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SPORTS COMPLEX FOR Ralph Navarino Jr. Arch. 422

II7; r V ^^^- TABLE OP CONTENTS T> \,/ HISTORY OP STADIA t

HISTORY OP SPORTS IN CHIAOGO 2

ARENA REQUIREMENTS,

STADIUM REQUIREMENTS. 4

SITE.

CLIMATE 6

BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 >\ ..K;. I. "There*s the kick!" "Play balll" "He jumps, shoots and scores I" "Here's the face-off!" These phrases are very familiar to millions of football, , and hockey fans around the country. The fans view the games in stadia that can accommodate a population of 50,000 to 110,000. In ancient Greece, the word meant a measured distanceo This distance of 606 feet was later designated the length of a race course that was flanked by terraced seats. During the Third Century B. C., the stadium in Olympia, Greece had stone seats along the sides and formed a semi-circular curve were they Joined* When the Romans came along, they were not to be out done. They built their stadia in an elaborate fashion. The Circus Maximus, which held 250,000 persons, stills holds the record for the largest stadium constructed. In 72 to 80 A. D., when Roman architecture and engineering reached its height, the Coliseum was built. The Coliseum held 50,000 spectators. It was a four-story oval with many aspects used in today*^ stadia, such as sight lines, aisles ans exits and even a cover. The Romans stretched a canvas across the top of the Coliseum to protect the spectators. Also like today's stadia the Coliseum was a multi-purpose stadium. It had everything from gladiator fights to simulated sea battles. For the next twelve centuries, stadia construction will become lost. Prior to 1900 the had no known stadium facilitieso. Up until World War One there were only five. Prom World War One to the 1930*s, stadium construction spread through the country with over one hundred built mostly for football. , where the now play, was built in 1926. Interest in stadium construction comes again in the late 1930's and 1940's; then comes to a halt with World War Two. Not until the late 1950*s does interest come to its final phase. This final phase started in 1958 in with Candelstick Park, for the baseball Giants formerly of New York, It has continued to the present with proposed stadia for New Oreans and . To keep a sport franchise or to attract new ones, many cities have to up date existing facilities or provide new and modern ones. In 1958, the baseball team moved to San Francisco. They could not get a new stadium nor could they improve the stadium in which they played Their stadium was the Pdlo Grounds. San Francisco promisedia new stadium. The Giants were provided with which seats 45,000 spectators.. With the move, the Giants yearly attendance figures more than doubled the yearly figures of their last three years in New York.

In 1959, the Brooklyn Dodgers were in the same predicament. The Dodger's stadium was being replaced by apartments. made the Dodgers an offer that brought them to Chavez Ravine and a 56,000 seat stadium. Since then 1.5 to 2.5 million fans have seen the Dodgers each year. When the baseball leagues were looking into expansion, several cities put in bids for a franchise. The cities had promised to have new facilities for the teams. So in the next expansion years. New York was given the Mets and , Anaheim was given the Angels and Anaheim Stadium, got the Astros and the , Washington D. 0. was awarded the Senators and R, P. K. Stadium and welcomed the Padres at . and Oakland had built new facilities for their football teams; and hoping to land a team, the stadia makes provisions for baseball. The Milwaukee Braves were having problems and wanted to move. They found a good set up in Atlanta. The owner of the Kansas City A's saw the same set...up in Oakland and the team is now known as the Oakland A's. Kansas City and Milwaukee were awarded teams in the last few years. The Milwaukee Brewers are still playing in their old stadium; but the have a new 45,000 seat stadium which is part of the new Jackson County Sports Complex in Kansas City that also has a 75,000 seat football stadium for the Chiefs.

As far as fooball is concerned. The stripped Boston on their Patriots because Boston refused to enlarge , where the Patriots played, to 55,000 so it could meet league requirements. A city named Poxboro said they would build a 65,000 seat stadium so the Patriots could stay in the area. Scheafer Stadium now has the New England Patriots. The Cowboys moved out of the Jwhere they had played since they were formed to a new 65,000 seat semi-covered stadium in the Dallas suburb of Irving. They moved out because the city would not make the proper improvements. This is the same situation the New York Giants face at ; no improvements and a bad location. The Giants are packing and moving across the river to Hackensack, New Jersey and a new 70,000 seat stadium that is part of a new sports complex there. St. Louis, Cincinnati, -Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh have built new dual-purpose stadia for their baseball and football teams. They are: New Busch Stadium in St. Louis, replacing Orosley Field in Cincinnati, replacing Connie Mack Stadium in Philadelphia and done in by in |>ittsburgh. Several cities are proposing new facilities for their sports teams. is planning a "superdome" with 78,000 to 82,000 seats for football, 56,000 seats for baseball, 25,000 seats for basketball and over 100,000 seats for conven­ tions. The Wayne County Stadium, in Detroit, is also planned to be domed with seating for 60,000 persons for football, 55,000 for baseball and 25,000 for basketball or hockey. Cleveland has a 65,000 seat stadium planned that has its two three deck seating tiers that swing into place for football or for baseball. It also creates a 17,000 seat stadium for basketball and hockey that has a retractable roof. There is a major problem with this stadium, there is no place to put ito The other city that is planning a stadium 4s Buffalo. No details are given about its size.

