Appendix 2 Exotic Fishesr
Wllren R. Counrrxny. Jn. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic Universiry Boca Raton, Florida 3343/1499/,, USA
DnwN P. Jexxrxcs AND Jeues D. Wrr-lreus U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nationol Fisheries Research Center 7920 Northwest TIst Street, Gainesville, Florida 32606, LSA
Established Exotic Fishes
The fourth edition of this list repofted 35 exotic species that had become established in the United States and Canada (Robins et al. 1980: Appendix 2 and Appendix 3, footnote l). Since 1980, stable, reproducing populations of 13 additional species have been found in open waters. The bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis. is the most recent species to have become established. It apparcntly was released or escaped from aquaculture facilities. Three species of loricariid catfishes and four of cichlids were released or escaped from aquaria or zoos. Two additional cichlids were inrroduced by governmental agencies, one for biological control in California and one for sport fishing in Florida. The ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, apparently was introduced into thi Great Lakes with ballast water of European origin released from cargo ships. The giant rivulus, Rivulus harti, previously thought to have become extirpated in southern California, remains established there (J. A. St. Arnant, Catifornia Department of Fish and Game, personal communication, 1990). The croaking gourami, Triihopsis vittata, is established in Florida, and doubtless represents the releasc of aquarium fish. Con- versely, the banded cichlid, Heros severus (givcn in the l9E0 list as Cichlasoma severum), was eradicated before 1980 from the only tocality whcrc it was known to occur in the wild, Rogers Spring, Clark County, Nevada. As a result of these 13 additions and I extirpation, the current number of cstablished exotic species in the region is 47 (Table l). In addition, the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys rnolrrnx, is so widespread in the central United States that its csftrblishment seems assured; only confirmation of a feral breeding population is needed before this species is added to the list of established exotics. Nine of the species on the 1980 list expanded their distributions across state or provincial boundaries, either by themselves or with human assistance. Complete distributional studies are not available for the other 26 species, but several are known to have increased their ranges within states or provinces. To the exotic cyprinids included in the l9E0 list, we add the bighead carp, whose recent establishment in Missouri is based on collections of larvae and juveniles in the Missouri River drainage (Pflieger l9E9). The grass carp, Ctenophary.ngodon idella, reported as occurring in "many states" in 1980, is now known to have been distributed to at least 36 states and provinces, and is considered as established in 7. lvtost states now permit stocking only of triploid grass carp, but illegal stocking of diploid fish has apparently occurred and probably continues. Recent reports of larval grass carp in the
I The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is developing a data base to documenr the currenr and historical distributions of exotic fishes in the United Srares and Canada. Anyonc wirh information on the occurence of exotic fishes is urged to contact James D. Williams or Dawn P. Jennings at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fisheries Research Center.7920 Northwesr Tlsi Srreet. Gainesville, Florida 32606. USA. 97 98 AppENDrx 2
Ilissoun and Ohio river drainages and in the Trinity River of Texas, suggesr rhar this species continues to expand its range. Rudd. Scardinius eryrhrophtholmus. roo. is becoming more widespread. Listed only from New York in the 1980 list. it is now established in Maine (Courtenay et al. 1984, 1986). During the past 5 years, the rudd has been cultured extensively in Arkansas and widely distributed in the central and eastern United States as a baitfish and, to a lesser degree, as an ourdoor ornamental fish. It has been reported from bait shops in 16 states and from open walers in I I states. It is probably more widespread than current reports ihdicate and probabty will become established in states from which it has not yet been reported. The oriental weatherfish, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, remains the only cobitid on our list, but it is now established in Idaho (Courtenay et al. 1988) as well as in California and Michigan. [t also has been collected in Florida and Oregon. The Loricariidae were represented by one species of suckermouth catfish, Hypo- stomus plecostomus, in the 1980 list, which was reported as established in Florida and Texas; however, a member of this genus has been known from Nevada waters for many years (Minckley 1973). Morphological examination of specimens from the three states revealed that they represent three distinct species of Hypostomzs (Courtenay and Deacon 1982). In addition, a fourth species, the sailfin catfish, Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus. is well established in Florida (Ludlow and Walsh, in press). Although no species were added to the list of established Poeciliidae, rhree species have extended their distributions. The shortfin molly, Poecilia mexicana, now is established in five additional states, the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, in two more states (but breeding populations have not been confirmed for Florida), and the green swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, in four new states (but the Alberta population has been extirpated). All these introductions represent released or escaped aquarium fishes. The Cichlidae have more estabtished exotic species in North America (17) than any other family. Of the l2 cichlids on the 1980list (Appendices 2 and 3\, Heros.reyerus was eradicated, but Asrronotus ocellatus, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum, Tilapia aurea, T. mariae, T. mossambica, and T. zilli were reported from additional states; all were released or stocked. Most of the I I species have expanded their ranges within states where they are established. Six more species have become established since 19E0, 4 in Florida and I each in California and Utah. No additional established exotics have been reported for the Cobitidae, Clariidae, Osmeridae, Salmonidae, Sciaenidae, or Gobiidae. Based on unpublished records, only the walking catfish, Clarias batrachus, among these species, has substantially increased its intrastate range during the past l0 years.
