of a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan high water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect interfere with installation. the ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank absorption inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), fields, including excessively slow absorption of effluent, shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depth surfacing of effluent, and hillside seepage, can affect to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting public health. Ground water can be polluted if highly capacity. permeable sand and gravel or fractured bedrock is less Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf than 4 feet below the base of the absorption field, if and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established slope is excessive, or if the water table is near the and maintained. The ratings are based on soil surface. There must be unsaturated soil material properties, site features, and observed performance of beneath the absorption field to filter the effluent the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to effectively. Many local ordinances require that this bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water material be of a certain thickness. capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant growth. hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the amount of solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface layer affect level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments of trafficability after vegetation is established. compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly Sanitary Facilities impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides is Table 9 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations required to minimize seepage and contamination of that affect septic tank absorption fields, sewage ground water. lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations are Table 9 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes considered slight if soil properties and site features are up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1 generally favorable for the indicated use and limitations or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are are minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil excavated to provide material for the embankments. properties or site features are not favorable for the The ratings are based on soil properties, site features, indicated use and special planning, design, or and observed performance of the soils. Considered in maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table, limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that stones, and content of organic matter. Bergen County, New Jersey 53

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability Construction Materials in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise Table 10 gives information about the soils as a the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable content of organic matter is detrimental to proper source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic soil properties and site features that affect the removal activity. Slope, bedrock, and cemented pans can cause of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal construction problems, and large stones can hinder compaction, minor processing, and other standard compaction of the lagoon floor. construction practices are assumed. Each soil is Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of Roadfi/1 is soil material that is excavated in one place landfill-trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste and used in road embankments in another place. In this is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill for low covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in embankments, generally less than 6 feet high and less successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste exacting in design than higher embankments. is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin The ratings are for the soil material below the surface layer of soil from a source away from the site. layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed that soil Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy layers will be mixed during excavating and spreading. vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground­ Many soils have layers of contrasting suitability within water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation their profile. The table showing engineering index should be considered. properties provides detailed information about each soil The ratings in table 9 are based on soil properties, layer. This information can help to determine the site features, and observed performance of the soils. suitability of each layer for use as roadfill. The Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a performance of soil after it is stabilized with lime or high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types of cement is not considered in the ratings. landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic The ratings are based on soil properties, site layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium features, and observed performance of the soils. The affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite in place after it has been compacted and drained is investigation is needed. determined by its strength (as inferred from the Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is used engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell to cover compacted solid waste in an area sanitary potential. landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, transported Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand to the landfill, and spread over the waste. or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and affect the ease of removing and spreading the material stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are more free of large stones or excess gravel are the best cover than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and have a for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy and are plasticity index of less than 10. They have a moderate difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to wind shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25 percent, or erosion. many stones. Depth to the water table is 1 to 3 feet. Alter soil material has been removed, the soil Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of more than 10, material remaining in the borrow area must be thick a high shrink-swell potential, many stones, or slopes of enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water more than 25 percent. They are wet and have a water table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as table at a depth of less than 1 foot. They may have final cover for a landfill should be suitable for plants. layers of suitable material, but the material is less than The surface layer generally has the best workability, 3 feet thick. more organic matter, and the best potential for plants. Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for Material from the surface layer should be stockpiled for commercial use with a minimum of processing. They use as the final cover. are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications 54 Soil Survey for each use vary widely. In table 10, only the Water Management probability of finding material in suitable quantity is Table 11 gives information on the soil properties and evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific site features that affect water management. The degree purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir excavation of the material. areas; embankments, dikes, and levees; and aquifer-fed The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source excavated ponds. The limitations are considered slight if of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as soil properties and site features are generally favorable indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), for the indicated use and limitations are minor and are the thickness of suitable material, and the content of easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification features are not favorable for the indicated use and are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties. properties or site features are so unfavorable or so A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of difficult to overcome that special design, significant clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at increase in construction costs, and possibly increased least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, maintenance are required. large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable This table also gives for each soil the restrictive source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and diversions, and grassed waterways. gravel. Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low can be established and maintained. The upper 40 seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also potential is determined by the permeability of the soil evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable area. material. Excessive slope can affect the storage Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by such capacity of the reservoir area. properties as soil reaction, available water capacity, and Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised structures fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, and spreading of soil material, generally less than 20 feet high, is affected by rock fragments, slope, a water table, soil constructed to impound water or to protect land against texture, and thickness of suitable material. Reclamation overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of of the borrow area is affected by slope, a water table, material for embankment fill. The ratings apply to the rock fragments, bedrock, and toxic material. soil material below the surface layer to a depth of about Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be uniformly depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and mixed and compacted during construction. cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural less than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer, depth even greater than the height of the embankment and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. can affect performance and safety of the embankment. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that have Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to a relatively high content of clay, soils that have only 20 determine these properties. to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that have an Soil material in embankments must be resistant to appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent. The soils compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features are not so wet that excavation is difficult. include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes usable material. It also affects trafficability. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water Aquifer-fed excavated ponds are pits or dugouts that table at or near the surface. extend to a ground-water aquifer or to a depth below a The surface layer of most soils is generally preferred permanent water table. Excluded are ponds that are fed for topsoil because of its organic matter content. only by surface runoff and embankment ponds that Organic matter greatly increases the absorption and impound water 3 feet or more above the original retention of moisture and nutrients for plant growth. surface. Excavated ponds are affected by depth to a Bergen County, New Jersey 55 permanent water table, permeability of the aquifer, and permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The quality of the water as inferred from the salinity of the construction of a system is affected by large stones and soil. Depth to bedrock and the content of large stones depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The affect the ease of excavation. performance of a system is affected by the depth of the Drainage is the removal of excess surface and root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil subsurface water from the soil. How easily and reaction. effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to Terraces and diversions are embankments or a bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that combination of channels and ridges constructed across affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth a slope to control erosion and conserve moisture by to a high water table or depth of standing water if the intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large stones, and soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan affect the flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the potential construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted for frost action. Excavating and grading and the stability rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind erosion or water of ditchbanks are affected by depth to bedrock or to a erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and restricted cemented pan, large stones, slope, and the hazard of permeability adversely affect maintenance. cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after Grassed waterways are natural or constructed drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large sodium, or sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a considered in the ratings. cemented pan affect the construction of grassed Irrigation is the controlled application of water to waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic design and management of an irrigation system are substances such as salts or sodium, and restricted affected by depth to the water table, the need for permeability adversely affect the growth and drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake rate, maintenance of the grass after construction.

57

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less than 52 the course of the soil survey. The data and the percent sand. If the content of particles coarser than estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, are sand is as much as about 15 percent, an appropriate explained on the following pages. modifier is added, for example, "gravelly." Textural Soil properties are determined by field examination of terms are defined in the "Glossary." the soils and by laboratory index testing of some Classification of the soils is determined according to benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the Unified soil classification system (3) and the system followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are adopted by the American Association of State Highway made and examined to identify and classify the soils and Transportation Officials (2). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction material. laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, plasticity, Soils are classified according to grain-size distribution and compaction characteristics. of the fraction less than 3 inches in diameter and Estimates of soil properties are based on field according to plasticity index, liquid limit, and organic examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils are identified survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and SC; silty and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and OH; and observations, verify properties that cannot be estimated highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting engineering accurately by field observation, and help to characterize properties of two groups can have a dual classification, key soils. for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and Atterberg those properties that affect roadway construction and limits, the engineering classification, and the physical maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral and chemical properties of the major layers of each soil. soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified in Pertinent soil and water features also are given. one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Engineering Index Properties Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, Table 12 gives estimates of the engineering soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly organic soils classification and of the range of index properties for are classified in group A-8 on the basis of visual the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most inspection. soils have layers of contrasting properties within the If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A-7 upper 5 or 6 feet. groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4, Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional layer is indicated. The range in depth and information refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade material on other properties of each layer are given for each soil can be indicated by a group index number. Group index series under the heading "Soil Series and Their numbers range from 0 for the best subgrade material to Morphology." 20 or higher for the poorest. Texture is given in the standard terms used by the Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are U.S. Department of Agriculture (8). These terms are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry­ defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and clay weight basis. The percentages are estimates in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 millimeters determined mainly by converting volume percentage in in diameter. "Loam," for example, is soil that is 7 to 27 the field to weight percentage. 58 Soil Survey

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 structure. inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 downward movement of water when the soil is millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on saturated. They are based on soil characteristics laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area and observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the field. texture. Permeability is considered in the design of soil Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) drainage systems and septic tank absorption fields. indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The Available water capacity refers to the quantity of estimates are based on test data from the survey area water that the soil is capable of storing for use by or from nearby areas and on field examination. plants. The capacity for water storage is given in inches The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, of water per inch of soil for each major soil layer. The and plasticity index are generally rounded to the capacity varies, depending on soil properties that affect nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and the retention of water and the depth of the root zone. Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 The most important properties are the content of percentage points) across classification boundaries, the organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the structure. Available water capacity is an important factor table. in the choice of plants or crops to be grown and in the design and management of irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of Physical and Chemical Properties water actually available to plants at any given time. Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and Table 13 shows estimates of some characteristics is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey many soils, values have been verified by laboratory area. The estimates are based on field observations analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops and on test data for these and similar soils. and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. corrosion. In this table, the estimated clay content of each major Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume soil layer is given as a percentage, by weight, of the change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the fertility minerals with water and varies with the amount and and physical condition of the soil. They determine the type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the load on ability of the soil to adsorb cations and to retain the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil moisture. They influence shrink-swell potential, moisture content influence the amount of swelling of permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil dispersion, and soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of other soil properties. The amount and kind of clay in a undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For soil also affect tillage and earthmoving operations. others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at measurements of similar soils. field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very Va-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design is estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon often needed. is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. Bulk change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture density data are used to compute shrink-swell potential, content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The available water capacity, total pore space, and other classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; soil properties. The moist bulk density of a soil indicates moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, more than 6 the pore space available for water and roots. A bulk percent. Very high, greater than 9 percent, is sometimes density of more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and used. root penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil Bergen County, New Jersey 59 to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) moderately coarse texture. These soils have a to predict the average annual rate of soil loss by sheet moderate rate of water transmission. and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when are based primarily on percentage of silt, sand, and thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil structure layer that impedes the downward movement of water or and permeability. Values of K range from 0.05 to 0.69. soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These The higher the value, the more susceptible the soil is to soils have a slow rate of water transmission. sheet and rill erosion by water. Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate Erosion factor Tis an estimate of the maximum (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell that can occur without affecting crop productivity over a potential, soils that have a permanent high water table, sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per year. soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly soil at various stages of decomposition. In table 13, the impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate estimated content of organic matter is expressed as a of water transmission. percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is less Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is than 2 millimeters in diameter. caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent The content of organic matter in a soil can be slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short periods maintained or increased by returning crop residue to the after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, nor soil. Organic matter affects the available water capacity, is water in swamps and marshes. infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and Table 14 gives the frequency and duration of flooding other nutrients for crops. and the time of year when flooding is most likely to occur. Soil and Water Features Frequency, duration, and probable dates of occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as Table 14 gives estimates of various soil and water none, rare, occasional, or frequent. None means that features. The estimates are used in land use planning flooding is not probable. Rare means that flooding is that involves engineering considerations. unlikely but possible under unusual weather conditions Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff (the chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation are in any year). Occasional means that flooding occurs assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped infrequently under normal weather conditions (the according to the infiltration of water when the soils are chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in any year). thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from long­ Frequent means that flooding occurs often under normal duration storms. weather conditions (the chance of flooding is more than Soils in table 14 may be assigned to two hydrologic 50 percent in any year). Duration is expressed as very groups. Dual grouping is used for one of two reasons. brief (less than 2 days), brief (2 to 7 days), long (7 days Some soils have a seasonal high water table but can be to 1 month), and very long (more than 1 month). The drained. In this instance, the first letter is for drained time of year that floods are most likely to occur is areas and the second is for undrained areas. For some expressed in months. About two-thirds to three-fourths soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock, of all flooding occurs during the stated period. the first letter is for areas where the bedrock is cracked The information on flooding is based on evidence in and pervious and the second is for areas where the the soil profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or bedrock is impervious or where exposed bedrock clay deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in makes up more than 25 percent of the surface. organic matter content with increasing depth; and little The four hydrologic soil groups are: or no horizon development. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low Also considered are local information about the runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate of the extent of flooding based on soil data is less specific water transmission. than that provided by detailed engineering surveys that Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate delineate flood-prone areas at specific flood frequency when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of levels. moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a 60 saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone, lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated in segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the subsequent table 14 are the depth to the seasonal high water table; collapse of the soil and loss of strength on thawing. the kind of water table-that is, perched or apparent; Frost action occurs when moisture moves into the and the months of the year that the water table freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, density, commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high permeability, content of organic matter, and depth to the for less than 1 month is not indicated in table 14. water table are the most important factors considered in An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water evaluating the potential for frost action. It is assumed in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water that the soil is not insulated by vegetation or snow and stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is is not artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A clayey soils that have a high water table in winter are perched water table is water standing above an the most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, water gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible. table is separated from a lower one by a dry zone. Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing cause Two numbers in the column showing depth to the damage mainly to pavements and other rigid structures. water table indicate the normal range in depth to a Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or The first numeral in the range indicates the highest weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors as indicates that the water table is above the surface of soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and the soil. "More than 6.0" indicates that the water table electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of 6 of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium feet for less than a month. content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a depth soil. Special site examination and design may be of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil borings and needed if the combination of factors results in a severe on observations during soil mapping. The rock is either hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that soft or hard. If the rock is soft or fractured, excavations intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more can be made with trenching machines, backhoes, or susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that small rippers. If the rock is hard or massive, blasting or are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil special equipment generally is needed for excavation. layer. Subsidence is the settlement of organic soils or of For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed saturated mineral soils of very low density. Subsidence as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage generally results from either desiccation and shrinkage class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field or oxidation of organic material, or both, following capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation drainage. Subsidence takes place gradually, usually extract. over a period of several years. Table 14 shows the For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed expected total subsidence, which results from a as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, combination of factors. acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract. 61

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the National on the basis of physical and chemical properties and Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories (10). other characteristics that affect management. Generally, Beginning with the broadest, these categories are the the properties are those of horizons below plow depth order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and where there is much biological activity. Among the series. Classification is based on soil properties properties and characteristics considered are particle­ observed in the field or inferred from those observations size class, mineral content, temperature regime, depth or from laboratory measurements. Table 15 shows the of the root zone, consistence, moisture equivalent, classification of the soils in the survey area. The slope, and permanent cracks. A family name consists of categories are defined in the following paragraphs. the name of a subgroup preceded by terms that indicate ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The soil properties. An example is coarse-loamy, mixed, differences among orders reflect the dominant soil­ mesic Typic Hapludults. forming processes and the degree of soil formation. SERIES. The series consists of soils that have Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are similar example is Ultisol. in color, texture, structure, reaction, consistence, SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders mineral and chemical composition, and arrangement in primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil the profile. The texture of the surface layer or of the genesis and are important to plant growth or properties substratum can differ within a series. that reflect the most important variables within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaning Soil Series and Their Morphology humid, plus ult, from Ultisol). In this section, each soil series or higher taxonomic GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great class recognized in the survey area is described. The groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, descriptions are arranged in alphabetic order. arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic Characteristics of the soil and the material in which it horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; and formed are identified for each soil series. A pedon, a base status. Each great group is identified by the name small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of of a suborder and by a prefix that indicates a property the series in the survey area is described. The detailed of the soil. An example is Hapludults (Hap/, meaning description of each soil horizon follows standards in the minimal horizonation, plus udult, the suborder of the "Soil Survey Manual" (8). Many of the technical terms Ultisols that has a udic moisture regime). used in the descriptions are defined in "Soil Taxonomy" SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic subgroup. (10). Unless otherwise stated, colors in the descriptions Other subgroups are intergrades or extragrades. The are for moist soil. Following the pedon description is the typic is the central concept of the great group; it is not range of important characteristics of the soils. necessarily the most extensive. lntergrades are The map units of each soil series are described in transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. the section "Detailed Soil Map Units." Extragrades have some properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate Adrian Series transitions to any other known kind of soil. Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives The Adrian series consists of very deep, very poorly preceding the name of the great group. The adjective drained, organic soils that formed in nonacid organic Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great sediments. These soils are in depressions on outwash group. An example is Typic Hapludults. plains. The depressions formerly were shallow lakes or FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup ponds. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. 62 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Adrian muck, in a wooded area, broad till plains east of the Ramapo River. Slopes range 1 ,500 feet east of Pulis Avenue and 1 ,000 feet south of from 3 to 50 percent. Old Mill Road, in the borough of Franklin Lakes: Typical pedon of Boonton gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in a wooded area, 200 feet south of Oa1-0 to 6 inches; muck, black (N 2/0) broken face Franklin Avenue and 100 feet west of Anthony Place, in and rubbed; about 5 percent fiber, less than 1 the township of Wyckoff: percent rubbed; moderate fine and medium granular Ap-0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly structure; primarily herbaceous fibers; many roots loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many and small woody fragments; slightly acid; abrupt fine and few medium roots; about 20 percent gravel; smooth boundary. strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa2-6 to 13 inches; muck, black (N 2/0) broken face Bt1-6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and rubbed; about 5 percent fiber, less than 1 gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular blocky percent rubbed; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky; many fine and structure; primarily herbaceous fibers; common fine medium roots; few distinct clay films on faces of roots and small woody fragments; slightly acid; peds and in pores; about 15 percent gravel and 5 abrupt smooth boundary. percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth Oa3-13 to 25 inches; muck, black (N 2/0) broken face boundary. and rubbed; about 15 percent fiber, 5 percent Bt2-15 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; rubbed; massive; primarily herbaceous fibers; few moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; fine roots and small woody fragments; neutral; friable, slightly sticky; many medium and fine roots; abrupt smooth boundary. few distinct clay films on faces of peds and in 2C-25 to 66 inches; stratified dark brown (1 OYR 4/3) pores; about 15 percent gravel and 10 percent gravelly sand to dark gray (N 4/1) loamy fine sand; cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. single grain; loose; about 25 percent gravel in the Btx1-23 to 31 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly sand layers; mildly alkaline. gravelly fine sandy loam; weak coarse prismatic The combined thickness of the organic layers ranges structure parting to moderate thin platy; firm and from 20 to 35 inches. In most pedons the organic brittle; few fine roots along faces of prisms; few material has some partially decomposed woody distinct clay films on faces of prisms and in pores; fragments, ranging in size from one-half inch to more about 20 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt than 1 foot. The subsurface tiers may have thin layers smooth boundary. of hemic or fibric material. Reaction ranges from Btx2-31 to 36 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) moderately acid to neutral in the organic material and gravelly fine sandy loam; many medium distinct commonly becomes more alkaline with increasing dark gray (5YR 4/1) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) depth. Reaction in the C horizon is neutral or mildly mottles; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to alkaline. moderate medium platy; firm and brittle; few faint The surface tier has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR or is clay films in pores; about 30 percent gravel; neutral in hue. It has value of 2 and chroma of 0 or 1. moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. The subsurface tiers have hue of 7 .5YR or 1OYR or are Bx-36 to 41 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) gravelly neutral in hue. They have value of 2 or 3 and chroma of fine sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure; 0 to 2. firm and brittle; about 20 percent gravel; slightly The C horizon has hue of 1 OYR to 5Y, value of 3 to acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. Individual layers in which C1-41 to 44 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) gravelly chroma is dominantly 3 have mottles with chroma of 2 fine sandy loam; weak medium platy structure; or less. The C horizon ranges from sand to loamy fine friable; about 20 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt sand in the fine-earth fraction. The material is stratified wavy boundary. or nonstratified and massive or single grain. C2-44 to 66 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly loamy fine sand; massive; friable; about 25 percent gravel; slightly acid. Boonton Series The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 47 The Boonton series consists of very deep, inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 20 to 36 moderately well drained soils that formed in glacial till inches. The content of rock fragments, mainly rounded dominated by red sandstone, shale, basalt, or diabase. gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in individual These soils are generally on long, narrow ridges and horizons. The content of cobbles ranges from 0 to 1 0 Bergen County, New Jersey 63 percent in the solum and from 0 to 2 percent in the The combined thickness of the organic layers is more substratum. In areas that have not been limed, reaction than 51 inches. The material between depths of 12 and is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the upper part of 51 inches is dominantly sapric, but layers of hemic the solum, strongly acid to slightly acid in the lower part material 1 to 6 inches thick occur in some pedons. In of the solum, and moderately acid to neutral in the C most pedons woody fragments of twigs, branches, logs, horizon. or stumps occur in some horizons. These fragments The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 make up as much as 30 percent of some horizons. The or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam or silt loam in the depth to bedrock ranges from 5 to more than 10 feet. In fine-earth fraction. areas that have not been limed, reaction ranges from The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 1OYR, value of 4 very strongly acid to neutral throughout the profile. or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. In some pedons it is mottled The surface tier has weak or moderate, fine to below a depth of 20 inches. It ranges from silt loam to coarse granular structure. The subsurface tiers have fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. hue of 5YR to 1OYR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 The Btx and Bx horizons have hue of 5YR or 7 .5YR, to 3 broken face and rubbed. Value or chroma may value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. In some pedons change as much as 1 unit rubbed and typically the Btx1 horizon is mottled. The Btx and Bx horizons becomes darker upon exposure to air. The subsurface are gravelly loam or gravelly fine sandy loam. They are tiers are massive or have weak granular structure or firm and brittle or very firm and brittle. weak subangular blocky structure. In some pedons the The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 3 upper part of the subsurface tiers has moderate to 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is fine sandy loam, loamy structure. fine sand, or the gravelly analogs of these textures. It is massive or has weak platy structure. It is friable or firm. Dunellen Series Carlisle Series The Dunellen series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in acid stratified material. The Carlisle series consists of very deep, very poorly These soils are on outwash plains and stream terraces drained soils that formed in organic deposits derived east of the Saddle River. Slopes range from 0 to 25 primarily from woody plants. These soils are in low percent. areas, bogs, and swamps that formerly were lakes and Typical pedon of Dunellen loam, 8 to 15 percent ponds. Slopes are generally 0 to 1 percent but range slopes, in a wooded area, 100 feet east of the northern from 0 to 2 percent. end of Mohawk Avenue, in the borough of Norwood: Typical pedon of Carlisle muck, in an idle field, 1,500 feet south of Ridgewood Road and 2,000 feet east of A-0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) Pascack Road, in the township of Washington, across loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; from Beth-El and Cedar Park Cemeteries: many fine roots; about 2 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Oa1-0 to 6 inches; muck, black (5YR 2/1) broken face Bt1-3 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak fine and rubbed; about 10 percent fiber, 5 percent and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; rubbed; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few faint clay films in neutral; clear wavy boundary. pores; about 2 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual Oa2-6 to 12 inches; muck, black (5YR 2/1) broken wavy boundary. face and rubbed; about 10 percent fiber, 5 percent Bt2-15 to 26 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak rubbed; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly primarily woody fibers; neutral; abrupt wavy sticky; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of boundary. peds; about 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; Oa3-12 to 48 inches; muck, black (5YR 2/1) broken abrupt wavy boundary. face and rubbed; about 40 percent fiber, 5 percent 2C-26 to 66 inches; stratified reddish brown (5YR 4/4) rubbed; massive; friable; primarily herbaceous gravelly sand, sand, and loamy sand and brown fibers; many woody fragments one-fourth inch to 6 (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; single grain and friable in inches in diameter; neutral; clear wavy boundary. the sandy strata; massive and friable in the sandy Oa4-48 to 66 inches; muck, dark reddish brown (5YR loam strata;. 5 to 25 percent gravel in individual 2/2) broken face and rubbed; about 20 percent strata; moderately acid. fiber, less than 10 percent rubbed; massive; primarily woody fibers; many woody fragments one­ The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 40 fourth inch to 6 inches in diameter; neutral. inches. The content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to 64 Soil Survey