With the new stadia that has been built, that which is under construction, and those proposed, it does not leave many cities with football or baseball teams that play in old stadia. These are the Broncos, the Boston Red Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, New York Yankees, Baltimore Colts and Orioles and the , Cubs and Bears. This program will be a study of a new sports complex for the city of Chicago. The complex will provide facilities for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League, the Chicago Cubs of baseball 's , the Chicago Black Hawks of the and the of the National basketball Association. Chicago was chosen because it has perhaps the two oldest stadia used for major league teams in the country. These stadia are Soldier Field proposed in 1923 and finished in 1926, and built before 1923e Of the twelve teams in baseball's National League, the Chicago Cubs are the only team still playing in their old stadium. In football, the Chicago Bears are one of twelve teams that play in old stadia, and of the twenty-six teams in the N. P. L., fourteen have moved into new stadia.

7

Organized baseball started in Cooperstown, New York in 1839 by Abner Doubleday. There is no specific date as to when the Chicago Cubs became a team; but in I876 under the management of A. G. Spalding the National League was founded. The charter members of the league where; Chicago, Boston, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville and Hartford. Then the New York Mutals and the Philadelphia Athletics joined. This gave the league eight teams. In that first yeat the Cubs won the league championship with a 52-14 won-loss record for a .788 percent, '^he Cubs won the league championship in I88O, I88I, I882, I885 and I886. Prom then on they have had their ups and downs. Although the Cubs have finished in first place sixteen times, they have only won the World Series twice since 1900. These championships were in 1907 and,1908. between the years of 1900-1963, the Cubs have finished in the first division fifty-one times and in the second division thirty- eight times. Twenty-one of tne thirty-eight second division placings have been from 1943-1963.

The Cubs attenance also had its ups and downs. Attendance records were first kept in 1901. That year the attendance for the Cubs home games

8 was 205,071. The Cubs finished the season in sixth place and the attendance record showed sixth place also, •'•he figures show that attendance went up when a team is doing well. The Cubs fin­ ished first ten times between 1901 and 1945. Attendance was one sevenof the ten times and second the other three times. Attendance has gone up from 205,071 in 1901 to 1,653,007 in 1971. The attendance went over the one million mark fifteen times. The first million year was 1927 with 1,159,168 fans. This continued for four more years. The Cubs did not reach the one million mark until1945. During the next eight years, the Cubs went over the million mark seven times. In the years to follow Cubs attendance literally had its ups and downs. Attendance has remained about the same for the last five years. There have been about 1.6 million Cub fans a year. The seating capacity of Wrigley ^'ield is 36,755. A single game record of 46,572 was set on May 18, 1947 against Brooklyn. These 10,00 extra fans were standees. A double header record of 4$,965 was set on May 31, 1948 against Pittsburgh. Opening day record was 43,824 in 1929. In 1929, the Cubs finished first in baseball and in attendance; but in 1947 they were fourth and in 1948, third in baseball and first in attendance. For the years from i960-1963 average attendance has been between 8,200 to 12,000. Average attendance for the last for years has been around 20,000 to 24,000 fans a game. Compared to other teams in the league, this is very good, for the other teams may draw only 5,000 to 10,000 persons per game. If the Cubs could play night games, their average attendance would go up; but Wrigley Field has no lights. When the Cubs are doing well, Oixh fans become as rabid about baseball as the old Brooklyn Dodger fans.

10 Boxing C\J

NHL Hockey

rO Pro Basketball r^

0) Pro Fooball — o o rO IL Col leq*^~ Basketball Ul o

u 0^ Harness Racing

f^ College Football III > 111 Auto R a.c i n g (/) I- 00 oc o Horse Racing Q. 4- 4- +• r- -I- + O lO O iD O o O O rO 00 f\J millions

In designing an arena, mass seating for spectators should be provided around an activity area. This area will serve many purposes. It will provide a regulation size rink for the Chicago Black Hawks. The size of the rink is to be 200' X 85'. It will also provide a basketball court for the Chicago Bulls. The basketball court is to be 94* x 50' with a ten foot wide stripe around the court. Other activities that could take place in the arena are: concerts, boxing and wrestling matches, , indoor track and field, circuses and . The over all size of the area should be determined by the activities. The area used for rodeos and circuses is more than that used for hockey and basketball, and the area used for hockey and basketball is larger than that used for boxing and wrestling. To use the extra space, portable seating may be used. This will also bring the fan closer to the action. 1)he recommended size for the activity area should be 150' x 250'. Although the playing areas for hockey and basketball are rectilinear, the activity area itself does not have to be rectilinear. If it is not, then provisions should be made for the rectilinear areas.

