X-irolw. XXXII. No. 3 25 Cents a Copy eptemner, .LYzo .AeMID-PACIFIC MMAZINE offical aWan ofAe ACIMC UNION

The flag of the Commonwealth of Australia sent to the Pan-Pacific Union by Prime Minister S. M. Bruce, being presented by Sir Joseph and Lady Car- ruthers to Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, Governor of Hawaii and President of the Pan-Pacific Union. It now hangs at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Honolulu.

AUSTRALIA HAWAII ORIENT JAVA UNITED STATES AND NEW ZEALAND Boekhandel Am. News Co. Pan-Pacific Union Kelly & Walsh Javasche Gordon & Gotch . . Trans-Pacific Transportation

The Matson Navigation Company is Los Angeles. The steamers visit Hilo planning big things for I I awaii in many for the Volcano trip. The B. F. Dilling- ways. It is behind the great new Royal ham Co., Ltd., are Honolulu agents for Hawaiian Hotel at Waikiki, and is en- the Los Angeles Steamship Company, at thusing the people of Honolulu to re- Fort and queen Sts., and here may be newed efforts to place their attractions arranged passage direct to Los Angeles, before the people of the mainland. and beyond by rail, or you may arrange The Company is also inducing the to ship your auto or general freight. people of Hawaii to visit California and The Oceanic Steamship Company, become acquainted with the people of the with head offices in San Francisco, and scenic beaches of that state. The Mat- son Navigation Company maintains a Brewer & Company as agents in Honolulu, tourist information bureau at its main maintains a fleet of swift palatial steamers between San Francisco, Hawaii, and Aus- office in the Matson Building in San Francisco, as well as in the Castle & tralia, visiting Fiji and Samoa en route. Cooke Building in Honolulu, where This is the ideal passage to the South Seas tours of the Hawaiian Islands may be via the sunshine belt to Australasia. The record breaking trans-Pacific steamers, booked. "Sierra", "Sonoma", and "Ventura", are Weekly, the Dollar Steamship Line on this run. sends its palatial passenger vessels around the world via San Francisco, Honolulu The Canadian Australasian Royal and the Orient. These great oil-burning Mail line of steamers operates a regu- liners have only outside rooms and brass lar four-weekly service of palatial bedsteads for their passengers. The steamers between Vancouver, B. C., and agency of the company in Honolulu is in Sydney, Australia, via Honolulu, Suva, the McCandless Building. The steamers Fiji, and Auckland, New Zealand. The usually arrive in Honolulu on Saturday magnificent vessels "Aorangi" and morning, sailing for the Orient late the "Niagara" are among the finest ships same afternoon, giving a day of sightsee- afloat and their service and cuisine are ing in the city. world renowned. The trip from Van- couver to Sydney is an ideal trans-Pa- The Toyo Kisen Kaisha maintains a cific journey with fascinating glimpses line of palatial steamers across the Paci- of tropical life in the storied Islands of fic, via Honolulu and San Francisco. From the South Seas. Japan this line maintains connections to The Canadian Pacific Railway is every part of the Orient. This company reaching out for the visitor from across also maintains a line of steamers between the Pacific. At Vancouver, almost at the Japan and South America ports via Hono- gangplank of the great Empress liners lulu, as well as a Java line from Japan. from the Orient, and the great palatial The Honolulu office is in the Alexander . steamers of the Canadian Australian r Young Hotel, and the head office in liners, express trains of the Canadian Tokyo, Japan. Pacific begin their four-day flying trip The Los Angeles Steamship Company across the continent through a panorama maintains splendid fortnightly service by of mountains and plains equalled nowhere palatial steamers between Honolulu and in the world for scenic splendor.

.., .57, 011[1,0 itlib.arifir Maga3inly .?: CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD . . Volume XXXII Number 3 0 CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER. 1926 •1 ,)1 203 g A Fishery Lunch Session of the Pan-Pacific Club, Honolulu !.7., Dr. David Starr Jordan Presiding i The Fur Seal in the Pacific 207 ., By Dr. Barton Warren Evermann ii Hawaii as a Racial Melting Pot 213 s By Prof. Romanzo Adams 4 217 • Philippine Fisheries • By Albert W. Herre, Ph. D. • The Chinese Snake-Head Fishes 231 7t,' By Dr. Yojiro Wakiya • An evening at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution - - 233 • With Dr. T. A. Jaggar, Volcanologist at Kilauea Volcano • —.....—.... • Standards for Potable Water 241 By Prof. Arthur R. Keller Pan-Pacific Beachcombing 247 By Allan R. McCulloch At the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo in April: Making Democracy Safe for the World - - - - 249 By Dr. Ku Hung Ming Forty Years With Japanese Students 253 By Prof. John Seymour Latin American Culture in the Pacific - - - - 259 By Dr. Jose M. Galvez What Is Patriotism? 264 By Dr. Jesse H. Holmes The Caves and Geysers of New Zealand 265 By E. H. McGuire The Law in Canada 269 By judge 7'. Bigelow The Genesis of the Pan-Pacific Union, Chapter XII - - 273 Being Some Reminiscences of Alexander Hume Ford, 3 Director of the Pan-Pacific Union The Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - - - 281 ] New Series, No. 8o td-Varifir i'i: agazint 0 Gir J'1 Hotel Building, Honolulu, T. IL =5, Published monthly by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Alexander Young Canada and i subscription in the United States and possessions, $3.00 in advance. Yearly For all foreign countries, $3.50 Single copies, 25c. Mexico, Entered$3.25. as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. 1 Permission is given to publish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine '41 • • •,VNI . NIPA 99999 vmstygr, 17•41,11, . • •.., 5 nn e , 2O2 THE MID-PACIFIC

• The late Eric Knight Jordan, Geologist, son of Dr. David Starr Jordan. The picture is from the most recent photograph, which hangs beside that of his father in the Gallery of Pacific Personalities at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Honolulu, of which young Jordan was a member. Ile was a delegate to the first Pan-Pacific Conservation Conference, Eric K. Jordan died at the age of twenty-three in California on March in, 1925.

THE MID-PACIFIC 203

On the lawn of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. Dr. Jordan in the center, with Dr. Wakiya (standing), chief of the Korean Fisheries Experiment Station, and Dr. C. Ishi- kawa, Ichthyologist at the Tokyo Imperial Institute.

A Fishery Lunch Session of the 14- Pan-Pacific Club, Honolulu DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN, Presiding.

ini • •, • • nniffinninilnii-ffirniniffinninnieffuniffinnicaiiinino od of doing things, and we can get the Dr. Jordan: We are hoping to ar- range for a fish conference here in best results in regard to protection of 1927, and we will try to do something fish and seals by international agreement, for the protection and conservation of which cannot be uniform because differ- sea mammals and fishes. If the South ent species require different treatment. American countries would take the \Ve have with us Dr. Wakiya, a pupil trouble to save their fur seal herds they of Dr. Ishinouye's, and an authority on would have an income of two to three the reluo (called agi in Japan). Only million dollars a year. However, they one has been found in California and have robbed the rookeries without com- none was ever found north of Virginia punction and they have killed all the in this country or north of Southern France in Europe. His thesis on this seals they could find in the waters, with- fish has been published by the Carnegie out compunction, just as if they were rats. In a supposedly civilized world Museum in Philadelphia. He writes ex- with supposedly civilized peoples, we cellent English, but he does not speak it must pull the countries out of that meth- as well, so we will have him say what he 204 THE MID-PACIFIC

The ((Os and pool of 'rajlelc, Kalihi Valley, Honolulu. Here Dr. Jordan and Dr. Ishi- kaTca tried the experiment of planting the eggs of the Japanese Ayu, the most delicious of fishes. Results of the experiment are being studied. THE MID-PACIFIC 205 might wish to say in Japanese and I some to the list that Dr. Jordan pre- would like to have Dr. Harada translate pared. So far, we have collected over for us. I have known Dr. Harada for 400 kinds of fish in Korea, but undoubt- the last twenty-five years, so I am taking edly there are others still to be collected. the privilege of asking him to translate, My rough estimate would be about 500 without first asking him if he will. Once in Korean waters that we could locate in Japan I gave an address, and I had a and classify. That number is small com- distinguished Japanese scholar to trans- pared to fishes found in Japanese wa- late for him. I told him to pay no at- ters. In one locality of Japan proper, tention to what I said, but to say what around one of the promontories that jut 1 ought to say. It was an excellent out into the sea, we find nearly 600 kinds speech and well received. of fish. So far as fresh fish are con- cerned, Korea has many more than Ja- Dr. Wakiya: I deem it a great honor that I am going to address such an pan. We have found 150 kinds to date audience. It has been my ambition for in Korean waters, while in Japanese many years to meet Dr. Jordan and also waters we have only forty so far. There may be many more, but not as many as to visit Honolulu, and until this time I have had no opportunity to do so, but in Korean waters. now by the kindness of Mr. Ford I am About the fresh water fish in Korea, having a chance to experience both of it is interesting to note that we find in these desires. the western side of the river systems that are similar to those found in Southern It is a great pleasure to me that I am China, while those found on the eastern able to visit Honolulu and to take part side are also located in Siberia, and in a fish conference composed of many Northern Europe. It is interesting that distinguished scholars of different lands. we find about 80 per cent of the fishes I regret that I am not able to speak in Japan proper to be of the same kind English and I hope you will excuse me as found in China, but when we com- speaking through an interpreter. What pare the fish found in Formosa and I am going to say is to tell you some- Korea we have an even higher percent- thing about the fish families in Korea. age. You know that Japan is close to The species of fishes in Korea and the Continent and we may say that For- Japan is very similar. Dr. Jordan has mosa might have been separated from studied about the fish of Japan very thor- the continent much later than Japan oughly, and he could very well talk to proper, which may account for this find- you about them. Generally speaking, ing of similar fish in Korea, Southern there are two kinds of fish—the sub- China and Formosa. arctic species and the tropical species. We have many fresh water food fish The subarctic fish are found mostly in Korea. Sometime I may be able to above a line drawn from the Bay of tell you about them but it would take too Tokyo to Nagasaki and below are the long now, with this method. I have some tropical, and in a way they mingle to- pictures of the fishes which I might gether, for many of the tropical go north show to you. and the subarctic come south. I might add that the distribution of Dr. Jordan prepared two papers on the fishes in japan and Formosa is different fish of Korea which he studied very in different places, according to the lati- thoroughly. I myself began to study tude. In Japan and Korea the distribu- fish about fifteen years ago in Korea tion of fish is not similar although in and for the last three years I have been general there are three kinds, subarctic, in Korea and have been able to add tropical and those led by these two kinds, 206 THE MID -PACIFIC