15 percent in the solum and from 5 to 50 percent in the structure; friable; about 20 percent gravel; many C horizon. In areas that have not been limed, reaction fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid and boundary. generally becomes more alkaline with increasing depth. BA- 8 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR, value of 3 few fine faint brown (7.5YR 5/2) and strong brown or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 7 .5YR, value of 3 structure; friable; about 15 percent gravel; common or 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam or fine sandy loam fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. in the fine-earth fraction. Bt1 - 15 to 23 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly The C horizon has hue of 5YR or 7 .5YR and value loam; many coarse distinct reddish gray (5YR 5/2) and chroma of 3 or 4. It is stratified or nonstratified. If mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; nonstratified, it is sand or loamy sand in the fine-earth friable; few distinct clay films on faces of peds; few fraction. If stratified, it has thin strata of sandy loam in fine roots; about 15 percent gravel and 5 percent most pedons. cobbles; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt2-23 to 31 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly Fluvaquents sandy loam; many coarse distinct reddish gray (5YR 5/2) mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular Fluvaquents consist of very deep, somewhat poorly blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on drained to very poorly drained soils that formed in faces of peds; about 15 percent gravel and 10 recent water-laid sediments. These soils are on flood percent cobbles; slightly acid; abrupt wavy plains. They are subject to frequent flooding of long boundary. duration. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Bx-31 to 43 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) gravelly Because of the variability of Fluvaquents, a typical fine sandy loam; few faint gray (5YR 5/1) silt pedon is not described. The depth to bedrock is coatings on faces of peds; weak coarse prismatic generally more than 60 inches. The content of gravel structure parting to weak thin platy; firm , brittle; ranges from 0 to 25 percent in the solum and from 0 to about 15 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; 35 percent in the C horizon. In areas that have not slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. been limed, reaction is slightly acid or moderately acid C-43 to 66 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) gravelly in the solum and slightly acid or neutral in the C sandy loam; massive; friable; about 30 percent horizon. gravel and 2 percent cobbles; neutral. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR or is neutral in hue. It has value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60 2. It is generally silt loam or loam, but in very poorly inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 24 to 35 drained areas it is muck. inches. The content of rock fragments, mainly gravel The 8 and C horizons have hue of 5YR to 1OYR or and cobbles, ranges from 5 to 25 percent in the solum are neutral in hue. They have value of 3 to 5 and and from 15 to 35 percent in the C horizon. In areas chroma of 0 to 4. The texture of the 8 horizon ranges that have not been limed, reaction is strongly acid or from silt loam to silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. moderately acid in the upper part of the solum, The texture of the C horizon ranges from sandy loam to moderately acid or slightly acid in the lower part of the silty clay loam in the fine-earth fraction . solum, and slightly acid or neutral in the C horizon. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 Haledon Series or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Haledon series consists of very deep, somewhat The BA horizon has hue of 7 .5YR or 1OYR and value poorly drained soils that formed in glacial till. These and chroma of 4 to 6. soils are in long, narrow drainageways or oval The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to depressions on upland till plains and the broader till 1OYR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The lower ridges. Slopes range from 3 to 8 percent. part has hue of 5YR to 1OYR, value of 4 or 5, and Typical pedon of Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 chroma of 3 to 6. This horizon has few or common percent slopes, in a grassed area, 50 feet north of East mottles with chroma of 2 or less above a depth of 14 Allendale Road and 2,500 feet east of East Saddle inches and common or many mottles with chroma of 2 River Road, in the borough of Saddle River: or less between that depth and the top of the fragipan. The horizon is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or Ap-0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) the gravelly analogs of these textures. gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium granular The Bx horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 Bergen County, New Jersey 65 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, fine sandy loam, the Bx and C horizons. In areas that have not been sandy loam, or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of these limed, reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly textures. It is firm or very firm. acid above the fragipan and is moderately acid or The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 3 slightly acid in the Bx horizon. It is slightly acid or or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. neutral in the C horizon, but in some pedons it is mildly alkaline below a depth of 60 inches. Hasbrouck Series The A horizon has hue of SYR to 1OYR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. The Hasbrouck series consists of very deep, poorly The E horizon has hue of SYR to 1OYR, value of 3 to drained soils that formed in acid glacial till deposits 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is loam, fine sandy loam, or capped with 2 to 3 feet of alluvial material. These soils silt loam in the fine-earth fraction. are generally at the lower end of long, narrow The BEg horizon has hue of SYR to 1OYR, value of 3 drainageways or in roughly oval depressions on till to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. high-chroma mottles. It is loam or fine sandy loam in Typical pedon of Hasbrouck loam, 0 to 3 percent the fine-earth fraction. slopes, very stony, in a wooded area, 50 feet north of The Btg horizon has hue of SYR to 1OYR, value of 3 East Clinton Avenue and 350 feet west of Route 9W, in to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many the borough of Tenafly: high-chroma mottles. It is loam, clay loam, or sandy A-0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (1 OYR 2/2) loam; clay loam in the fine-earth fraction. weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine and The Bx horizon has hue of SYR to 1OYR and value medium roots; about 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, fine sandy loam, or abrupt smooth boundary. sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. Eg-4 to 7 inches; very dark gray (5YR 3/1) loam; weak The C horizon has hue of 10R to 7.5YR, value of 4 fine and medium granular structure; friable; common to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is massive throughout or fine and medium roots; about 5 percent gravel and has thick platy structure in the upper part. It is generally 1 percent stones; strongly acid; abrupt smooth very firm or firm and weakly brittle or friable, but the boundary. lower subhorizons are firm or friable. It ranges from BEg-7 to 18 inches; gray (5YR 5/1) fine sandy loam; loamy sand to loam in the fine-earth fraction. common medium prominent light reddish brown (SYR 6/4) mottles; weak fine and medium Hibernia Series subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and The Hibernia series consists of very deep, somewhat medium roots; about 10 percent gravel; strongly poorly drained soils that formed in acid glacial till acid; abrupt wavy boundary. deposits. These soils are generally in long, narrow Btg-18 to 29 inches; reddish gray (SYR 5/2) sandy drainageways in areas of the upland ridge-and-valley clay loam; many medium and coarse prominent terrain west of the Ramapo River. Coarse fragments in strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and distinct light reddish these soils are mainly gneiss and schist. Slopes range brown (SYR 6/4) mottles; weak fine and medium from 3 to 8 percent. subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; Typical pedon of Hibernia loam, 3 to 8 percent few faint clay films on faces of peds; about 10 slopes, very stony, in a wooded area, 3,600 feet west of percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; moderately the Ramapo River and 700 feet north of the entrance acid; abrupt wavy boundary. road to Camp Glen Gray, in an unnamed tributary of Bx-29 to 42 inches; reddish brown (SYR 5/3) fine Fox Brook, in the township of Mahwah: sandy loam; weak thick platy structure; firm in place, friable and brittle when removed; about 15 A-0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; C-42 to 66 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) gravelly friable; many medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt fine sandy loam; massive; friable; about 20 percent smooth boundary. gravel; neutral. BA-6 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the surface. The structure; friable; common medium roots; few thin thickness of the solum ranges from 26 to 40 inches. grayish brown (1 OYR 5/2) silt coatings on faces of Depth to the fragipan ranges from 16 to 30 inches. The peds; about 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt content of gravel ranges from 2 to 20 percent in the smooth boundary. upper part of the solum and from 15 to 35 percent in Bt-13 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; 66 Soil Survey

many medium and coarse distinct dark grayish on outwash plains east of the Saddle River. Slopes brown (1 OYR 4/2) and prominent reddish yellow range from 15 to 35 percent. (7.5YR 4/8) mottles; moderate medium and coarse Typical pedon of Otisville gravelly loamy sand, 15 to subangular blocky structure; friable, sticky; few fine 25 percent slopes, in a wooded area, 700 feet west of roots; many prominent clay films on faces of peds the Ramapo River and 1,200 north of Bear Swamp and in pores; about 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; Road, in the township of Mahwah: abrupt wavy boundary. Bx-30 to 46 inches; dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 4/4) A-0 to 3 inches; brown (1 OYR 4/3) gravelly loamy gravelly sandy loam; many coarse distinct yellowish sand; weak fine granular structure; friable; many brown (1 OYR 5/8) and brownish yellow (1 OYR 6/8) fine roots; about 20 percent gravel; very strongly mottles; dark gray (1 OYR 4/1) coatings on faces of acid; abrupt smooth boundary. prisms; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting Bw1-3 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) to weak thick platy; very firm and brittle; about 20 gravelly loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid; friable; common fine and medium roots; about 25 abrupt wavy boundary. percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth C-46 to 66 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly boundary. sandy loam; massive; friable; about 35 percent Bw2-5 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravel; strongly acid. gravelly loamy sand; very weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; about Stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the surface. The 30 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth thickness of the solum ranges from 33 to 50 inches. boundary. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 20 to 32 inches. The Bw3-12 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) content of gravel and cobbles ranges from 5 to 25 gravelly sand; single grain; loose; few fine and percent in the solum. In the C horizon, it is dominantly medium roots; about 30 percent gravel; very 15 to 35 percent but ranges from 15 to 50 percent in strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. some areas. In areas that have not been limed, reaction C-20 to 66 inches; dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 4/4) ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid in the A and extremely gravelly sand; single grain; loose; about BA horizons and is very strongly acid or strongly acid in 65 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; very the B and C horizons. strongly acid. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some pedons have an E The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 28 horizon. This horizon is less than 4 inches thick and has inches. The content of gravel ranges from 0 to 35 value 1 or 2 units higher than in the A horizon. percent in the A horizon, from 20 to 35 percent in the B The BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 horizon, and from 35 to 65 percent in the C horizon. or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam or sandy loam. The content of cobbles and stones ranges from 0 to 5 The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y and value percent in the B horizon and from 0 to 10 percent in the and chroma of 4 to 6. It is silt loam, sandy loam, or C horizon. In areas that have not been limed, reaction cobbly loam. It has common or many mottles or ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid in the solum coatings with chroma of 2 or less on faces of peds. In and from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the C some subhorizons it has mottles with higher chroma. horizon. The Bx horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y and value The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 and chroma of 4 to 6. It is gravelly loam or gravelly or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is sandy loam or loamy sandy loam. It has common gray coatings on faces of sand in the fine-earth fraction. peds. Consistence is firm and brittle or very firm and The B horizon has hue of 5YR to 1OYR, value of 4 or brittle. 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand or sand in the The C horizon has hue of 1OYR to 5Y, value of 4 or fine-earth fraction. 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is gravelly loamy sand or The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 gravelly sandy loam. In some pedons it has few faint or to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. In most pedons the material distinct mottles in the upper part. is stratified. It is dominantly loamy sand and sand in the fine-earth fraction. Otisville Series Pascack Series The Otisville series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils that formed in glacial outwash. The Pascack series consists of very deep, somewhat These soils are dominantly on small, low, rounded hills poorly drained soils that formed in glacial outwash. Bergen County, New Jersey 67

These soils are in depressions of varying shape on The BA, Bt, and BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR or outwash terraces and in remnants of postglacial 1OYR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. Both high­ lakebeds east of the Ramapo River. Slopes range from and low-chroma mottles are within the upper 24 inches 0 to 3 percent. of the argillic horizon. This horizon is fine sandy loam or Typical pedon of Pascack silt loam, 0 to 3 percent sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction but may be loamy slopes, in a wooded area, 400 feet south of Willow sand in the lower part. Drive and 650 feet west of the western end of Forest The 2C horizon has hue of 5YR to 1OYR and value Avenue, in the borough of Old Tappan: and chroma of 2 to 6. It is stratified sand to sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. It commonly has thin lenses or Ap-0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2) strata of finer textured material less than 2 inches thick. silt loam, pale brown (1 OYR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Preakness Series BA-5 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; few medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) The Preakness series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained soils that formed in mottles; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; about 5 sand and gravel deposits from glacial outwash capped with finer textured material from local alluvial deposits. percent fine gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. These soils are in broad depressions on outwash plains and on flood plains along the major streams. Slopes Bt-12 to 26 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; many medium and coarse faint strong brown range from 0 to 3 percent. (7.5YR 5/6) and brown (7.5YR 5/2) mottles; Typical pedon of Preakness silt loam, in a wooded area, 1,000 feet south of Willow Drive and 500 feet moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few faint clay west of the western end of Forest Avenue, in the films on faces of peds; about 5 percent fine gravel; borough of Old Tappan: strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. A-0 to 10 inches; black (1 OYR 2/1) silt loam, gray BC-26 to 32 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) sandy loam; (1 OYR 5/1) dry; moderate fine granular structure; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) coatings on faces of peds; friable; many fine and medium roots; very strongly weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; acid; abrupt smooth boundary. few fine roots; about 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; Bg1-10 to 20 inches; dark gray (N 4/0) fine sandy abrupt wavy boundary. loam; many coarse distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) 2C1-32 to 52 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loamy and few distinct light brown (7.5YR 6/4) mottles; sand; many coarse prominent gray (5YR 6/1) weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few mottles; weak thick platy structure; friable; common fine roots; about 5 percent fine gravel; very strongly black (1 OYR 2/1) stains and small concretions; acid; abrupt wavy boundary. about 2 percent fine gravel; strongly acid; abrupt Bg2-20 to 26 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) fine smooth boundary. sandy loam; few distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) 2C2-52 to 72 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4), dark mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; reddish gray (5YR 4/2), brown (7.5YR 5/4), and friable; few fine roots; few small spherical clay and pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2), stratified loamy sand, silt bodies 3 to 6 millimeters in diameter; very sand, and loamy very fine sand; single grain and strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. loose in the sandy strata; massive and friable in the BCg-26 to 35 inches; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) loamy loamy sand strata; 0 to 20 percent fine gravel in the fine sand; few distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) individual sandy layers; strongly acid. mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 friable; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. inches. The content of gravel ranges from 0 to 15 C1-35 to 48 inches; stratified brown (7.5YR 5/4) sand, percent in individual horizons in the solum and from 0 to fine sand, and gravelly loamy fine sand and pinkish 35 percent in individual strata of the C horizon. In areas gray (7.5YR 5/2) very fine sand and silt; strata are 3 that have not been limed, reaction is very strongly acid to 6 millimeters thick; many fine distinct brown or strongly acid in the solum and the upper part of the (7.5YR 5/4) mottles; massive; friable; about 20 C horizon and ranges from very strongly acid to percent gravel in the gravelly strata; strongly acid; moderately acid in the lower part of the C horizon. abrupt smooth boundary. The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of C2-48 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) gravelly 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. sand; single grain; loose; about 20 percent gravel; 68 Soil Survey

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. gravelly sand; single grain; loose; few medium C3-60 to 66 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) loamy roots; about 20 percent gravel and 10 percent fine sand; massive; friable; moderately acid. cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. C2-36 to 66 inches; stratified yellowish brown (1 OYR The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 35 5/4) and dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 4/4) gravelly inches. The content of gravel ranges from 0 to 20 sand; single grain; loose; about 30 percent gravel percent in the solum and from 0 to 40 percent in the C and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid. horizon. In areas that have not been limed, reaction is generally very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 35 the profile but may be moderately acid below a depth of inches. The content of gravel ranges from 0 to 20 60 inches. percent in the A horizon, from 5 to 20 percent in the B The A horizon has hue of 1OYR, value of 2 or 3, and horizon, and from 0 to 50 percent in the C horizon. In chroma of 1 or 2. areas that have not been limed, reaction is dominantly The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR or is very strongly acid or strongly acid but may be neutral in hue. It has value of 4 to 8 and chroma of 0 to moderately acid below a depth of 40 inches. 2. Texture of the fine-earth fraction is fine sandy loam The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR, value of 3 or sandy loam in the upper part of the B horizon and or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. loamy fine sand to sandy loam in the lower part. The The Bw and BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR or coarsest textures generally are in the lowest 1OYR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture of subhorizon. the fine-earth fraction is sandy loam or fine sandy loam The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 5Y or 5GY, value in the Bw horizon and sandy loam or loamy sand in the of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is sand, fine sand, BC horizon. and loamy fine sand in the fine-earth fraction. Strata The C horizon has hue of 1OYR or 2.5Y, value of 4 with coarser textures are single grain and loose. Strata to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loamy sand or sand in with loamy textures are massive and friable. the fine-earth fraction. It is commonly stratified.

Riverhead Series Rockaway Series

The Riverhead series consists of very deep, well The Rockaway series consists of very deep, drained soils that formed in glacial outwash deposits of moderately well drained soils that formed in glacial till sand, silt, and some gravel. These soils are on stream deposits. These soils are on long, narrow ridges and terraces primarily west of the Saddle River. Slopes dissected till plains west of the Ramapo River. Coarse range from 0 to 15 percent. fragments in the soils are dominantly gneiss and schist. Typical pedon of Riverhead sandy loam, 3 to 8 Slopes range from 8 to 35 percent. percent slopes, in an abandoned pine plantation, 3,600 Typical pedon of Rockaway gravelly loam, 25 to 35 feet north of Franklin Lake Road and 600 feet east of percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area, 50 feet Spear Street, in the borough of Oakland: north of Lake Vreeland in Camp Glen Gray and 7,000 feet west of the west bank of the Ramapo River: Ap----0 to 6 inches; dark brown (1 OYR 3/3) sandy loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; A-0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly loam; many fine and medium roots; about 5 percent weak medium and coarse granular structure; friable; gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. many fine and common medium roots; about 15 Bw-6 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 5/6) percent gravel and cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt gravelly sandy loam; weak fine and medium smooth boundary. subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine E-2 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 5/6) gravelly and medium roots; about 15 percent gravel and 5 loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth fine and medium roots; about 15 percent gravel and boundary. 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy BC-24 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) boundary. gravelly loamy sand; weak fine and medium Bt1-8 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) granular structure; very friable; few medium roots; gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular about 20 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky; common fine strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. and medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of C1-28 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 5/6) peds; about 20 percent gravel and 5 percent Bergen County, New Jersey 69

cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Sulfaquents Bt2-17 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) gravelly loam; common medium and coarse distinct Sulfaquents consist of very deep, very poorly dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) mottles; moderate medium drained, mineral soils that formed in estuarine tidal and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable, marshes. These soils are on either side of the sticky; few fine and medium roots; many distinct Hackensack River south of the confluence with clay films on faces of peds and in pores; about 20 Overpeck Creek. They are subject to daily tidal flooding. percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. boundary. Because of the variability of Sulfaquents, a typical Btx-25 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (1 OYR 4/4) pedon is not described. The depth to bedrock is more gravelly loam; few medium distinct dark brown than 60 inches. The content of gravel ranges from 0 to (7 .5YR 3/2) mottles; moderate medium and thick 15 percent in the A horizon and from 0 to 75 percent in platy structure; firm and brittle, slightly sticky; few individual strata of the C horizon. In some areas the faint clay films in pores; about 20 percent gravel; mineral material is overlain by a layer of organic strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. material less than 16 inches thick. Reaction is slightly Bx-34 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) acid or neutral when the soils are wet, but it is strongly gravelly fine sandy loam; weak thick platy structure; acid or very strongly acid when the soils are dry. firm and brittle; about 25 percent gravel and 5 The A horizon has hue of 5YR to 1OYR or is neutral percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy in hue. It has value of 2 and chroma of 0 to 2. Value is boundary. 1 or 2 units higher when the soils are dry. Where the C-42 to 66 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly surface layer is organic, the material is sapric. Where loamy sand; massive; firm in place, friable when the surface layer is mineral, it is silt loam, loam, or fine removed; about 25 percent gravel and 5 percent sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction and the content of cobbles; strongly acid. organic matter ranges from 10 to 20 percent. The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y or is neutral in Stones that are 1 to 2 feet in diameter cover 0.1 to hue. It has value of 4 to 8 and chroma of 0 to 4. The 5.0 percent of the surface. The thickness of the solum soil material is stratified or varved. It ranges from sand ranges from 30 to 45 inches. Depth to the fragipan to clay in the fine-earth fraction of individual strata. ranges from 24 to 40 inches. The content of gravel and cobbles ranges from 10 to 25 percent in the horizons Sulfihemists above the fragipan, from 10 to 35 percent in the fragipan, and from 25 to 45 percent in the C horizon. In Sulfihemists consist of very deep, very poorly areas that have not been limed, reaction is very drained, organic soils that formed in estuarine tidal strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the profile. marshes. These soils are on either side of the The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR and value Hackensack River south of the confluence with and chroma of 3 or 4. Overpeck Creek. They are subject to tidal flooding. The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. It ranges from loam to Because of the variability of Sulfihemists, a typical sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. pedon is not described. The depth to bedrock is The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 1OYR, value of 4 dominantly more than 10 feet, but it may be within a or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. It is loam or sandy loam in depth of 60 inches in some areas. The combined the fine-earth fraction. It has few or common faint or thickness of the organic layers ranges from 16 to more distinct dark stains in the lower part. It has weak or than 51 inches. The organic layers do not contain moderate subangular blocky structure. gravel, but the content of gravel, dominantly fine or very The Btx and Bx horizons have colors and textures fine gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the similar to those of the Bt horizon. They have weak or underlying mineral material. Reaction is slightly acid or moderate thick platy structure. They are firm and brittle neutral when the soils are moist, but it is very strongly or very firm and brittle. In some pedons they have few acid when the soils are dry. thin clay films lining pores. The surface tier has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR or is The C horizon has hue of 1OYR to 5Y, value of 4 or neutral in hue. It has value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is sandy loam or loamy sand 2. The organic material is mainly hemic, and the sapric in the fine-earth fraction. Consistence is firm or friable. layers are less than 10 inches thick above a depth of 51 In some pedons the upper part of the C horizon is part inches. Some areas have interbedded layers or lenses of the fragipan and is brittle. of mineral material less than 8 inches thick. Where the 70 Soil Survey organic material is less than 51 inches thick, the A-0 to 3 inches; dark brown (1 OYR 3/3) gravelly loam; underlying mineral material has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y or strong medium and coarse granular structure; very is neutral in hue. It has value of 4 to 8 and chroma of 0 friable; many fine and medium roots; about 20 to 4. The texture is dominantly fine sandy loam or silt percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles and stones; loam in the fine-earth fraction, but it ranges from sand strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. to clay in individual strata. The mineral material is Bw1-3 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) stratified or varved. gravelly loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; about 20 percent gravel and 3 Udorthents percent cobbles and stones; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. Udorthents consist of deep and very deep, well Bw2-9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (1 OYR 5/6) drained and moderately well drained soils that formed in gravelly loam; moderate fine to coarse angular and material transported by human activity or in the original subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and C horizon of mineral soils. Udorthents are in the medium roots; about 20 percent gravel and 3 uplands throughout the survey area and in the tidal percent cobbles and stones; strongly acid; clear marsh areas along the Hackensack River and its wavy boundary. tributaries. Slopes are dominantly 0 to 3 percent. In Bw3-17 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) some narrow perimeter areas, they range from gently gravelly loam; moderate coarse angular blocky sloping to very steep. structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; Because of the variability of Udorthents, a typical some clay and silt bridging sand grains; about 20 pedon is not described. The depth to bedrock ranges percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles and stones; from 40 to more than 60 inches. The content of gravel strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. ranges from 0 to 70 percent in individual strata, and the Cd-24 to 65 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) and content of stones ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Some strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) gravelly fine sandy loam; areas contain thick or extremely thick layers of partially massive; very firm in place, brittle or friable when decomposed organic material and nonsoil material, or removed; very few medium roots; about 25 percent solid waste. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to very gravel; moderately acid. strongly acid throughout. In areas where Udorthents have been in place and Stones cover 0.1 to 3.0 percent of the surface. The undisturbed for several years, a thin A horizon has thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 36 inches. formed. This horizon is 2 to 4 inches thick. It has hue of The depth to bedrock is commonly more than 6 feet. 7.5YR or 10YR and value and chroma of 3 or 4. It The content of rock fragments ranges from 15 to 25 ranges from fine sandy loam to silt loam in the fine­ percent throughout the profile. As much as 5 percent of earth fraction, but it is dominantly loam. the rock fragments is cobbles and stones. The The C horizon is variable and generally resembles fragments are mostly subrounded and are dominantly the mineral material of the adjacent undisturbed soils. diabase, basalt, and sandstone and minor amounts of Areas used for waste disposal have layers of organic or quartz, gneiss, and schist. In areas that have not been nonorganic material in various stages of decomposition. limed, reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid in the solum and strongly acid or moderately acid in the C Wethersfield Series horizon. The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value The Wethersfield series consists of very deep, well and chroma of 2 to 4. drained soils that formed in glacial till deposits The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 1OYR, value of 3 dominated by red sandstone and basalt or diabase. to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, silt loam, or fine These soils are on long, narrow ridges and broad till sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. In some pedons plains in the northern part of the county, east of the few fine and medium faint mottles are immediately Ramapo River. Slopes range from 3 to 50 percent. above the C horizon. The Bw horizon has angular or Typical pedon of Wethersfield gravelly loam, in an subangular blocky structure. area of Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 8 The Cd horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of percent slopes; in a wooded area, 1,500 feet west of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is dominantly fine sandy U.S. Route 9W and 100 feet northeast of the water loam in the fine-earth fraction, but the range includes tower in the Boy Scouts of America camp, in the loam that contains less than 10 percent clay. borough of Alpine: Consistence is firm or very firm in place. Bergen County, New Jersey 71

The Wethersfield soils in Bergen County are because they have faint clay films. These differences, taxadjuncts because they have browner colors in the however, do not significantly affect the use and subsoil than are defined as the range for the series and management of the soils.