The following guides should be taken into

1 1 consideration when designing an arena:

i - Provide for portable facilities i \^ ^z- - Plan for the accommodation of spectators -x /,/v-v>'^ in areas where needed. -Provide well-designed spectator exits. Include an adequate lobby and vestibule. - Provide for adequate storage apacel i-t^vU ''*'"*

- Install proper lighting. / i^r{...-^' .^.^iyii-v^-^'^ ^ - Provide sufficient number of electrical outles and place them for easy access. - Provide adequate wiring with provisions for high voltage current. - If windows are used inside, minimum glare intensity is necessary, and keep windows away from goals and lines. - Install sufficient and well-placed heating vents. - Provide for sufficient natural ventilation. - Provide filters in the air-circulation system. - Include adequate exhaust fans and outlets. - Provide waterproof insulation for the ceiling. - Include sufficient rest room space for men and women. « Provide sufficient shower and locker facilities.

12 - Provide well-placed ticket-sales and ticket-taking facilities. - Provide for telephone, television, radio, and telegraph facilities in the press area. - Provide adequate sound system. - include adequate facilities for cleaning and maintenance. - Include sufficient water outlets, - Provide a large enough entrance for the delivery of equipment to the arena. The preceding list was taken from Collep;e and University Pacilities Guide. Although the book pretains to college facilities, the design guide applies to any arena. These design considerations also apply to any sport that is played in the arena.

Spectator considerations

Seating- According to guide lines of the National Hockey League, its teams must play in an arena that seats no less than 15,000 fans. The National Basketball Association has made no mention as to arena capacities for its members. In most cases the hockey and basketball teams play in the same place, so 15,000 mimimuin for hockey will meet basketball

13 standards. The main consideration that should be given when designing for 15,000 fans is to seat them as close to the action as possible and to give them a good view of the action.lIf a fan is not close to the action, it is possible to give him a feeling of being close. In a rectilinear arena all fans do not get a feeling of having a good seat. Only the ones seated near the center have the best seats. All seats are perpendicular to the sides of the arena floor. Spectators that are seated near the goal lines get good views only of the goal lines. To watch action at center court or at the opposite goals, the spectator .will try to move his body to get a better view. The fan may be able to move his body, but his seat will remain stationary causing discomfort to the fan. In a circular seating plan, all seats center on the middle of the court. This gives the fans a view of the action which occurs at the center of the court or rink and gives a feeling of being between the goal lines. To the fan the best seats are between the goal lines. To give added comfort to the spectator, the seats should be theatre type seats with backs, arms, ample leg and seat room and preferably

14 cushioned. If balconies are planned, they should be planned without supporting pillars that might interfere with the playing or visual area, ^here should be convenient entrances and exits to the balconies by means of wide corridors or by ramps which connect directly, fhe balcony should fit the same confiruration as the rest of the seating area. With increase of elevation that is caused by the balconies, sight lines should be given some thought. These sight lines should be directed to the boundry lines of the court, rink or even the first row of the lower deck. This will give the spectator a full view of all the action. Local fire and building codes will dictate the requirememts for ramps, stairs, aisles, door, corridors and fire alarm systems.

Entrances- Arena entrances should be easily accessible from the parking facilities. Inside, the lobby should be able to accommodate the expected crowds seeking tickets and admission. Many fans will already have their tickets, so these people should have direct access to entrances, with only the ticket taker between them and their seat.

15 The rest of the fans will buy the tickets the day of an event. The traffic flow should be continuous from ticket selling and collecting and should not interfere with those who already have tickets.

Service Areas- Service areas include rest room facilities, concession booths and drinking fountains. Rest rooms should be provided for sufficient number of men and women. The rest rooms will be located around the arena and in close proximity to the seating areas, and should be near th.e traffic lanes. Concession booths should be designed to accommodate large crowds with fast service. They too should be placed around the arena for greater convenience to the fan; but they are not to interfere with traffic flow. The concession booths should be equipped with electric stoves, sinks with hot and cold running water and sewer connections.

Team considerations.

A basketball and hockey tean do not play in_ street clothes, they wear uniforms. When the players come to the arena they need a place to

1^ change and to get prepared for their game. Team locker rooms accomplish this purpose. It is desirable to have locker and shower facilities with toweling and drying rooms, storage rooms, laundry service, equipment supply rooms and custodial facilities for both home and visiting teams The number of shower, locker and toilets is to be determined by the number of players on a team, which is from fifteen to twenty. The supply room should bei of sufficient size to accommodate the storage, issuence and repair of athletic equipment. Since basketball and hockey are contact sports, a well equiped first-aid room is advisable. Game officials should have their own seperate dressing room and shower and toilet facilities.

Team benches are along side the court and rink.

Communication facilities

Basketball and hockey teams do not just have fans in their home city; but also across the country, -^'his has happened because of the news media; television, radio and newspapers. Widespread interest has increased becaused of exposure sports

17 reporters, announcers and TV and radio broadcasters have given to basketball and hockey. Therefore accommodations must be made for the press. At basketball games, the best place for the press and statisticians is at court side along with the public address announcer and the time keeper. The sports broadcasters are usually located over tne arena, this gives them a very good over all view of action that is taking place all over the court or ice rink. Soundproof booths, and television booths should be available for radio and TV services. In most cases the press area is above the fans. It would be very inconvenient for reporters and announcers to use the public rest rooms. Rest room facilities for them should be included.