and they constitute in general the fish and I was able to work on from their families of Korea and Japan. beginnings. I worked there only three The fishes found in the North Sea of months but was able to accomplish more Japan are the herring, cod and haddock. than in six months of previous work, Those we find in the eastern side of because I could take their results and Japanese waters are found in Java and work on from them. Hawaii and those places not affected by The island of Formosa is very inter- the continental climate or waters. A esting. Their natural resources are very singular phenomena which we noted was great and I suppose that is the reason that the farther north we go in the Yel- the government has been able to do so low Sea the more tropical fish we find. much in the way of scientific advance. when one would expect just the opposite. They have used their scientific knowl- We cannot yet explain that. We expect edge in the development of that country to have an interesting time studying here with great benefit to all concerned. all the fishes which are common to these I imagine that if the work I did climes and the Far East also. during my absence brings results such Dr. Jordan: I believe two of my old as indicated you will be glad and greatly students have come to Honolulu from benefited. I was working to find a nat- opposite directions, having been away for ural enemy for the Japanese beetle which a long time. I think we would like a is one of our worst pests and does so word at least from David Fullaway, who much damage to growing things, which was my private secretary over twenty particularly in our islands, make the years ago. scenery so beautiful. Mr. Fulhrzcav: It is certainly very Mr. Ehrhorn: Although I only went to pleasant to get back to Honolulu, follow- the coast I always make it a rule to make ing along absence. The work I was some observations in my travels. The auto- doing took me into the Orient, and while mobile is making the rural districts come there I found everywhere a great interest closer together. I make it a point to in the Pan-Pacific movement. In For- bring forward a good word for the Pan- mosa I was invited to a dinner at the Pacific Union, and I showed that we Vice-Governor's at which there were men were endeavoring to get in touch with present interested in the Pan-Pacific all of the countries around the Pacific Union. We later had an open meeting because if we know what to guard at the hotel, and I had the pleasure of against in the way of insect pests from speaking and telling something about the each country, we are very much better Pan-Pacific movement. off, because to know a disease is to have The Japanese with whom I came in con- it half cured already. Half the battle is tact in Japan and Formosa were much in- the knowing what we are fighting. The terested in this movement, and everyone scientists are very glad to have word looked forward to the meeting which is from us here, especially those at Stan- to be held in Japan next year. I want ford and Berkeley. At the last Pan- to pay a tribute to the Japanese and Pacific Conference a committee was ap- their scientific work for I had the op- pointed to look into this, and while we portunity to see much of it and took have been having a hard time to work advantage of a great deal. It was of a without funds, I am sure the Pan-Pacific high order. As hosts, they cannot be movement is going to be a great thing beaten anywhere in the world. I cer- for us all. tainly enjoyed myself in Formosa, and Dr. Jordan: This closes the meeting. the help I got was of much value, for Thank you for attention to so many fish they have gone ahead in many directions stories. THE MID-PACIFIC '07

The Pad ic seal at home a his rookery.

• rurrurrzarurrut rzitrunclrutrurrc7071runulurz711C70:71runrumuncyi rcyrrur The Fur Seal in the Pacific By DR. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN (Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution)

n=rtffintrnumtinin—indrann ylinniffea—m ica,

The fur-seal herd in which the United called bulls, come to the breeding States is particularly interested is here grounds, and they are followed by the on the Pribilof Islands. They were females, called cows. Each old bull discovered toward the end of the eight- captures. for his harem as many of the eenth century and there were about three cows as he can, and of course more million seals at that time. An estimate or less fighting goes on. Then the was made in 1872 in this way by Henry young males come out of the sea and W. Elliot : He got the area of the dif- stay on land to one side of the breeding ferent breeding grounds and took the grounds. The old males never go out number of square feet that he thought to sea during the breeding season but the average seal occupied and divided stay on their harems until late in the that into the total area, and got a cer- fall. The females, after they land, tain number—something like four to bring forth their young, one each, called six million. The fatal mistake was that a pup. The young bulls who keep to they are not evenly distributed over the one side are called bachelors. The breeding ground. nomenclature (bulls, cows, pups, bachel- The first curious fact about the Alaska ors) is quite varied and interesting. fur seals is that they come out on these The females go out to the feeding islands and no other place in the world, grounds to feed and are gone sometimes and come only during the breeding sea- several days ; they come back and pick son. In the late spring or early sum- out their own young and take care of mer, May, June and July, the old males, them and then go out again and they 208 THE MID-PACIFIC

A family of seals in British Columbia that have climbed the rocks to safety.

One enemy of the seal. A group of Polar bears mounted at the Yield Museum, Chicago. THE MID-PACIFIC 209 do that during the entire summer and for breeding purposes, does not in any early fall. The young males probably way harm the herd, as the size of the go out to feed but the old ones do not. herd depends on the number of females. By October or November the pups The Alaska Commercial Company was have learned to swim and they and all allowed to kill only young males and the the rest begin to leave the islands, company observed the contract quite though some remain as late as Decem- well. No doubt individual females were ber and it is said that some are seen killed now and then but they never about the islands the whole year round. intentionally killed a female seal on the They go down through the Pacific and island. They realized that the growth come across to the latitude of San Diego of the herd depended on the females. and then they turn north and are often They were permitted to kill as many seen close to the coast and going north- as 100,000 young males each year and ward. A few years ago a considerable during their lease they were able to do bunch was seen by the lighthouse keeper that in most years. In 1890 the lease off the Farralone Islands in March, but was renewed but it happened that it was they veered off when the lighthouse given to the North American Commer- came in view. cial Co. of San Francisco on essentially By April they cross the Gulf of Alaska the same terms. As long as the killing and reach the breeding grounds in May was done on the land females were not or June. killed, the herd was kept in good con- In 1867 when the United States pur- dition and each year increased properly. chased Alaska from Russia, the islands Towards the end of the lease of the were placed under the control of the Alaska Commercial Co., people in Vic- Treasury Department and the Treasury toria, Vancouver, Portland, and Seattle Department leased the killing privilege discovered that if they went out in boats to the Alaska Commercial Company of during the return migration of the seals San Francisco. The lease was for twenty they could kill enough seals to make the years (1870-1890) and the company was business profitable. So profitable did it given the exclusive privilege of killing become that more and more ships went the seals on the islands. There were cer- into the sealing business. The killing tain conditions ; the most important was done in the sea is called "pelagic seal- that they were not to kill females but ing." It is manifestly evident that in only young males two to f our years old, killing seals in the sea it is impossible nor were they to kill the old males. The to tell whether the seal is male or fe- fur seal is polygamous, just as chick- male. Statistics show that of the seals ens, sheep and hogs are, and so the shot or wounded not more than one number of males needed for breeding out of four or five was recovered, as is not the total number born. The they sank before they could be gotten sexes are born in about equal numbers into the boat, and so the number of —about as many males as females, and skins obtained is only a small proportion the size of the harem is 30 or 40 cows of the number, destroyed. Statistics also to one bull. Of 40 males born annually show that more females were killed than only one is necessary for breeding pur- males, because the female is less timid poses, and the other 39 can be harvested than the male and sleeps on the sur- each year when they have become three face of the water more openly and so or four years old, without depleting the is more easily caught, and there were herd. If all the females are allowed to more females in the sea, as about 100,000 live, the killing of any number of males of young males were killed each year after reserving the necessary number on the islands. 210 THE MID-PACIFIC

Within a day or two after the females radius of the females' search for food, land on the islands they bring forth whereas 400 miles would be nearer to it, their young. Then all the females that so naturally it was not a very effective were killed on their way to the islands measure. were heavy with young so that every By 1910 the herd had decreased from female killed meant not only the death two or three millions to about 127,000 of the mother seal but of the unborn so small a number that commercial seal- pup. After the seals have landed and ing was not profitable. In 1897 the the pups are born the mother seals go United States passed a law forbidding out to feed, sometimes going as far any American to engage in pelagic seal- away as 400 miles. The pelagic sealers ing. This showed the spirit of the learned in what direction they went to United States. Still the United States feed, and they stationed themselves (the could not get Great Britain and Japan Japanese were particularly shrewd in to agree to prevent their subjects from this respect) just as near the three-mde killing seals in the sea, and yet it passed limit as they dared. Naturally, nearly a law forbidding their own citizens to do the entire catch would be females, and so. The question was an open one for every female killed there meant the star- all those years. The North American vation of her pup. Thousands of starved Company from 1890-1910 did not do pups have been found because of the very well as the number of young males killing of the mothers. More than 12,000 was not enough to make it possible to starved in one year even after the herd kill very many. It became evident even had been run down. It is evident that to Great Britain that if pelagic sealing the herd could not be kept up to its went on it would make the sealing in- maximum size when the females were dustry entirely unproductive ; so in 1911 being killed at such a rate. That fact Great Britain was willing to discuss the became evident to the government of the question and a commission met at Wash- United States and the agents on the ington with representatives from Great islands and the question was taken up Britain, Japan, Russia and the United to see if anything could be done. Legally States. Japan came in because she had there was no objection to anyone killing developed into the most aggressive and seals outside of the three-mile limit. Al- most destructive of the pelagic sealers. though the United States made the con- They were enterprising and could also tention that the fur seal herd belonged stand the climate of the Bering Sea bet- to the United States and that the ani- ter than others. She came in also be- mals were only temporarily away from cause she had a small herd on certain the islands and that the ownership went little islands and Russia came in because with them, the Paris tribunal decided she had a considerable herd on the Com- that the point was not well taken and mander Islands. Dr. Jordan discovered that it was legal to kill them in the sea. that the fur seals on the Commander In the late 8D's the United States took Islands were a distinct species and those it up with Great Britain and a commis- on the Japanese Islands also a distinct sion was sent to the seal islands. Great species. Britain did not accept the contention of There were these four countries in- the United States. The Paris tribunal terested—three because they had herds decided that no killing of seals should and Great Britain because her subjects take place within 60 miles of the Pribo- were engaged in pelagic sealing. They lof Islands, and they thought they were met in Washington in the summer of thus providing adequate protection for 1911 and spent much time trying to ar- the females, assuming 60 miles to be the rive at terms for an international treaty. THE MID-PACIFIC 211

The United States commissioner was field, and he said that it was "wise leg- willing to say to Japan and Great islature." In fact it cost the United Britain, "If you will prohibit your sub- States more than $3,000,000 dollars and jects from killing fur seals in the water did great damage to the fur seal herd, and leave the killing to the United States, as there were so many more bulls than we will give you each 15 per cent in- necessary that there was a great deal terest in the Alaska fur seal herd." I of fighting and many thousands of pups remember we prepared tables to show were trampled to death, and many thou- Great Britain and Japan what they might sands of young males not needed as expect from the kill which we would be breeders grew up into old bulls whose able to make. skins do not have much value. However, after the five years' closed Great Britain and Japan accepted the season ran its disastrous course the proposition. Russia was on a different United States began killing the unneces- footing because she did not engage in sary young males and has been doing pelagic sealing and did not ask any so ever since. The annual kill is some- share in the American herd. Japan was thing like twenty to thirty thousand and engaged in pelagic sealing and had been the number will increase each year. The preying on the American herd. It was herd has increased from 127,000 in 1912 arranged that Japan was to give 10 per to over 700,000 in 1924, with a kill cent of her kill to Great Britain, 10 worth anywhere from a half million to per cent to the United States and 10 a million and a half. It would have per cent to Russia, so the total that been more if William C. Redfield had Japan gave away was 30 per cent and not taken the foolish position that a the total the United States gave away closed season was a good thing. was 30 per cent. The commissioners all agreed to these terms and the treaty You will see by the foregoing that was signed and went into effect in 1912. this species of marine mammal increased Almost immediately after the treaty went rapidly, in eleven years, and we can feel into effect Congressman Rothermel of sure that now as pelagic sealing has Pennsylvania introduced a resolution on been abandoned there will be a million the floor of the House, providing for a or more on the islands in a few years. 15-year closed season. That was tanta- I understand that Japan's herd is an- mount to passing a gold brick to the nually increasing. Japan pays to the signers of the treaty. Fortunately the United States a certain sum of money resolution did not go through the house each year as the United States share of Japan's kill. The condition of the Rus- in that way. It was cut down to ten sian herd is doubtful, as conditions in years and it passed the House, but it was cut down to five years in the Sen- Russia are not well understood. Let us ate. All those who knew about it, urged hope a stable government will be estab- lished and that this herd will also in- the killing of the bill. Suppose you had a poultry yard and had 100 hens and crease. Something like a hundred years ago wish to increase your flock to 1000 there were fur seals on the Farallone hens. Would you save all the roosters Islands and in five or six years more as well as the hens until you had 1000 than 50,000 were killed. There were hens? Certainly not. You would dis- also fur seals on several of the Channel pose of the unnecessary roosters. How- Islands. These were a species different ever small your flock you would not from the Alaska fur seal herd. On the save all the roosters. Neither do you Coronado Islands there were fur seals need all the males in the seal herd. The and probably are now. Further down secretary of commerce was Wm. C. Red- 212 THE MID-PACIFIC