Nonestablished, Collected Exotic Fishes
Table 2 lists exotic fish species that have been collected from open waters in the continental United States and Canada, none of which is known to have established a reproducing population. The 1980 list did not include most of these species, primarily because records were not easily accessible. Although this list was compiled from repons in the literature, from muscum records, and from personal contacts with other biologists, it is doubtless incomplete. Specific dates of collections are not given; however, the list provides an indication of the kinds of exotic fishes that are imported into the United States and Canada and subsequently released into open waters. Most species listed were imported for use in the aquarium trade or for aquaculture and represent accidental releases or escapes. Others, however, were intentionally released as sport fishes; these include species of the families Esocidae, Salmonidae, Centropomi- dae, Percidae, and Cichlidae. EXOTIC FISHES 99
Formerly Established Populations of Exotic Fishes
Listed in Table 3 are 13 exoric fish species that formerly had established breeding populations in open waters of the United States and Canada. Each of these populations listed, however, was extirpated, either through purposeful eradication or by natural causes.
Exotic Fishes Established in Hawaii
Although the 1980 list contained only species exotic to the continental United States and Canada, many exotic fishes have beiome established in Hawaii (lvtaciolek 1984; Randall l9E7). Hawaii, with 33 species. now has the dubious distinction of having more established exotic fishes than any orher state or province. These are listed in Table 4. Of these, eight are established in marine waters and the remainder in fresh water.
References
Courtenay, W. R., Jr., and J. E. Deacon. 1982. The status of introduced fishes in certain spring systems in southern Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist 42:361-366. Courtenay, w. R., Jr., D. A. Hensley, J. N. Taylor, and J. A. McCann. 19g4. Distribution of exotic fishes in the continental United States. Pages 4l:77 rn W. R. Courtenay, Jr. and J. R. Staufier, Jr., editors. Distribution, biology, and manage- ment of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Courtenay, W. R., Jr., D. A. Hensley, J. N. Taylor, and J. A. McCann. 1986. Distribution of exotic fishes in North America. Pages 675-69E rn C. H. Hocutt and E. O. Wiley, editors. Zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes. Wiley & ' Sons, New York. courtenay, w. R., Jr., c. R. Robins, R. M. Bailey, and J. E. Deacon. l9EE. Records of exotic fishes from ldaho and Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist 47:52T526. Ludlow, M. E., and S. J. Walsh. In press. Occurrence of a South American armored catfish in the Hillsborough River, Florida. Florida Scientist. Maciolek, J. A. 1984. Exotic fishes in Hawaii and other islands of Oceania. Pages 13l-16l tn W. R. Courtenay, Jr. and J. R. Stauffer, Jr., editors. Distribution, biology, and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Minckley, W. L. 1973. The fishes of Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix. Nelson, J. S. 19E4. The tropical fish fauna in Cave and Basin Hotsprings drainage, Banf National Park. Canadian Field Naturalist 97:?5126l. Pflieger, W. L. 1989. Natural reproduction of bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) in Missouri. American Fisheries Society, Introduced Fish Section News- letter 9(4):!10. (Bethesda, Maryland.) Randall, J. E. 1987. Intioductions of marine fishes to the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 4 I :490-502. Robins, c. R., R. M. Bailey, c. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and W. B. Scott- 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from rhe United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 12. Zuckerman, L. D., and R. J. Behnke. 1985. Introdu"e-d fish"s in the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Pages 43!453 tn R. H. Stroud, editor. Fish culture in fisheries manage- ment. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 100 .{PPENDIX 2