Scoreboards and timer- There should be a sufficient mumber of scoreboards that are placed were they can be seen by players and spectators. The scoreboard should also have a timer and provide other pertinent information. At basketball and hockey games, the scorekeeper and timer are located at court side and rink side. Space should be provide for themo

18 Public-adress system- Pans love to know which one of their favorite players made tne last play. So a public-adress aystem is needed to announce to the fans who has done what, and provide other infromation that is of interest to the fans. Here again the public-adress announcer is at court side or rink side. The information that was just given pretains to arenas in general, which can apply to both basketball and hockey. The following information pretains only to the hockey aspect of an arena. The size of a hockey rink is 200' x 85'. This is nearly twice the size of a basketball court. Special consideration must be given an ice rink. This special consideration is a refrigeration system. The refrigeration system creates, what is called artificial ice and makes the surface playable for hockey. The refrigeration system consists of 1) type of engine room, 2) automatic controls, 3) number and size of compressors, 4) type of power supply, 5) number of brine pumps, 6) type of heat-rejection system, 7) type of brine and 8) type of floor construction.

Engine room- The engine room supplys the power

19 to operate the refrigeration system. There are two types of engine rooms, one is a factory assembled unit that is installed as a complete unit. These units do not need as much space; but are more ex-pensive than the site-built engine rooms which are easier to repair and maintain.

Automatic control system- When brine temperatures start to rise, the automatic controls start the compressors. Then when brine temperature begin to fall the control system shuts off. For a more economical use of power, the starting temperatures of the compressors can be staggered.

Number and size of compressors- To refrigerate a rink of 200' x 85', 150 tons of refrigeration is needed. The compressors will begin the chilling process when the air temperature causes the brine temperature to rise above the level set. One 150 ton compressor can do the job; but two, with the capacity to refrigerate, will greatly reduce expense. A two compressor system can be used alternately and could be used as a reserve in case of failure of one.

20 Power supply- There are two ways to operate the refrigeration system, one is by electricity, the other is by natural gas. Natural gas engines are more expensive to install; but operating cost may be considerably less.

Brine pumps- If the brine pumps should break down, the entire refrigeration system stops. The brine pump is considered the heart of the re­ frigeration process. By building two or more brine pump-: break down can be eliminated.

Heat-rejection systems- To remove heat from the refrigerant, a condenser is used. Cold water or the evaporation principle can be used in the condenser to acomplish heat-rejection. To cool the brine, the regrigerant absorbs heat; and to cool the refrigerant the evaporate method is used. The refrigerant and brine is circulated through exposed coils. Water is sprayed over the coils when air temerature cannot cool the refrigerant.

Refrigerants- Ammonia and Freon 22 are the most common refrigerants used in cooling ice rinks. Ammonia is toxic and explosive and uses five times the

21 amount of refrigerant, Freon cost about five times as much as ammonia. It is odorless and is not toxic or explosive. Since it is odorless, a leak can go undetected; but another gas can be added to give it a detectable odor. Freon is preferred for ice rink refrigeration because it is safer to use.

Types of brine- Brine is mixed with the refrigerant and pumped through coils, which are then sprayed with water and causes the water to freeze. Calcium- chloride is the most common brine used, it is inexpedsive; but corrosive. There is no way to pre­ vent corrosion or rust; but it can be checked frequently.

Floor construction- There are four types of Floor construction in building artificial ice rinks. They are: 1 ) steel pipe in post-stressed concrete, 2) steel pipe in reinforced concrete, 3) open steel pipe (or in sand) and 4) open plastic pipe (or in sand). The most costly of the four is the steel pipe in post-stressed concrete. It is the least likely to develope cracks or heaving and can withstand twice as much frost heaving as

22 regular concrete floors. The concrete slab should be poured as one continous operation. This will permit contraction and expansion as a unit. With a concrete surface that is not going to be used the entire year for skating, other activities such as basketball can make use of the floor. The College and University Facilities Guide has been the basis for the information concerning the refrigeration system.for ice rinks.

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As in an arena, a stadium also provides mass seating; but for out door events such as football and baseball. The area required for football is 90,000 square feet, and 150,000 square feet for baseball. National Football League rules state that for a city to keep or acquire a franchise, the stadium must seat at least 55,000 persons.jThe baseball league does not have a capacity requirement for their stadia; but 50,000 is the average of most of the stadia in the league.

Although there is a great difference between football and baseball, stadium facilities will the same for both. These service facilities are: - General lighting - Public toilets - Drinking fountains - Public telephones - Public address system - First-aid room - Concession booths - Radio press and television accommodations - Ticket booths - Storage rooms

24 - Gates and fences - Water, gas and electricity - Shower and locker room facilities for teams and officials - Seating

Lighting- All spectator areas should be illumimated when ever night games are played. The playing area should be uniformily illuminated so a player can properly judge a ball. If the last row of seats is over a hundred feet from the playing field, then extra lighting is necessary to make up the distance. Football and baseball require at least 150 footcandles of light.