73

Formation of the Soils

Soil is a product of the soil-forming processes acting sandstone and shale on ridges and side slopes on material deposited or accumulated through geologic throughout the rest of the county. Rockaway and forces. The five factors that typically influence soil Hibernia soils formed as a result of weathering of the development are parent material, climate, plant and granitic glacial till. Boonton and Haledon soils formed as animal life, relief, and time. Each of these factors a result of weathering of the shale and sandstone functions interdependently with the other factors; glacial till. consequently, changes in one factor can alter the When the glacial ice sheet of the Wisconsin age effects of the others. In some areas one factor may melted, the material transported by the ice sheet dominate the formation of a soil and determine most of remained as a blanket of glacial till over the bedrock. its properties. As the meltwater poured from the glacier, the water In Bergen County, approximately two-thirds of the carried gravel, sand, silt, and clay with it. In Bergen total land area has been strongly affected by human County this material, called glacial outwash, was activity. For example, the use of bulldozers and other deposited mainly in the basin between the Ramapo earthmoving equipment has destroyed some soils and Mountains and the foot slopes of the Palisades. Otisville created or modified others. Because human activity has and Riverhead soils formed in glacial outwash. influenced the other factors of soil formation, its effects An ancient lake known as Lake Hackensack was on the soils are included in the description of each created by the meltwater as the glacier retreated. It factor. covered a large acreage of the area that is now Bergen County. The former lakebed was filled with stratified Parent Material sediments of clay, silt, and sand. The valleys associated with the Hackensack River and its tributaries Parent material is the unconsolidated organic or are all that remain of this lake. Dunellen soils formed in mineral mass in which a soil forms. The type of parent the sandy and silty sediments. The soils that formed in material determines the texture and mineral composition the clayey sediments were at the southern end of the of the soil. In the early stages of soil development, valley. They were mined for brickmaking or are properties that are inherited from the parent material completely covered by structures or other impervious are the most evident. In later stages, these properties surfaces. are modified and the soil acquires characteristics of its Recent alluvial sediments consist of material that own. eroded from the glacial outwash and lakebed sediments In Bergen County the soils formed in four general and was redeposited in the flood plains along stream types of parent material. These include material valleys. Some areas of remnant lakes and ponds were deposited by glacial action, called glacial till; filled in with organic material and mineral sediments. unconsolidated sediments from glacial outwash and Adrian and Carlisle soils formed in these highly organic ancient lake materials that overlie rocks of the materials. Sulfihemists and Sulfaquents also formed in Precambrian or Triassic age; recent alluvial sediments recent alluvial sediments. They are in tidal marsh areas derived from eroded glacial till or outwash slopes; and and are flooded daily by tides. mixed deposits of fill material consisting of rock Much of the soil material in the survey area formed in fragments, sand, silt, clay, inorganic substances, and parent material that has been deposited or extensively organic material. disturbed by human activity. The loamy Udorthents Glacial till material in Bergen County is derived from formed in areas that have been cut and filled. granitic rocks that are mainly on the ridges and side Udorthents that have an organic substratum formed in slopes of the Ramapo Mountains and from red areas of tidal marsh that were covered by fill for 74 Soil Survey construction sites or sanitary landfills, and Udorthents weathering, these carbonates have moved downward that have a refuse substratum formed in sanitary into the subsoil and substratum or out of the soil. landfills. The Udorthents that have an organic or a refuse substratum contain a high concentration of Plant and Animal Life nonmineral material mixed with the fill. All living organisms, including vegetation, bacteria, Climate fungi, and animals, are important to soil formation. Vegetation can influence erosion, the runoff rate, the Climate affects the physical, chemical, and biological available water capacity, and the content of organic properties of the soil through the influence of rainfall matter. Leaves, grasses, twigs, and crops add organic and temperature. Water supports biological activity. It matter to the soil. In forested areas leaf litter, twigs, and dissolves and transports minerals and organic residue decayed roots make up the organic surface horizons downward through the soil profile. Also, it influences the and darken the A horizon. In open fields, cultivated weathering of rocks and minerals and the removal and areas, and suburban yards, grasses and crop residue deposition of material by erosion. The amount of water darken the Ap horizon. that moves through a soil is determined by the amount Trees and other plants bring plant nutrients from the of rainfall, the relative humidity, the temperature, and lower part of the solum to the upper layers of the soil. the degree of slope and by the rate of water infiltration Vegetation also forms a protective cover that slows and the permeability in the soil. Temperature influences down the erosion process and influences soil the kind and amount of plants, the kind of animals and temperature. Channeling by roots and the uprooting of their activities, and the rate of chemical and physical trees mixes soil material. The organic matter added by processes that are part of weathering and soil plants alters the chemical processes in the soil and formation. results in the formation of humus. The soils of Bergen County formed in a temperate, Earthworms, insects, and small animals add organic moist climate that probably was not greatly different matter to the soil and mix soil material, thereby making from the present climate. The average annual the soil more porous and allowing water and air to temperature is about 53 degrees F. The distribution of infiltrate the soil. Bacteria, fungi, and other micro­ rainfall is fairly uniform throughout the year. Winters are organisms break down plant and animal residues. In typically short, and the temperature is extremely low for areas where a high water table restricts these only brief periods of time. Periods of high temperature processes, a large amount of organic material in the summer are usually short. accumulates in the surface layer and subsoil. Adrian Climate varies slightly throughout the county, but the and Carlisle soils and Sulfihemists are examples of differences are too small to be reflected in generalized soils in which organic material has accumulated in the soil properties. For example, the higher elevations that surface layer and subsoil. are away from the urban areas have slightly cooler The effects of human activity on the soils are most temperatures and a shorter growing season. Also, noticeable in areas where the soils have eroded or have urban heat in areas of high population density can been drained, excavated, or filled. Cultivating the soils, increase the average soil temperature. Greater applying fertilizer, and landscaping also change soil extremes in temperature can occur around buildings. properties and characteristics. Walking and driving over The temperature and rainfall in Bergen County the soil can result in compaction. Except for major contribute to the nearly continuous weathering of rocks landforming operations, most of the changes caused by and minerals. Under these conditions, soluble minerals human activities occur slowly; however, human activity and fine particles are leached by water from the surface is significant because of the extent and magnitude of layer into the lower horizons or are leached completely the alterations that result. out of the soils. Many of the soils in the county were deposited by Relief water. In these soils, most of the soluble bases were already dissolved and washed away before deposition. Relief affects soil formation through its influence on The high rainfall has removed the remaining bases so drainage, erosion, plant cover, and soil temperature. that nearly all of the soils have a pH level of 4 or 5 in Soils on flood plains, on broad flats, or in depressions their natural condition. The soils that formed in glacial are generally wetter than soils in the uplands. Soils on till, such as Boonton, Haledon, and Hasbrouck soils, flood plains typically have mottles in the subsoil as a have large amounts of carbonates. As a result of result of alternate wetting and drying of the soil layers Bergen County, New Jersey 75 as the water table fluctuates. Red colors in some soils Time are caused by the oxidation of iron. Gray colors are caused by the reduction and removal of iron. The poorly The time needed for a soil to form depends on the drained Hasbrouck soils are examples of wet soils that influences of the other soil-forming factors. Soil have mottles and have gray matrix colors. Soils on flood formation is more rapid in a warm, moist climate than in plains that are frequently flooded, such as Fluvaquents, a cool, dry climate. Also, some kinds of parent material are constantly being altered. Consequently, they have are more resistant to weathering than others. For less profile development than soils on uplands or example, quartz is a very hard mineral that may change terraces, such as Dunellen soils. very little by weathering, even if it is exposed to the Relief greatly affects the potential for erosion. The elements for centuries. Riverhead soils have a less well hazard of erosion is much greater in the steeper areas developed profile than other soils of similar age that on uplands than in nearly level areas or on broad flats. have less quartz in the earthy material. Thus, the age of The soils in gently sloping areas form at a faster rate a soil is measured by the degree of profile development than the soils in areas that are more susceptible to rather than by the length of time during which the soil­ erosion. Thus, the gently sloping soils show more forming processes have been taking place. evidence of horizon development than the steeper soils. Very young soils, such as those that formed in recent In Bergen County, the results of human activity alluvium or in materials recently deposited by humans, complicate any analysis of the effects of relief on soil are essentially unaltered parent material. Examples are formation. Most soils on manmade land surfaces have Fluvaquents and Udorthents. These soils do not have been disturbed to such an extent that differences in distinct soil horizons and show little other evidence of color and other properties that are normally associated soil development. with topographic differences are not evident. By shaping A soil is considered to be mature when it has the land and making new landforms, people have developed a distinct profile. Soils with well developed changed drainage relationships and thereby changed profiles may be deep over bedrock or have distinct color some of the chemical and physical processes in the differences or differences in content of clay between soils. Udorthents are examples of soils that have been horizons. Dunellen and Boonton soils are examples of created or strongly altered by human activity. mature soils in the survey area.

77

References

(1) Allan, P.F., L.E. Garland, and R. Dugan. 1963. Rating northeastern soils for their suitability for wildlife habitat. 28th North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Cont., Wildl. Manage. lnst., pp. 247-261.

(2) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(3) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(4) Bergen County Department of Planning and Development. 1990. Planner's data book for Bergen County.

(5) Bergen County Planning Board. 1975. Open space and recreation inventory for Bergen County. Rep. 26.

(6) Parker, G.G., and others. 1964. Water resources of the Delaware basin. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 381.

(7) United States Department of Agriculture. 1925. Soil survey of the Bergen area, New Jersey. Bur. of Chern. and Soils.

(8) United States Department of Agriculture. 1951. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

(9) United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

(1 0) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(11) Vecchioli, John, and E.G. Miller. 1973. Water resources of the New Jersey part of the Ramapo River basin. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Supp. Pap. 1974.

(12) Widmer, Kemble. 1964. Geology and geography of New Jersey.

79

Glossary

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon. grading, or otherwise shaping the surface of a flat Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during the field. It consists of a series of low ridges separated final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of crudely by shallow, parallel dead furrows. sorted sand and gravel are common. Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon. other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or the surface. on steep, rocky slopes. Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from earth constructed on or nearly on the contour, the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material, similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon and to prevent accelerated erosion. dioxide and lower in oxygen. Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single which consists of an illuvial horizon and the mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as overlying eluvial horizons. granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. of the soil material has been removed by the wind. Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a deposited on land by streams. resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or Available water capacity (available moisture cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water exposed. available for use by most plants. It is commonly Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, defined as the difference between the amount of subject to flooding. soil water at field moisture capacity and the Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed centimeters) in diameter. as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium expressed as: carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Very low ...... 0 to 3 cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. Low ...... 3to6 Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil M~m~e ...... Bm9 particles and in tiny spaces between particles. High ...... 9 to 12 Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds Very high ...... more than 12 capillary water in the soil. Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the Catena. A sequence, or "chain," of soils on a ice. landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent Base saturation. The degree to which material having material but have different characteristics as a cation-exchange properties is saturated with result of differences in relief and drainage. exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, K), Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. expressed as a percentage of the total cation­ The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, exchange capacity. magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. Bedding planes. Fine stratifications, less than 5 Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of millimeters thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, lacustrine, or marine sediments. expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 Bedding system. A drainage system made by plowing, grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some 80 Soil Survey

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to iron oxide are common compounds in concretions. soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity Congeliturbate. Soil material disturbed by frost action. but is more precise in meaning. Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease Channery soil. A soil that is, by volume, more than 15 with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers. percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, shale, Terms commonly used to describe consistence slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 inches are: along the longest axis. A single piece is called a Loose.-Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not channer. hold together in a mass. Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or Friable.-When moist, crushes easily under gentle more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen pressure between thumb and forefinger and can hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal be pressed together into a lump. plow depth. Firm.-When moist, crushes under moderate Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less pressure between thumb and forefinger, but than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural resistance is distinctly noticeable. class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, Plastic.-When wet, readily deformed by moderate less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 pressure but can be pressed into a lump; will form percent silt. a "wire" when rolled between thumb and Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the surface forefinger. of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root Sticky.-When wet, adheres to other material and channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that contains than to pull free from other material. much more clay than the horizons above it. A Hard.-When dry, moderately resistant to claypan is commonly hard when dry and plastic or pressure; can be broken with difficulty between stiff when wet. thumb and forefinger. Climax vegetation. The stabilized plant community on a Soft.-When dry, breaks into powder or individual particular site. The plant cover reproduces itself grains under very slight pressure. and does not change so long as the environment Cemented-Hard; little affected by moistening. remains the same. Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles 2 follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing millimeters to 25 centimeters (1 0 inches) in crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles crops or summer fallow. (flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches) Control section. The part of the soil on which long. classification is based. The thickness varies Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that Cobblestone (or cobble). A rounded or partly rounded part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 and 40 or 80 inches. centimeters) in diameter. Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal material Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, deposited in water by aquatic organisms. moved by creep, slide, or local wash and Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to deposited at the base of steep slopes. improve and protect the soil between periods of Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or regular crop production, or a crop grown between establishing terraces, diversions, and other water­ trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. control structures on a complex slope is difficult. Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil tend to cave in or slough. in such an intricate pattern or so small in area that Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the it is not practical to map them separately at the surface for the specified use. selected scale of mapping. The pattern and Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all generally a terrace, built to protect downslope areas. areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of duration of periods of saturation or partial concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains. saturation during soil formation, as opposed to The composition of most concretions is unlike that altered drainage, which is commonly the result of of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused Bergen County, New Jersey 81

by the sudden deepening of channels or the crops cannot be grown. Very poorly drained soils blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of are commonly level or depressed and are natural soil drainage are recognized: frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is high and Excessively drained.-Water is removed from the nearly continuous, they can have moderate or high soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are slope gradients. commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow. Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related from an area. to wetness. Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or Somewhat excessively drained.-Water is removed ridge of compact glacial till. The longer axis is from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat excessively parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly drained soils are sandy and rapidly pervious. has a blunt nose pointing in the direction from Some are shallow. Some are so steep that much which the ice approached. of the water they receive is lost as runoff. All are Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution or free of the mottling related to wetness. colloidal suspension from one place to another Well drained.-Water is removed from the soil within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material readily, but not rapidly. It is available to plants through eluviation are eluvial; those that have throughout most of the growing season, and received material are illuvial. wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material significant periods during most growing seasons. accumulated through wind action; commonly refers Well drained soils are commonly medium textured. to sandy material in dunes or to loess in blankets They are mainly free of mottling. on the surface. Moderately well drained.-Water is removed from Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by the soil somewhat slowly during some periods. water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a such processes as gravitational creep. short time during the growing season, but Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic periodically they are wet long enough that most processes acting over long geologic periods and mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly resulting in the wearing away of mountains and have a slowly pervious layer within or directly the building up of such landscape features as below the solum or periodically receive high flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural rainfall, or both. erosion. Somewhat poorly drained.-Water is removed Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of the periods during the growing season. Wetness activities of man or other animals or of a markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops catastrophe in nature, for example, fire, that unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat exposes the surface. poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that pervious layer, a high water table, additional water remains on the surface after fine particles are from seepage, nearly continuous rainfall, or a removed by sheet or rill erosion. combination of these. Esker (geology). A narrow, winding ridge of stratified Poorly drained.-Water is removed so slowly that gravelly and sandy drift deposited by a stream the soil is saturated periodically during the growing flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier. season or remains wet for long periods. Free Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity water is commonly at or near the surface for long through accumulation of moisture. Summer fallow enough during the growing season that most is common in regions of limited rainfall where mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil cereal grains are grown. The soil is tilled for at is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously least one growing season for weed control and saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor decomposition of plant residue. drainage results from a high water table, a slowly Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water pervious layer within the profile, seepage, nearly into the soil. continuous rainfall, or a combination of these. Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide Very poorly drained.-Water is removed from the plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the balance, for the growth of specified plants when surface during most of the growing season. Unless light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth the soil is artificially drained, most mesophytic factors are favorable. 82 Soil Survey

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of all Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, organic soil material. Peat contains a large amount resulting in the reduction of iron and other of well preserved fiber that is readily identifiable elements in the profile and in gray colors and according to botanical origin. Peat has the lowest mottles. bulk density and the highest water content at Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that saturation of all organic soil material. grade toward a protected waterway. Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a soil, Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry weight, typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as after the gravitational, or free, water has drained protection against erosion. Conducts surface water away; the field moisture content 2 or 3 days after away from cropland. a soaking rain; also called normal field capacity, Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock up to 3 normal moisture capacity, or capillary capacity. inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. diameter. An individual piece is a pebble. First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream, Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50 percent, subject to frequent or occasional flooding. by volume, rounded or angular rock fragments, not Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a prominently flattened, up to 3 inches (7.6 stream and is subject to flooding unless protected centimeters) in diameter. artificially. Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. grown to be plowed under in an early stage of Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. maturity or soon after maturity. Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in Ground water (geology). Water filling all the unblocked porosity and content of organic matter and low or pores of the material below the water table. moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand. Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots. running water and through which water ordinarily When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a bulk density than the horizon or horizons above. gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to pressure rather than to deform slowly. be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary moisture. Frost action can damage roads, tillage. buildings and other structures, and plant roots. Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers material intermediate in degree of decomposition especially to the processes or soil-forming factors between the less decomposed fibric and the more responsible for the formation of the solum, or true decomposed sapric material. soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to Glacial drift (geology). Pulverized and other rock the surface, having distinct characteristics material transported by glacial ice and then produced by soil-forming processes. In the deposited. Also, the sorted and unsorted material identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter deposited by streams flowing from glaciers. represents the major horizons. Numbers or Glacial outwash (geology). Gravel, sand, and silt, lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions commonly stratified, deposited by glacial of the major horizons. The major horizons are as meltwater. follows: Glacial till (geology). Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift 0 horizon.-An organic layer of fresh and consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders decaying plant residue. transported and deposited by glacial ice. A horizon.-The mineral horizon at or near the Glaciofluvial deposits (geology). Material moved by surface in which an accumulation of humified glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited by organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits Also, any plowed or disturbed surface layer. are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas, E horizon.-The mineral horizon in which the main and outwash plains. feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine some combination of these. clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited B horizon.-The mineral horizon below an 0, A, or in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of deposits are interbedded or laminated. transition from the overlying horizon to the Bergen County, New Jersey 83

underlying C horizon. The B horizon also has surface of the soil at any given instant, usually distinctive characteristics, such as (1) expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be accumulation of clay, sesquioxides, humus, or a limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the combination of these; (2) granular, prismatic, or rate at which water is applied at the surface. blocky structure; (3) redder or browner colors than Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil those in the A horizon; or (4) a combination of under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate; these. the rate decreases with application time. C horizon.-The mineral horizon or layer, Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected constant but is a variable depending on the net by soil-forming processes and does not have the irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in properties typical of the overlying horizon. The inches per hour, is expressed as follows: material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike Less than 0.2 ...... very low that in which the solum formed. If the material is 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C. 0. 75 to 1.25 ...... moderate Cr horizon.-Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high the soil. More than 2.5 ...... very high R layer.-Hard, consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area but can be directly below an A or a B horizon. and grow after the climax vegetation has been Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable part reduced by grazing. Generally, invader plants of the organic matter in mineral soils. follow disturbance of the surface. Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in according to their runoff-producing characteristics. production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of Basin.-Water is applied rapidly to nearly level soil bare of vegetation to permit infiltration. The plains surrounded by levees or dikes. slope and the kind of plant cover are not Border.-Water is applied at the upper end of a considered but are separate factors in predicting strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled runoff. Soils are assigned to four groups. In group by small earth ridges called border dikes, or A are soils having a high infiltration rate when borders. thoroughly wet and having a low runoff potential. Controlled flooding.-Water is released at intervals They are mainly deep, well drained, and sandy or from closely spaced field ditches and distributed gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are uniformly over the field. soils having a very slow infiltration rate and thus a Corrugation-Water is applied to small, closely high runoff potential. They have a claypan or clay spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close­ layer at or near the surface, have a permanent growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in high water table, or are shallow over nearly only one direction. impervious bedrock or other material. Some soils Drip (or trickle).-Water is applied slowly and are assigned to two hydrologic groups. under low pressure to the surface of the soil or llluviation. The movement of soil material from one into the soil through such applicators as emitters, horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, porous tubing, or perforated pipe. material is removed from an upper horizon and Furrow.-Water is applied in small ditches made deposited in a lower horizon. by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or tree and row crops. roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is Sprinkler.-Water is sprayed over the soil surface absolutely impervious to air and water all the time. through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the Subirrigation.-Water is applied in open ditches or immediate surface of soil or other material, as tile lines until the water table is raised enough to contrasted with percolation, which is movement of wet the soil. water through soil layers or material. Wild f/ooding.-Water, released at high points, is Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which water allowed to flow onto an area without controlled can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of distribution. conditions. Kame (geology). An irregular, short ridge or hill of Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the stratified glacial drift. 84 Soil Survey