the coast on the Galapogos Islands and per annum, and if these other herds on the coast of Peru there are islands could be increased correspondingly, you with fur seals, and down the coast of can see that the output would be many Chile there were herds (150 years ago) millions of dollars. If other marine larger than the Alaska herd. Around mammals were protected likewise, the Tierra del Fuego there are still a few annual income to the countries interested fur seals left. Off the coast of Uruguay would be very considerable. there is a fur seal herd protected by In an old history of California I Uruguay. There was a large herd on found an account which says that for Falkland Islands. Down on the South a period of several weeks as many as Shetland and South Georgia Islands five to seven hundred sea otters were there were large herds of which some killed every week in San Francisco Bay. remain, and in the Indian Ocean there It is true there are sea otters left and are remnants. There are fur seals if we could protect them by international around New Zealand and Mr. Thompson agreement they would multiply. who was at the Food Conservation Con- The 1912 treaty was for 15 years and ference is gathering data on them. Along to run on indefinitely unless one of the the coast of Australia there are rem- signatory parties requests a change. nants of herds, all commercially extinct. Some people are seeking to have it aban- If these remnants can be given the doned. There is a movement in Vic- same protection that has been accorded toria, B. C., now, they publish a weekly the Alaska herds it is reasonable to paper called "The Lance," seeking for expect that they will also increase. It an abrogation of the 1912 treaty. will take some years because they are The present treaty allows the Indians so seriously depleted, but in the course to kill seals in the water and they kill of time they will increase to their for- many, the majority being females. It mer abundance. The only way they would be better to give a certain lump can be protected is by international sum to the Indians and have them cease agreement which will prevent pelagic entirely from killing them in the water. sealing. Everybody has a perfect right It is a delicate subject to reopen— now to kill outside of the three-mile this treaty business—because we have not limit, and the present treaty does not recognized Russia, and to ask her to protect any of the seals south of latitude send representatives to a conference 30 degrees north. Of course moral would be tantamount to recognizing her pressure could be brought to bear upon so it is likely the State Department will countries that might wish to engage in sidestep the matter for some time yet. pelagic sealing, but there is nothing legal- But it is vastly important that an inter- ly provided for preventing the killing national treaty for the protection not of seals in the sea south of 30 degrees only of all the fur seal herds of the north by any country whatsoever. world but of all other marine mammals If the Alaska herd could in ten years of the Pacific be brought about at the increase to a value of about $1,500,000 earliest possible moment.

THE MID-PACIFIC 213

Fourteen children of fourteen races or racial mixtures in Honolulu.

• •114,4,40.1 111 • • 1114 • kly ••• v7U.TumuulIVI I'ManiWz7l Hawaii as a Racial Melting Pot

By PROF. ROMANZO ADAMS University of Hawaii (Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution) rAninninth ling " i7 rl—inuurcaini=hainuoixr tr icon,

To me it seems that the most interest- out and the children of course are part ing study of mankind is man, and here Hawaiian. In the census of 1920 the in Hawaii where we have so many in- part Hawaiians numbered about 7% of teresting situations growing out of the the population of Hawaii, and all of the contacts between peoples of diverse na- children who will be born from ;the tional and racial stocks, it is particularly marriages, 1920-24, (assuming that all interesting. marriages are equally fertile) about 17% will be part Hawaiian. The part Ha- On this blackboard I have put a chart waiian group is rapidly growing and is which shows the number of men and destined to grow still larger. Of course women in the different races who marry with a diminishing fraction of Hawaiian and the people with whom they form blood—we have already gotten to the these unions. The headings are Ha- point of 1/16—not many but some. waiian, Caucasian Hawaiian, Asiatic Ha- waiian, Portuguese, Porto Rican, Span- The Portuguese group is destined to ish, Other Caucasian, Chinese, Japanese, go through the same process as the Ha- Korean and Filipino. You can see from waiian. The full blooded Portuguese the figures here that the full blooded are marrying out. Of the Portuguese Hawaiians are diminishing by marrying women who have married during the last 214 THE MID-P kCIFIC

Thousands of children of Japanese Parentage in Hazcaii zeoz-ing their national flag.

four-year period, 752 married Portu- mixture is being helped along, provided guese men and 522 married non-Portu- of course all are equally fertile. guese, so that you have 40% of non- The Chinese are contributing to the Portuguese marriages. There were mixture. 63 Chinese women (something about 100 Portuguese men who married over 16% ) married out of their racial non-Portuguese women. group and about 24-3 of the men (40%) The Porto-Rican group is also going married out. rapidly into the mixing pot. Of the The Japanese do not marry out so Porto-Rican women, 236 married Porto much. A few more Japanese women Rican men and 133 non Porto Rican marry out than Japanese men, which is men, er something over 1/3. The Porto quite contrary to popular belief. Gov. Rican men did not marry out so much. O'Dell wrote an article stating that the The children will be about 35 to 40% men seldom did and the women never, part Porto Rican and 65% to 70 full blooded. which of course is not true. The Filipinos are participating in this Most of the Spanish women married melting pot mixture in a reasonable de- Don-Spanish men. gree. The Filipino men are popular The group headed "Other Caucasians" with the Hawaiian and part Hawaiian is contributing to this mixture—not so women. The real explanation in regard much through the women marrying out to this is as follows : If in the same —94 married out but 957 married men race there are comparatively few women of their own race. 957 men married then the tendency is to marry out a other Caucasian and 650 married women great deal, but if the race has many of some other race—something over women, then it does not show so much 1/3 of all marriages, so you see the tendency to marry out. Therefore, the THE MID-PACIFIC 215

Filipino having few women here are difference between the racial groups. So marrying out a great• deal. Few of the many more of the Chinese marry out Filipino women marry out for there 's a than the Japanese and Portuguese than very good supply of Filipino men for the Koreans. There are various theories them to pick from. for this and there might be some truth This tendency of the race to marry in all. One theory is that it depends on out is illustrated by the Chinese who a certain innate racial preference or if are now not marrying out as much as a you prefer the other way of looking at few years ago. The Japanese are com- it, a racial antipathy. Some people think ing to marry out more but the ratio there is an innate tendency to dislike a eventually will he about the same for person of another race—for some races both races. The older Chinese who a greater antipathy than for others. The were of marriageable age could not bring tendencies here should be measures of their wives from China and there were those inborn racial antipathies Another only a few Chinese girls here, and so theory is that these differences in marry- they did not marry in many instances or ing out do not represent strictly speak- else married outside of the race group. ing merely racial prejudices, but are Now, however, it is the Hawaiian born rather expressions of the social circum- Chinese who are marrying and as there stances under which we live and I tend are about as many girls as boys, they are to favor this one. marrying within the racial group. After I raise the question why the Portu- a certain period of time this will be guese marry so freely among the various changed for the reason that whereas groups. You will find there is a con- there is some tendency for a preference siderable tendency for certain groups to to marry within the racial group, but intermarry—the Portuguese and the when the half bloods grow up the senti- Filipinos, the Porto Rican and the Span- ment is not so strong, and of course so ish do very often, perhaps because they on down and so we gradually build up are all members of the same church. It peoples of mixed bloods of all sorts of is interesting to note that Catholics all mixtures. over the world enter into interracial Take the 13 Japanese women who marriages very freely—much more so married other Caucasians, and if in the than the Protestants of Northern next 50 years they have 30 children, it Europe. I do not believe that is on will be more natural for them to marry account of any particular doctrine but out than for their parents, and finally the Catholic church places great em- you get IA and 1/8 strains and finally phasis on the importance of marrying the racial boundaries are obscured and another Catholic and when the people of within 3 or 4 hundred years people will other races become Catholics the greatest not know what blood they have in their bar is removed, for the standard is veins. In fact nearly everyone here religious rather than racial. will be entitled to go to Kamehameha In the case of the large number of Schools. Portuguese women who are marrying. In my own case, I hardly know what Anglo-Saxons or other Caucasians the combinations I have represented in my significance lies in the f act that we are ancestry. I found out on a trip to the located near a large military post. mainland when I went to Ohio that I Ordinarily the women of the other had German, Irish, English, Scotch and Caucasians are of a social class that Dutch, and many of you are probably does not associate with the common soldier and therefore the soldier is likely the same. There is evidence of a good deal of to seek his companionship with women 216 THE MID -PACIFIC

of other races—Portuguese and part- children will be inferior. He says there Hawaiian. Except for the presence of is such a thing as hybrid vigor, which the military posts, we would not find means that the children of the first gen- so large a proportion of the Anglo- eration are specially strong and healthy Saxons marrying out of their race. and vigorous, but this does not seem to Social workers tell us that many of the be carried down to the third and fourth marriages last only while the soldier is generations. It was Mr. Sullivan's here. opinion that the results of the mixture The Chinese marry out more than the of races would depend upon the personal Japanese, as you can see by these figures, qualities of the parents who united. If and that is because a larger number of a good Chinese man married a good the Chinese have been here a longer Hawaiian woman, their children would time. Most of the Chinese under 45 be good Chinese-Hawaiian. were born here and so they have gone through some of the stages of becoming Some people believe that the hybrids Americanized. Going back 10, 20, 30 tend to carry the best traits of both years, a considerable number of Chin- parents. Others like Prof. East of ese were marrying out but more rece.itly Harvard would not stand for this. He it is not so noticeable. The reason was believes that in the union of two races of rather high development (particularly that in the earlier period the Chinese man had his choice of marrying a Europeans and Asiatics) the probability is that the children will possess less of woman here, not Chinese, a Chinese the desirable traits than either of the woman in China whom he could not parents—they will be inferior to both bring here, or going unmarried, and the sides. latter was often the result. The mer- chant class was allowed to bring wives The line of argument is from ana"ogy in and some others got over. from the standpoint of farming and The question that comes up in con- breeding live stock—breeding a dairy nection with this racial amalgamation is, cow to a beef animal gives neither a What is the result of this amalgamation good beef or dairy offspring. The rea- going to be ? Are children of mixed son this theory does not work out so blood as good, or better, or inferior to well when this analogy is applied to the people of pure blood. That really is a human race is that in the lower animals biological question. I will tell you that we have pure strains, but in the human there are two answers, but that no one race there is no such thing as a pure really knows. There is the view of strain, for we have been outbred so such a man as Louis Sullivan who was long that we are thoroughly mixed. at the Bishop Museum for some years. The only answer I can give is that we He was a physical-anthropologist and do not know yet what the result of all made many measurements. I have a this intermarriage is going to be. If letter he wrote about a year ago in some one should study it for the next which he states that he believes the fifty years and keep accurate statistics, children born of these mixed marriages then the chances for finding out some- are good if the parents are good, but thing definite are fair, but it will be a if the parents were inferior representa- long study over a long period of years. tives of their racial groups, then the Just now, we do not know. THE MID-PACIFIC 217

A fish corral in ',aglw de Bay.