Toilets and plumbing facilities- Public toilets should ba located throughout the stadium so they can be easily reached from the seating area. Water limes should be beneath frost line and should be able to be completely drained of water.

Drinking fountains- Drinking fountains should not be in the flow of traffic; but should be conveniently located.

Public telephones- There should be one telephone 25 for every 1,000 persons and a minimum of two regardless of size. Telephones should be enclosed to eliminate noise.

First-aid rooms- For every 10,000 persons, there should be 150 square feet of space. An access road for an ambulance is needed which means the first- aid rooms should be on ground level.

Concession booths- Accessibility from all seats is a necessity with concession booths. One hun­ dred square feet per 1,000 fans is advisable for concession booths.

Communication facilities- A football press box is usually located on the west side of the stadium opposite the 50 yard line; and a baseball press box is usually behind home plate. It is to accommodate the press, radio and television announcers and broadcasters. It is to be enclosed and have a glass front over looking the playing field. Communication between the press box and the field is necessary. Provisions should also be made for photographers. A protected area at each and of the press box can be used by

26 the photographers. If the press box is over 30 feet above the ground, it is recommended that an elevator be provided for access. Rest room facilities, with one water closet for every ten occupants, is desirable in the press box area.

Ticket booths- Ticket booths are requires for sale of day of game tickets. The number of booths depends on the capacity of the stadium and the number of tickets available. Booths should be placed at entrances to the stadium, and should be protected from the weather and forced intrusion. After the money has been collected it should be taken to an office in tne stadium. The office is for counting and safe keeping, and its size depends on the capacity of the stadium.

Storage rooms- It should be large enough to accommodate maintenance and custodial equipment.

Gates and fences- The gates and fences are used to control entrance and exit into the stadium. The number of entrances depends on attendence. Exits should be large enough to permit the fans

27 to leave the stadium in ten minutes or less. There should also be one large gate to accommodate trucks.

Scoreboards and time clocks- Scoreboards that provide pertinent information about the teams are required for football and baseball. Football needs a time clock.

Shower and locker rooms- Shower and locker rooms should be provided for two teams of about forty each. The requirements for stadium locker rooms is the same as for arenas. There should be toweling and drying rooms, toilets, laundry service, storage rooms, equipment supply rooms, custodial facilities and a first-aid room. Game officials should have their own facilities.

Seating- Pans want to sit along the foul lines and behind home plate at baseball games. Therefore seats for a baseball stadium should be parallel to the home-to-first and home-to-third base lines. This resemLles a "V". At football games the fans"^ want to sit between the goal lines.,This almost limits seating to a rectilinear arrangement.

28 With dual-purpose stadia, the object is to try and please every one. As a result only about half of the seats are ideal. Movable seats are almost a must in dual-purpose stadia because of the difference in football and baseball re­ quirements. Football is penalized more in a dual-purpose stadium because it requires only 90,000 sq. fto, where baseball needs 150,00 sq. ft. Most dual-purpose stadia are designed for baseball and then have football thrown in with movable seats. This is the case in New York, Houston, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Washington D. C, San Diego, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, The stadia in St. Louis, Houston, New York, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati are the same. They are circular stadia with field level seats that rotate from a "V", for baseball,to parallel seating for football. When seats are in the baseball position, all seats in the stadium are good. But; when the seats rotated for football, all the seats that were behind home plate are now in the end zone,San Diego Stadium is "U" shaped,, jhe same thing happens here too when seats are in the football position, San Diego Stadium differs from the others in that only dne section of seats move.

29 Dual-purpose stadium makes Octorad- football distribution half the seats good for and proximity to action better baseba|.!|. and distance too than either circle or square great for football

U Football's ideal stadium Octorad- baseball; better seat the arc gives more com­ distribution with larger portion fortable sightlines oflthe seats closer to action

Ideal for baseball no Circular stadium puts seats good for football at maximum distance for football and baseball. With movable seats, the spectator is brought close to the action even though half the seats are not ideal for football. In Oakland the sit­ uation is different. It is a circular stadium like the others with a majority of seats behind home plate for baseball. Orientation of the football field is different and this causes the majority of seats t6 be between the goal lines. Portable seats are then set up along the opposite side line in the baseball out field. This also brings ..the fans closer to the action.

Aial-purpose stadia look good because there ia no duplication, same facilities for both sports, and cost figures favor the dual-purpose stadium. But there are some problems and to solve them is to compromise. Two single purpose stadia may be less expensive than one elaborate dual-purpose stadium. With the single stadium idea, the ideal configuration could be achieved for each sport. Kansas City is building a two stadium complex. The football stadium will hold 70,000 persons, and the baseball stadium,45,900. Each stadium provides the best possible seating situation. It also avoids the over lap of seasons. The New York Giants are building a new 70,000

30 seat stadium in New Jresey that will be part of a new coipplex and will have a seperata stadium for each sport. Baseball is a slow game and gives the fan time to walk around about 18 times during a game. This allows slower time for food service and more of choice. Ticket sales are of a come when you feel like it attitude. The football fan has only half time to go for food, so this food service should be fast. Most seats for football games are filled by season ticket holders. In the past few years,there has been no problem in filling a 70,000 seat stadium with football fans. It has beeii getting harder to fill a 45,000 seat stadium with baseball fans. There is something going for both dual-purpose and single purpose stadia.