Lacustrine deposit (geology). Material deposited in coarse; and contrast-faint, distinct, and prominent. lake water and exposed when the water level is The size measurements are of the diameter along lowered or the elevation of the land is raised. the greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 soil and loose rock, generally when wet or millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, saturated. The speed and distance of movement, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). as well as the amount of soil and rock material, Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic vary greatly. soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches (7.6 Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of centimeters) or more across. Large stones three simple variables-hue, value, and chroma. adversely affect the specified use of the soil. For example, a notation of 1OYR 6/4 is a color with Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or hue of 1OYR, value of 6, and chroma of 4. other material by percolating water. Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6 and Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.) passes from a plastic to a liquid state. Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, than 52 percent sand particles. magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, particles, deposited by wind. hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support water. loads. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt various stages of decomposition. loam, or silt. Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An outwash mineralogical composition, chemical composition, plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, it is or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. generally low in relief. Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and movement of water and the growth of roots. For low in organic material. Its bulk density is more example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, and than that of organic soil. traffic pan. Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and production and prevention of soil damage. mineral material in which soil forms. Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. organic matter, that has accumulated under Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam, excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay granule, a prism, or a block. loam, or silty clay loam. Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called "a soil." Moraine (geology). An accumulation of earth, stones, A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to and other debris deposited by a glacier. Some permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from types are terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, square meters), depending on the variability of the including the texture, structure, porosity, soil. consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, Percolation. The downward movement of water through and biological properties of the various horizons, the soil. and the thickness and arrangement of those Peres slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water horizons in the soil profile. through the soil, adversely affecting the specified Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that use. vary in number and size. Mottling generally Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage. to move downward through the profile. Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance-few, Permeability is measured as the number of inches common, and many; size-fine, medium, and per hour that water moves downward through the Bergen County, New Jersey 85

saturated soil. Terms describing permeability are: Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock Very slow ...... less than 0.06 inch and soil material on the earth's surface; the loose Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch earth material above the solid rock. Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches considered collectively. Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches weathered or partly weathered mineral material Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on that accumulated as consolidated rock features that affect its use and management, such disintegrated in place. as slope, stoniness, and thickness. Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and erosion. A rill is generally a few inches deep and alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or machinery. pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil. Rippable. Bedrock or hardpan can be excavated using Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting ground ice. a single-tooth ripping attachment mounted on a They form on the soil after plant cover is removed. tractor with a 200-300 drawbar horsepower rating. Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, moisture content within which the soil remains pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. plastic. Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil by plant roots. changes from semisolid to plastic. Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream channels from an area. The water that flows off Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly below the plowed layer. the surface of the land without sinking into the soil Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil depressions. Unless the soils are artificially before reaching surface streams is called ground­ drained, the water can be removed only by water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. percolation or evapotranspiration. Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a same size. Because there is little difference in size soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more of the particles, density can be increased only sand and not more than 10 percent clay. slightly by compaction. Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing sand-sized particles. a specified plant or sequence of plants under Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly specific management. decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk through all its horizons and into the parent density, and the lowest water content at saturation material. of all organic soil material. Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to material underlying the soil and grading to hard pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction bedrock below. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH deposited from suspension in water. The chief values, are: kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; Extremely acid ...... below 4.5 Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 sand is consolidated into sandstone. Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through Mildly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 use. Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon 86 Soil Survey

and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are properties resulting from the integrated effect of almost alike, except for differences in texture of climate and living matter acting on earthy parent the surface layer or of the substratum. All the soils material, as conditioned by relief over periods of of a series have horizons that are similar in time. composition, thickness, and arrangement. Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 millimeters Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a in equivalent diameter and ranging between clay deposit. specified size limits. The names and sizes, in Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of millimeters, of separates recognized in the United soil material from the land surface by the action of States are as follows: rainfall and surface runoff. Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 Shrink-swell. The shrinking of soil when dry and the Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 damage roads, dams, building foundations, and Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 other structures. It can also damage plant roots. Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 mineral form is called quartz. Clay ...... less than 0.002 Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C molecules of silica to the number of molecules of horizon, in which the processes of soil formation alumina and iron oxide. The more highly are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm­ and 8 horizons. Generally, the characteristics of temperate, humid regions, and especially those in the material in these horizons are unlike those of the tropics, generally have a low ratio. the substratum. The living roots and plant and Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles that animal activities are largely confined to the solum. range in diameter from the upper limit of clay Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil surface. In a cross section, the line may be one that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 fragment or more thick. It generally overlies percent clay. material that weathered in place and is overlain by Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly silt­ recent sediment of variable thickness. sized particles. Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 limestone has been dissolved. inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers based on the height of the dominant stand at an that interfere with or prevent tillage. arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average height attained by dominant and codominant trees Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is arrangement of strips or bands which provide 75 feet, the site index is 75 feet. vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the erosion. horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil distance divided by horizontal distance, then particles into compound particles or aggregates. multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a The principal forms of soil structure are-platy drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with practices are required to ensure satisfactory rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), and performance of the soil for a specific use. granular. Structureless soils are either single grain Sloughed till. Water-saturated till that has flowed slowly (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or massive downhill from its original place of deposit by glacial (the particles adhering without any regular ice. It may rest on other till, on glacial outwash, or cleavage, as in many hardpans). on a glaciolacustrine deposit. Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth's harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the Bergen County, New Jersey 87

next crop, and during the early growing period of Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to the new crop. undulating soils underlain by glacial till. Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related the solum below plow depth. to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling Subsoiling. Breaking up a compact subsoil by pulling a emergence, and root penetration. special chisel through the soil. Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. of a hill; part of a foot slope. Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most or EB) below the surface layer. favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during rich in organic matter and is used to topdress the summer to control weeds and allow storage of roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example, zinc, A practice common in semiarid regions, where cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils in annual precipitation is not enough to produce a extremely small amounts. They are essential to crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently plant growth. practiced before planting winter grain. Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its general, than the alluvial plain or stream terrace; equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth land above the lowlands along streams. from about 4 to 10 inches (1 0 to 25 centimeters). Upland wildlife habitat. Areas that predominantly Frequently designated as the "plow layer," or the support vegetation that is adapted to nonhydric "Ap horizon." soil conditions. Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons. It Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in includes all subdivisions of these horizons. stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a series nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by recognized in the classification system. Such soils heavily loaded streams. are named for a series they strongly resemble and Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors are designated as taxadjuncts to that series assumed to be inherited from the parent material because they differ in ways too small to be of rather than to be the result of poor drainage. consequence in interpreting their use and Varve. A sedimentary layer of a lamina or sequence of behavior. laminae deposited in a body of still water within a Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded generally marks the termination of important glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, glacial advances. usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across other body of still water in front of a glacier. sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to Weathering. All physical and chemical changes the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to earth's surface by atmospheric agents. These a prepared outlet. changes result in disintegration and decomposition Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat or of the material. undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and coarse grained particles that are well distributed clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine normally can be easily increased in density and particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay poorly graded soil. loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The sand, Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The loamy sand, and sandy loam classes may be moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at further divided by specifying "coarse," "fine," or which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so "very fine." much that it does not recover when placed in a Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material humid, dark chamber. that is too thin for the specified use.

89

Tables 90 Soil Survey

TABLE 1.--TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

(Recorded in the period 1956-78 at Suffern, New York)

Temperature Precipitation

2 years in 12 years in 101 10 will have-- Average I will have-- I Average Month IAverageiAverageiAveragel !number of Average I !number ofiAverage I daily I daily I I Maximum Minimum I growing I Less I More days withlsnowfall maximum minimum! I temperature temperature I degree than--1 than-- 0.10 inch I I higher lower I days* I or more I I than-- than-- I I

0 0 I 0 0 0 I F F I F F F Units In In I In In I January----- 35.7 15.2 25.5 61 -7 9 3.08 1.391 4.52 5 5.0 I February---- 37.8 17.1 27.4 61 -4 7 3.11 1. 791 4.27 5 10.1 I March------46.8 26.0 36.4 75 6 51 3.51 2.041 4.81 6 5.5 I April------1 59.5 36.1 48.0 86 21 248 3. 97 2.541 5.27 7 .4 I May------70.3 45.5 57.9 92 30 555 3.86 1.511 5.82 8 .0 I June------79.0 55.3 67.2 95 40 816 4.08 2.341 5.61 7 .0 I July------83.4 59.6 68.2 96 47 1,045 4.30 2.241 6.091 7 .0 I I August------82.3 57.7 66.8 93 44 1,004 4.36 2.531 5.98 7 .0 I September--- 75.1 50.3 62.7 92 33 681 4.70 2.481 6.64 6 .0 I October----- 64.6 38.7 51.7 84 23 367 3.66 1. 711 5.34 5 .0 I November---- 52.6 31.2 40.1 74 15 286 4.28 1.891 6.32 6 .3 I December .... --- 40.1 21.1 30.6 64 1 29 3.91 2.241 5.39 7 5.7 I I Yearly: I I Average--- 60.6 37.8 48.5 ---1 I Extreme--- 97 -8 ---1 I Total----- 5,098 46.82 39.241 54.361 76 27.0 I I

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F) . Bergen County, New Jersey 91

TABLE 2.--FREEZE DATES IN SPRING AND FALL

(Recorded in the period 1956-78 at Suffern, New York)

Temperature

Probability 24 °F 28 °F 32 ~ or lower or lower or lower

Last freezing temperature in spring:

1 year in 10 later than-- Apr. 10 Apr. 23 May 15

2 years in 10 later than-- Apr. 7 Apr. 20 May 10

5 years in 10 later than-- Apr. 2 Apr. 12 Apr. 28

First freezing temperature in fall:

1 year in 10 earlier than-- Oct. 21 Oct. 5 Sept. 26

2 years in 10 earlier than-- Oct. 26 Oct. 11 Oct. 2

5 years in 10 earlier than-- Nov. 6 Oct. 22 Oct. 13

TABLE 3.--GROWING SEASON

(Recorded in the period 1956-78 at Suffern, New York)

Daily ~n1mum temperature during growing season

Probability Higher Higher Higher than than than 24 °F 28 °F 32 °F

Days Days Days

9 years in 10 197 172 140

8 years in 10 204 179 149

5 years in 10 218 192 167

2 years in 10 231 205 185

1 year in 10 238 212 194 92 Soil Survey

TABLE 4.--AeREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE SOILS

Map Soil name Acres I Percent symbol I I I I Ad !Adrian muck------590 0.4 BoB !Boonton gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slapes------­ 1,160 0.7 Boe !Boonton gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------­ 2,545 1.6 BaD !Boonton gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------­ 935 0.6 BeE !Boonton gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes------­ 1,335 0.8 BrB !Boonton gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony------­ 260 0.2 Bre !Boonton gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------­ 670 0.4 BrD !Boonton gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stany------­ 265 0.2 BsB IBaantan-Rack outcrop complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes------­ 435 0.3 BsC !Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes------­ 1,095 0.7 BaD !Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes------­ 405 0.3 SsE !Boonton-Rock outcrop complex, very steep------­ 1,210 0.8 BUB !Boonton-Urban land complex, undulating------­ 7,155 4.5 sue IBaantan-Urban land complex, gently rolling------8,610 5.4 800 !Boonton-Urban land complex, hilly------­ 4,800 3.0 BUE IBaantan-Urban land complex, very hi1ly------1,340 0.8 Ca !Carlisle muck------270 0.2 DuB !Dunellen loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------­ 1,220 0.8 Due !Dunellen loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------­ 1,580 1.0 DuD !Dunellen loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------­ 280 0.2 OVA !Dunellen-Urban land complex, nearly level------­ 4,180 2.6 DVB !Dunellen-Urban land complex, undulating------­ 15,280 9.6 ove !Dunellen-Urban land complex, ralling------­ 12,945 8.2 DVD !Dunellen-Urban land complex, hilly------1,510 1.0 FL IFluvaquents, loamy------1, 920 1.2 HaB !Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slapes------­ 460 0.3 HbB !Haledon gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony------­ 930 0.6 HUB !Haledon-Urban land complex, undulating------­ 1,780 1.1 HvA !Hasbrouck loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, very stony------­ 960 0.6 HzB !Hibernia loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, very stony------­ 520 0.3 OtD !Otisville gravelly loamy sand, 15 to 25 percent slapes------­ 360 0.2 OtE !Otisville gravelly loamy sand, 25 to 35 percent slopes------­ 310 0.2 PoA IPascack silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------1,200 0.8 Pr IPreakness silt loam------2,000 1.3 Ps !Pits, sand and gravel------200 0.1 RaA !Riverhead sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slapes------­ 400 0.3 RaB !Riverhead sandy loam, 3 to 8 percent slapes------­ 1,890 1.2 RaC !Riverhead sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------­ 2,290 1.4 RoC !Rockaway gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------­ 560 0.4 RoD !Rockaway gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stony------­ 490 0.3 RoE !Rockaway gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes, very stony------­ 710 0.4 Rre !Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, gently rolling------­ 2,240 1.4 RrD !Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, hilly------~-­ 1,210 0.8 RrE !Rockaway-Rock outcrop complex, very hilly------3,260 2.1 SO ISulfihemists and Sulfaquents, frequently flaoded------3,190 2.0 Ua IUdorthents, loamy------1,400 0.9 Ub IUdorthents, organic substratum------840 0.5 Uc IUdorthents, organic substratum-Urban land complex------750 0.5 Ud IUdorthents, refuse substratum------1,270 0.8 Ue IUdorthents, wet substratum------4,360 2.8 Of IUdorthents, wet substratum-Urban land complex------8,160 5.2 OR !Urban land------22,570 14.2 WeB !Wethersfield gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------­ 1,520 1.0 Wee !Wethersfield gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------­ 1,555 1.0 WeD !Wethersfield gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes------1 605 0.4 WeE !Wethersfield gravelly loam, 25 to 35 percent slapes------1 405 0.3 WrD !Wethersfield gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, very stany------1 405 0.3 WsB !Wethersfield-Rack outcrop complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes------1 575 0.4 Wse !Wethersfield-Rack outcrop complex, 8 to 15 percent slapes------1 1,025 0.6 WsD !Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slapes------1 515 0.3 WsE !Wethersfield-Rock outcrop complex, very steep------1 390 0.2 WUB !Wethersfield-Urban land complex, undulating------1 1,005 0.6 wue !Wethersfield-Urban land complex, gently rolling------1 2,070 1.3 WUD !Wethersfield-Urban land complex, hilly------1 1,250 0.8 I I Bergen County, New Jersey 93

TABLE 4.--ACREAGE AND PROPORTIONATE EXTENT OF THE SOILS--Continued

Map Soil name Acres !Percent symbo11 I I I Water areas less than 40 acres in size------1 1,510 I 1.0 Water areas more than 40 acres in size------1 8,865 1 5.6 I------I------­ Tota1------l 158,000 I 100.0 I I 94 Soil Survey

TABLE 5.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that info~tion was not available)

Management concerns Potential productivity Soil name and I Ordi- Equip- I map symbol nation I Erosion ment ISeedlingl Wind­ Common trees ISite IProduc-ITrees to plant symbol I hazard limita- mortal- I throw lindexltivity I I tion ity I hazard I I class* I I I I I Ad------2W I Slight Severe Severe I Severe !Silver maple------1 78 2 IRed maple. Adrian I I IRed maple------1 53 2 I I I IWhite ash------1 69 4 I I I I Quaking aspen------1 60 4 I I I ITamarack------1 45 2 I I I I Green ash------1 69 4 I I I I I I BoB, BoC------4D I Slight Slight Slight IModerate INorthern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white Boonton I I IWhite ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I !Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine, Norway I I I I spruce. I I I I BoD, BoE------4R IModerateiModerateiSlight I Moderate INorthern red oak---- 80 4 !Eastern white Boonton I I I I IWhite ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I I I !Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine, Norway I I I I I I spruce. I I I I I I BrB, BrC------4D I Slight I Slight I Slight I Moderate INorthern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white Boonton I I I I I White ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I I I I Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine. I I I I I I BrD------4R ModerateiModerate Slight I Moderate INorthern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white Boonton I I IWhite ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I !Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine. I I I I I BsB**, BsC**: I I I I Boonton------4D Slight I Slight Slight IModerate I Northern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white I I I White ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I I Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine. I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I BsD**, BsE**: I I I I Boonton------4R Moderate I Moderate Slight IModerateiN~hern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white I I IWhite ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I !Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine. I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I BUB**, BUC**: I I I I Boonton------4D Slight I Slight Slight I Moderate I Northern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white I I I White ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I !Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine, Norway I I I I spruce. I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I BUD**, BUE**: I I I I Boonton------4R IModerateiModerateiSlight IModerate INorthern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white I I I I I White ash------95 4 I pine, Austrian I I I I !Yellow-poplar------90 6 I pine, Norway I I I I I I spruce. I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I

See footnotes at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 95

TABLE 5.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued

Management concerns I Potential productivity Soil name and lOrdi- Equip- I I I map symbol I nation I Erosion ment I Seedling I Wind- I Common trees I Site IProduc-ITrees to plant I symbol hazard limita- mortal- I throw I lindexltivity I I tion ity I hazard I I I class* I I I I I I I I I Ca------1 2W Slight I Severe Severe I Severe IRed maple------1 50 2 IRed maple, Carlisle I I I IWhite ash------1 50 I green ash, I I I !Swamp white oak-----1 60 3 I black willow. I I I I I I DuB, DuC------1 4A Slight !Slight Slight I Slight !Northern red oak----1 80 4 !Eastern white Dunellen I I I I Black oak------1 80 4 I pine, yellow- I I I I White oak------1 80 4 I poplar, black I I I !Scarlet oak------1 80 4 I walnut, I I I I White ash------1 85 4 I Austrian pine, I I I IYellow-poplar------1 I Norway spruce, I I I I I I European I I I I I I larch. I I I I I DuD------1 4R Moderate Moderate I Slight I Slight INorthern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white Dunellen I I I I Black oak------80 4 I pine, yellow- I I I IWhite oak------80 4 I poplar, black I I I !Scarlet oak------80 4 I walnut, I I I IWhite ash------85 4 I Austrian pine, I I I !Yellow-poplar------I Norway spruce, I I I I I European I I I I I larch. I I I I I DVA**, DVB**, I I I I I DVC**: I I I I I Dunellen------4A Slight Slight I Slight Slight !Northern red oak---- 80 4 I Eastern white I I Black oak------80 4 I pine, yellow- I I White oak------1 80 4 I poplar, black I !Scarlet oak------1 80 4 I walnut, I IWhite ash------1 85 4 I Austrian pine, I IYellow-poplar------1 I Norway spruce, I I I I European I I I I larch. I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I DVD**: I I I I Dunellen------4R ModerateiModerateiSlight I Slight I Northern red oak----1 80 4 I Eastern white I I I I Black oak------80 4 I pine, yellow- I I I I White oak------80 4 I poplar, black I I I I Scarlet oak------80 4 I walnut, I I I I White ash------85 4 I Austrian pine, I I I !Yellow-poplar------I Norway spruce, I I I I I European I I I I I larch. I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I HaB------1 4W Slight IModerateiModerateiModerateiPin oak------70 4 I Eastern white Haledon I I I I IWhite oak------70 4 I pine. I I I I IWhite ash------I I I I I IRed maple------I I I I I I I HbB------1 3W !Slight IModerateiModerateiModerateiWhite oak------1 70 3 I Eastern white Haledon I I I I I I Pin oak------1 70 3 I pine. I I I I I I White ash------1 70 3 I I I I I I IRed maple------1 75 3 I I I I I I I I I

See footnotes at end of table. 96 Soil Survey

TABLE 5. --WOODLl\ND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued

Management concerns Potential productivity Soil name and lOrdi- Equip- I map symbol I nation I Erosion ment I Seedling I Wind- CoDDUon trees I Site I Produc-1 Trees to plant lsymbollhazard limita-lmortal- I throw index tivity I I tion I ity I hazard class* I I I I I I I HUB**: I I I Baledon------1 4W !Slight ModerateiModerateiModerateiPin oak------10 4 I Eastern white I I I I I White oak------10 4 I pine. I I I I I White ash------I I I I I IRed maple------I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I BvA------1 3W I Slight Severe I Severe I Moderate I Pin oak------75 3 I Eastern white Hasbrouck I I I I IRed maple------80 4 I pine, Norway I I I I I White oak------I spruce, yellow- I I I I I Swamp white oak----- I poplar. I I I I I I HzB------4W I Slight IModerate I Slight I Slight IWhite oak------80 4 !Yellow-poplar, Hibernia I I I I I Pin oak------80 4 I white ash, I I I I I White ash------I white oak. I I I I I Yellow-poplar------90 6 I I I I I I I OtD, otE------as Slight IModerate I Severe I Slight !Eastern white pine-- 65 8 I Eastern white Otisville I I I I Northern red oak---- 60 3 I pine, European I I I !Sugar maple------55 2 I larch, red I I I I White oak------60 3 I pine. I I I I Black oak------60 3 I I I I I I PoA------4W Slight IModerateiModerateiModerateiPin oak------75 4 I Eastern white Pascack I I I I White ash------I pine, red I I I I White oak------I pine, European I I I I I larch. I I I I I Pr------4W Slight I Severe I Severe IModerateiPin oak------80 4 IRed maple, Preakness I I I I White oak------80 4 I white oak. I I I I IRed maple------75 3 I I I I I I I RaA, RaB, Rae--- 3A !Slight Slight I Slight I Slight !Sugar maple------63 3 I Eastern white Riverhead I I I I Northern red oak---- 10 4 I pine, Norway I I I I Black cherry------10 3 I spruce, I I I I Eastern white pine-- 75 10 I European I I I I I larch. I I I I I RoC------4A I Slight Slight I Slight I Slight I Northern red oak---- 70 4 I Eastern white Rockaway I I I White oak------70 4 I pine, Austrian I I I Black oak------70 4 I pine, Norway I I I Scarlet oak------10 4 I spruce. I I I Yellow-poplar------75 4 I I I I White ash------65 3 I I I I I RoD, RoE------4R Slight I Moderate Slight Slight I Northern red oak---- 10 4 I Eastern white Rockaway I I White oak------10 4 I pine, Austrian I I Black oak------70 4 I pine, Norway I I Scarlet oak------10 4 I spruce. I I Yellow-poplar------75 4 I I IWhite ash------1 65 3 I I I I I RrC**: I I I I Rockaway------4X Slight I Moderate Slight I Slight I Northern red oak----1 10 4 I Eastern white I I IWhite oak------1 10 4 I pine, Austrian I I I Black oak------1 10 4 I pine, Norway I I I Scarlet oak------1 70 4 I spruce. I I IYellow-poplar------1 75 4 I I I I White ash------1 65 3 I I I I I I See footnotes at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 97

TABLE 5.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued

Management concerns Potential productivity Soil name and lOrdi- Equip- I I map symbol nation I Erosion ment I Seedling I Wind- Common trees Site IProduc-ITrees to plant symbol hazard limita-lmortal- throw index tivity I tion I ity hazard c1ass* I I I I I RrC**: I I Rock outcrop. I I I I RrD**, RrE**: I I Rockaway------4X Slight Moderate I Slight Slight I Northern red oak---- 70 4 I Eastern white I !White oak------70 4 I pine, Austrian I !Black oak------70 4 I pine, Norway I !Scarlet oak------70 4 I spruce. I I Yellow-poplar------75 4 I I !White ash------65 3 I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I WeB, wee------40 Slight Slight I Slight IModerate I Northern red oak---- 74 4 I Eastern white Wethersfield I I !Eastern white pine-- 75 10 I pine, European I I !Sugar maple------63 3 I larch. I I !Yellow-poplar------87 6 I I I I I WeD, WeE------4R IModerateiModerateiSlight IModerateiNorthern red oak---- 74 4 I Eastern white Wethersfield I I I I !Eastern white pine-- 75 10 I pine, European I I I I !Sugar maple------63 3 I larch. I I I I !Yellow-poplar------87 6 I I I I I I I WrD------4R Moderate Moderate Slight IModerateiNorthern red oak---- 74 4 I Eastern white Wethersfield I !Sugar maple------63 3 I pine, European I !Eastern white pine-- 75 10 I larch. I !Yellow-poplar------87 6 I I I I WsB**, WsC**: I I I Wethersfield--- 40 Slight Slight Slight IModerateiNorthern red oak---- 74 4 I Eastern white I !Sugar maple------63 3 I pine, European I !Eastern white pine-- 75 10 I larch. I !Yellow-poplar------87 6 I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I WsD**, WsE**: I I I Wethersfield--- 4R Moderate IModerate Slight IModerate I Northern red oak---- 74 4 I Eastern white I I !Sugar maple------63 3 I pine, European I I !Eastern white pine-- 75 10 I larch. I I !Yellow-poplar------87 6 I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I WUB**, wuc••: I I I I Wethersfield--- 40 Slight I Slight Slight IModerateiNorthern red oak---- 74 4 I Eastern white I !Eastern white pine-- 75 10 I pine, European I !Sugar maple------63 3 I larch. I !Yellow-poplar------87 6 I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I WUD**: I I I Wethersfield--- 4R IModerateiModerateiSlight IModerateiNorthern red oak----1 74 4 I Eastern white I I I !Eastern white pine--1 75 10 I pine, European I I I !Sugar maple------1 63 3 I larch. I I I IYellow-poplar------1 87 6 I I I I I I I

See footnotes at end of table. 98 Soil Survey

TABLE 5.--WOODLAND MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY--Continued

Management concerns Potential productivity Soil name and IOrdi­ Equip- I map symbol lnationiErosion ment I Seedling I Wind­ Conunon trees !Site IProduc-ITrees to plant lsymbollhazard limita-lmortal- I throw lindexltivity I I I tion I ity I hazard I I class• I

WUD**: Urban land.