TesLe l.-Exotic fishes established in the continenrai Uniteci States and Canada. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WHERE ESTABLISHED"
Cyprinidae-- Carassius auratus goldfish Widespread C t e n godo nop hary n ide lla grass carp Arkansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee, Texas (Alabama, Alberta, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Cyprinus carpio common carp Widespread Hy pop ht halmic hy ht s nobilis bighead carp Missouri (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky) Leuciscus idus ide Maine (Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee) Rhodeus sericeus bitterling Ncw York S c ardiiius e t ry hropht hal mus rudd Maine, New York (Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin) Tinca tinca tench British Columbia, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Washington (Alberta,b Arizona, Maryland, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Virginia) Cobitidac-loaches Mis g urnus ang uillicaudatus oricntal wearherfish California, Idaho, Michigan (Florida, Oregon) Clariidae-labyrinth catf shes Clarias batrachus walking carfish Florida (California, Georgia, Massachusetts, Nevada) Loricariidae-suckermouth catfi shes Hypostomar sp. suckermouth catfish Florida Hypostomrls sp. suckermouth catfish Texas Hypostomar sp. suckermouth catfish Nevada P t e g p ry o lic ht hy s mult iradiat us sailfin carfish Florida EXOTIC FISHES r0l Tealr l.-Continued. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WHERE ESTABLISHED" Osmericiae-smelts Hypomesus nipponensis wakasagi California Salmonidae-trouts Salmo trutta brown trout Widespread Aplocheilidae-rivulins Rivulus harti giant rivulus California Poeciliidae-l i v ebearers Belonesox belizanus pike killifish Florida (Texas) Poecilia mexicana shortfin molly California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana. Nevada, Texas Poecilia reticulata guppy Alberta, Arizona. Idaho, Nevada. Texas. Wyoming (California, Fiorida) Poeciliopsis gracilis porthole livebearer California Xiphophorus helleri grecn swordtail Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Montana, Nevada (hybrid), Wyoming (.{,lberta,b Arizona. California) Xiphophorus maculatus southern platyfish Colorado, Florida, Nevada (hybrid) (California, Texas) Xip'hophorus variatus variable platyfish Florida, Montana (Arizona, California) Percidae-perches Gymnocephalus cernuus ruffe Minnesota. Wisconsin Sciaenidaeirums Bairdiella icistia bairdiella California Cynoscion xanthulus orangemouth corvina California Cichlidae--cichlids Astronotus ocellatus oscar Florida (lvlassac husetts, Mississippi, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island) Cichla ocellaris peacock cichlid Florida (Te.ras) Cichlasoma bimaculatum black acara Florida Cichlasoma citrinellum midas cichlid Florida Cichlasoma managuense jaguar guapore Utah (Ontario) Cichlasoma meeki firemouth cichlid Florida (Arizona) Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum convict cichlid Idaho, Nevada (Alberta.b Arizona, Florida) Cichlasoma octofasciatum Jack Dempsey Florida Cichlasoma urophthalmus Mayan cichlid Florida Geophagus surinamensis redstriped eartheater Florida APPENDIX 2 Tesle l.-Continued. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WHERE ESTABLISHED" jewelfish Florida H e mic hromis b imac ul ot tt s African Tilapia aurea blue tilapia Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Texas (Alabama' Colorado, Idaho, Pennsylvania) Tilapia mariae spotted tilapia Florida, Nevada Tilapia melanotheron blackchin tilapia Florida Tilapia mossambica Mozambique tilapia Arizona. California, Florida, Idaho, Texas (Alabama' Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina) Tilapia urolepis" Wami tilapia California Tilapia zilli redbelly tilapia Arizona, California, North Carolina, South Carolina' Texas (Florida, Nevada) Gobiidae-gobies Ac antho g o bius flavimanus yellourfin goby California Tride nti g e r trig o noc ePhalus chameleon goby California Anabantidae-gouramies Trichopsis vittata croaking gourami Florida .Jurisdictions in parenthcses identify states and provinces whcry a species has been collected but is not known species. to u" piiii"rtiestautistred. SEe Courtenay tig8a, 1986) for furthir information on some of these - - r^-^J-. %.