• 41,10,11)1MMIAIMAP • \11,114,M1).1, • • •4X,1111/4.141,•41,11 • Philippine Fisheries A Summary of the Fishery Resources of the Philippines, Their Present Condition and Their Possibilities ALBERT W. HERRE, Ph.D., Chief , Division of Fisheries, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. (Note.—An article purporting to be from the pen of Dr. Albert W. Herre, was sent to the Mid-Pacific Magazine and published in the May, 1925 issue. Dr. Herre writes that the article was not from his pen but from a garbled newspaper article. This article, "Philippine Fisheries," Dr. Herre has carefully prepared for the Mid-Pacic Magazine). tee tret• •11rtstantes .1444‘1447•YrailmlIrWaNIVEN ts • • dtarEIN •totim1tAMKIrmitair•trivIITC%

The Philippines comprise more than which we may place at 1,500 or 2,000 7,000 islands great and small, with a species. A very high proportion of these coast line more than twice that of the is edible and a large number of kinds United States. Philippine waters in- occur in quantities sufficient to be of clude great areas of shallow reefs, seas great value. of vastly varying depths, and the most These islands are inhabited by nearly profound abyss thus far known, while 12,000,000 people, whose animal protein every type of shore occurs along the food is almost entirely fish. Rice and coasts. fish are the chief diet of millions, who The Philippines are the northern spur do not consider themselves properly fed of the great East Indian archipelago, unless they have plenty of fish, prefer- where occurs the greatest variety of fish ring it to beef or pork. life in the world. In Philippine waters Given a fish-eating population and are found approximately one-tenth of all surrounding waters rich in fishes, it the known kinds of fishes, a number would seem that the fishing industry 218 THE MID-PACIFIC

Drying and mending the sakag, the net used by the Filipinos for fishing off shore. Fish is a staple diet of the Filipinos, being near the rivers and seashores of all the islands. Science can do much toward greatly increasing the fish food supply of the Philippines. THE MID-PACIFIC 219 would be highly developed and that fish poles as a leader across some current would be plentiful and cheap. At cer- or over a shallow bank where the fish tain times and places fish may be very come to feed. On the poles is placed a cheap and glut the market, but as a coarsely woven matting, the whole form- rule fish are expensive and the market ing a weir. When the fish come near is poorly supplied. The reasons for this this they do not attempt to pass through apparently anomalous condition are part- even if the openings are comparatively ly climatic and partly due to the eco- large, but follow it until they come to nomic structure and development of where it leads inside the baclad itself. Philippine society. This is a somewhat circular or heart- The climatic factors are first, the fact shaped enclosure of stakes with closely that the Philippines lie wholly in the woven matting fastened to them. The tropics, with a continuous high temper- fish go milling around, trying to escape ature and high humidity. This conduces at the farther end but do not have sense to rapid decay and makes difficult the enough to turn back and go out the way preservation of fish, which are very they entered. Often at the farther end prone to rapid putrefaction. The second another opening leads into a small en- factor is that owing to the monsoons a closure, with fine meshed walls, the given coast may be very rich in fish life pound or pocket of the baclad. From during one season and practically barren this there is no escape, the walls usually during the other monsoon. being too high for fish to leap over. When Malay society assumed definite In most places the pound is seined organization the village was its working with a large fine-meshed net, costing up unit and the life, material equipment, to P500 or P800. In some localities and economic development of the people where the baclad is in water but one to revolved about and centered in the two meters deep a large roll of rattan village. This continued to be true in matting is used to gradually drive the the Philippines down to recent time and fish into a small tight enclosure, from is still true along enormous stretches of which they are bailed out with a dip coast. net or basket. Baclad are used to catch From the mainland of Asia the Malay fish of all sizes from sardines to tuna. wanderers brought with them certain Immense quantities of shrimp are also very effective methods of fishing, which taken in haclad, especially in Laguna de are still the chief and almost the only Bay. When set in a favorable place, methods practised in the Islands. First with no storms to interfere, with an and most important is the baclad or fish ordinarily good run of fish a haclad is corral, of various styles and sizes. Fish a profitable investment and furnishes a corrals occur in suitable places along all good supply of fish more easily than by coasts and are the most important com- any other method. mercial method in the Philippines. They It is, however, open to certain objec- are constructed of bamboo or hardwood tions. It is readily injured by storms poles, on which is hung rattan and bam- which may cause loss of the investment, boo matting or mesh. They may be and it can only catch fish when they placed in any depth of water from a lit- come into shallow water, usually very tle more than a meter up to fifteen meters, and ordinarily cost anywhere close to shore. from P500 to P2,000, but may cost as The next most important method is much as P6,000. the use of the hobo or bamboo trap. A common type of baclad is made These are made of many shapes and by driving down a long row of stout sizes, from those for catching tiny 220 THE MID-PACIFIC

shrimps, up to those two meters square, line about 300 meters in length, with or more. short lines and hooks about a meter No matter what their shape or size, apart. It is baited and anchored near the essential principle is always the the bottom, with a float to indicate its same. A hobo is merely a basket-like position. affair with an opening at one end or on The casting net, called dala in Taga- one side. From this hole splints or log, tabocol in Ilocano, and laya in strips are fastened to form a funnel, Visayan, is one of the oldest nets known the small end of which is in the middle to man and its use is world wide. of the trap. Impelled by curiosity, the Among the Christian Filipinos its use lure of food, or the desire to hide, the is apparently confined to rivers, shallow fish enter the funnel and pass through lakes, and wading depths along sea it into the trap. In some kinds of beaches. The Moros, however, use it traps the fish must really push aside the in deep water to catch small or medium highly elastic tips of the strips forming sized fish running in schools. The dala the funnel, and in many the sharp is a cone woven in any. convenient size projecting ends deter them from re- from a meter and half in diameter and entering it, but of ten there is no real a couple of meters in height, up to obstacle to prevent their escape. But those five or six meters in diameter they spend their time trying to escape and eight meters in length. The circum- through the walls and never try to ference is heavily weighted. With the leave by way of the funnel. upper part of the net held over one Bobos may be used either baited or arm, the fisherman takes the net just unbaited, according to the kind of fish above the leads in his other hand and it is desired to capture. In some fish- whirls it about to gain momentum. Re- eries unbaited traps are very successful, taining hold of a string attached to the but for most kinds some sort of bait is apex, he throws the net from him over necessary. Traps may be used in almost the place where he wishes to make the any depth and are almost the only way cast. The net spreads out over the Filipino fishermen have of catching water in a perfect circle, sinks rapidly, some kinds of reef fishes which do not closing as it does so, and capturing the take the hook. In the channel between fish before they can escape. Panay and Mindoro the fishermen use The Filipinos have a number of kinds bobos in water nearly 500 meters deep, of drag or haul nets, some of them lowering them with long lines of rat- very large, up to several hundred meters tan. Although bobos are very valuable in length. They may be made either for taking some kinds of fishes their with or without a long bag or pocket scope is too limited to supply any very in the middle. Most of the nets are great demand, since they cannot capture only used in shallow water as beach the important fishes which travel in nets, one end usually being left on the schools. shore and the other taken out to sea Hook and line fishing is not of much its full length, then hauled around to importance in the Philippines, except land and the net pulled up on the beach. for a few kinds of fishes. Spanish All Filipino nets have excessively fine mackerel, red snappers, dalag, and mesh, many large nets being not more groupers are the principal kinds taken than 7 or 8 mm. mesh anywhere, and by hook ; long lines are little used, and much finer than that in the bunt. Owing no deep sea trawl lines are used. to their excessively fine mesh, the num- The kitang, used by the fishermen of ber of men necessary to haul one of Cavite province especially, is a long them ia and the amount of labor ex- THE MID-PACIFIC 221 pended, are out of all proportion to the instead of the 30 to 50 men required results obtained much of the time. to use the sapiao. The cubcub is a kind In a few lakes fine meshed gill nets of purse net, and is used for catching are used for taking small fishes, and in sardines, mackerel, and other fishes run- the Visayas drift gill nets are used to ning in schools. take flying fish, and anchored ones for The salambao, a large dip net mount- small mullet. On the Ilokano coast ed on a raft, and invented by the large gill nets are also used to take Chinese, who brought it to the Philip- sardines and anchovies. pines long ago, is extensively used in In Manila Bay, where the Tagalogs the rivers and esteros of the Manila have apparently developed fishing Bay region, and during the run of mul- methods to a greater degree than else- let is a very satisfactory and profitable where in the Philippines, several forms method. of gill nets are used, both anchored and The sakag is a picturesque-looking drift. They also surround schools of one man net, used in shallow sandy fish with a net which gills them. The places for catching shrimps and small sinamay, a bating is the largest of this kind and shore fishes. It is made of may be taken as a type of them all. The coarsely woven abaka cloth, and is net is about 600 meters long and 16 fastened to two bamboo poles crossed meters wide, with a mesh of 25 to 40 near one end. At the other end each mm. From eighteen to twenty-five pole has a wooden shoe. The fisher- men or more are required to operate man pushes the sakag before him, lift- such a net. When a school of fish is ing it whenever he thinks he has made found the net is laid out around it. a catch. The sakag may be seen in use Then the fishermen beat the water, along any sandy beach in the Philippines shout, and otherwise frighten the fish and the stranger is always astonished to drive them against the net. This is when he sees such a huge peculiar look- very successful in catching sardines, ing affair raised from the water to an chub mackerel, and other small fish erect position. moving in schools. As yet the fisher- In Manila Bay about 40 Japanese men rely on sails and man power to run junks are engaged in fishing by means their boats, though at times they hire a of small beam trawls, each boat having launch to tow them, especially when far 5 or six trawls in the water at once. from shore with a cargo of fish. Two Their catch is confined almost entirely boats have been fitted up with motors to shrimps and sap-sap. in Malabon and Navotas, the most im- The boats used are the ordinary type portant fishing towns on Manila Bay, of Japanese sailing junk, but recently and a few years more will probably wit- the Japanese fishermen have installed ness the installation of many. auxiliary motors which they use in go- In the Visayas, and especially at ing to and returning from the fishing Estancia, a net called the sapiao, about grounds. The beam of each trawl is 5 22 meters deep and 27 meters long is meters, and the distance from it to the used in taking sardines, mackerel, and tip of the bag is 9 meters. The trawls pampano. It has no bag but the bottom are hung on a rope 60 meters long. is pulled up rapidly so that it becomes When the trawls are all down the sail a sort of dip net surrounding the fish. is hoisted and the boat allowed to drift The Tagalogs use a large net, the cub- with the wind and current, dragging cub, about 27 meters deep and 220 the trawls slowly over the sandy or meters long of coarser mesh than the muddy bottom. The nets are left down from f our to seven hours, then raised sapiao, so that 16 men can operate it 222 THE MID-PACIFIC

A gate and watchman's home. Bangos fish pond, Malabon.