31 i4

ii I The site picked for the sports complex is on the southeast side of Chicago. It is the site of the old Union Stock Yards. The stock yards have been closed for a few years. There have been attempts to turn the stock yards"into a museum; but these attempts have failed. The site consists of 150 acres of land that is bounded on the north by Pershing Road, on the east by Halsted Street, on the south by 47^^ Street and on the west by Ashland Ave. Northwest Expressway passes by the site on the east while the projected Southwest Expressway passes near the northeast side. The site will be able to bring all sporting events to one area. Right now Chicago's stadia are spread all over the city. Wrigley Field is in the northern section of the city. Soldier Field is on the lakefront in the central portion of the city, is also located in central portion of the city. is northeast of the stock yards and the international Amphitheater is due east of the site.

i-

32 0 VW r i g I e y Field

Soldier Field

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I-- -\

CHICAGO

Chicago is known as the "Windy City". It has an average wind velocity of about nine miles an hour. Its average rain fall ia 25-30 inches a year. With the heaviest rain fall coming during the spring. Average temerature during winter is 25° and an average of 65° during the summer months. Most snow falls between November and April with about a 10 average for the year, Realtive humidity runs about 72^.

Nothing can really be done about the weather in an open stadium; but something can be done about where the sun hits the playing fields. A football field should be located along the north-south axis of the stadium. This lets the sun hit the field at right angles to the field and in the late-afternoons the sun is coming from the west side of the stadium. In baseball home plate and second base should also be along the north-south axis, with the late-afternoon sun behind first base, ^'his keeps the sun out of the eyes of most of the players, and helps them to keep an eye on the ball.

33 1 . /••' >. .4 BIBLIOGRAPHY SMITHSONIAN MBTEROLOGICAL TABLES THE SCHENLEY SPORTS ENCYCLOPEDIA RONALD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BASKETBALL, THE OFFICIAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FOOTBALL RONALD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FOOTBALL RONALD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BASEBALL CLIMATOLOGIOIAL DATA THE CHICAGO BEARS THE OHIACGOjCUBS HOOKEY THE HISTORY OF PROFESSION FOOTBALL THE CAVALCADE OF BASKETBALL MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION

WRITTEN THESIS ARCH,. 425

RALPH NAVARINOJ JR.. APRIL 26, 1973 COOK COUNTY SPORTS CENTER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS TABLE OF OONTEA^TS