-"oiaintio Nelson (19t4) this species "irr"s "t. uein extirpated from Alberta where it was formerly, established.--r^Lli.Lal in southcrn California as a hy- "Refers ro'T. urolepis hornorum lTrewavas), usualty but not atways introduced brid with T. mossambica. EXOTIC FISHES r03 Tasle 2.-Exotic fishes collected but not known to be established in waters of the continental United States and Canada (in part, after Courtenay et d. 19E4, 1986). SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WHERE COLLECTED Osteoglossidae-bonytongues Osteoglossum bicirrhosum 3rawana California, Nevada Vandelli. 1829 Anguillidae-freshwater eels Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) European eel California Anguilla austalis Richardson, l84l shortfin eel California Cyprinidae--{arps and minnows Barbodes schwanefeldi tinfoil barb Florida (Bleeker, 1853) Danio malabaricus (Jerdon, lE49) Malabar danio Florida, Nevada Danio rerio (Hanrilton, lE22l zebra danio California, Florida, New Mexico Hypophthalmichthys molitrix silver carp Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, (Valenciennes, 1844) Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri Labeo chrysophekadion black sharkminnow Florida (Bleeker, 1850) Puntius conchonius (Hamilton, lE22) rosy barb Florida ' Puntius gelius (Hamilton, 1822) dwarf barb Florida Puntius tetazona (Bleeker, 1855) tiger barb California. Florida Characidae--characins Colossoma spp. pacu Arizona, California, Florida, Missouri, Ohio, Ontario,' Texas Colossoma macropomum tambaquf Florida (Cuvier, l8l8) Gymnocorymbus ternetzi black tetra Colorado,b Florida (Boulenger, 1895) Hemigrammus ocellifer head-and-taillight tetra Coloradob (Steindachner, 1882) Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1794) banded leporinus Florida Merynnis sp. Florida, Kentucky Paracheirodon innesi (Myers, 1936) neon tetra Coloradob unidentified piranhas ldaho, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington Piaractus brachypomns (Cuvier, l8l8) pirapatinga Florida, Georgia Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner, 1860) red piranha Florida, IVlassachusetts, Ivlichigan, Pennsylvania Serrasalmus rhombeus redeye piranha Florida (Linnaeus, 1766) t04 .{PPENDIX 2 T.reLe 2.-Continued. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WHERE COLLECTED Doradidae_thorny catfi shes Pla4'doras costatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Raphaer catfish Frorida Pseudodoras niger . _ ripsaw carfish Florida (Valenciennes. l8l7) Pterodoras granulosus granulated catfish Florida (Valenciennes, 1833) . pimelodidae_longwhiskered catfishes Phractocephalus hemioliopterus redtail carfish Ftorida (Bloch & Schneider, lg0l) Callichth yidae-plated carfi shes C allichr h-v s callichthys cascarudo Florida. New York (Linnaeus, 1758) Corydoras sp. corydoras Colorado.b Florida Loricariidae_suckermouth catfi shes HypostomuJ spp. Oiicinclus sp.'- Colorado,b Pennsylvania Coloradob Panaque nigrolineatns (peters, lgZl) royal panaque Ontario. Esocidae-pikes Esox reicherrf Dybowski, lg69 Amur pike pennsylvania Plecoglossidae-ayrs P Ieco g los s u s altivelis aYu California Temminck & Schleget, lg46 Salmonidae-trouts Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, l75g) huchen Oncorhynchus euebec masou cherry salmon Washington (Brevoort, 1855) salmo letnica (Karaman' 1924) ohrid trout cororado, Montana, Tennessee, Wyoming Aploche ilid ae_ri vulins Cynol.ebias nigripinnis Regan, l9l2 blackfin pearlfish California Cynolebias x.hitei Myers, 1942 Rio pearlfish California Goodeidae-splitfins Ameca splendens butterfly splitfin Nevada Miller & Fitzsimons, l97l Poeci I iidae-l i vebearers Poecilia hybrids. Florida, Nevada Atherinidae_silversides Chirosrcma jordani Woolman, lE94 charal Texas EXOTIC FISHES 105 TesLe 2.-Continued. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME WHERE COLLECTED Centropomidae-snooks Lates mariae Steindachner, 1909 bigeye lates Texas Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nile perch Texas Percidae-perches S tizo s t e dio n I uc iope rc a zander North Dakota (Linnaeus, 1758) Cichlidae-+ichlids Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1833 speckled pavon Florida, Texas Ge op ha g us b ras ilie ns is pearl eartheater Florida (Quoy & Gaimard, lBZ4) Labeotophear sp. Florida Melanochromis johanni (Eccles, 1973) blue mbuna Nevada P s e udo trop he us aurat us golden mbuna Nevada (Boulenger, 1897) Pseudotropheus zebra zebra mbuna Nevada (Boulenger, 1899) Pterophyllum scalare freshwater angelfish Florida, Kentucky, Ontario (?)