* Productivity class is the yield in cubic meters per hectare per year calculated at the age of culmination of mean annual increment for fully stocked natural stands. ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Bergen County, New Jersey 99

TABLE 6.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary. n See text for 11 definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe )

Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds Paths and trails! Golf fairways map symbol I I

Ad------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: Adrian pending, pending, excess humus, pending, I ponding, excess humus. excess humus. ponding. excess humus. I excess humus. I BoB------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Moderate: Boonton peres slowly. peres slowly. small stones, erodes easily. I small stones, peres slowly. I wetness. I BoC------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Moderate: Boonton peres slowly. peres slowly. slope, erodes easily. small stones, small stones, wetness, peres slowly. slope.

BoD------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Boonton slope, slope, slope, erodes easily. slope. peres slowly. peres slowly. small stones, peres slowly.

BoE------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Boonton slope, slope, slope, slope, slope. peres slowly. peres slowly. small stones, erodes easily. peres slowly.

BrB------ISevere: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Moderate: Boonton I peres slowly. peres slowly. large stones, erodes easily. I small stones, I small stones. I large stones. I BrC------Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: 1Moderate: Boonton peres slowly. peres slowly. I large stones, erodes easily. I small stones, I slope, I large stones, 1 small stones. I slope. I I BrD------Severe: Severe: !Severe: Severe: I Severe : Boonton slope, slope, I large stones, erodes easily. I slope. peres slowly. peres slowly. I slope, I I small stones. I I I BsB*: I I Boonton------Severe: Severe: !Severe: Severe: I Moderate: peres slowly. peres slowly. 1 large stones, erodes easily. I small stones, I small stones. I large stones. I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I BsC*: I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Moderate: I peres slowly. I peres slowly. I large stones, I erodes easily. I small stones, I I I slope, I I large stones, I I 1 small stones. I I slope. I I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 100 Soil Survey

TABLE 6.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds !Paths and trails Golf fairways map symbol I I I I BsD*: I Boonton------I Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: I slope, slope, large stones, I erodes easily. slope. I peres slowly. peres slowly. slope, I I small stones. I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I BsE*: I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: !Severe: I Severe: I slope, I slope, 1 large stones, 1 slope, 1 slope. I peres slowly. I peres slowly. 1 slope, I erodes easily. I I I I small stones. I I I I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I BUB*: I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Moderate: I peres slowly. I peres slowly. I small stones, 1 erodes easily. I small stones, I I 1 peres slowly. I I wetness. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I BUC*: I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: IModerate: I peres slowly. I peres slowly. I slope, 1 erodes easily. I small stones, I I 1 small stones, I I wetness, I I I peres slowly. I 1 slope. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I BUD*: I I I I I Boonton------1 Severe: I Severe: 1Severe: 1Severe: 1Severe: I slope, I slope, I slope, I erodes easily. I slope. 1 peres slowly. I peres slowly. I small stones, 1 I I I I peres slowly. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I BUE*: I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe : I slope, I slope, I slope, I slope, I slope. I peres slowly. I peres slowly. I small stones, I erodes easily. I I I I peres slowly. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------Variable------IVariable. I I I I Ca------l Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: Carlisle 1 flooding, I ponding, 1 excess humus, pending, I ponding, I ponding, I excess humus. I ponding, excess humus. I flooding, I excess humus. I I flooding. I excess humus. I I I I DuB------ISlight------ISlight------IModerate: Slight------I Slight. Dunellen I I I slope, I I I I small stones. I I I I I DuC------IModerate: I Moderate: I Severe: Slight------IModerate: Dunellen I slope. I slope. 1 slope. I I slope. I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 101

TABLE 6.--RECREATIOHAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds I Paths and trails! Golf fairways map symbol I I I I

DuD------I Severe: Severe: I Severe: !Moderate: !Severe: Dunellen 1 slope. slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I DVA*: I I I I Dunellen------ISlight------Slight------IModerate: ISlight------ISlight. 1 I small stones. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I DVB*: I I I I I Dunellen------ISlight------ISlight------IModerate: ISliqht------ISlight. I I I slope, I I I I I small stones. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I DVC*: I I I I I Dunellen------IModerate: !Moderate: !Severe: ISlight------IModerate: I slope. I slope. I slope. I I slope. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I DVD*: I I I I I Dunellen------ISevere: !Severe: \Severe: \Moderate: \Severe: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I FL------ISevere: Severe: \Severe: IVariable------Severe: Fluvaquents 1 flooding, flooding/ I flooding, 1 flooding, I wetness. wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I I HaB------ISevere: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: Haledon I wetness. wetness. I small stones, I wetness. wetness. I 1 wetness. I I I I HbB------ISevere: Severe: \Severe: \Severe: Severe: Haledon 1 wetness. wetness. 1 large stones, I wetness. wetness. I I wetness. I I I I HUB*: I I I Haledon------I Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I wetness. wetness. 1 small stones, I wetness. wetness. I 1 wetness. I I I I Urban land------IVariable------Variable------Variable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I HvA------ISevere: Severe: Severe: \Severe: \Severe:

Hasbrouck 1 small stones. wetneSS 1 large stones, I wetness. I small stones, I small stones. small stones. I I wetness. I I I HzB------ISevere: Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Hibernia 1 wetness. wetness. small stones. I wetness. I wetness. I I I otD------ISevere: Severe: Severe: I Moderate: I Severe: otisville 1 slope. slope. slope, I slope. I sloper I small stones. I I droughty. I I I

See footnote at end of table. 102 Soil Survey

TABLE 6.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds I Paths and trails! Golf fairways map symbol I I I I otE------Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: otisville slope. I slope. slope, I slope. I slope, I small stones. I I droughty. I I I PoA------Severe: Moderate: Severe: I Moderate: IModerate: Pascack wetness. wetness. wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I Pr------Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Preakness flooding, wetness. wetness, I wetness. I wetness, wetness. flooding. I I flooding. I I Ps*------Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe : Pits small stones, too sandy, small stones, I too sandy, I too sandy, I too sandy. small stones. too sandy. I small stones. I small stones. I I I RaA------ISlight------Slight------Slight------ISlight------ISlight. Riverhead I I I I I I RaB------ISlight------Slight------IModerate: ISlight------ISlight. Riverhead I I slope. I I I I I I RaC------IModerate: I Moderate: I Severe: ISlight------IModerate: Riverhead 1 slope. I slope. I slope. I I slope. I I I I I RoC------Moderate: I Moderate: I Severe: ISlight------IModerate: Rockaway slope, I slope, I large stones, I I small stones, large stones, I wetness, I slope, I I large stones . wetness. I large stones. I small stones. I I I I I I RoD------Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Moderate: I Severe: Rockaway slope . I slope. I large stones, I slope. I slope. I I slope, I I I I small stones. I I I I I RoE------Severe: I Severe: Severe: !Severe: !Severe: Rockaway slope. I slope. large stones, I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I small stones. I I I I I RrC*: I I I Rockaway------Severe: I Severe: Severe: !Slight------I Severe: large stones. I large stones . larqe stones, I I small stones . I slope, I I I small stones. I I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I RrD*: I I I I I Rockaway------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: !Moderate: !Severe: 1 slope, I slope, I large stones, I slope. I small stones, I large stones. I large stones. I slope, I I slope. I I I small stones. I I I I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 103

TABLE 6.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds IPaths and trails Golf fairways map symbol I I I I RrE*: I Rockaway------I Severe: I Severe: Severe: !Severe: Severe: I slope, I slope, large stones, 1 slope. small stones, I large stones. 1 large stones. slope, I slope. I I small stones. I I I I Rock outcrop------Variable------IVariable------Variable------Variable------Variable. I SO*: I Sulfihemists------Severe: I Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: excess humus, I excess humus, excess humus, excess humus, excess humus, flooding, I flooding, flooding, flooding, flooding, wetness. I wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. I Sulfaquents------Severe: I Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: flooding, I flooding, flooding, flooding, flooding, wetness. I wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. I Oa, Ub------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Odorthents I I I I I I I I I I Oc*: I I I I I Odorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I Od, Oe------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Odorthents I I I I I I I I I I Of*: I I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I UR*------IVariable------IVariable------Variable------IVariable------IVariable. Urban land I I I I I I I I WeB------IModerate: I Moderate: Severe: ISlight------IModerate: Wethersfield 1 small stones, I small stones, small stones. I I small stones . I peres slowly. I peres slowly. I I I I I I WeC------IModerate: Moderate: Severe: ISlight------IModerate: Wethersfield 1 slope, slope, slope, I I small stones, I small stones. small stones. small stones. I I slope. I I I WeD------I Severe: Severe: Severe: IModerate: I Severe: Wethersfield I slope. slope. slope, I slope. I slope. I small stones. I I I I I WeE------I Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Wethersfield 1 slope. slope. slope, I slope. I slope. I small stones. I I I I I WrD------1 Severe: Severe: Severe: I Moderate: I Severe: Wethersfield 1 slope. slope. large stones, I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I WsB*: I I I Wethersfield------IModerate: !Moderate: Severe: ISlight------IModerate: 1 large stones. I large stones. large stones. I I large stones. I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 104 Soil Survey

TABLE 6.--RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Camp areas Picnic areas Playgrounds I Paths and trails! Golf fairways map symbol I I I I

WsC*: Wethersfield------IModerate: IModerate: I Severe: ISlight------IModerate: 1 slope, I slope, I larqe stones, I I large stones, I large stones. I large stones. I slope. I I slope. I I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I WsD*: I I I I I Wethersfield------ISevere: !Severe: !Severe: !Moderate: !Severe: I slope. I slope. I large stones, I slope. I slope. I I I slope. I I I I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I WsE*: I I I I I Wethersfield------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I slope. I slope. I large stones, 1 slope. I slope. I I I slope. I I I I I I I Rock outcrop------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I WOB*: I I I I I Wethersfield------IModerate: IModerate: I Severe: ISlight------IModerate: I small stones, I small stones, I small stones. I I small stones . I peres slowly. I peres slowly. I I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I WUC*: I I I I I Wethersfield------IModerate: !Moderate: I Severe: ISlight------IModerate: I slope, I slope, I slope, I I small stones, I small stones. I small stones. I small stones. I I slope. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I WUD*: I I I I I Wethersfield------I Severe: I Severe: 1Severe: IModerate: 1Severe: I slope. I slope. I slope, I slope. I slope. I I I small stones. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Bergen County, New Jersey 105

TABLE ?.--WILDLIFE HABITAT

(See text for definitions of ''good," ''fair,'' "poor," and ''very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

Potential for habitat elements I Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and Wild I I map symbol Grain Grasses herba- IHardwoodl Conif- WetlandiShallowiOpenland IWoodland I Wetland and seedl and ceous I trees 1 erous plants I water !wildlife I wildlife I wildlife crops I legumes plants I I plants I areas I I I I I I I Ad------Poor I Poor Poor I Poor Poor I Good I Good I Poor I Poor I Good. Adrian I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BoB------Good I Good Good I Good Good I Poor IVery I Good I Good IVery Boonton I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I BoC------IFair I Good Good I Good Good IVery IVery !Good I Good IVery Boonton I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I BoD------IPoor I Fair I Good I Good Good IVery IVery IFair I Good IVery Boonton I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I BoE------IVery I Fair I Good I Good I Good IVery IVery IFair I Good IVery Boonton I poor . I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I I BrB------IVery I Poor I Good I Good I Good I Poor IVery I Poor I Good IVery Boonton 1 poor. I I I I I I poor. I I 1 poor. I I I I I I I I I I BrC, BrD------IVery I Poor I Good Good Good IVery IVery I Poor I Good IVery Boonton I poor. I I I poor. I poor. I I 1 poor. I I I I I I I I BsB*: I I I I I I I I Boonton------IVery I Poor I Good Good Good I Poor IVery I Poor I Good IVery I poor. I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BsC*, BsD*, BsE*: I I I I I I I I Boonton------IVery I Poor I Good Good Good IVery IVery I Poor I Good IVery I poor. I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BUB*: I I I I I I I I Boonton------I Good I Good I Good I Good Good I Poor IVery I Good I Good IVery I I I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BUC*: I I I I I I I I I Boonton------I Fair I Good I Good I Good Good IVery IVery I Good I Good IVery I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BUD*: I I I I I I I I I Boonton------I Poor I Fair I Good I Good Good IVery IVery I Fair I Good IVery I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BUE*: I I I I I I I I I Boonton------IVery I Fair I Good I Good I Good IVery IVery I Fair I Good IVery I poor. I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. 106 Soil Survey

TABLE 7.--WILDLIFE HABITAT--Continued

Potential for habitat elements I Potential as habitat for- Soil name and Wild map symbol Grain Grassesl herba­ I Hardwood Conif­ WetlandiShallowiOpenland I Woodland I Wetland land seedl and I ceous I trees erous plants 1 water !wildlife I wildlife I wildlife I crops I legumes! plants I plants I areas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BUE*: I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I Ca------l Poor I Poor I Poor I Poor Poor Good I Good I Poor I Poor I Good. Carlisle I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DuB, DuC------IFair I Good I Good Good Good IVery IVery !Good I Good IVery Dunellen I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I DuD------IPoor I Fair I Good Good Good IVery IVery Fair I Good IVery Dunellen I I I I poor. I poor. I I poor. I I I I I I I DVA*: I I I I I I I Dunellen------I Good I Good I Good Good Good I Poor IVery Good !Good IVery I I I I I poor. I I poor. I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DVB*, DVC*: I I I I I I I Dunellen------IFair I Good I Good Good Good IVery IVery Good I Good IVery I I I I poor. I poor. I I poor. I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I DVD*: I I I I I I I Dunellen------IPoor I Fair I Good Good Good IVery IVery I Fair I Good IVery I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I FL. I I I I I I I I Fluvaquents I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HaB------IFair I Good I Good Good Good I Poor IVery IGood I Good IVery Haledon I I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I HbB------IVery I Poor I Good Good Good I Poor IVery I Poor I Good IVery Haledon 1 poor. I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I HUB*: I I I I I I I I Haledon------IFair I Good I Good Good Good I Poor IVery I Good I Good IVery I I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HvA------IVery I Poor I Good I Fair Fair I Good I Fair I Poor I Fair I Fair. Hasbrouck 1 poor. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HzB------IVery IVery I Good I Good Good I Poor IVery IPoor I Good IVery Hibernia I poor. I poor. I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I otD------IPoor I Poor I Poor I Poor Poor IVery IVery I Poor I Poor IVery otisville I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I otE------IVery I Poor I Poor I Poor Poor IVery IVery I Poor I Poor IVery otisville 1 poor. I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I PoA------IFair I Good I Good I Good Good I Fair I Poor I Good I Good !Poor. Pascack I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 107

TABLE 7.--WILDLIFE HABITAT--Continued

Potential for habitat elements I Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and Wild map symbol Grain Grasses I herba- I Hardwood Coni£- WetlandiShallowiOpenland I Woodland I Wetland land seedl and I ceous I trees erous plants I water I wildlife I wildlife I wildlife I crops I legumes I plants I plants I areas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Pr------IVery I Poor I Poor I Poor Poor I Good I Good I Poor I Poor I Good. Preakness I poor. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ps*------IVery IVery IVery IVery Very IVery IVery IVery IVery IVery Pits I poor. I poor. I poor. I poor. poor. I poor. I poor. I poor. I poor. I poor. I I I I I I I I I RaA------IGood I Good I Good I Good Good I Poor IVery I Good I Good IVery Riverhead I I I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I RaB, RaC------IFair I Good I Good I Good Good IVery IVery I Good I Good IVery Riverhead I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I RoC, RoD, RoE------IVery I Poor Good I Good Good I Poor IVery I Poor I Good IVery Rockaway I poor. I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I RrC*, RrD*, RrE*: I I I I I I I I Rockaway------Very IVery Good Good Good Very IVery I Poor Fair Very poor. I poor. poor. I poor. I poor. I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I SU*. I I I Sulfihemists I I I I I Sulfaquents I I I I Ua, Ub. I Udorthents I I Uc*. I Udorthents I I Urban land

Ud, Ue. Udorthents

Uf*. Udorthents

Urban land

UR*. Urban land

WeB------Fair I Good Good I Good Good I Poor IVery Good Good IVery Wethersfield I I I I poor. I poor. I I I I I wee------Fair I Good Good I Good Good IVery IVery Good Good IVery Wethersfield I I I poor. I poor. I poor. I I I I I WeD------I Poor I Fair Good I Good Good IVery IVery I Fair I Good IVery Wethersfield I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I WeE------IVery I Fair Good I Good I Good IVery IVery I Fair I Good IVery Wethersfield I poor. I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I WrD------IVery I Poor I Good I Good I Good IVery IVery I Poor I Good IVery Wethersfield I poor. I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. 108 Soil Survey

TABLE ?.--WILDLIFE HABITAT--Continued

Potential for habitat elements I Potential as habitat for-- Soil name and Wild map symbol Grain Grasses I herba- I Hardwood Conif- WetlandiShallowiOpenland IWoodland I Wetland land seedl and I ceous I trees erous plants I water I wildlife I wildlife I wildlife I crops I legumes I plants I plants I areas I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WsB*: I I I I I I I I Wethersfield------IVery IPoor IGood I Good Good !Poor IVery I Poor I Good IVery I poor. I I I I I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I NsC*, WsD*, WsE*: I I I I I I I I I Wethersfield------IVery I Poor I Good I Good I Good IVery IVery I Poor I Good IVery I poor. I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WUB*: I I I I I I I I I I Wethersfield------I Fair I Good !Good I Good IGood I Poor IVery Good IGood IVery I I I I I I I poor. I I poor. I I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WUC*: I I I I I I I I I Wethersfield------IFair I Good !Good I Good !Good IVery IVery Good IGood IVery I I I I I I poor. I poor. I I poor. I I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WUD*: I I I I I I I I I Wethersfield------IPoor I Fair !Good IGood !Good IVery IVery !Fair !Good IVery I I I I I I poor. I poor. I I I poor. I I I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Bergen County, New Jersey 109

TABLE B.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the ''Glossary." See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without with commercial and streets landscaping basements basements buildings

Ad------ISevere: !Severe: Severe: !Severe: !Severe: I Severe: Adrian I cutbanks cave, 1 subsides, subsides, I subsides, I subsides, I pending, I excess humus, 1 pending, pending. I pending, I pending, I excess humus. I pending. I low strength. I low strength. I frost actio11. I I I I I I BoB------I Severe: I Moderate: Severe: IModerate: I Moderate: IModerate: Boonton 1 wetness. I wetness. wetness. I wetness, I wetness, I small stones, I I I slope. I frost action. I wetness. I I I I I BoC------ISevere: !Moderate: Severe: I Severe: IModerate: IModerate: Boonton 1 wetness. I wetness, wetness. I slope. I wetnessr I small stonesr I I slope. I I slope, I wetness, I I I I frost action. I slope. I I I I I BoD, BoE------ISevere: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: !Severe: I Severe: Boonton 1 wetness, I slope. wetness, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I I I BrB------ISevere: I Moderate: Severe: I Moderate: I Moderate: I Moderate: Boonton I wetness. I wetness. wetness. I wetness, I wetness, I small stones, I I I slope. I frost action. I large stones. I I I I I Bre------I Severe: I Moderate: Severe: I Severe: I Moderate: IModerate: Boonton 1 wetness. I wetness, wetness. I slope. I wetness, I small stones, I I slope. I I slope, I large stones, I I I I frost action. I slope. I I I I I BrD------Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: !Severe: I Severe: Boonton wetness, I slope. wetness, I slope. I slope. I slope. slope. I slope. I I I I I I I BsB*: I I I I Boonton------Severe: I Moderate: Severe: I Moderate: IModerate: IModerate: wetness. I wetness. wetness. I wetness, I wetness, I small stones, I I slope. I frost action. I large stones. I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I BsC*: I I I I Boonton------Severe: !Moderate: Severe: I Severe: IModerate: Moderate: wetness. I wetness, wetness. I slope. I wetness, small stones, I slope. I I slope, large stones, I I I frost action. slope. I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I BsO*, BsE*: I I I Boonton------Severe: I Severe: I Severe: !Severe: \Severe: Severe: wetness, I slope. I wetness, I slope. I slope. slope. slope. I I slope. I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. 110 Soil Survey

TABLE B.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without with commercial and streets landscaping basements basements buildings

BsD*, BsE*: Rock outcrop.