A dip net used from the banka or native canoe near Manila. THE MID- PACIFIC 223 by hand power, using ropes and pulleys it is superior in many respects to any attached to the mast head. of their methods except the baclad in a With their keel built junks the Japa- favorable situation. nese fishermen can go out when the In the most important fishing coun- Tagalog fishermen dare not venture tries of the world the chief reliance is from port. They are able to fish in al- upon deep sea fishing. As has been most all kinds of weather except during shown, all fishing in the Philippines is a violent typhoon, and often get their shore fishing, the boats never venturing largest catches on stormy days. Some out of sight of land. In deep sea fishing Tagalog fishermen also use the same the most important methods are the method, but with their style of boat otter trawl, the purse seine, the gill net, they cannot handle them so well and the trammel net, long-lines or trawl they have but one trawl to each boat. lines, and hand-line fishing. In the Gulf of Lingayen the Ilokanos In adopting modern methods the Fili- use the same device, with one trawl pino fisherman is blocked at once as operated from a sail boat. long as he continues to use a boat which Motor boats operated by crews of is only a hollowed log, or even when Japanese fishermen are at work in the made of plank is modeled after a banca Visayas and around southern Luzon, or dugout canoe. No deep sea fishing one each from Manila, Iloilo, and Cebu. can be done from such boats as are Their craft vary from 18 to 55 tons, and now used by Filipino fishermen, as have a speed of about 10 knots an they lack deck room, cargo space, fa- hour. About twenty Japanese form a cilities for equipment and handling the cooperative association to supply the catch, are unable to sail against the necessary capital for the purchase of a wind, and are not seaworthy. The launch and nets, and they themselves modern style of fishing boat is tending supply the skilled labor. They follow more and more to be a comparatively methods learned in the fishery schools small motorboat, burning crude oil, they attended in Japan. They set a readily handled by a small crew of ex- bag net with long wings on a reef pert fishermen, and having speed suf- where the water is from three to ten ficient for a long working radius. fathoms deep. Then forming a line in As already stated, the great preva- the water they swim toward the net, lence of coral bottom in Philippine each man dragging a weighted rope waters makes it unwise to try out the with pendants to frighten the fish into otter trawl at present, but there is every the net. Arriving near it the wings are reason to believe that the other deep closed if necessary, the bunt lifted, and sea methods could be profitably used. the fish packed in crushed ice in in- The purse seine in connection with sulated compartments in the hold of the motor boats could be utilized for the launch. Frequently a thousand kilos capture of sardines, mackerel, albacore, are secured at a single haul, and some- bonito, and Carangidae. times two thousand kilos or more are Since the trammel net is the only secured. satisfactory one for rough and rocky This method can only be used suc- ground, it would be of the utmost value cessfully where the water is clear and in the Philippines since there are many the current not very strong, but is the species which frequent such places in best method to catch various species of large numbers. Many of these rarely, Caesio, the Siganids, and the surgeon if ever take the hook and are only taken fishes, all good food fishes. It has not at present by the Japanese method al- yet been tried by any Filipino, though ready described. Wrasse and parrot 724 THE MID -PACIFIC

fishes (Labridae and Scarichthyidae). baited with small fish. As these fish surgeon fishes (Acanthuridae), Siganids, travel very rapidly the boat must have Theraponidae, rudder fishes (Kyphosi- a speed of at least ten miles an hour, as dae), big eyes (Monotaxis grandoculis), otherwise they will leave it behind. and snappers and porgies (Lutianidae Catching the fish is very hard work, and Sparidae) all large fishes and most for if the fish bite at all they grab the of them of excellent quality, could be bait in a hurry and are jerked from the taken with this kind of net. water by main strength, shaken from Trawl-line fishing is now a very im- the hook upon the deck, and the hook portant method in many regions and rebaited at once. At times each fisher- could be used in the Philippines for man may land a fish a minute. capturing groupers, wrasse, parrot fish, Porgies and red snapper are fished snappers, eels, sharks, and porgies. A for at their feeding grounds on rocky trawl line is a stout line from 500 to reefs in rather deep water, each fisher- 2,000 meters long to which is fastened man usually tending two lines. every meter or two a short line with a The most important single com- hook. When the hooks are baited the mercial fish in the Philippines is the line may be anchored and set at the bot- bangos (Chanos chanos) known as awa tom, or one end may be lowered to by the Hawaiians. This fish lives al- deep water, the other running up to the most entirely upon plant food and ac- surface, or the line may be buoyed at cordingly can be kept in large numbers the surface and used as a drift line. The together, unlike most other fishes which porgy (family Sparidae) fisheries of are carnivorous and devour one another Formosa have been greatly developed in if crowded. The young of this fish are recent years by the use of long lines in found in enormous quantities on flat, water 40 to 60 fathoms deep, on sandy sandy coasts during April, May and bottom. Trawl lines are also a very ef- June. Here they are caught in fine fective method of catching snappers and meshed nets and taken to Malabon, a groupers on rocky bottom in water town near Manila, and placed in fish from 10 to 80 fathoms deep. ponds. About P25,000,000 is invested in Hand line fishing is the chief reliance, fish ponds around Manila Bay and P4, or even the sole method, in some very 000,000 or P5,000,000 worth of bangos important fisheries. The red snapper a year are sold in the Manila market. fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico, the During the stormy weather they are tuna fisheries of California, and the often the only fish to be had. bonito fisheries of Japan and Formosa, Anchovies of 6 or 8 different kinds are all of this kind. These fishes all are abundant in the Philippines and occur in the Philippines and without can often be seen in enormous schools. doubt could be caught in large quanti- Almost no use is made of them as yet. ties by using the same method here. Four kinds of fresh water eels and Albacore and bonito are taken by about 70 kinds of salt water eels occur trolling from power boats. When a in the Philippines. The fresh water fish is hooked quantities of live and eels go into the interior to an altitude chopped anchovies, sardines, squid, or of more than 5,000 feet. Some of the other bait are thrown overboard to at- eels reach an enormous size, 2 meters tract the school. This is called chum- or so in length and as big around as a ming. If the school appears, fishing is man's thigh. done with strong bamboo poles about 3 Fifteen or 20 kinds of mullet occur in meters long, a stout line of the same Philippine waters the commonest being length, and usually with barbless hooks the ania-aria of Hawaii. Some occur THE MID-PACIFIC 225 only in salt water, but most kinds enter and a weight of several hundred pounds. rivers and lakes and proceed to the Most of them are dull colored, brown- remotest headwaters until stopped by blotched fishes, but some are exceedingly waterfalls. Many of the mullet occur brilliantly colored and of unsurpassed in fish ponds but there is no regular excellence of flesh. business of growing them. The snappers are very numerous in About 6 kinds of barracuda occur in Philippine waters, more than 50 species Philippine waters, some of them reach- now being known. All of them are ing a length of 2 meters. marine, but several gray snappers and Japan mackerel and chub mackerel red snappers enter ravers and lakes and occur in great schools throughout the remain there until they reach maturity, Islands and may be taken in large returning to the sea to spawn. Most of quantities. Several kinds of large the red snappers live in deep waters and mackerel-like fishes reaching a length of submerged reefs, at depths from 30 to 5 or 6 feet or more, which may be called 500 or 600 feet. There is little doubt by the general name Spanish mackerel, that a great red snapper industry could are abundant. They are perhaps the be developed here just as it has been finest food fish in Philippine waters. in the Gulf of Mexico. Great schools of bonitos and tunnies The Sparidae or porgies are reef occur throughout the Islands, specially dwellers also, with over 20 species in along the Pacific coast. As yet no the Philippines. The Japanese have bonito fishery has been developed al- developed a great industry in catching though large quantities are taken at porgies with hand lines off the coast of times in fish traps. Formosa, and I have little doubt that The family Carangidae (pampano) is many banks in the Philippines could represented by about 40 kinds, most of supply good quantities of this fish if them obtaining a large size and nearly long line fishing were developed. all very choice food fishes. Many of The parrot fishes and wrasses are ex- the kinds take the hook freely and in ceedingly abundant in the Philippines, many sections are the chief game fish. about 80 species of the latter being They abound around the edge of cor- known. These are the kinds of fishes al reefs where they can he taken by which were esteemed by the ancient trawling. A few kinds go in large Polynesians for eating raw. Most of schools of ten very far from land. them are of small size with soft flesh. Some kinds of pampano enter large One kind of wrasse reaches a length of lakes while very small and live there two meters and is extraordinarily bulky. until they become adult. At the outlets These large specimens have exceedingly to these lakes the people build enormous fine flesh. There are 25 or 30 kinds of traps which catch every fish attempting parrot fishes, very little known. The to leave. The catch at one of these lakes huge size of many and their inaccessible amounts to about P55,000 a year, but homes in the depths of coral reefs cause the methods are such that the industry them to be poorly represented in collec- will eventually be destroyed unless steps tions. Some of the kinds reach a can be taken to regulate the fishing. length of 6 or 8 feet. Many of the parrot fishes are among the most glar- The sea bass or groupers contain the ingly and brilliantly colored fishes. fishes most highly esteemed by the Fili- pinos. There are about 40 kinds of One of the most important family of groupers or lapolapo, to use the Fili- fishes in the Philippines is that of the pino name, nearly all obtaining a large gobies. Most of these are small dull- size, some of them two meters in length colored fishes living in shallow bays and 226 THE MID-PACIFIC

A whale shark caught in Manila Bay, a giant in size.

Stern view of the large fishing banka built by the Filipinos for coast fishing. THE MID-PACIFIC 227 rivers and unimportant in most parts of purposes of supplementing the oxygen the world. But in the Philippines they supplied through the gills. These fishes are one of the most important families can leave the water and wander over of fishes. Of the more than 150 kinds the face of the earth looking for a better known from these Islands, many kinds location. Especially in rainy weather live in rivers and lakes, returning each do they make the most astonishing year to the sea to spawn. The fry migrations and are found in what seems ascend the streams in enormous schools incredible localities. The dalag is very and are caught at the river mouth in abundant in the rice paddies and accord- such quantities that the ipon fisheries ing to local Munchausens they remain in at the mouth of the Abra river alone the rice paddy when it goes dry, burrow- are worth P300,000 annually. The two ing into the mud and emerging when smallest fishes in the world are gobies the rains come again. Of course, this is from Luzon, one of them just described not true. Dalag do burrow into the by me having an average length of mud and can live indefinitely in an ex- 91/2 mm. or /8 of an inch when fully traordinarily small amount of water. I mature. have taken a couple of dozen dalag and About 40 kinds of sharks and rays climbing perch out of a pool a yard wide occur in the Philippines, most of them with about two inches of water and a used for food when captured. There foot of semi-liquid mud. Of course, are no systematic shark fisheries, but under such conditions the fish get prac- tically no oxygen from the water. They the Moros catch a great many with hook get it direct from the air. As long as and line and the fins are dried and ex- ported to China, the trade amounting to their gills and bodies are moist they can survive under such conditions for P80,000 or P100,000 a year. It is be- months. But when the ground becomes lieved that by the use of modern thoroughly dry and the moisture is all methods an immense trade in shark fins, gone these fish die. Dalag and a kind hides, oil, and fertilizer could be devel- oped. Specimens of the whale shark of eel-like catfish are found alive in the Manila market practically all the occur now and then in the Philippines. year around. Dalag are so active and so One having a length of over 33 feet tenacious of life that the market women was caught in a fish trap in Manila Bay uses a club to crack one over the skull last year. This kind is known to reach three or four times before she hands it a length of about 60 feet when fully over to a customer. This is merely to grown. subdue the athletic fish so it will not give The rivers and lakes of the Philippines so much trouble on the way home. Dalag are notable for the variety of sea fishes is a very good fish when properly which enter them. Mullet, sharks, snap- cooked. Climbing perch have nice flaky pers, eels, bafigos, and a great variety of flesh, but are too bony to be desirable. marine fishes may be found 125 miles or more from the sea. Of the true or At the present time, Estancia, a small permanent fresh water fishes, the most town in the northeastern corner of important is the dalag, belonging to the Panay, is the most important fishing Family 0 phicephalidae, which occurs only town in the Philippines. In the vicinity in the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese vast quantities of sardines, tanguigui and regions. Closely associated with it is other fishes are caught, the great bulk the climbing perch. These two fishes of the product being dried. At Sitankai, belong to a strange group which has a an islet about 10 acres in extent at the large cavity in the head connecting with extreme southern tip of the Philippines, the mouth, into which they take air for a few miles off the coast of Borneo, fish 228 THE MID -PACIFIC