I, SITE 1 . II. STADIUM „ 4, Seating Structure Functional Requirements Miscellaneous III. MECHANICAL SYSTEM 1 1 o IV. DOME 12. V. SPORTS ARENA o.13o Sealing Structure Functional Requirements Miscellaneous VI. SLIDES ...17. SITE In selecting a site for the new sports center in Chicago, many things had to be taken into consideration. One was finding a site large enough to take care of all the activity that goes with entertaining 60,000 people. Another was finding a site that would not use up any existing park land, or displace many people.. The first site selected was the old Union Stock Yards, This site was large enough for an entire sports complex with space for an adequate number of parking spaces. Two things were wrong with this site; one, it was in direct competition with the rival White ^ox, and it was in a poor section of town. The other site that was given some thought was the'-area near Wrigley "Field. The section of Chicago in which Wrigley Field is located is in the Northern part of the city. This area is ecomonically better than the Southern area; but it is more densely populated and has very little space for parking.-. The site finally selected for the sports center is the site now occupied by Soldier Field, This site is near the centeral business district along the lake front, fhis was a recommendation of Mayor Daley's sports commission. The commission recommended that Soldier Field could be torn down and the site be developed for a new stadium. All land used will be part of the old site and no new land or park land will be used. The new stadium will be built on land between Fifteenth and Sixteenth Streets and -i^ake Shore Drive. Sixteenth Street, which runs through the site, will be turned into an entrance and exit rajnp. for parking that will be between the stadium and tne arena. This area will be semi-below ground with parking for three thousand cars. Entry onto the site will be from four points. Two entries on the east side can only belentered from the south bound lanes of Lake Shore Drive. The two on the west side can only be entered by the north bound lanes, •'•his was done to alleviate traffic conjestion and to avoid over passes. The enterances near the stadium and the arena will be one way drives. The center one, which was Sixteenth Street, will be two way. Over the parking area there is a ped­ estrian plaza connecting the arena with the stadium. Stairs will provide vertical access between parking and the plaza. Additional parking will be from existing parking east of Lake Shore Drive and the area south of the arena. Pedestrian over passes will connect the. parking east of Lake Shore Drive to the plaza and tram service will bring fans from the southern parking area to the stadium. S T A D I U M The new stadium is a circular domed stadium with seating for 45,000 for baseball and 60,000 for football. The dome and the stadium will be seperate structures. Seating - All seats will be centered on second base for baseball or the 50 yard line for football. This is to give the fan a feeling of being as close to the action as possible. Seating will be on four levels; field, ground, club and upper levels. The seats will be colored coded for easy identi­ fication, -^here will be approximately 6.50 square feet per person to insure fan comfort. Each seat is a plastic theater type seat with fold up seats. Plastic is used because of low maintenance. Entrance to the stadium will be from the ground level, the fan can then proceed down to the field level or up to the club and upper levels by escalators. The fan will not have to travel more than half the distance of the stadium to his seat. Each section of seats will be divided by a four foot isle every 8.0°. fhis provides the greatest ease in circulation in and out of the stadium. For baseball all seats will be behind the foul lines, the field seats will be movable to to conform with both baseball and football. Because baseball fans want to be behind home plate and along the foull lines, the field seats will be in a "v" shape along the foul lines and behind home plate. The ground, club and upper levels completely surround the playing field; but, all seats are not used for baseball. When a football game is to be played, the field seats will rotate on tracks and parallel the side lines of the football field. To get the added seating for football, the seats in the out field of the club and upper levels will be opened for the fans. Additional, seating will_ be provided by pulling seats out from under the outfield wall. Access to these seats will be by the ground level entrance in the outfield. The seats will move along tracks to keep them in place and will be connected to the ground in places in the outfield. Temporary folding seats may also be added if necessary. Entrance to seats on the ground and club levels will be from ramps at the top of each section. This gives the fans a direct exit to the landings around the stadium, and to rest rooms, consession stands and escalators. Only in the upper level are the exit ramps in the seating area. The fms come in at the bottom of the level and go up to their seats. Structure - The main structure of the stadium is of reinforced concrete. There are 36 structural- columns of reinforced concrete around the per­ imeter of the stadium.every 10° (degrees). The seats are cantilevered to provide an uninterrupted view of the field. There are also smaller columns 35 feet from the outside that give support to the levels and are also used as a guide for the walls of the rest rooms and consession stands. These columns are in a line down to the ground to a foundation that distributes the forces. Walls for the rest rooms and stands will be of cinder blocks with a smooth finish. Height of the stadium from ground to top of upper level is around 100 feet. There is about twenty-five feet between levels and about 50 feet from the concourse to the top of the last row of seats on the upper level. The field level seats and outfield seats will be of steel so they will be light enough to rotate. Although rain will not be a major problem in the stadium, all floor will have nonslip surfaces. Functional requirements - For the fans, there are twelve entrances to the stadium. This will avoid conjestion at any one place and will get the fans in and out of the stadium in the shortest amount of time. Just inside each entrance there will be two sets of escalators, one set for going up and one for coming down. The escalators will eliminate walking and climbing of stairs for the fans. Rest rooms and consession stands are located all around the seating areas of each level. On the ground and upper levels,.there are 45 areas set aside for rest rooms and consession stands. Twenty- three of the 15' X 30' spaces are for consessions. The remaining 22 are for rest rooms with 11 for men and 11 for women. Every other space is a consession stand, and every other rest room is for men. This same arrangement holds ture for the field level and club level; but, the spaces do not continue all the way around the field level concourse. On the club level they are broken up by the pressboxes, There are two pressboxes to accommodate the sports announcers and reporters. One pressbox is behind home plate for baseball reporting and the other is 90° to the east for football. Each one.

7 will have complete facilities for all media reporting, The pressboxes are located on the club level to give television cameras better angles. The pressbox areas will be two stories with the top story, which is at concourse level, set aside for bars. Locker rooms and showers will be located under the field level concourse behind home plate. Team entry into the stadium will be at ground level and stairs will take the players and officials down to the locker rooms. The home team dressing room has locker space for a baseball team and a football team. This gives each member his own place to dress without having to share with another member of the other home team. Since both teams will not use the locker room at the same time, shower, toilet and first aid facilities will accommodate one team at a time. Each team will have its own equipment room. There will be facilities for 45 persons in the visiting team's dressing room. There will also be one equipment and first aid room. Next to the team locker rooms, there will be the officials locker room. Access to the ball field will be through the dugouts in the field level seats. When the seats are in football oosition the team exit will be

8 from under the seats directly behind what was home plate. For the fan who has the money to spend, there are private boxes around the top of the stadium. These "sky boxes" are approximately 20' X 30'. Each unfurished box is equipxed with a kitchenette and a rest room and a picture window that overlooks the field. There is a continuous hall around the outside of the boxes that leads-to twelve circular elevator towers. The elevators are 30 (degrees) apart. Use of the elevators is limited to owners of the boxes and their guests. The elevators are operated by keys that are given each purchaser. In case of an emergancy,.stairs will lead dov7n to the upper level concourse and the stadium exits. Miscellaneous - The lighting for the stadium will be around the top of the "sky boxes". The light grid will consist of 1700 1000 - watt Mitalarc lamps. This . . will create conditions comparable to daylight. It will have a lighting level of about 250 foot- candles. The light grids will be able to fold down on top of the roof of the boxes for replacement.