BUB*: Boonton------tSevere: I Moderate: Severe: I Moderate: I Moderate: IModerate: I wetness. I wetness. wetness. I wetness, I wetness, 1 small stones, I I I slope. I frost action. I wetness. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I BUC*: I I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: IModerate: I Severe: I Severe: IModerate: IModerate: I wetness. I wetness, I wetness. I slope. I wetness, I small stones, I I slope. I I I slope, I wetness, I I I I I frost action. I slope. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I BUD*, BUE*: I I I I I I Boonton------ISevere: !Severe: !Severe: !Severe: !Severe: !Severe: I wetness, I slope. I wetness, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I slope. I I I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I Ca------l Severe: 1Severe: 1Severe : 1Severe: !Severe: I Severe: Carlisle 1 excess humus, 1 flooding, 1 flooding, 1 flooding, 1 ponding, 1 pending, I ponding. 1 ponding, I ponding, 1 ponding, I flooding, I flooding, I I subsides. I subsides. I subsides. I subsides. I excess humus. I I I I I I DuB------I Severe: ISlight------ISlight------IModerate: IModerate: !Slight. Dunellen 1 cutbanks cave. I I I slope. I frost action. I I I I I I I Due------l Severe: I Moderate: I Moderate: I Severe: !Moderate: IModerate: Dunellen 1 cutbanks cave. I slope. I slope. I slope. 1 slope, I slope. I I I I 1 frost action. I I I I I I I DuD------I Severe: 1Severe : I Severe: I Severe : I Severe: I Severe: Dunellen I cutbanks cave, 1 slope. 1 slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I I I I I I DVA*: I I I I I I Dunellen------ISevere: ISlight------ISlight------ISlight------IModerate: I Slight. I cutbanks cave. I I I I frost action. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I DVB*: I I I I I I Dunellen------I Severe: 1Slight------1 Slight------I Moderate: IModerate: I Slight. 1 cutbanks cave. 1 I I slope. I frost action. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I DVC*: I I I I I I Dunellen------I Severe: IModerate: IModerate: I Severe: IModerate: IModerate: I cutbanks cave. I slope. I slope. I slope. 1 slope, 1 slope. I I I I I frost action. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 111

TABLE 8.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without with commercial and streets landscaping basements basements buildings

DVD*: Dunellen------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I cutbanks cave, I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I I I I I I Urban land------Variable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I FL------Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Fluvaquents wetness, I wetness, I wetness, wetness, I wetness, I wetness, flooding. I flooding. I flooding. flooding. I flooding. I flooding. I I I I HaB, HbB------Severe: !Severe: !Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Haledon wetness. I wetness. I wetness. wetness. I wetness, I wetness. I I I frost action. I I I I I HUB*: I I I I Haledon------Severe: I Severe: 1 Severe: Severe: 1Severe: I Severe: wetness. 1 wetness. 1 wetness. wetness. 1 wetness, I wetness. I I I frost action. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I HvA------ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Hasbrouck I cutbanks cave, I wetness. I wetness. wetness. I wetness, I small stones, I wetness. I I I frost action. I wetness. I I I I I HzB------ISevere: I Severe: Seve!';"e: Severe: Severe: I Severe: Hibernia I cutbanks cave, I wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness, I wetness. I wetness. I frost action. I I I I OtD, OtE------Severe: I Severe: Severe: Severe: severe: I Severe: Otisville slope, slope. slope. slope. slope. I slope, cutbanks cave. I droughty. I PoA------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Moderate: Pascack cutbanks cave, wetness. wetness. wetness. frost action. I wetness. wetness. I I Pr------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: Preakness cutbanks cave, flooding, flooding, flooding, wetness, I wetness, wetness. wetness. wetness. wetness. flooding, I flooding. frost action. I I Ps*------ISevere: Slight------ISlight------ISlight------Slight------I Severe: Pits 1 cutbanks cave. 1 I I droughty, I I I I small stones. I I I I RaA------ISevere: Slight------ISlight------ISlight------IModerate: I Slight. Riverhead 1 cutbanks cave. I I I frost action. I I I I I I RaB------ISevere: ISlight------ISlight------Moderate: !Moderate: I Slight. Riverhead 1 cutbanks cave. 1 1 slope. 1 frost action. I I I I I I Rae------I Severe: I Moderate: I Moderate: Severe: I Moderate: !Moderate: Riverhead 1 cutbanks cave.l slope. I slope. slope. I slope, I slope. I I I I frost action. I I I I I I RoC------I Severe: I Moderate: I Severe: Severe: I Moderate: I Moderate: Rockaway 1 cutbanks cave, 1 wetness, I wetness. slope. I wetness, I small stones, I wetness. I slope. I I slope, I large stones. I I I I frost action. I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 112 Soil Survey

TABLE B.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Shallow Dwellinqs Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without with commercial and streets landscaping basements basements buildings

RoD, RoE------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: Rockaway cutbanks cave, slope. wetness, slope. slope. I slope. wetness, slope. I slope. I I RrC*: I Rockaway------Severe: IModerate: Severe: Severe: Moderate: Severe: cutbanks cave, 1 wetness, wetness. slope. wetness, small stones. wetness. I slope. slope, I frost action. I Rock outcrop. I I RrD*, RrE*: I Rockaway------I Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I cutbanks cave, slope. I wetness, slope. slope. small stones, I wetness, I slope. slope. 1 slope. I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I SU*: I I Sulfihemists-----ISevere: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: Severe: I wetness, wetness, I wetness, I wetness, wetness, wetness, I flooding. flooding. I flooding. I flooding. flooding. flooding. I I I Sulfaquents------ISevere: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I wetness, wetness, I wetness, I wetness, I wetness, wetness, I flooding. flooding. I flooding. I flooding. I flooding. flooding. I I I I Ua, Ub------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Udorthents I I I I I I I I I I I I Uc*: I I I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I Ud, Ue------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Udorthents I I I I I I I I I I I I Uf*: I I I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I UR*------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Urban land I I I I I I I I I I I I WeB------IModerate: IModerate: !Moderate: Moderate: I Moderate: IModerate: Wethersfield I dense layer, I wetness. I wetness. wetness, I wetness, I small stones. I wetness. I I slope. I frost action. I I I I I I WeC------IModerate: IModerate: !Moderate: Severe: !Moderate: IModerate: Wethersfield I dense layer, I wetness, I wetness, slope. I wetness, I small stones, I wetness, I slope. I slope. I slope, I slope. 1 slope. I I I frost action. I I I I I I NeD, WeE, WrD-----ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Wethersfield I slope. I slope. I slope. slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 113

TABLE B.--BUILDING SITE DEVELOPMENT--Continued

Soil name and Shallow Dwellings Dwellings Small Local roads Lawns and map symbol excavations without with commercial and streets landscaping basements basements buildings

WsB*: Wethersfield-----IModerate: I Moderate: IModerate: Moderate: IModerate: I Moderate: I dense layer, I wetness. I wetness. wetness, I wetness, I large stones. I wetness. I I slope. I frost action. I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I WsC*: I I I I I Wethersfield----- Moderate: Moderate: Moderate: Severe: Moderate: I Moderate: dense layer, wetness, wetness, slope. wetness/ I large stones, wetness, slope. slope. slope, I slope. slope. frost action. I I Rock outcrop. I I WsD*, WsE*: I Wethersfield----- Severe: Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: slope. slope. slope. 1 slope. slope. I slope. I I Rock outcrop. I I I I ~·= I I Wethersfield-----! Moderate: IModerate: 1Moderate: 1Moderate: IModerate: I Moderate: 1 dense layer, 1 wetness. 1 wetness. 1 wetness, I wetness/ I small stones. I wetness. I I I slope. I frost action. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I WUC*: I I I I I I Wethersfield-----IModerate: !Moderate: !Moderate: !Severe: !Moderate: !Moderate: 1 dense layer, 1 wetness, 1 wetness, I slope. I wetness, I small stones, 1 wetness, 1 slope. 1 slope. I I slope, I slope. 1 slope. 1 I I I frost action. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I WUD*: I I I I I I Wethersfield-----ISevere: !Severe: !Severe: !Severe: !Severe: !Severe: I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 114 Soil Survey

TABLE 9.--SANITARY FACILITIES

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary.'' See text for definitions of "slight," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill

Ad------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: Adrian I subsides, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I ponding, I excess humus, I pending, I ponding. I too sandy, I peres slowly. I pending. I too sandy. I I pending. I I I I I BoB------I Severe: Moderate: !Severe: !Moderate: I Poor: Boonton I wetness r seepage, I wetness. I wetness. I small stones. I peres slowly. slope. I I I I I I I BoC------JSevere: Severe: I Severe: !Moderate: I Poor: Boonton 1 wetness, slope. I wetness. I wetness, I small stones. I peres slowly. I I slope. I I I I I BoD, BoE------JSevere: Severe: !Severe: !Severe: I Poor: Boonton 1 wetness, slope. I wetness, I slope. I small stones, I peres slowly, I slope. I 1 slope. I slope. I I I I I I I BrB------ISevere: IModerate: !Severe: !Moderate: I Poor: Boonton 1 wetness, I seepage, I wetness. I wetness. I small stones. I peres slowly. I slope. I I I I I I I I BrC------JSevere: I Severe: I Severe: !Moderate: JPoor: Boonton I wetness, I slope. I wetness. I wetness, I small stones. I peres slowly. I I I slope. I I I I I I BrD------JSevere: I Severe: Severe: I Severe: I Poor: Boonton I wetness, I slope. wetness, I slope. I small stones, I peres slowly, I slope. I 1 slope. I slope. I I I I I I I BsB*: I I I I Boonton------Severe: I Moderate: Severe: !Moderate: I Poor: wetness, I seepage, wetness. I wetness. I small stones. peres slowly. I slope. I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I BsC*: I I I Boonton------Severe: Severe: Severe: Moderate: I Poor: wetness, slope. wetness. wetness, 1 small stones. peres slowly. slope. I I Rock outcrop. I I BsD*, BsE*: I Boonton------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Poor: wetness, slope. wetness, slope. I small stones, peres slowly, slope. 1 slope. slope. I I See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 115

TABLE 9.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued

Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol. absorption areas sanitary sanitary for l.andfil.l. fiel.ds l.andfil.l. l.andfil.l.

BsD*, BsE*: Rock outcrop.

BUB*: Boonton------Severe: IModerate: Severe: IModerate: Poor: wetness, I seepage, wetness. I wetness. small stones. peres slowly. I sl.ope. I I I Urban l.and------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e. I I I I I BUC*: I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: IModerate: I Poor: I wetness, I sl.ope. I wetness. I wetness, I smal.l. stones. I peres sl.owl.y. I I I sl.ope. I I I I I I Urban l.and------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e. I I I I I BUD*, BUE* : I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: I wetness, I sl.ope. I wetness, I sl.ope. I small stones, I peres slowly, I I sl.ope. I I sl.ope. I sl.ope. I I I I I I I I I Urban l.and------IVariabl.e------Variabl.e------Variabl.e------Variabl.e------IVariabl.e. I I Ca------l Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Poor: Carl.isl.e 1 fl.ooding, seepage, fl.ooding, fl.ooding, I ponding, I ponding, flooding, seepage, seepage, I excess humus. I subsides. excess humus. ponding. ponding. I I I DuB------IModerate: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Fair: Dunel.l.en 1 peres sl.owl.y. seepage. seepage. seepage. I small stones, I I thin l.ayer. I I DuC------IModerate: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Fair: Dunellen 1 peres slowly, seepage, seepage. seepage. I small stones, I sl.ope. sl.ope. I sl.ope, I I thin l.ayer. I I DuD------I Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Poor: Dunel.l.en 1 sl.ope. seepage, seepage, seepage, I sl.ope. I sl.ope. sl.ope. sl.ope. I I I DVA*, DVB* : I I Dunel.l.en------IModerate: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Fair: I peres sl.owl.y. seepage. seepage. seepage. I small stones, I I thin l.ayer. I I Urban l.and------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e. I I I I I DVC*: I I I I I Dunel.l.en------IModerate: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Fair: I peres slowly, I seepage, I seepage. I seepage. I small stones, I sl.ope. I sl.ope. I I I sl.ope, I I I I I thin l.ayer. I I I I I Urban l.and------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e. I I I I I

See footnote at end of tabl.e. 116 Soil Survey

TABLE 9.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued

Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill

DVD*: Dunellen------ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: I slope. I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I slope. I I slope. 1 slope. I slope. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I FL. I I I I I Fluvaquents I I I I I I I I I I HaB------ISevere: I Severe: Severe: Severe: I Poor: Haledon I wetness, I wetness. wetness. wetness. I wetness. I peres slowly. I I I I I HbB------ISevere: I Severe: Severe: Severe: I Poor: Haledon I wetness r I wetness. wetness. wetness. I small stones, I peres slowly. I I wetness. I I I HUB*: I I I Haledon------ISevere: I Severe: Severe: Severe; I Poor: I wetness, I wetness. wetness. wetness. I wetness. I peres slowly. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I HvA------JSevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: !Poor: Hasbrouck I wetness, I seepage, I seepage, 1 wetness. I small stones, I peres slowly. I wetness. I wetness. I I wetness. I I I I I HzB------ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: Hibernia I wetness, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I wetness. I peres slowly, I wetness. I wetness. I wetness. I I poor filter. I I I I I I I I I otD, otE------ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: otisville I poor filter, I slope, I slope, I slope, I seepage, I slope. I seepage. I seepage, I seepage. I too sandy, I I I too sandy. I I small stones. I I I I I PoA------ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: Pascack I wetness, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I seepage, I poor filter. I wetness. I wetness. 1 wetness. I small stones, I I I I I wetness. I I I I I Pr------Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Poor: Preakness flooding, seepaqe, I flooding, flooding, I seepage, wetness, flooding, I seepage, seepage, I too sandy, poor filter. wetness. I wetness. wetness. I small stones. I I Ps*------Severe: Severe: I Severe: Slight------I Poor: Pits poor filter. seepaqe, I seepage, I seepage, slope, I too sandy. I too sandy, large stones. I I small stones. I I RaA, RaB------Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Poor: Riverhead poor filter. seepage. I seepage, seepage. I seepage, I too sandy. I too sandy. I I RaC------ISevere: I Severe: I Severe: I Severe: I Poor: Riverhead I poor filter. I slope, I seepage, 1 seepage. I seepage, I I seepage. I too sandy. I I too sandy. I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 117

TABLE 9.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued

Soil name and Septic tank Sewage lagoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol absorption areas sanitary sanitary for landfill fields landfill landfill

RoC------I Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Poor: Rockaway I wetness, seepage, I depth to rock, seepage. I small stones. I peres slowly, slope, I seepage. I I poor filter. wetness. I I I I I RoD, RoE------ISevere: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Poor: Rockaway I wetness, seepage, depth to rock, seepage, 1 small stones, I peres slowly, slope, seepage, slope. I slope. I poor filter. wetness. slope. I I I RrC*: I I Rockaway------Severe: Severe: Severe: Severe: I Poor: wetness, seepager depth to rock, seepage. I small stones. peres slowly, slope, seepage. I poor filter. wetness. I I Rock outcrop. I I RrD*, RrE*: I Rockaway------Severe: Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Poor: wetness, seepage, I depth to rock, seepage, I small stones, peres slowly, slope, I seepage, slope. I slope. poor filter. wetness. I slope. I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I SU*: I I Sulfihemists------Severe: I Severe: I Severe: Severe: I Poor: wetness, I wetness, I wetness, wetness, I wetness, flooding. I flooding. I flooding. flooding. I flooding. I I I Sulfaquents------Severe: 1Severe: 1Severe: Severe: I Poor: wetness, I wetness, I wetness, wetness, I wetness, flooding. 1 flooding. I flooding. flooding. I flooding. I I I I I I Ua, Ub------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Udorthent s I I I I I I I I I I Uc*: I I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I Ud, Ue------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Udorthents I I I I I I I I I I Uf*: I I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I UR*------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. urban land I I I I I I I I I I WeB------I Severe: IModerate: !Moderate: IModerate: I Fair: Wethersfield I peres slowly. I slope. I wetness. I wetness. 1 small stones, I I I I I wetness. I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 118 Soil Survey

TABLE 9.--SANITARY FACILITIES--Continued

Soil name and Septic tank Sewage l.agoon Trench Area Daily cover map symbol. absorption areas sanitary sanitary for l.andfil.l. fiel.ds l.andfil.l. l.andfil.l. wec------ISevere: Severe: !Moderate: !Moderate: I Fair: Wethersfiel.d 1 peres sl.owl.y. slope. I wetness, I wetness, I small stones, I I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I wetness. I I I I WeD, NeE, WrD------ISevere: Severe: !Severe: !Severe: JPoor: Wethersfiel.d I peres sl.owl.y, slope. I slope. I slope. I slope. I sl.ope. I I I I I I I wsB*: I I I I Wethersfield------ISevere: JModerate: !Moderate: !Moderate: !Fair: I peres slowly. 1 slope. I wetness. I wetness. I smal.l stones, I I I I I wetness. I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I WsC*: I I I I I Wethersfield------I Severe: 1Severe: I Moderate: I Moderate: IModerate: I peres slowly. I slope. I wetness, I wetness, I small. stones, I I I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I I wetness. I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I WsD*, WsE*: I I I I I Wethersfield------ISevere: !Severe: !Severe: !Severe: IPoor: 1 peres slowly, 1 slope. I slope. 1 sl.ope. I slope. I slope. I I I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I WUB*: I I I I I Wethersfield------ISevere: !Moderate: !Moderate: !Moderate: !Fair: I peres sl.owl.y. 1 slope. I wetness. I wetness. I small stones, I I I I I wetness. I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------JVariable------IVariable------JVariable------IVariable. I I I I I WUC*: I I I I I Wethersfield------I Severe: JSevere: I Moderate: I Moderate: I Fair: I peres sl.owly. I slope. I wetness, I wetness, I small. stones, I I I slope. I slope. I slope, I I I I I wetness. I I I I I Urban l.and------JVariable------JVariable------IVariable------IVariabl.e------IVariable. I I I I I WUD*: I I I I I Wethersfield------I Severe: JSevere: !Severe: I Severe: I Poor: I peres slowly, I sl.ope. I sl.ope. I sl.ope. I sl.ope. 1 slope. I I I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariabl.e------JVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariabl.e------IVariable. I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. Bergen County, New Jersey 119

TABLE 10.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary.~~ See text for definitions of "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol

Ad------I Poor: Probable------I Improbable: I Poor: Adrian I wetness. I too sandy. I excess humus, I I I wetness. I I I BoB, BoC------IFair: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: Boonton 1 wetness. excess fines. excess fines. 1 small stones, I I area reclaim. I I BoD------IFair: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: Boonton 1 wetness, excess fines. excess fines. 1 small stones, I slope. 1 area reclaim, I I slope. I I BoE------IPoor: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: Boonton 1 slope. excess fines. excess fines. 1 small stones, I 1 area reclaim, I I slope. .I I BrB, BrC------IFair: Improbable: Improbable: !Poor: Boonton 1 wetness . excess fines. excess fines. I small stones, I 1 area reclaim. I I BrD------IFair: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: Boonton I wetness, excess fines. excess fines. I small stones, I slope. I area reclaim, I I slope. I I BsB*, BsC*: I I Boonton------IFair: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: I wetness. excess fines. excess fines. 1 small stones, I 1 area reclaim. I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: I Poor: I depth to rock, 1 depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I I BsD*: I I Boonton------I Fair: Improbable: Improbable : I Poor: I wetness, excess fines. excess fines. I small stones, I slope. I area reclaim, I I slope. I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: I Poor: I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I I BsE*: I I Boonton------I Poor: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: I slope. excess fines. excess fines. I small stones, I 1 area reclaim, I 1 slope. I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: I Poor: I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I I

See footnote at end of table. 120 Soil Survey

TABLE 10.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued

Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol

BUB*, BUC*: Boonton------I Fair: \Improbable: \Improbable: \Poor: I wetness. I excess fines. I excess fines. I small stones, I I I I area reclaim. I I I I Urban land------!Variable------!Variable------!Variable------!Variable. I I I I BUD*: I I I I Boonton------\Fair: \Improbable: \Improbable: \Poor: I wetness, I excess fines. I excess fines. 1 small stones, I slope. I I I area reclaim, I I I 1 slope. I I I I Urban land------!Variable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I BUE*: I I I I Boonton------IPoor: \Improbable: \Improbable: \Poor: I slope. I excess fines. I excess fines. 1 small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I I Urban land------\Variable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I Ca------!Poor: \Improbable: \Improbable: \Poor: Carlisle I wetness, I excess humus. I excess humus. I excess humus, I low strength. I I I wetness. I I I I DuB, DuC------!Good------IProbable------IProbable------IPoor: Dunellen I I I I small stones, I I I I area reclaim. I I I I DuD------!Fair: \Probable------IProbable------!Poor: Dunellen I slope. I I I small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I I OVA*, DVB*, DVC*: I I I I Dunellen------\Good------IProbable------IProbable------!Poor: I I I I small stones, I I I I area reclaim. I I I I Urban land------!Variable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I DVD*: I I I I Dunellen------I Fair: \Probable------IProbable------IPoor: I slope. I I 1 small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I I Urban land------!Variable------IVariable------IVariable------!Variable. I I I I FL------!Poor: IVariable------IVariable------!Variable. Fluvaquents I wetness. I I I I I I I HaB------!Poor: I Improbable: \Improbable: \Poor: Haledon I wetness . I excess fines. I excess fines. I large stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I wetness. I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 121

TABLE 10.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued

Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol

HbB------IPoor: Improbable: Improbable: !Poor: Haledon I wetness. excess fines. excess fines. I small stones, I I area reclaim, I I wetness. I I HUB*: I I Haledon------IPoor: Improbable: Improbable: IPoor: I wetness. excess fines. excess fines. I large stones, I I area reclaim, I I wetness. I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I HvA------IPoor: I Improbable: I Improbable : I Poor: Hasbrouck 1 wetness. I excess fines. I excess fines. I small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I wetness. I I I I HzB------IPoor: !Improbable: !Improbable: IPoor: Hibernia I wetness. I excess fines. 1 excess fines. 1 small stones, I I I I wetness. I I I I OtD------IFair: IProbable------IProbable------IPoor: Otisville I slope. I 1 1 small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I I OtE------IPoor: IProbable------IProbable------IPoor: Otisville 1 slope. 1 1 1 small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I I PoA------IFair: IProbable------IImprobable------IPoor: Pascack 1 wetness. 1 1 1 small stones, I I I I area reclaim. I I I I Pr------IPoor: IProbable------IProbable------IPoor:

Preakness I wetness. I 1 I small stones 1 I I I I area reclaim, I I I I wetness. I I I I Ps*------IGood------IProbable------IProbable------IPoor: Pits I I 1 1 too sandy, I I I I small stones, I I I I area reclaim. I I I I RaA, RaB, RaC------IGood------Probable------IProbable------IPoor: Riverhead 1 1 1 small stones. I I I RoC------IFair: Improbable: I Improbable: I Poor: Rockaway 1 depth to rock, excess fines. I excess fines. I small stones, I wetness. I I area reclaim. I I I RoD------I Fair: Improbable: I Improbable: I Poor: Rockaway 1 depth to rock, excess fines. I excess fines. I small stones, 1 wetness, I I area reclaim, I slope. I I slope. I I I

See footnote at end of table. 122 Soil Survey

TABLE 10.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued

Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol

RoE------IPoor: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: Rockaway 1 slope. excess fines. excess fines. I small stones, I 1 area reclaim, I I slope. I I RrC*: I I Rockaway------IFair: Improbable: I Improbable: I Poor: I depth to rock, excess fines. I excess fines. I small stones, I wetness. I I area reclaim. I I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: I I Poor: I depth to rock, I I depth to rock, I slope. I I slope. I I I RrD*: I I I Rockaway------IFair: I Improbable: I Improbable: I Poor: I depth to rock, I excess fines. I excess fines. I small stones, I wetness, I I I area reclaim, I slope. I I I slope. I I I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: I I I Poor: I depth to rock, I I 1 depth to rock, 1 slope. I I I slope. I I I I RrE*: I I I I Rockaway------I Poor: I Improbable : I Improbable: I Poor: 1 slope. I excess fines. I excess fines. I small stones, I I I I area reclaim, I I I I slope. I I I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: I I I Poor: I depth to rock, I I I depth to rock, I slope. I I I slope. I I I I SU*: I I I I Sulfihemists------IPoor: IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I wetness. I I I I I I I Sulfaquents------IPoor: IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I wetness. I I I I I I I I I I I Ua, Ub------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Udorthents I I I I I I I I Uc*: I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I Ud, Ue------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Udorthents I I I I I I I I Uf*: I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I UR*------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Urban land 1 I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 123