abound more than elsewhere. For a native fishermen obtain large catches of great distance the whole region is one tanguingue or Spanish mackerel by trol- vast bank rich in fish food, and with a ling on moonlight nights in April around network of deep water tunnels by which the Fortune Islands, and in June around means fish may arrive and depart. The the Gigantes. They use the ordinary catch here is dried by Chinese who, as a sailing banca. rule, turn out a very inferior product. All the fish caught by trolling are of In considering the commercial side of excellent quality and most of them are fishing in the Philippines, one must allow good fighters. One needs a strong rod for the fact that it is a monsoon coun- of split bamboo, palma brava, or green- try. This means that during one mon- heart, a reel of large capacity and the soon a given coast or locality may have highest quality, and two or three spools a glut of desirable fish whereas while of the best cuttyhunk line. The kinds during the opposite monsoon, there may most commonly caught are as follows: be practically no fish at all along the Lapo-lapo or sea bass. These belong to same coast. To develop fishing on a various genera of the Serranidae, and modern basis the first essential would be may be taken of all sizes up to 70 kilos the use of good sea-going boats. The or more. The blue-spotted red groupers Filipinos have never developed a sea- are abundant in the Sulu Sea reefs and worthy boat which could leave land dur- while not large, usually weigh four to ing ordinary rough weather. They have five kilos, are gamy, with delicious flesh. no boats which can put to sea during the The various species of pampano, or kind of weather that prevails during Carangidae, most of the fishing season on the coast afford fine sport, taking the hook freely and are hard fighters. I of Japan, New England, the Grand have had a fish run out nearly 50 meters Banks, or the British Isles. of line before it could be stopped after To the lover of sport fishing the Phil- it had been brought alongside and was ippines offer much attraction. Thus far about to be gaffed. Many of them are all game fishing has been conducted in nearly a meter in length, weighing usu- one way only, trolling from a small ally from five to 10 kilos. They have launch and using a spoon hook. The been caught weighing over thirty kilos. best way is to have the boat run at a The largest species of barracuda fight slow speed along the edge of a reef, savagely, frequently leaping out of the just where it drops abruptly from very water. The largest are caught in tide shallow to comparatively deep water, rips, where they have been taken up although many fishermen make good to 50 kilos in weight. catches by cruising over the reefs where Spanish mackerel, king-fish, or tan- catches by cruising over the reefs where guingue are long slender and very active the water is from two to five fathoms fish, reaching a length of one to two deeps. For certain kinds an excellent meters. They frequently leap straight place is in the tide rips, especially where up in the air, and to hook and land a they race across some shoal or rocky big one in rough water is a thrilling ex- point ; apparently the fishing is best perience as one never knows what will where the tide rips are roughest. No happen when it starts for the clouds. one has yet tried out trolling with live Bonito, albacore, and tuna all occur bait, trolling deep down instead of at in the Philippines. They are desperate the surface, or chumming. I believe fighters and are to be looked for in swift that these methods, so successful in tide rips and rough water. They are all many noted game fishing resorts, would very large powerful fish. The bonitos yield equally good results here. The have a way of boring straight down and THE MID-PACIFIC 229 frequently cannot be stopped but keep varied resources besides its food fishes. on going when the end of the line is In the past pearls and pearl shell have reached, taking more or less tackle been the most valuable of these, some along. years ago reaching an annual production A kind of leather jack, family of P300,000 to P400,000 for pearl shell Carangidae, weighing 3 to 4 kilos, is and a million pesos for pearls. During common in places. It takes the spoon the depression from 1920 on the pro- freely, and is a spectacular fighter, of ten duction dropped to almost nothing, as leaping two or three meters out of the the London market was dead, but at water. the present time pearl shell to the value Another very gamy fish is the Ser- of over P225,000 is exported annually. geant fish or pandawan, Rachycentron The value of the pearls obtained is not canadum, which makes very savage, definitely known but is large. Two strong rushes when hooked. They are kinds of pearl oyster, the gold lip and a meter or more in length with a weight the black pearl oyster, are found in the of five to six kilos. Philippines, from Polillo southward Yellow tail or runners, and hard tail, throughout the Visayas and Sulu Archi- family Scombridae, are very swift and pelago, and the coasts of Palawan. The good fighters, and are caught up to a gold lip pearl oyster is very large, in- meter in length. Several species of dividual specimens sometimes weighing snappers also take the spoon and afford as much as 4 kilos or more, and is found good sport ; they weigh from three to most plentifully in the Sulu Archipelago. nine kilos. The industry is carried on with practic- Occasionally a sword fish or sail-fish ally no supervision, the beds being is caught ; these exceedingly swift and worked by Moro naked divers or Moros tremendously powerful fish are not rare using dredges and by pearling schooners and qualified anglers could undoubtedly equipped with diving armor and pumps. secure good catches of sail fish in the No pearl oysters are cultivated in the Gulf of Leyte, during the month of Philippines although conditions at many May. The native fishermen bring them places in the Sulu Archipelago are very into the Tacloban market every day, cap- well suited to pearl farming. This is a turing them in baclad and by hook. very profitable industry in Japan and These fish run from about two meters should be still more successful here. up to more than five meters in length. Large quantities of shells are taken The most noted resort for game fish- for the manufacture of pearl buttons, ing in the Islands is Malampaya Sound, and either shipped to Manila to the two on the west coast of northern Palawan. button factories there or exported to Around Gato and Carnassa, north of Singapore or Japan. The only button Cebu, the fishing is very fine. Other shells taken in any quantity for that pur- excellent localities are the reefs in the pose in the Philippines are the top shell, Sulu Sea, especially Comiran, Tubataha, Trochus niloticus, and the turban or and Manucan in the Cagayan Islands, green snail shell, Turbo marmoratus. Pilas Island, Cape San Augustin, the The top shell is cone-shaped, marked tide rips of the San Bernardino Strait, with radiating or zigzag bands of red or the reefs north of Camarines Norte and brown, and when full grown is from around Polillo, Casiguran Sound, and 10 to 15 centimeters in diameter at the . the reefs bordering the Japan Current or base and a trifle less in height. It is Kuro Siwo along the east coast of the simony and susong dalaga of the Luzon. fishermen. It lives alone or in small Philippine waters are rich in numerous groups under large rocks or near the 230 THE MID -PACIFIC

outer edge of coral reefs in water from important article of export from the one to four fathoms or so in depth. The Philippines to Singapore and Hong animal within the shell is considered a Kong as it is in great demand in China. great delicacy and in many places the There is scarcely a reef in the whole people gather the mollusk for its meat extent of the Philippines where they do and ruin the shell by placing it on a not occur in quantity, but in many places fire, as the cooked animal can be easily where they abound none are shipped removed. This shell is preferred by the because the people do not understand button manufacturers as it is easy to their gathering and curing. work and has a desirable color. Philippine trepang is the poorest in The green snail shell, turbo, lalong, quality and brings the lowest price of or bolalo, is from 10 to 20 centimeters any trepang, merely because of igno- in diameter across its base when fully rance and carelessness in its preparation. grown, and is a rich green, more or less Most trepang in the Philippines. is ob- mottled with brown and white. Like the tained by wading along the reefs and preceding it does not occur in large shore line at low tide, but the better numbers at any one locality, and lives grades live in water from 3 to 8 in the same sort of localities, but prefers meters in depth. They are boiled in water a little deeper, up to about six water fifteen or twenty minutes and fathoms. Both the top and turban shells should then be hard and elastic. They are found in all parts of the Philippines are then slit open with a sharp-pointed but the largest quantities are obtained in knife, gutted, and placed in the sun till the Visayas, the coast of Palawan, and nearly dry, after which they are placed the Sulu Archipelago. Some very fine under a shed and smoked for about turbo shell is gathered in the Batanes twenty-four hours. After this they Islands. The meat of this mollusk is should be sun dried till perfectly hard highly esteemed snd many are taken for and free from moisture. food alone, the shell being ruined for Much of the Philippine product is not commercial purposes. gutted and is very imperfectly dried so A much greater quantity of button that it is in large part a third grade shells could be taken and shipped to article. market than is the case at present, since Australia exports a half million pesos in many regions where they occur none worth of trepang annually, the prodlict at all are taken for commercial purposes, being of the highest quality. The Phil- or else those are taken which are not ippine Islands have much greater natural more than a fathom or so below tide advantages in this regard. In 1925 level. 200,614 kilos were exported valued at P122,622. This amount could easily repang is the name applied in be doubled or trebled in quantity, and Ialayan countries to the dried bodies of those sea animals by proper care in its preparation the called in English sea value very greatly enhanced. cucumber, and known as balat, balatan, Other marine products of minor value halato namaco, bilate, bot, hisam, and at present are numerous. Some of those munang in various Filipino languages. capable of great expansion are the Many species of sea cucumbers occur in shrimp, crab, squid, shell-fish and sponge Philippine waters and trepang is an fisheries. THE MID-PACIFIC 231

A Korean catching fish at the time of spawning.

'ararM1)aralL:,71W,L,71M0.0 6..ju,,,r11787:711C7IIC:nIVIIK:WrICNICTrits 7711C7IIC71,11:31711CL7,1U t-1.< rz< The Chinese Snake-Head Fishes • ,,•< By Dr. Yojiro Wakiya Director of the Korean Fisheries Experiment Station

genus and of the Anabatidae, or climb- The Chinese Snake-Head fishes (ophi- ing perch, have floating eggs and both cephalus argus canton) are highly esteem- male and female care for eggs and ed as a delicious fresh water food fish by younglings. The average number of the Chinese and Koreans. It thrives very eggs which a female contains is about well in stagnant waters, and can bear 20,000. She does not completely spawn extremes of cold and heat. The fully at any time, but at three or four times, grown fish attains two and one-half feet in length. It has the general appear- with interruptions, every time emitting ance. form and color of a pike. The 2,000 or 3,000 eggs. The remaining spawning habit of the fish is peculiar ones atrophy and seem to be absorbed as and interesting. When fishes care for nourishment for herself. When the spawning season approaches the snake eggs and younglings, as far as we know, heads come in couples to the shallower the males are first to die, and eggs of fresh water are demersal, sinking to the places. and make a nest of leaves and stems of marsh-weeds, which is dis- bottom. However, the fishes of this 232 THE MID-PACIFIC coidal in shape and floats on the surface proaching the nest, one of them leaps up of the water. tinder the floating nest, to the surface of the water and tries to the couple spawn, and the eggs are pre- drive them away by striking the water vented from dispersing by means of the with its tail. By making the best use nest. It takes three or four days for of this peculiar habit of the fish, the the hatching out of the younglings. The Korean fishermen catch them easily. appearance of younglings in the post- They strike a nest lightly with a frog larval stage is almost exactly like that fastened to a hook, the fish jump up to of the tadpole. After about three weeks drive it away, then they take away the they reach three-quarter inch in length, bait and the fish sink down. Repeating and in appearance are like the adult. Till it, the fish become angry, swallow the that time they are helpless, swimming frog, and are hooked. If a fisherman about in the shade of the nest, but later finds a nest he then may be able to they begin to swim about the pond in a catch two fish. It is a pretty gain for a group. During the helpless stage of fisherman, as one of the fish sells for younglings, the parents watch for frogs, half a dollar. After the dispersing of the dreadful enemies of eggs and young- younglings, the next spawning follows, lings. As soon as they find frogs ap- and so on.

