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The Images of Marilyn Monroe As an Icon in American Popular Culture Nama : E

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The Images of Marilyn Monroe As an Icon in American Popular Culture Nama : E Judul : The images of marilyn monroe as an icon in American popular culture Nama : E. Retno Anggrahini CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVIEW The literature review will discuss about some element which has correlations with the main research: Marilyn Monroe as an Icon and sex symbol in the American popular culture. Those elements are: Popular Culture; Icon, Celebrity, and Sex Symbol; American society in the transitional period (America in 1950s and America in 1960s); The History of Hollywood and Motion Picture Industry; and the last is the life and career of Marilyn Monroe as a Hollywood star (biography). A. Popular Culture American culture is known around the world for its diversity. It is built on many elements that shape it to become such a great culture. One criticism from outside America claimed that the United States had very little influence in the world. Now it seems that America has too much. For many people on the other side of the Atlantic and Pacific, American culture has become too popular (Stevenson, Douglas K. 1998: 114). Culture is the customs, arts (literature, music etc), social institutions, and other intellectual expressions of a particular society or time of a particular nation/ society (Homby, AS. 1995: 285). According to Nachbar and Lause, there are three kinds of culture; folk culture, popular culture, and high culture (elite culture). Ray Brown describes the relation among those three cultures in an egg shape. Means that in the society popular culture is the major portion of a society’s total way of life – that it surrounds us and forms the fabric of our everyday lives in a way that folk and elite culture do not. Popular culture or pop culture is the vernacular culture that prevails in any given society. The content of popular culture is determined by the daily interactions, needs, and desires, and cultural moments that make up the everyday lives of the mainstream. It can include any number of practices, including those pertaining to cooking, clothing, mass media, and the many facets of entertainment such as sports and literature. Nachbar and Lause suggest the definition of ‘popular’ as what refers to that which is or has been accepted or approved of by a large number of people; the object of the study is the specific group which has made a particular element ‘popular’ by accepting or refusing it, and the term popular itself does not limit to that which is presently accepted or approved. It means that the term popular does not only refer to the present time but also to past time or to a particular period. Marilyn Monroe is one of the examples. She lived in the past era (1950s-1960s), at that time she was very famous as a star of Hollywood movie industry. Many people adored her and the society in America at that time put her as an icon and the symbol of sex and sensuality. Now a day Marilyn Monroe is still remembered as the sexual symbol and an icon in the popular culture. She was popular in 1950s and is still popular in present time. Based on their definition about the word ‘popular’, Nachbar and Lause also define the term ‘popular culture’ as the product of human work and thought which are or have been accepted or approved by a large community or population, ignores notions of quality and includes the study of culture characteristic of important subgroups within the larger mass society. Popular culture can be used to define the particular outlook of a culture during a specific time. It can describe the “spirit of an era” and can be cited as evidence as it exposes and shapes the society’s beliefs and values. Popular culture is more than entertainment or a process of producing and consuming pleasures. The ‘reflective’ study of popular culture is guided by the Popular Culture Formula: The popularity of a given cultural element (object, person, or even) is directly proportional to the degree to which that element is reflective of audience beliefs and values. The greater the popularity of the cultural element (in an era or over time) the more reflective of the zeitgeist this element is likely to be (Nachbar and Lause, 1992: 4). Popular culture works like the two-faced coin. It seems to be resistance to change by keeping the formula; on the other hand it improves incredibly and flows along with the changes in the society. There are six specific characteristics of popular culture. The fist, it consists of artifacts (object and people) and events (activities surrounding the objects and people). It reflects audience’s beliefs and values, and on the other hand it also able to shape audience’s beliefs and values (so called ‘funhouse mirror’). It is commercial (produced with the goal of making money). It is often imitative. The last, it surrounds us – forms the fabric of our everyday lives. Popular culture forms the vast majority of the artifacts and events, which compose our daily lives, but it does not consist of our entire culture. It means that popular culture surrounds us but does not drown other opportunities for existence apart from it. As what have been mentioned in the previous, in defining ‘popular culture’ Nachbar and Lause distinct the term with two other terms ‘folk culture’ and ‘elite culture’. ‘Folk’ culture refers to the product of human work and thought or culture that have developed within a limited community and that are communicated directly from generation to generation, between ‘folk’ who are familiar to each other. This culture has several characteristic, for instance; the means of communication to spread the folk culture is by oral message, the author of creator of the artifact or event is often unknown, it is typically simple both thematically and technologically, and it is not tied to poverty and stupidity. Mean while, Elite culture refers to the products of human work and thought produced by and for limited number of people who have specialized interests, training or knowledge. Its characteristics are; it is produced ‘for the ages’, not for a tiny folk community or for entertainment and diversion of the masses, it has no necessary identification with wealth and intelligence, and the elite artist is known by the audience and his identity is vital in understanding and appreciating his work. In the society these three cultures has a non-evaluative relationship. Popular culture has the major portion of a society’s total way of life, that it surrounds us and forms the fabric of our everyday lives in a way that folk and elite culture do not. The relationship among three is fluid, in turn they have two important elements; the first is each member of a society experiences all three types of culture and the second is a given cultural artifact or even can change culture categories over time or because in its mode of presentation or audience. To study popular culture we need to understand the concept of mindset. Mindset is a view of reality based upon only limited evidence but believed to be entirely correct by those who hold it. Mindset consist of beliefs (the view of reality and values (the judgment or evaluation of that reality) expressed in material forms (artifacts). Our mindset are formed by two elements, they are our individual experience – which makes each mindset unique and our cultural experience – which we share with others and thus makes mindset of those in the same culture bear a strong resemblance to each other. Popular culture is constantly changing and specific to place and time. The existence of popular culture in the society has been opened too much criticism. One charge is that popular culture tends to be superficial. Cultural items that require extensive experience, training or reflection to be appreciated seldom become items of popular culture. Another claim that popular culture is rooted more in sensationalism than reality, it is often pushed by corporations to produce public consumerism (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopularCulture cited on April 24, 2006). B. Popular Icon, Celebrities, and Sex Symbol In the book Popular Culture: an Introductory Text, Nachbar and Lause mention what icon is. According to them icon is three dimensional objects or two dimensional image of those objects which are visible, concrete embodies of myths, beliefs, and values, which form the cultural mindset and convey magical power upon their defining groups. Icon is divided into two groups; traditional icon and popular icon. Traditional icon converts object into signs, but they are more than mere sign, because they are invested with deep-seated belief, significant message of faith and bind believers together in a community of belief and impartial magical power to those who worship the icon (Nachbar and Lause, 1992: 171). Meanwhile, popular icon performs the role of signification in the realm of secular beliefs and values. Like traditional religious icon, popular icon is meaningful object which unites those who believe in the icon, expresses the important elements of the group’s beliefs and values, and imparts magical powers to the iconic group (Nachbar and Lause, 1992: 171). The form of icons is not merely in particular things. Person can also be an icon that represents something; as long as they embody beliefs and values of a group or a society, they are considered as an icon. Another source from internet encyclopedia, defines the meaning of popular icon: Popular icon is a celebrity whose popularity (hence ‘pop’) remains constant or even increase as time goes by. Most celebrity, especially teen idols, exhausts the public interest with extreme rapidity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopularIcon.html cited on April 24, 2006).
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