TABLE 10.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued

Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol

NeB------IGood------Improbable: Improbable: !Fair: Nethersfield I excess fines. excess fines. I area reclaim, I 1 small stones. I I NeC------IGood------Improbable: Improbable: !Fair: Nethersfield I excess fines. excess fines. I area reclaim, I 1 small stones, I I slope. I I NeD------IFair: Improbable: Improbable: !Poor: Wethersfield I slope. excess fines. excess fines. I slope. I I WeE------I Poor: Improbable: Improbable: !Poor: Wethersfield 1 slope. excess fines. I excess fines. 1 slope. I I I WrD------IFair: Improbable: I Improbable : !Poor:

Wethersfield 1 slope. excess fines. I excess fines. 1 slope. I I I WsB*: I I I Wethersfield------IGoad------IImprobable: I Improbable : !Fair: I I excess fines. I excess fines. I area reclaim, I I I 1 small stones. I I I I Rock outcrop------!Poor: 1 I !Poor: I depth to rock, 1 I I depth to rock, I slope. I I I slope. I I I WsC*: I I I Wethersfield------!Good------fimprobable: Improbable: !Fair: I I excess fines. excess fines. I area reclaim, I I I small stones, I I I slope. I I I Rock outcrop------!Poor: !Poor: I depth to rock, I depth to rock, I slope. I slope. I I WsD*: I I Nethersfield------!Fair: Improbable: Improbable: !Poor: I slope. excess fines. excess fines. I slope. I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: !Poor: I depth to rock, 1 depth to rock, I slope. 1 slope. I I WsE*: I I Wethersfield------I Poor: Improbable: Improbable: !Poor: I slope. excess fines. excess fines. I slope. I I Rock outcrop------IPoor: Improbable: Improbable: I Poor: I depth to rock, excess fines. excess fines. I depth to rock, I slope. 1 slope. I I WUB*: I I Wethersfield------IGood------Improbable: I Improbable : !Fair: I excess fines. I excess fines. I area reclaim, I I 1 small stones. I I I Urban land------IVariable------fVariable------fVariable------fVariable. I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 124 Soil Survey

TABLE 10.--CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS--Continued

Soil name and Roadfill Sand Gravel Topsoil map symbol

IIUC*: Wethersfield------IGood------Improbable: I Improbable: I Fair: 1 excess fines. I excess fines. I area reclaim, I I I small stones, I I I slope. I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I WUD*: I I I I Wethersfield------IFair: !Improbable: !Improbable: IPoor: I slope. I excess fines. I excess fines. I slope. I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. TABLE 11. --WATER MANAGEMENT

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the "Glossary." See text for definitions of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation)

Limitations for- Features affecting-- Soil name and Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed I Terraces map symbol reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation I and Grassed z areas levees ponds I diversions waterways CD :!: I c._ I CD Ad------I Severe: Severe: Severe: I Pending, Pending, JPonding, I Wetness, Cil CD Adrian I seepage. seepage, slow refill, I subsides, soil blowing, I too sandy, I rooting depth. '< I piping, cutbanks cave. I frost action. rooting depth. I soil blowing. I I ponding. I I I I I I I BoB------IModerate: Severe: Severe: I Peres slowly, Slope, !Erodes easily, !Erodes easily, Boonton 1 seepage, piping. no water. slope. wetness, I wetness. droughty. 1 slope. droughty. I I I BoC, BoD, BoE-----ISevere: Severe: Severe: I Peres slowly, Slope, I Slope, I Slope, Boonton I slope. piping. no water. slope. wetness, I erodes easily, 1 erodes easily, I droughty. I wetness. I droughty. I I I BrB------IModerate: IModerate: Severe: I Peres slowly, Slope, !Erodes easily, !Erodes easily, Boonton I seepage, I thin layer, no water. slope. wetness, I wetness. I droughty. I slope. I wetness. droughty. I I I I I I BrC, BrD------ISevere: IModerate: Severe: I Peres slowly, Slope, !Slope, !Slope, Boonton I slope. I thin layer, no water. slope. wetness, I erodes easily, I erodes easily, I I wetness. droughty. I wetness. I droughty. I I I I BsB*: I I I I Boonton------IModerate: IModerate: Severe: I Peres slowly, Slope, Erodes easily, Erodes easily, I seepage, I thin layer, no water. slope. wetness, wetness. droughty. I slope. I wetness. droughty. I I Rock outcrop. I I I I BsC*, BsD*, BsE*: I I Boonton------I Severe: IModerate: Severe: !Peres slowly, Slope, Slope, Slope, I slope. I thin layer, no water. slope. wetness, erodes easily, erodes easily, I I wetness. droughty. wetness. droughty. I I Rock outcrop. I I I I

See footnote at end of table.

1\) (.11 TABLE 11.--WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued ...... Limitations for-- Features affecting-- 1\) 0> Soil name and Pond Embankments, Aquifer fed Terraces map symbol reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation and Grassed areas levees ponds diversions waterways

BUB*: Boonton------IModerate: !Severe: !Severe: !Peres slowly, I Slope, !Erodes easily, !Erodes easily, I seepage, I piping. I no water. slope. I wetness, I wetness. droughty. I slope. I I I droughty. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I BUC*, BUD*, BUE*: I I I I I I I Boonton------I Severe: !Severe: !Severe: !Peres slowly, !Slope, !Slope, !Slope, 1 slope. I piping. I no water. I slope. I wetness, 1 erodes easily, 1 erodes easily, I I I I I droughty. I wetness. I droughty. I I I I I I I Urban land------Variable------Variable------Variable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I Ca------Severe: Severe: Severe: !Pending, Ponding, IPonding, !Wetness. Carlisle seepage. excess humus, slow refill. I flooding, soil blowing, I soil blowing. I pending. I subsides. flooding. I I I I I DuB------Severe: Severe: Severe: !Deep to water Slope------IFavorable------IFavorable. Dunellen seepage. piping. no water. I I I I I I Due, DuD------Severe: Severe: Severe: IDeep to water Slope------ISlope------ISlope. Dunellen seepage, piping. no water. I I I slope. I I I I I I OVA*: I I I Dunellen------Severe: Severe: Severe: IDeep to water IFavorable------IFavorable------IFavorable. seepage. piping. no water. I I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I DVB*: I I I I I I I Dunellen------I Severe: I Severe: !Severe: IDeep to water ISlope------IFavorable------IFavorable. I seepage. I piping. I no water. I I I I I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I ovc•, DVD*: I I I I I I I Dunellen------ISevere: !Severe: !Severe: IDeep to water ISlope------ISlope------ISlope. I seepage, I piping. I no water. I I I I I slope. I I I I I I I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. (f) & (f) c

See footnote at end of table. TABLE 11.--WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued

Limitations for-- Features affecting-- Soil name and Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed Terraces map symbol reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation and Grassed areas levees ponds diversions waterways

Rae------Severe: I Severe: I Severe: IDeep to water Slope------Slope, Slope. Riverhead seepage, 1 seepage. I no water. I too sandy. slope. I I I I I I RoC, RoD, RoE----- Severe: Severe: Severe: !Peres slowly, Slope, Slope, Slope, Rockaway seepage, seepage, no water. I large stones, wetness, wetness, droughty, slope. piping. I slope. droughty. rooting depth. rooting depth. I RrC*, RrD*, RrE*: I Rockaway------I Severe: Severe: Severe: !Peres slowly, I Slope, Slope, Slope, I seepage, seepage, no water. I large stones, I wetness, wetness, droughty, I slope. piping. I slope. I droughty. rooting depth. rooting depth. I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I SU*: I I I Sulfihemists-----IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I Sulfaquents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I Ua, Ub------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. udorthents I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Uc*: I I I I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariabla------IVariable. I I I I I I I Ud, Ue------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Udorthents I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Uf*: I I I I I I I Udorthents------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariabla------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I UR*------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. Urban land I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WeB------IModerate: I Severe: I Severe: IDeep to water !Slope, !Erodes easily, !Erodes easily, Wethersfield I slope. I piping. I no water. I 1 peres slowly, I peres slowly. rooting depth, I I I I I rooting depth. I peres slowly. I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table.

(/) g (/) c

CD< '< TABLE 11.--WATER MANAGEMENT--Continued Ill Limitations for-- Features affecting-- CD <0 Soil name and Pond Embankments, Aquifer-fed I Terraces CD map symbol reservoir dikes, and excavated Drainage Irrigation 1 and Grassed :::J areas levees ponds I diversions waterways () 0 c: :::J wee, WeD, WeE, .:::: WrD------ISevere: Severe: Severa: IDeep to water Slope, !Slope, !Slope, z Wethersfield I slope. piping. no water. I peres slowly, 1 erodes easily, I erodes easily, ~ I I rooting depth. 1 peres slowly. I rooting depth. c.... I I I I CD WsB*: I Ul I I I CD Wethersfield----- Moderate: Severe: Severe: IDeep to water Slope, Erodes easily, Erodes easily, '< slope. piping. no water. I peres slowly, peres slowly. rooting depth, I rooting depth. peres slowly. I Rock outcrop. I I WsC*, WsD*, WsE*: I Wethersfield----- Severe: Severe: Severe: IDeep to water Slope, Slope, Slope, slope. piping. no water. I peres slowly, erodes easily, erodes easily, I rooting depth. peres slowly. rooting depth. I Rock outcrop. I I WUB*: I Wethersfield-----IModerate: I Severe: Severe: IDeep to water !Slope, !Erodes easily, !Erodes easily, I slope. I piping. no water. I I peres slowly, I peres slowly. I rooting depth, I I I I rooting depth. 1 I peres slowly. I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I WUC*, WUD*: I I I I I I I Wethersfield-----! Severe: 1Severe: I Severe: I Deep to water I Slope, 1Slope, 1Slope, I slope. I piping. I no water. I I peres slowly, I erodes easily, I erodes easily, I I I I I rooting depth. I peres slowly. I rooting depth. I I I I I I I Urban land------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable------IVariable. I I I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

1\) \0 130 Soil Survey

TABLE 12.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

Classification IFrag- Percentage passing Soil name and Depth I USDA texture ments sieve number- I Liquid Plas- map symbol I Unified AASHTO 3-10 limit tieity I inches 4 10 40 200 index In I Pet Pet I I Ad------0-251Muck------PT IA-8 Adrian 25-661Stratified loamy SP, SM IA-2, A-3, 0 80-100 60-100 30-80 0-35 NP I fine sand to I A-1 I gravelly sand. I I I BoB, BoC, BoD, I I BoE------0-6 I Gravelly loam---- CL-ML, IA-4, A-2 0-10 75-90 50-70 40-65 25-55 <25 3-7 Boonton I I SC-SM, I I I SM, ML I I 6-231Gravelly loam, CL-ML, IA-2, A-4 0-10 85-100 50-95 40-90 25-75 20-30 4-10 I I gravelly fine SC-SM, I I sandy loam, silt CL, sc I I loam. I 23-411Gravelly sandy SC, SC-SM, IA-2, A-4 0-10 80-95 50-95 35-85 25-60 20-30 4-10 I loam, loam, CL, CL-MLI I gravelly fine I I sandy loam. I

41-661Loamy fine sand, SC-SM, IA-2, A-4 1 0-20 85-100 45-95 35-85 15-60 <25 2-7 I gravelly fine CL-ML, I A-1 I sandy loam, SM, ML I I gravelly loamy I I fine sand. I I I BrB, BrC, BrD---- 0-6 IVery stony loam CL-ML, SM, IA-4, A-2 5-10 85-95 60-85 45-80 30-65 <25 3-7 Boonton I I SC-SM, MLI 6-231Gravelly loam, ICL-ML, CL, IA-4, 0-10 80-90 50-85 40-80 125-70 20-30 4-10 I gravelly fine I SC, SC-SMI A-2-4 I I sandy loam, I I I I gravelly silt I I I I loam. I I I 23-401Gravelly sandy ISC-SM, sc IA-2, A-4, 0-10 80-95 50-80 35-70 20-50 20-30 4-10 I loam, gravelly I A-1-b I loam, gravelly I I fine sandy loam. I 40-661Gravelly fine ICL-ML, SM, IA-2, A-4, 0-20 85-100 45-95 35-85 15-60 <25 2-7 I sandy loam, I SC-SM, MLI A-1 I gravelly loamy I I I fine sand, loamy I I I fine sand. I I I I I BsB*, BsC*, BsD*, I I I BsE*: I I I Boonton------0-6 IVery stony loam ICL-ML, SM, IA-4, A-2 5-10 85-95 60-85 45-80 30-65 <25 3-7 I I SC-SM, MLI 6-231Gravelly loam, ICL-ML, CL, IA-4, 0-10 80-90 50-85 40-80 125-70 20-30 4-10 I gravelly fine I SC, SC-SMI A-2-4 I I sandy loam, I I I I gravelly silt I I I I loam. I I I 23-411Gravelly sandy ISC-SM, sc IA-2, A-4, 0-10 80-95 50-80 35-70 120-50 20-30 4-10 I loam, gravelly I I A-1-b I I loamr gravelly I I I I fine sandy loam. I I I 41-661Gravelly fine ICL-ML, SM, IA-2, A-4, 0-20 85-100 45-95 35-85 115-60 <25 2-7 I sandy loam, I SC-SM, MLI A-1 I I gravelly loam, I I I I loamy fine sand. I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 131

TABLE 12.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

Classification IFrag- Percentage passing Soil name and I Depth I USDA texture menta sieve number- Liquid Plas- map symbol I I Unified AASHTO 3-10 limit ticity I I inches I 4 10 40 200 index In I Pet Pet I BsB*r BsC*, BsD*, I BsE*: I Rock outcrop. I I BUB*, BUC*, BUD*, I BUE*: I Boonton------0-6 I Gravelly loam----ICL-ML, IA-4, A-2 0-10 75-90 50-70 40-65 25-55 <25 3-7 I I SC-SM, I I I SM, ML I 6-231Gravelly loam, ICL-ML, IA-2, A-4 0-10 85-100 50-95 40-90 125-75 20-30 4-10 I gravelly fine I SC-SM, I I I sandy loam, silt I CL, sc I I I loam. I I I 23-411Gravelly sandy ISC, SC-SM, IA-2, A-4 0-10 80-95 150-95 135-85 125-60 I 20-30 4-10 I loam, loam, I CL, CL-MLI I I I I gravelly fine I I I I I sandy loam. I I I 41-661Loamy fine sand, ISC-SM, IA-2, A-4, 0-20 85-100 45-95 135-85 15-60 <25 2-7

I gravelly fine I CL-ML 1 I A-1 I I sandy loam, I SM, ML I I I gravelly loam. I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I Ca------0-661Muck------IPT IA-8 0-30 I Carlisle I I I I I I I I DuB, Due, DuD---- 0-3 I Loam------ISM, SC, IA-2, A-4 0-2 95-100 75-100160-80 30-70 20-30 3-10 Dunellen I I ML, CL I I 3-261Sandy loam, loam, ISM, SC, IA-2, A-4, 0-2 95-100 60-95 140-80 120-75 20-30 3-10 I gravelly sandy I ML, SC-SMI A-1 I I I loam. I I I I I 26-661Stratified very ISM, SP-SM IA-2, A-1 0-10 70-80 40-65 130-55 110-25 <20 NP I gravelly sand tol I I I I I loamy sand. I I I I I I I I I I I OVA*, DVB*, DVC*, I I I I I DVD*: I I I I I Dunellen------0-3 I Loam------SM, sc, IA-2, A-4 I 0-2 95-100 75-100160-80 130-70 20-30 3-10 I ML, CL I I I I 3-261Sandy loam, loam, SM, SC, IA-2, A-4, I 0-2 95-100 60-95 140-80 20-75 20-30 3-10 I gravelly sandy ML, SC-SMI A-1 I I I loam. I I I 126-661Stratified very SM, SP-SM IA-2, A-1 I 0-10 70-80 40-65 130-55 10-25 <20 NP I I gravelly sand to I I I I I loamy sand. I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I FL. I I I I I Fluvaquents I I I I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 132 Soil Survey

TABLE 12.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

Classification IFrag- Percentage passing Soil name and Depth I USDA texture lments sieve number-- Liquid Plas- map symbol I Unified AASHTO I 3-10 I limit ticity I inches I 4 I 10 40 200 index In I Pet I Pet I I I I HaB------0-8 I Gravelly loam----IML, CL, IA-4 0-20 175-90 175-85 65-80 50-70 20-30 3-10 Haledon I I CL-ML I I I 8-311Cobbly fine sandyiCL-ML, IA-2, A-4 0-20 185-100175-95 60-85 25-75 20-30 3-10 I loam, gravelly I SC-SM, MLI I I I sandy loam, I I I I I gravelly loam. I I I I 31-431Cobbly sandy ICL-ML, IA-2, A-4 0-20 180-100 75-85 45-80 30-60 20-30 3-10 I loam, fine sandyl SC-SM, I I I loam, gravelly I ML, SM I I I loam. I I I 43-661Gravelly sandy ISC-SM, IA-2, A-4 0-15 75-85 60-80 40-75 25-55 16-20 NP-8 I loam, sandy I CL-ML, SMI I loam, loam. I I I I I I HbB------0-8 I Gravelly loam----IML, CL, IA-4 5-15 80-95 75-85 65-75 150-70 20-30 3-10 Haledon I I CL-ML I I 8-311Gravelly fine ICL-ML, IA-2, A-4 0-20 85-100 65-90 45-90 25-80 20-30 3-10 sandy loam, silt I SC-SM, MLI I loam, cobbly I I I loam. I I 131-431Cobbly sandy ICL-ML, IA-2, A-4, 0-20 80-100 65-90 40-85 20-70 20-30 3-10 I loam, loam, I SC-SM, MLI A-1 I gravel.ly sandy I I I l.oam. I I 43-661Gravel.l.y sandy ISC-SM, IA-2, A-1 0-5 60-85 55-75 30-55 10-30 16-20 NP-8 I loam. I GM-GC I I I I HUB*: I I I Hal.edon------0-8 IGravel.l.y l.oam----IML, CL, IA-4 0-20 75-90 75-85 65-80 50-70 20-30 3-10 I I CL-ML I 8-311Cobbl.y fine sandyiCL-ML, IA-2, A-4 0-20 85-100 75-95 60-85 25-75 20-30 3-10 I loam, loam, I SC-SM, MLI I gravel.l.y l.oam. I I 31-431Cobb1y sandy ICL-ML, IA-2, A-4 I 0-20 80-100 75-85 45-80 30-60 20-30 3-10 I I loam, fine sandyl SC-SM, I I loam, gravel.l.y I ML, SM I I loam. I I 43-661Gravel.l.y sandy ISC-SM, IA-2, A-4 0-15 75-85 160-80 40-75 25-55 16-20 NP-8 I loam, sandy I CL-ML, SMI I loam, loam. I I I I I Urban l.and. I I I I I I HvA------0-7 IVery stony loam IML, CL-ML IA-4 5-25 70-90 45-85 140-70 30-60 20-35 5-15 Hasbrouck 7-291 Loam, clay loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4, A-6 5-25 170-90 45-80 140-70 20-65 20-40 5-15 I gravell.y sandy I sc I I I I I cl.ay loam. I I I I I 129-401Gravel.ly l.oam, IML, SM IA-2, A-4 0-25 160-80 25-50 115-45 110-35 15-30 3-10 I I gravel.l.y sandy I I I I I I I loam, very I I I I I I I gravel.l.y sandy I I I I I I I loam. I I I I I 140-661Gravel.l.y sandy ISM IA-2 5-45 150-80 20-75 115-50 I 5-25 NP-3 I I loam, very I I I I I I I gravel.l.y sandy I I I I I I I loam, cobbly I I I I I I I loamy sand. I I I I I I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 133

TABLE 12.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

Classification IFrag Percentage passing Soil name and I Depth I USDA texture ments sieve nwnber-- Liquid Plas- map symbol I I Unified I AASHTO 3-10 limit ticity I I I inches 4 10 40 200 index In I I Pet Pet I I I I I HzB------0-6 IVery stony loam ICL-ML, CL IA-4 10-20 75-95 160-75 55-70 140-60 20-30 5-10 Hibernia 6-301Cobbly sandy ICL-ML, IA-4, A-2 5-15 80-95 165-90 40-80 130-60 20-30 5-10 I loam, cobbly I SC-SM I I I I loam, sandy I I I I I loam. I I I I 30-461Gravelly sandy ISC-SM IA-2, 0-5 75-95 165-80 40-55 120-35 20-30 5-10 I loam, gravelly I I A-1-b I I loam. I I I 46-661Gravelly loamy ISM, sc, IA-2, 0-10 65-90 160-80 40-70 15-25 16-25 NP-10 I sand, gravelly I SC-SM I A-1-b I I sandy loam. I I I I I I I otD, OtE------0-3 I Gravelly loamy ISM, GM, IA-1, A-2 0-10 55-80 150-75 125-50 10-30 NP Otisville I sand. I SW-SM, I I I I I GW-GM I I I 3-201Gravelly sand, ISM, SP, IA-1 0-10 45-65 130-55 20-50 3-25 NP I gravelly loamy I GP, GM I I I sand, very I I I I gravelly sand. I I I 120-661Very gravelly IGP, SP, IA-1 0-10 35-60 125-55 15-40 0-10 NP I I sand, very I GW-GM, I I I I gravelly loamy I SP-SM I I I I sand, extremely I I I I I gravelly sand. I I I I I I I I PoA------0-5 I Silt loam------ISM, SC, IA-4 0 85-100185-100 65-85 35-60 20-30 3-10 Pascack I I CL-ML, SMI I 5-261Fine sandy loam, SM, sc, IA-2, A-4 0 80-100180-100145-75 30-50 20-30 3-10 I sandy loam, SC-SM I I I I gravelly sandy I I I I loam. I I I 26-321Sandy loam, SM, sc, IA-2, A-4, 0 75-100165-100140-70 20-40 20-30 3-10 I gravelly sandy SC-SM I A-1-b I I I loam. I I I 32-72 Stratified SM, SP IA-1-b, 0 60-100145-100130-75 5-20 16-25 NP-5 gravelly loamy I A-2-4 I I sand to sand. I I I I I I I Pr------0-10 Silt loam------SC-SM, IA-2-4, 0-5 195-100195-100170-85 30-80 20-30 5-10 Preakness CL-ML I A-4 I I I 10-35 Sandy loam, ISM, SP-SM IA-2-4, 0-5 185-100 70-100 55-85 110-40 NP-3 gravelly sandy I I A-4 I loam, gravelly I I I loamy sand. I I I 35-66 Stratified sand ISM, SP-SM IA-1, A-2, 0-10 165-90 50-85 30-70 10-30 <20 NP-5 to gravelly I I A-3 I sandy loam. I I I I I I Ps*------0-601Extremely IGP, GW, IA-1 0-25 110-55 5-50 0-15 0-5 NP Pits I gravelly sand, I SP, sw I I I extremely I I I I gravelly coarse I I I I sand, very I I I I gravelly coarse I I I I sand. I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 134 Soil Survey

TABLE 12.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

Classification IFrag­ Percentage passing ------~------lments Soil name and Depthl USDA texture ----~s-1_·e_v_e__ n~umb ___ e_r_-_-~ _____ 1Liquid Plas­ map symbol I Unified AASHTO 1 3-10 - I limit ticity I inches I 4 10 40 200 index In I Pet I I Pet I I I I I RaA, RaB, RaC---- 0-6 !Sandy loam------ISM, ML IA-2, A-4 0-5 195-100190-100155-95 130-75 16-18 1-3 Riverhead 6-281Sandy loam, fine ISM, GM IA-2, A-4, 0-5 165-100 60-95 140-80 120-45 16-18 1-3 I sandy loam, I I A-1 I I I I gravelly sandy I I I I I I loam. I I I I I 28-361Loamy sand, ISM, SP-SM, IA-1, A-2, 0-5 160-90 55-85 130-70 110-45 NP I gravelly loamy I GM, GP-GMI A-4 I I I I sand, fine sandyl I I I I I loam. I I I I I 36-661Stratified sand ISP, SW, IA-1 0-10 140-95 35-90 125-50 1 o-10 NP I and gravel. I SP-SM, GPI I I I I I I I I I RoC, RoD, RoE---- 0-8 !Gravelly loam----ISM, SC-SM, IA-2-4, 5-10 170-90 50-85 130-65 115-55 20-25 3-7 Rockaway I I ML, CL-MLI A-4 I I I 8-251Cobbly sandy ISM, SC-SM, IA-2-4, 1-10 180-95 60-85 40-75 120-60 20-25 3-7 I loam, gravelly I ML, CL-MLI A-4, I I I fine sandy loam, I I A-1-b I I I gravelly loam. I I I I 25-421Cobbly sandy ISM, SC-SM, IA-2-4, 1-10 80-95 60-85 40-75 20-60 20-25 3-7 I loam, gravelly I ML, CL-MLI A-4, I fine sandy loam, I I A-1-b I I gravelly loam. I I 142-66 Gravelly loamy ISM, SC-SM IA-1-b, 5-40 60-78 40-75 20-50 10-25 16-20 NP-5 I sand, cobbly I I A-2-4 I loamy sand, I I I stony sandy I I I loam. I I I I I RrC*. RrD*' RrE* : I I Rockaway------I 0-8 Extremely stony SM, SC-SM, IA-2-4, 10-15 60-80 45-75 25-70 15-55 20-25 3-7 I loam. ML, CL-MLI A-4, I I A-1-b I 8-25 Cobbly sandy SM, SC-SM, IA-2-4, 1-10 80-95 60-85 40-75 120-60 20-25 3-7 I loam, gravelly ML, CL-MLI A-4, I I fine sandy loam, I A-1-b I I gravelly loam. I I 125-421Cobbly sandy SM, SC-SM, IA-2-4, 1-10 80-95 60-85 40-75 120-60 20-25 3-7 I I loam, gravelly ML, CL-MLI A-4, I I I fine sandy loam, I A-1-b I I I gravelly loam. I I 42-661Gravelly loamy SM, SC-SM A-1-b, 5-40 60-78 40-75 120-50 110-25 16-20 NP-5 I sand, cobbly A-2-4 I I I loamy sand, I I I stony sandy I I I loam. I I Rock outcrop. I I I I SU*: Sulfihemists.