•

,)

Different stages in the development of the snake-head fish.

THE MID-PACIFIC 233

Dr. T. A. Jaggar, volcanologist at Kilauea, Hawaii, testing a new lava f l,,w at the volcano.

• 04),914),,,14.•41,5,•,/ • • VI,PA • \.■,14.4!) 1WP MVO) %.,1yr,ly • An Evening at the Pan-Pacific Research Institution With Dr. Jaggar,the Volcanologist at Kilauea '‘vinthanat

Mr. Frederick Muir, chairman of the conclusions today from certain phe- Pan-Pacific Science Council, introduced nomena and then changes his views next the speaker of the evening, as follows: year, you cannot call him inconsistent. "We are glad to welcome you here Again, I have heard people say, 'Scien- this evening. Before Dr. Jaggar begins tific men change their minds, they do not his little talk to you I want to say a keep their ideas the same.' If the word about our position as scientists. science is active it is almost certain that IVIany people have the idea that science you cannot hold the same theory all your is such a definite, rock-bound thing, and life. If you did, it would mean that your that when a thing is true once in science, theory was right (which it seldom is in it is always true. Such is not the case. its entirety) or that you would not Just because Dr. Jaggar draws certain change your mind, and then that would 234 THE MID-PACIFIC

The volcano of Kilauea where Professor T. S. Jaggar keeps watch the year round over the rising and falling tide of lava. He keeps a diary of the daily life of earth's greatest living volcano. THE MID-PACIFIC 235

entail the charge that you were not hole in the ground that was produced in scientific, because scientists must keep some fashion by the retirement of the their minds open to everything new. So lava into that great ridge that we call if Prof. Jaggar makes some statements Hawaii which extends hundreds of miles tonight and then changes his views to- to Midway Island, and there is a crack morrow you will not think him incon- 1700 miles long. Over this ridge is a sistent but give him the credit of being film of water that we call the Pacific a true scientist. I am glad to introduce Ocean. This ridge is about 37,000 feet Prof. Jaggar." high, which is higher than Mt. Everest. Merely the top of the ridge sticks up Professor Jaggar: and we call the different high points The question of what makes a vol- Kilauea, Halemaumau, and so on. The cano eruptive is one that I feel some ridge is everywhere underneath the diffidence about entering upon. But I channels. Whether it is going down or know that when one discusses an event coming up we do not care, but in this like that big explosion that happened in eastern end is today its most active spot the crater May, 1924, the audience wants in the system, the big hole we call to know what made it. So instead of Kilauea. Twenty-two miles to the west telling you about the tremendous dra- we have the next most active spot. matic incidents that were connected with Mauna Loa erupts once in four years the explosion (all that we know date and Kilauea is almost continuous. In from 134 years ago when some natives 1790 there was a big explosive eruption were killed), I will try to tell you what which threw out ash, and others which happened that made that fire pit sud- are known only by tradition. We denly go on a rampage and explode. Let thought that about 130 years would be me review the things that happened from the interval, judging from the events a physical point of view. In 1919 Hale- we had observed in Japan. We did not maumau had a great flow of lava down know that the thing that brought about to the sea, and we saw the culmination this great explosion of steam in 1790 of a series of similar happenings that had came when the lava was on a down been increasingly apparent from 1917 on. grade, through a cycle of four or five When the lava reached the top, it was years. The lava is down half of the the culmination of a great rise which nine years and up the other half. Of marked a cycle (of about nine years) course we are interested to know why. and both volcanoes flowed lava at once. In thinking of the why, we have two It was evident that something had re- possibilities. One possibility is that the leased this gas. In 1920 there was a lava which is a gas-charged milk or glass decline and the lava in Halemaumau is relieved of pressure more and more went down 400 or 500 feet and sealed through five years and goes down. The itself like sealing wax. In Kilauea the other possibility is that the lava is there lava showed itself about a hundred feet all of the time with a gas potential from the top, roaring and tearing and ready to do business whenever the trig- boiling in that big pit, and then sub- ger is pulled. When something happens sided in a very pronounced manner and in the edifice in this ridge, in the cul- that was the beginning of this big thing mination of some age-long strain, the we call an eruption. The going down crack is pulled apart and this lava with was the beginning of a big coming up, its potential sizzles right up and the paradoxical as that may seem. The mountain has let it do it. The moun- coming up was not a volcanic eruption tain has accumulated a strain through the of lava, but an explosion of steam in a four or five years of outflow so that it 236 THE MID-PACIFIC

forces down this thing that is released, May 11, in the midst of this funnel, was though it is just as ready to do business a gigantic uprush and boulders from as at the beginning. That is, the edifice five tons in weight down to 100-pound yields and dams the lava is one view, or stones and mere pebbles were cast out. the other is that the lava loses its poten- Some of the biggest ones were thrown tial and has to recover it. My attitude farther than the small ones. An eight- is to favor the first theory. I think the ton boulder was cast 3500 feet away lava is right in Honolulu, underneath, from the pit. That material instead of of course, ready for business, but the being composed of rock wrapped in fresh edifice will not yield right now. (Breath lava was angular broken pieces and many of relief from the audience.) of the rocks were crystalline rock, char- In February, March, April and May acteristic not of lava at all. The boys of 1924 this is what happened. The went down the crater nearly every day big area of lava in the pit went down and were equipped with all sorts of army 350 feet and stayed down in February masks to counteract the gas they ex- and March. In April on the east coast pected to find, but they did not find a whole lot of little earthquakes hap- any smell at all, as it was just steam pened and people moved away. Some and air that was being sent up. The coconut palms were engulfed and a new seismic events reached their maximum lagoon was formed. The country was about the 23rd or 24th of May and after considerably shaken up and pieces of that the earthquakes kept on for two the country slipped away, but no big or three months. It was clear that the earthquake was noticeable. It was evi- whole edifice was yielding in relation dent that a big block of country had to the pit. The fact that the end events sunk as though something had been were characterized by steam where be- drawn away. This followed the progres- fore it was black dust indicated that we sive lowering of the lava. Perhaps the had water playing a part and an im- whole edifice was yielding during the portant part. In April we had known decade and letting the lava down. There the lava column was going down to sea are several large cracks which run paral- level and then plugging took place and lel, and a movement of sectors is notice- then it came to an end quite promptly able. A movement of sectors happens with a lot of this seismic event and the in Hawaii and is noticeable at other explosions getting less and less until places, as it scrapes on its walls. The they ceased by the first of June, and lava itself does not make the earthquake of course we are interested in knowing but the sector of the mountain edifice. why it had come to an end. We have proved that the movements On July 15th the lava came back with here are greater than anywhere else in the same characteristics and it made a the world. We do not know what con- flow over the bottom of the crater and dition or shape the lava is in, whether then stopped in about fifteen days. It it is like a big pudding or a cheese, but stopped because the mountain had en- we are trying to find out. The scientists tered into tension. This barely gives are trying to see inside the world, just you our conception of the affair based as an X-ray probes inside of things. on the outside physical and chemical in- About the tenth of May while the cidents as to what happened to make lava in the pit at Kilauea is glowing 390 the explosive eruption. feet down the pit, a scaling begins and I want to give you some interesting it was not safe to stand near the rim data as to that big hole that was left. for everything was rushing down into The hole made by that caving in and a funnel at one side of the pit. On exploding out was four times larger THE MID-PACIFIC 237

Making moulds of coins in the still flowing lava at Kilauea.

than it had been before. It was 3500 much material, you will find that the feet long by 300 feet wide and 1290 feet cylinder extends 300 feet below sea deep. It was 1335 feet deep imme- level. There is evidence that the lava diately after the excitement but the lava becomes liquid, and we were able to floor has filled in. My assistant, Mr. figure out that it had started on the Finch, says that the stone layer thrown upward rise on the day of the maximum out was not as thick as in 1790. Figur- explosion, May 18th to July 15th, and it ing the thickness from edge to edge of means that it rose 44 feet a day. We the crater, and doing your utmost to saw it rise 30 feet a day in 1919, where- make it as big as possible you get about by it would consolidate all this material 28 million cubic feet of stone that were that it came through and then settle loosened and yet you have to account down by its own viscosity. Figuring at for seven thousand million cubic feet- the rate of 44 feet a day, it would pass 253 times as much as you can account its level at just the time the explosion for out of the explosion products which ceased—the 25th of May and by the 8th dropped into the inside of the earth. of June would disappear. This checked This was not volcanic action but an earth up pretty well with the observed phe- geyser. The stuff was not thrown out nomena. • but was thrown in. If it fell into a So you see by taking the cubic feet hole the hole must have a shape and we of matter we have made a conclusion figured that the hole was about 300 feet which gives some conception of the deep. If you take a cylinder the size order of magnitude that was emptying of the bottom of the present pit and and filling the holes under ground. This calculate what kind of a cylinder in surprising thing lead to another query. length is required to accommodate that How did the total volume of lava that 238 THE MID-PACIFIC

The lake of fire in the it at Kilauea as it looks at night.