..d (Lichtenstein, 1823) Tilqpia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1758) Nile tilapia Alabama Tilapia sparrmani Smith. 1840 banded tilapia Florida Gobiidae-gobies P rot e rorhinus marmorat us tubenose goby Michigan, Ontario (Pallas, 1814) Anabantidae-gouramies Betta splendens Regan, 1909 Siamese fightingfsh AIberta" Colisa fasclara (Schneider, l80l) banded gourami Pennsylvania Colisa labiosa (Day, 1877) thicklip gourami Florida Colisa lalia (Hamilton, 1822) dwarf gourami Florida Helostoma temmincki Cuvier, lE3l kissing gourami Florida Macropodus opercularis paradisefish Florida (Linnaeus, 1758) Trichogaster leeri (Bleeker, lg52) pearl gourami Florida Tricho gast er trichopterus threespot gourami Alberta," Florida (Pallas, 1770) Channidae-snakeheads channa micropeltes (cuvier, lE3l) giant snakehead Maine. Rhode Island Pleuronectidae-righteye fl ounders Platichthys (Linnaeus, fesus l75g) European flounder Michigan, Ohio. Ontario "E. J. crossman (Royal bZuckerman ontario Museum,------' r-'personar.orruni""tion, 1990). and Behnke (19E6). clncludes mgltl{ "black mo[ies" from the aquarium fish trade. -(1, = unvenned report or qucstionablc identification. r06 APPENDIX 2 Tnar'e 3'-Extirpated populations of exotic species formerly established in the conrinental united States and Canada (after Courtenay et al. l9g6). SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME FORMER OCCURRENCE Characidae- Adrianichthyidae_ricefi shes Oryzias laripes (Temminck & Schlegel, lg46) Japanese medaka California, New York Aplocheilidae_rivulins Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner, lggl Argentine pearlfish California Cichlidae- Tesle 4'-Exotic fishes established in Hawaiian fresh (F) and marine (M) waters. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME OCCURRENCE Clupeidae-herrings lerklotsichth;*squadrtmaculatus-(R8ppeil, lE37) gotdspotherring M sa,rdinella marquesensrb Berry a wtritetread, 196g i{"rqu.run sardine M Cyprinidae-- Clariidae-labyrinth catfi shes Clarias fuscas (Lacep€de, lg03) whitespotted clarias F I I EXOTIC FISHES t07 TnsI-e 4.-Continued. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME OCCURRENCE Loricariidae-suckermouth catfi shes Ancrstrzs sp. F P t e ry g o p lic ht hy s m ult iradiatzs (Hancock, I 82E) sailfin catfish F Belonidae-needlefi shes Strongylura krefti (Gtinther, 1866) long tom F.M Poeciliidae-livebearers Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863 shortfin molly F Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 guppy F Poecilia vittata Guichenot, 1853 Cuban limia F Xiphophorus helleri Heckel, 1848 green swordtail F Xiphophorus maculatus (Gtinther, 1866) southern platyfish F Xiphophorus variatus (Meek, 1904) variable platyfish F Synbranchidae-swamp eels Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) swamp eel F Serranidae-sea basses Epinephelus argus (Schneider, 1801) bluespotted grouper M Lutjanidae-snappers Lutjanus fulvzs (Schneider, l80l) blacktail snapper M Lutjanus kasmira (ForsskiJ, 1775) bluestriped snapper M Cichlidae--+ichlids Astronotus oc ellatus (Agassiz, 183 l) oscar F Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, l80l peacock cichlid F Cichlasoma meeki (Brind, l9lE) firemouth cichlid F Cichlasoma nigrofosciatum (G0nther, 1867) convict cichlid F Cichlasoma spilurum (Gtinther, 1862) blue-eye cichlid F P elvicachromis pulcher (Boulenger, l90l) rainbow krib F Tilapia macrochir Boulenger, l9l2 longfin tilapia F Tilapia melanotheron (Riippell, 1852) blackchin tilapia F.M Tilapia mossambica (Peters, 1852) Mozambique tilapia F Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1896) redbreast tilapia F Tilapia zrlli (Gervais, lE48) redbelly tilapia F Mugilidae-mullets Valamugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858) kanda M Channidae-snakeheads Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) chevron snakehead F I I