Sulfaquents.

Ua, Ub. Udorthents

Uc*: Udorthents.

Urban land.

Ud, Ue. Udorthents

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 135

TABLE 12.--ENGINEERING INDEX PROPERTIES--Continued

Classification IFrag- Percentage passing Soil name and Depth USDA texture lments sieve nwnber- I Liquid Plas- map symbol Unified AASHTO I 3-10 I limit ticity I inches 4 10 40 200 I index In Pet I Pet I I Uf*: I I Udorthents. I I I I Urban land. I I I I UR*. I I Urban land I I I I WeB, wee, WeD, I I WeE------0-3 I Gravelly loam----IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-10 65-85 160-75 50-65 140-60 20-40 3-12 Wethersfield I I SM, GM I I 3-241Loam, silt loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 160-90 50-80 40-70 20-40 3-12 I gravelly fine I SM, GM I I I sandy loam. I I I 24-651Gravelly loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 160-90 50-80 40-65 16-40 NP-12 I loam, gravelly I SM, GM I I I fine sandy loam. I I I I I I I WrD------0-3 !Gravelly loam----IML, CL-ML, IA-4 5-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-70 20-40 3-12 Wethersfield I I SM, GM I 3-241 Loam, silt loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-70 20-40 3-12 I gravelly fine I SM, GM I I sandy loam. I I 24-651 Loam, gravelly IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-65 16-40 NP-12 I loam, gravelly I SM, GM I I fine sandy loam. I I I I I WsB*, WsC*: I I I I Wethersfield---- 0-4 I Gravelly loam----IML, CL-ML, IA-4 5-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-70 20-40 3-12 I I SM, GM I 4-241Loam, silt loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-70 20-40 3-12 I gravelly fine I SM, GM I I sandy loam. I I 24-501Loam, gravelly IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-65 16-40 NP-12 I loam, gravelly I SM, GM I I I fine sandy loam. I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I WsD*, WsE*: I I I Wethersfield---- 0-3 I Gravelly loam----IML, CL-ML, IA-4 5-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-70 20-40 3-12 I I SM, GM I 3-241Loam, silt loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 40-70 20-40 3-12 I gravelly fine I SM, GM I I sandy loam. I I 24-651Loam, gravelly IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 60-90 50-80 140-65 16-40 NP-12 I loam, gravelly I SM, GM I I I fine sandy loam. I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I WUB* WUC*, WUD*: ' I I I I Wethersfield---- 0-3 I Gravelly loam----IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-10 65-85 160-75 50-65 140-60 20-40 3-12 I I SM, GM I I I 3-241Loam, silt loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 160-90 50-80 140-70 20-40 3-12 I gravelly fine I SM, GM I I I I sandy loam. I I I I 24-651Gravelly loam, IML, CL-ML, IA-4 0-15 65-95 160-90 50-80 140-65 16-40 NP-12 I loam, gravelly I SM, GM I I I I fine sandy loam. I I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 136 Soil Survey

TABLE 13.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

Erosion Soil name and Depth I Clay Moist Permeability IAvailable I Soil !Shrink-swell factors Organic map symbol I bulk I water I reaction I potential I matter I density I capacity I I K I T In I Pet q/cc In/hr In/in I pH I I Pet I I I I I Ad------0-251 0.30-0.55 0.2-6.0 10.35-0.4515.1-7.3 1------0.051 2 55-75 Adrian 25-661 2-10 1. 40-1.75 6.0-20 10.03-0.0815.6-8.4 I Low------0.151 I I I I I BoB, BoC, BOOr I I I I BoE------0-6 I 7-15 1. 30-1.45 0.6-2.0 10.11-0.16 4.5-5.5 I Low------0.371 3 2-4 Boonton 6-231 10-18 1. 55-1. 65 0.6-2.0 10.08-0.19 4.5-6.0 I Low------0.371 23-411 7-15 1.65-1.80 0.06-0.2 10.02-0.06 5.6-6.5 I Low------0.28 41-66 5-15 1.55-1.65 0.06-2.0 10.02-0.06 5.6-7.3 I Low------0.37 I I BrB, BrC, BrD---- 0-6 7-15 1. 45-1. 60 0.6-2.0 0.11-0.19 4.5-5.5 I Low------0.32 3 2-4 Boonton 6-23 10-18 1.55-1.65 0.6-2.0 0.08-0.19 4.5-5.5 I Low------0.37 23-40 7-15 1. 65-1.75 <0.2 0.02-0.06 5.1-6.5 I Low------0.28 40-66 5-15 1.55-1.65 0.06-2.0 0.02-0.06 5.6-7.3 ILow------10.37 I BsB*, BsC*, BsD*, I BsE*: I Boonton------0-6 7-15 1. 45-1. 60 0.6-2.0 0.11-0.19 4.5-5.5 I Low------0.32 3 2-4 6-23 10-18 1. 55-1.65 0.6-2.0 0.08-0.19 4.5-5.5 I Low------0.37 123-41 7-15 1.65-1.75 <0 .2 0.02-0.06 5.1-6.5 I Low------0.28 141-661 5-15 1. 55-1.65 0.06-2.0 0.02-0.06 5.6-7.3 I Low------0.37 I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I BUB*, BUC*, BUD*, I I I BUE*: I I I Boonton------I 0-6 I 7-15 1. 30-1.45 0.6-2.0 0.11-0.16 4.5-5.5 I Low------0.37 3 2-4 I 6-231 10-18 1.55-1.65 0.6-2.0 0.08-0.19 4.5-6.0 I Low------0.37 123-411 7-15 1. 65-1. 80 0.06-0.2 0.02-0.06 5.6-6.5 I Low------0.28 141-661 5-15 1.55-1.65 0.06-2.0 0.02-0.06 5.6-7.3 Low------0.37 I I Urban land. I I Ca------0-661 0.13-0.23 0.2-6.0 0.35-0.45 4.5-7.8 ------0.05 3 >70 Carlisle I I DuB, ouc, DuD---- 0-3 I 5-20 1.10-1. 30 2.0-6.0 0.13-0.16 4.5-5.5 Low------0.32 4 2-4 Dunellen 3-261 5-18 1. 20-1. 40 0.6-6.0 0.10-0.20 4.5-5.5 Low------0.32 26-661 5-15 1.30-1.50 >6.0 0.05-0.10 5.1-6.0 Low------0.24 I OVA*, DVB*, DVC*, I DVD*: I I Dunellen------0-3 I 5-20 1.10-1.30 2.0-6.0 0.13-0.1614.5-5.5 Low------0.32 4 2-4 3-261 5-18 1. 20-1. 40 0.6-6.0 0.10-0.2014.5-5.5 Low------0.32 26-66 5-15 1.30-1.50 >6.0 0.05-0.10 5.1-6.0 Low------0.24

Urban land.

FL. Fluvaquents I HaB------0-8 10-25 1. 20-1. 40 0.6-2.0 0.16-0.20 4.5-6.0 Low------10.28 4 2-4 Haledon 8-31 10-20 1. 30-1. so 0.6-2.0 0.14-0.19 5.1-6.5 Low------10.43 31-43 10-20 1. 60-1.80 0.06-0.6 0.06-0.10 5.6-7.3 Low------10.24 43-66 10-20 1.30-1.50 0.06-0.6 0.06-0.10 5.6-7.3 Low------10.20 I

See footnote at end of table. Bergen County, New Jersey 137

TABLE 13.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS--Continued

I I Erosion Soil name and /Depth/ Clay Moist I Permeability Available/ Soil /Shrink-swell factors Organic: map symbol I I bulk I water Jreactionf potential I matter I I density I capacity I I /K T I In I Pet g/cc I In/hr In/in I pH I Pet I I I I I I HbB------1 0-8 I 10-25 1.20-1.40/ 0.6-2.0 0.16-0.20/5.1-6.5 /Low------/0.24 4 2-4 Haledon I 8-311 10-20 1.30-1.501 0.6-2.0 0.14-0.19/5.1-6.5 /Low------/0.43 131-431 10-20 1. 60-1. eo 1 0.06-0.6 0.06-0.10/5.6-7.3 /Low------/0.24 143-661 10-20 1. 30-1. 50 0.06-0.6 0.06-0.10/5.6-7.3 /Low------/0.20 I I I I I HUB*: I I I I I Haledon------1 0-8 I 10-25 1.20-1.40 0.6-2.0 0.16-0.20/4.5-6.0 /Low------/0.32 4 2-4 I 8-311 10-20 1. 30-1.50 0.6-2.0 0.14-0.19/5.1-6.5 /Low------/0.43 131-431 10-20 1. 60-1.80 0.06-0.6 0.06-0.10/5.6-7.3 /LOw------/0.24 143-66 10-20 1. 30-1.50 0.06-0.6 0.06-0.10/5.6-7.3 fLow------/0.20 I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I HvA------1 0-7 15-25 /1.40-1.60 0.6-2.0 0.15-0.22/4.5-6.5 /LOW------/0.24 4 3-5 Hasbrouck I 7-29 20-30 11. 50-1. 65 0.6-2.0 0.08-0.18/4.5-6.5 /Low------/0.37 129-40 10-20 11.65-1.85 <0.2 0.06-0.10/5.6-6.5 /LOW------/0.24 140-66 3-10 /1.50-1.65 0.6-6.0 0.05-0.12/6.1-7.8 fLow------/0.24 I I I I I HzB------1 0-6 7-15 1. 22-1. 35 0.6-2.0 0.10-0.16/3.6-5.5 /LOw------/0.24 4 2-5 Hibernia I 6-30 10-18 1.25-1.42 0.6-2.0 0.10-0.16/4.5-5.5 /Low------0.32 130-46 5-15 1. 55-1. 70 0.06-0.2 0.06-0.10/4.5-5.5 fLow------0.28 146-66 5-10 1.50-1.75 6.0-20 0.06-0.09/4.5-5.5 fLow------0.17 I I I OtD, OtE------1 0-3 I 1-10 1 .10-1. 40 6.0-20.0 0.05-0.10/3.6-5.5 fLow------­ 0.17 5 2-4 Otisville 3-20/ 1-5 1.25-1.55 6.0-20.0 0.02-0.05/3.6-5.5 /Low------­ 0.17 20-66 1-5 1.45-1.65 >6.0 0.01-0.02/4.5-6.0 /Low------0.17 I 1 PoA------0-5 8-18 1. 25-1.45 2.0-6.0 0.14-0.20/4.5-6.0 /LOW------0.37/ 4 2-4 Pascack 5-26 10-18 1. 25-1.50 2.0-6.0 0.10-0.16/4.5-6.0 /LOw------0.32/ 26-32 10-18 1.25-1.50 2.0-6.0 0.07-0.13/4.5-6.0 /LOW------0.24/ 32-72 2-10 /1.45-1.701 >6.0 0.05-0.08/4.5-6.0 /Low------0.171 I I I I I I Pr------0-10 5-10 /1.20-1.351 0.6-6.0 0.14-0.24/4.5-5.5 /LOW------0.32/ 4 3-5 Preakness 10-35 5-10 1.35-1.60/ 2.0-6.0 0.12-0.16/4.5-5.5 /Low------0.241 35-66 2-10 1.40-1.601 >6.0 0.03-0.10/4.5-6.0 /LOW------0.17/ I I I I I Ps*------0-6 0-1 I >6 .0 0.01-0.021 /LOW------/0.10 5 <.1 Pits 6-60 0-1 I >6.0 0.01-0.021 JLow------10.02 I I I I RaA, RaB, Rae---- 0-6 3-10 1.10-1.40/ 2.0-6.0 0.14-0.20/3.6-6.0 /Low------/0.28 4 2-4 Riverhead 6-28 1-8 1.25-1.551 2.0-6.0 0.09-0.13/3.6-6.0 /Low------10.28 /28-36 1-8 1.25-1.55/ 2.0-6.0 0.04-0.13/4.5-6.0 /LOW------/0.17 136-66 1-8 1. 45-1. 65 I >20 0.02-0.04/4.5-7.3 /Low------/0.17 I I I I I RoC, RoD, RoE----/ 0-8 5-15 1.15-1.35 I 0.6-2.0 0.09-0.13/4.5-5.5 /Low------/0.28 4 2-5 Rockaway I 8-25/ 5-15 1.24-1.47/ 0.6-2.0 0.09-0.14/4.5-5.5 JLow------/0.17 /25-421 5-10 1.55-1.75/ 0.06-0.2 0.01-0.02/4.5-5.5 /Low------0.17 142-661 2-10 1. 20-1.55 I 0.6-6.0 0.01-0.02/4.5-5.5 /Low------0.17 I I I I I RrC*' RrD*' RrE*: I I I I I Rockaway------/ 0-8 I 5-15 1.15-1.35/ 0.6-2.0 0.08-0.12/4.5-5.5 fLow------­ 0.24 4 2-5 I 8-251 5-15 1.24-1.471 0.6-2.0 0.09-0.14/4.5-5.5 /Low------­ 0.17 125-42/ 5-10 1.55-1.751 0.06-0.2 0.01-0.02/4.5-5.5 /Low------­ 0.17 /42-661 2-10 1.20-1.551 0.6-6.0 0.01-0.02/4.5-5.5 /Low------­ 0.17 I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I SU*: I I I I I Sulfihemists. I I I I I I I I I I Sulfaquents. I I I I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table. 138 Soil Survey

TABLE 13.--PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS--Continued

Erosion Soil name and !Depth Clay Moist Permeability !Available! Soil !Shrink-swell factors Organic map symbol I bulk I water !reaction potential matter I density capacity I K T In Pet g/cc In/hr In/in I pH Pet I ua, Ub. I Udorthents I I Uc*: I Udorthents. I I Urban land. I I Ud, Oe. I Udorthents I I Uf*: I Udorthents. I I Urban land. I I UR*. I Urban land I I WeB, WeC, WeD, I WeE------0-3 5-15 1. 10-1. 30 0.6-2.0 0.11-0.1814.5-6.0 !Low------0.32 3 2-5 Wethersfield 3-241 5-15 1. 20-1.50 0.6-2.0 0.12-0.2014.5-6.0 ILow------10.37 124-651 5-15 1. 70-2.00 <0.2 0.05-0.1214.5-6.0 ILow------10.24 I I I I I I WrD------1 0-3 I 5-15 1.10-1.251 0.6-2.0 0.11-0.1814.5-6.0 ILow------10.28 3 Wethersfield I 3-241 5-15 1.20-1.501 0. 6-2.0 0.12-0.2014.5-6.0 ILow------10.37 124-65 5-15 1. 70-2. oo 1 <0.2 0.05-0.12 4.5-6.0 !Low------0.24 I I I WsB*, WsC*: I I I Wethersfield----! 0-4 5-15 1.10-1.251 0.6-2.0 0.11-0.18 4.5-6.0 !Low------0.28 3 I 4-24 5-15 1. 20-1.50 I 0.6-2.0 0.12-0.20 4.5-6.0 !Low------0.37 124-50 5-15 1.70-2.001

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. TABLE 14.--SOIL AND WATER FEATURES CD ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "frequent," "brief," "apparent," and "perched" are explained in the text. The CD symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or that data ca CD were not estimated) :::J 0 0 c: Flooding High water table Bedrock I Risk of corrosion :::J Soil name and I Hydro- I I Total I Potential I -:.: map symbol I logic I Frequency Duration Months Depth I Kind IMonths IDepth Hard- subsid-1 frost I Uncoated I Concrete z I group ness ence action steel CD I I I I I I I ::E I Ft I In In I I c.__ CD I I Cil Ad------A/D INone------+1-l.OIApparentiNov-Mayl >60 29-33 IHigh-----IHigh-----IModerate. CD Adrian I I I I I I I '< I I I I I I I BoB, BoC, BoD, I I I I I I I BoE, BrB, BrC, I I I I I I I BrD------c I None------2.0-3.01Perched I Nov-May I >60 IModerate I Moderate I High. Boonton I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BsB*, BsC*, I I I I I I I BsD*, BsE*: I I I I I I I Boonton------c I None------2.0-3.01Perched INov-Mayl >60 IModerate IModerate I High. I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I BUB*, BUC*, I I I I I I I BUD*, BUE*: I I I I I I I Boonton------c I None------2.0-3.01Perched Nov-May I >60 !Moderate !Moderate I High. I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I Ca------A/D !Frequent---- Very brief Nov-Apr +.5-1.0 Apparent Sep-Jun >60 43-54 IHigh-----IHigh-----ILow. Carlisle I to long. I I I I I I I DuB, Due, DuD--- B I None------>6.0 >60 !Moderate ILow------IModerate. Dunellen I I I I I I I I OVA*, DVB*, I I I I DVC*, DVD*: I I I I Dunellen------B I None------>6.0 >60 IModerate ILow------IModerate. I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I FL------C/D IFrequent----IBrief or I Jan-Dec 0-l.OIApparentiOct-Junl >60 I I I Fluvaquents I I long. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HaB, HbB------c INone------1 I 0.5-l.SIPerched I Dec-May I >60 IHigh-----IModerate IModerate. Haledon I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

See footnote at end of table.

w c.o TABLE 14.--SOIL AND WATER FEATURES--Continued

Flooding High water table Bedrock I Risk of corrosion Soil name and I Hydro- I I I Total JPotentiall map symbol I logicl Frequency Duration Months Depth I Kind I Months I Depth Hard- subsid-1 frost !Uncoated I Concrete lgroup I I I 1 ness ence 1 action I steel I Ft I In In I

HDB*: Haledon------C I None------0.5-1.5JPerched I Dec-May I >60 JHigh-----IModerate IModerate. I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HvA------D I None------0-0.SJPerched JNov-Junl >60 IHigh-----IHigh-----JModerate. Hasbrouck I I I I I I I I I I I I I I HzB------C INone------0.5-1.5JPerched I Dec-May I >60 JHigh-----IModerate JHigh. Hibernia I I I I I I I I I I I I I I otD, OtE------A INone------>6.0 I I i >60 ILow------ILow------IHigh. Otisville I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PoA------C )None------l.0-2.0JApparentiNov-Aprl >60 IHigh-----IModerate I High. Pascack I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Pr------B/D I Frequent---- I Brief----- Feb-AprJ 0-l.OIApparentiOct-Mayl >60 IHigh-----IHigh-----JHigh. Preakness I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Ps*------A INone------1 I >6.0 I I I >60 I I I Pits I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RaA, RaB, RaC--- B INone------1 I >6.0 I I I >60 I Moderate I Low------I High. Riverhead I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RoC, RoD, RoE--- C INone------1 J2.0-3.01Perched IDec-Mayi48-72JHard IModerate I Low------I High. Rockaway I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RrC*, RrD*, I I I I I I I I I I RrE*: I I I I I I I I I I Rockaway------c INone------1 J2.0-3.01Perched 1Dec-M&yi48-721Hard I Moderate I Low------I High. I I I I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SU*: I I I I I I I I I I Sulfihemists--- D IFrequent----IBrief or IJan-DecJ 0-l.OIApparentiJan-Decl >60 I I I I I I long. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Sulfaquents---- D IFrequent----IBrief or JJan-Decl 0-l.OJApparentiJan-Decl >60 I I I I I I long. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I See footnote at end of table.

(/)g, (/) c < ~ TABLE 14.--SOIL AND WATER FEATURES--Continued OJ Floodinq Hiqh water table Bedrock I Risk of corrosion (!) cO Soil name and )Hydro-) Total Potential) (!) map symbol I loqic Frequency Duration Months Depth Kind Months Depth Hard- subsid- frost Uncoated Concrete ::J )group ness ence action steel 0 0 Ft In In c ::J "?! Ua, Ub. z Udorthents (!) ::E Uc*: c.... (!) Udorthents. til (!) Urban land. '<

Ud, Ue. Udorthents

Of*: Udorthents.

Urban land.

OR*. Urban land

WeB, wee, WeD, WeE, WrD------c )None------1.5-2.5)Perched JFeb-AprJ >60 )Moderate ILow------JModerate. Wethersfield I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WsB*, WaC*, I I I I I I I WaD*, WsE*: I I I I I I I Wethersfield-- c )None------Jl.5-2.5)Perched )Feb-Apr) >60 )Moderate )Low------JModerate. I I I I I I I I Rock outcrop. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I WUB*, WUC*, I I I I I I I I WOO*: I I I I I I I I Wethersfield-- c )None------Jl.5-2.5)Perched )Feb-Apr) >60 )Moderate JLow------JModerate. I I I I I I I I Urban land. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

* See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit. 142

TABLE 15.--CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS

(An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a description of those characteristics of the soil that are outside the range of the series)

Soil name Family or higher taxonomic class

Adrian------1 Sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, euic, mesic Terrie Medisaprists Boonton------1 Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudalfs Carlisle------1 Euic, mesic Typic Medisaprists Dunellen------1 Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults Fluvaquents------­ Fluvaquents Haledon------­ Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudalfs Hasbrouck------­ Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiaqualfs Hibernia------­ Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fraqiudults Otisville------­ Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Udorthents Pascack------­ Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludults Preakness------­ Coarse-loamy, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Humaquepts Riverhead------­ Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts Rockaway------­ Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudults Sulfaquents------­ Sulfaquents Sulfihemists------­ Sulfihemists Udorthents------Udorthents *Wethersfield------Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

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