9 The scoreboard is hung from the center of the dome. It is 35' high and with a 100' diameter at the top and 70' diameter at the bottom, '^he sides are sloped to give the fans a view of the messages. The score of the game will be shown on six sides throughout the game; but, when a message is to be announced the message will travel Ground the perimeter or the scoreboard. In case of repairs the scoreboard will be lowered to the ground. The official clocks will be at lower levels for the convenience of the players.

The field will be entirely of Astroturf. For baseball the area around the bases will be dirt and the pitchers mound portable. The Astroturf at these places can be unzipped and removed, then when a football game is to be played the turf can be replaced to give an all grass field for football. Speakers for the public-address system will be around the perimeter of the upper level.

ECHANICAL SYSTEM To supply a space as large as 85 million cubic feet, nearly 3 million cfm of air is needed. The size of the Chicago center is about the size of the Superdome in New Orleans. Therefore the mechanical system used in New Orleans could be used here. Heating and cooling source would come from a gas-fired plant. Hot and chilled water mains encircle the stadium and supply the fan rooms by branching out. The fan rooms are located around the stadium. The exhaust fans will have a total capacity of 600,000 cfm. The chilled water mains will be two, two-pipe direct return, half-loops, and the hot water main will be a single, one-pipe, full loop.

For cooling the stadium,two turbine-driven centrifugal refrigeration machines with a total refrigeration capacity of 9,000 tons is used. These machines are supplied steam by two medium pressure steam boilers, and drive chilled water. Pans in the base of the dome roof are used to exhaust air from the inside of the stadium. Odor-absorbing equipment provides air purity^ and high efficiency filtration air cleanliness. -i-he hollow steel buttresses could be used for air distribution by using them as ducts.

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DOM The dome will be of hollow steel, connected to a compression ring at the top and a tension ring underground. Like the columns around the stadium, there are 36 buttresses forming the dome. The dome has a diameter of IO56'. There are two hollow steel arches connected together to form one buttress. The buttresses are then covered with a thin aluminum plate. Over the steel, the dome itself will be of concrete. The dome will be braced at two points, one at the end of the concrete shell and the other 45' feet above ground. In between the bracing there will be translucent plexiglass. This will provide a covered area for the fans and to let in light but not sun.

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S P O R T S A R N Like the stadium, the sports arena is circular. The arena was designed with basketball and hockey in mind. These sports do not need the seating capacity that baseball and football need. Therefore the arena will seat 20,000 persons. Seating - Seating for the arena is on three levels. The fan enters the arena at ground level and is on the ground level concourse. He then can proceed down to the lower concourse seats or go up a few stepc to the upper concourse seats. In the arena, the seats are cushioned theater seats , I am allowing nearly 8.0 square per person,since there will be other activities going on in the arena. These events may not have the excitement and fan reaction that a sporting event has so it gives the person a chance to relax and get comfortable. The third level of seatsris the upper level. An exit ramps and isles are the same as in the stadium. To get to the top level there are four escalator towers with two set of escalators. With the help of sprinklers the escalators can be used as fire exits. The arena floor is larger than a hockey rink or a basketball court, therefore tempoary seats will be added to bring the fans to the action.

13 ^ .. structure - Reinforced concrete is the main material of the 500' diameter arena. There are twenty-four circular towers every 15° (degrees) apart. The towers give added support to the cable supported roof. Smaller structural columns around che perimeter of the lobby area help hold the panes of glass and support the concrete band that is around the top level. The height of the arena to the top of the press level is 125'.

The roof is a steel cable supprted roof. The cables give a bicycle wheel effect. The hub is a tension ring and the area forming the press and spot light area is the compression ring.

1 4 Functional requirements - Rest rooms for the arena were designed to correspond with those in the stadium. Sizes and arrangement of the sports arena rest rooms is the same as the stadium. The press area is directly above the last row of seats of the upper level,on the north side. Several of the circular supports could be turned into elevators to transport equipment to the press level. Locker rooms for the arena will be under the lower concourse seats in the west side of the building, •^he home team locker room can accommodate 35 persons and the shower and tiolet facilities will take of 15 persons, •'•he visiting teams locker room will only accommodate 15..The officials dressing rooms will be the same as the dressing rooms for the officials in the stadium. Enterance to the arena floor will be through •^••'-- the service entrance on the west side. This service entrance is a direct route to the street. Miscellaneous - Lighting will be concentrated on the floor from lights in the hub of the tension ring. Additional lighting will be throughout the seating area but

15 will not have the intensity,that is required for color television. The 15' high and 50' diameter scoreboard is hung from the center of the tension ring. This scoreboard just gives the score of a game and does not project messages. Public-address system will be located in the bottom of the scoreboard. Ihe mechanical system for the arena will be the same as in the stadium; but on a much smaller scale.

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S L I D E S