How an, advancing wall of lava looks to the beholder. THE MID-PACIFIC 239

was poured out from both Mauna Loa that the mountain suddenly receded and and Kilauea during the whole decade then the pit walls fell in much too sud- compare with the hole ? If there was denly for the lava to froth and take it seven thousand million cubic feet in that up, and the bottom was plugged up and one little hole what was there in all the then the explosion took place. What big holes ? From all the flows of the made it open below ? The wedge gives last decade from both volcanoes there us a very interesting bit of mechanism. was four billion three hundred million When you reach the point that we cubic feet, a little more than half of the reached in May, 1924, with the lava bulk of the rock lost. Taking the prism frothing up after repeated collapses (of of the lava of the crater of Kilauea which I have not said anything but they as in 1823 when some missionaries vis- were there), and if you imagine the bal- ited it and also Lord Byron, who came ance of forces of that rising lava of in his yacht and explored around, and January, 1924, and the yielding moun- calculating the bulk of the air space tain tending to yield along this edge and then and in 1921, we found that the total coming to such a nice balance that the was about 60 billion cubic feet that has weight of the wedge is no longer sup- come in in one century. This is equal ported and drops and holds the crack to about 12 Mauna Loa flows of 20 open and then gets headway and drops, miles length, one mile width and ten feet you can see the whole mountain in deep, which is more than all the Mauna opening would produce a crack and the Loa flows of the century. Green and lava slumped out. When the lava re- Dana calculated that the flow was only covered, it came up so as to emerge in 14 miles long, and so you have the July. This is a picture of how, by equivalent of 12 big flows in what has calculating bulks and weights, we can come in to the pit of Kilauea. Kilauea get an idea of the topography of such has poured out more than all the Mauna a mountain. The mountain itself must Loa flows together. The surprising he on top of an earth crust that is thing is that such an enormous bulk of yielding to other forces. The crust of lava should be put into Kilauea as a the earth below is mere conjecture. We wedge between two cracks which meet have seen an accumulated splitting pres- at the apex of the dome. This prism sure which is assisted by the lava when of 60 billions of cubic feet of lava has it rises—I cannot think of any phe- accumulated and has a pressure growth nomena ever observed that illustrates of downward pressure and weighs five this compression. We have another ques- thousand million tons, of which 1.3 per tion. Is there around the Hawaiian cent was poured in between 1918 and 1924. Islands as a whole and around the island of Hawaii, particularly, 50 or 75 or 100 This was illuminative and gives you a new feeling for the mechanism of that miles out at sea, any evidence in the edifice. The wedge is small in com- bottom of the ocean that all this material parison with Mauna Loa itself, but five that is poured out to build this big island thousand million tons is a mobile unit came from under the crust of the earth ? bounded by a steep old wall and right If it did there should be a trough around on a crack line, and if anything moves the islands—a sort of compensation for the crack, the wedge will hold the crack the upheaval.. This question gives you open. It is interesting to wonder whether some notion of the way we work out the mechanism of this wedge might not things and lead on to new queries, which have had something to do with the sud- in turn are answered by the application den opening of that crack last May so of other sciences. 240 THE MID-PACIFIC

Mr. Muir: had great times of mountain building and volcano outpourings. There must I think we are all grateful to Dr. Jag- have been heat at one time but now it gar for his very interesting and clear manner of speaking, and for his trying is only gas. _ to bring before our vision some of the Question. Those gases are contained probable causes of this great movement. in the lava you say, and is it from It is a fascinating subject. I have heard oxidization that the heat comes? Prof. Jaggar speak many times and I Answer. Reaction between these gases have always enjoyed him, and this has which are not in equilibrium and be- been no exception to the rule. If we tween them and the atmosphere gives a could have 50 or 60 Prof. Jaggars release by heat increasing from below around the Pacific at the various points upwards. The gases way down are con- of importance, in twenty years we could fined in paste and when you release accumulate a mass of evidence which the pressure the gas escapes. You have would show what is going on in each to think of the whole thing through the center, and be of great value to scien- ages as the outer crust of the earth tists all over the world. These great solidifying and keeping the gases down, earth movements must not be looked and so far as the heat is concerned the upon as great calamities but as neces- heat is inside. sary changes of the earth. With such Question. How will atmospheric knowledge as could be gathered if we oxygen pass down ? had 50 Prof. Jaggars stationed around the Pacific we might be able to foretell Answer. Forty-nine per cent of the these cataclysms and provide against melted lava is oxygen. There is more them. This would be a tremendous thing oxygen in six feet of dirt than in the for the human race and this is where equal space of atmosphere above. the Pan-Pacific Research Institution and Question. Was the earthquake in the other scientific bodies wish to aid. If east recently due to slipping of the we can influence the people around the earth's crust ? Pacific to get together and take an in- Answer. The disturbance in the St. terest and communicate the results of Lawrence Valley was prevalent there in their study and observation, in 50 years' 1663 and was greater than the San Fran- time we could get some most valuable cisco disturbance. The Atlantic seaboard data. Are there any questions to be seems to be entering into some seismic asked Dr. Jaggar ? movement that is very unusual. Question. What is the cause of this Question. What is the age of the great heat ? islands ? Answer. It is caused by gas reactions. Answer. I do not know whether they The prevalent idea is that it is a rem- are emerging or sinking. The evidence nant of heat from the pristine earth of the age of coral reefs is a very moot when everything was hot, which was just question so far as geology is concerned. a short time ago as we measure time Japan goes back to the paleozoic and geologically, about 25 million years, in earlier but the material in the Hawaiian our tertiary period. Frequently we have Islands is tertiary or pleocene. THE MID-PACIFIC 241

•1.i .MMU1ar.1,7111711 PUI PC;01:711K7W Standards for Potable Water By PROF. ARTHUR R. KELLER, (University of Hawaii) (Before the Pan-Pacific Research raindrop to the house tap that the Institution.) Id .,,,IF water meets with various sources of 113 ffi''W•'-f•nir\i pollution. In the usual engineering sense, pollution means water that has This evening it is my privilege to received and still holds excreta of briefly review the general method in- human beings and animals, and, (or) volved in examining a source of water waste products of human industry ; that is desired for domestic purposes while contamination, although by many and to briefly outline the methods avail- used as synonym for pollution, does able for treating the water in order to not necessarily include water which has render it satisfactory for potable pur- disease germs from human excreta. In considering a source of water as a poses. All water originally came from rain- domestic supply both available quantity fall. If we had large enough catchment and quality must be determined. areas, sufficient storage basins, then the Tonight, while primarily concerned with water problem would be solved for quality, a few words must be given to those sections which were blessed with some of the means of measuring quan- abundant rainfall. Throughout the tity. Rainfall has been mentioned. The civilized world, rainfall is recorded. area of water-shed multiplied by the The usual measurement is in inches depth of rain gives a volumetric meas- depth per unit of time — month or ure. The other sources of water are year. In order to actually measure either streams, or lakes and ponds, fed this depth some form of cylindrical con- by streams. or glaciers ; or underground waters. The usual unit of volumetric tainer is used. It is seldom that any considerable measure is cubic feet per second, amount of rain can be directly caught although million gallons per day is also at the point of initial falling. The used. For investigation purposes, the rain falls on the ground ; some is taken common means of measurement of flow- up directly by surrounding vegetation, ing streams is the current meter. After later to be transpired by the plant, determining that sufficient quantity of some runs off immediately forming water exists the next step concerns its floods, some seeps into the ground, fol- quality. There are four main methods lows devious channels and appears of examination, physical, chemical, and later as a spring or forms the source biological, including microscopical and of artesian water or deep-seated wells, bacteriological. miles away from the point where it first The physical examination shows whether or not the water has any dis- fell. The original rain water is perfectly advantageous turbidity, color, odor, safe, but it is on the journey from the taste or temperature and either con- 247 THE MID-PACIFIC

.44

There are beautiful lakes in hia. are c rater formed reservoirs for rain water supplies.

In every mountain valley streams form and swell with the rains. This water may be impounded. THE MID-PACIFIC 243 demns it or recommends it from a signed to show by comparison the rela- purely aesthetic standpoint. tion between color, odor, and taste Some waters are very turbid, turbid- based on the objections raised by con- ity in this sense meaning the amount sumers. It should be again noted that of suspended matter carried in the the physical examination covers only water. Two means of measuring are the aesthetic features. A water with used : A standard solution containing a large numbers of pathogenic bacteria known amount of diatamaceous earth and very hard might easily be given a is made up and then various dilutions perfect score, if only physical examina- made. These are placed in clear flint tion were considered. glass bottles and the water compared Chemical examination shows the suit- with the samples. When a direct match ability of a water for boiler use, laun- is secured, then the turbidity is known. dry, manufacturing or domestic pur- The more common method is the needle poses. It shows whether a water con- which can also be used directly in the tains any injurious salts of zinc, lead, field. A needle 1 mm. in diameter is etc. placed below the surface and the dis- It is frequently said that a chemical tance at which it disappears gives examination gives the past history of inversely the turbidity. A turbidity the water while the bacterial examina- of over 5 is not desired. tion tells the present status. In the Color may be false or true. False is early days, chemistry was relied upon due to suspended matter, while true is almost wholly but today bacteriology due to colloidal matter in solution. It furnishes the final answer. High am- is this latter that gives rise to the well monia indicates, usually, recent con- known "meadow tea" of the New Eng- tamination, high nitfates may mean land States. In these Islands water contamination but remote. coming from swampy localities is very One is often asked, "How much salt frequently high in color—Palolo Valley, may be in a water and still allow it to Olympus crater. The true standard is he used ?" There is a relation between a platinum cobalt solution and color temperature of water and salt content ; obtained by comparison of water with the warmer the water, the more sus- known dilutions of the standard. The ceptible to taste is the salt. No defin- color tube is very convenient and has ite amount of salt is given as the upper glasses graded to match the color. Good limit, but over 30 grains per gallon is table water should not run over 10. bad and 20 grains per gallon fair. Odor is determined hot or cold and In regard to hardness, water with is classed from 0 to 5, 5 being very over 12 grains per gallon of hardness obnoxious. Odor is frequently due to (200 ppm) begins to be unsatisfactory. microscopic organisms. On the chart the various tests per- Taste is determined by that sense and formed in a chemical analysis have been graded from 0 to 5 the same as odor. designated and some values that have noted. . Temperature is sometimes considered, been found for various waters a cool water being more satisfactory The biological examination is really than a hot one. This feature, however, the most important and shows how is so directly connected with storage, many living forms, plants, animals and location of mains and method of distri- bacteria, will be taken into the body bution that it is more apt to be changed should the water be swallowed. The than to remain as is. To summarize biological is divided into two parts, the physical examination of water, this microscopical and bacteriological. chart is prepared. This chart is de- Microscopical Examination deals 244 THE MID -PACIFIC

wholly with isolating and determining or by direct sewage inflow, certain ob- plants or animals in the water that may jectionable aliens, paratrophic organ- be easily studied with the microscope isms, gain access to the water. These and do not require cultural methods. latter are the class indicative of danger, There have been enumerated over 200 the greater their numbers, the more species of which 77 were animals, but dangerous. Not all of these bacteria only about 20 are commonly found in are actually dangerous, but as the ones ordinary water. These micro-organ- responsible for typhoid fever and chol- isms aside from the general thought of era may be along with others, we look drinking them, are not in themselves with disfavor upon all of them. harmful. To them, however, particu- In 1884 B. coli was isolated from the larly after their death, odors and tastes excreta of a cholera patient. This is a are usually ascribed. Large numbers of term covering a very large group which certain species usually indicate pollu- is the normal inhabitant of the intes- tion of a certain type and for this rea- tinal tract of all warm blooded animals. son an investigation in regard to num- Specific disease organisms are very bers and species may be of value. The difficult to isolate so the whole group waters found in Hawaii are not particu- has been placed as dangerous and the larly rich in such organisms. Some are engineer does not try to differentiate. found in taro patches and fish ponds In general one may describe this bac- and in some surface waters but I have teria as a short motile rod less than 1 never heard of any serious difficulty in micron in diameter. (One micron is regard to them. A few of the common the term of measurement for bacteria, varieties with some of t he odors being 1/25000 of an inch.) The aver- ascribed to them are as follows : Ana- age is 2 u long, about 0.5 u in diameter, bena, pig pen, green corn; asterionella, the largest 60 u long and 5 u in diam- rose geranium ; synura, cucumber odor ; eter.) cryptmonas, candied violets ; clathro- There are innumerable tests that may cystis, grassy ; aphanizomenon, grassy. be made in trying to isolate various As distinguished from microscopical species but in general the fermentation examination, the bacteriological exam- test and the growth on culture media ination requires special culture methods. at 37° along with acid reaction con- Bacteria are microscopic or sub-micro- stitute the most used tests. scopic in size and always plants. Thus to summarize and show the Bacteria in water may be divided into interrelationship of these tests. three groups : natural inhabitants, un- The chemical analysis might show objectionable aliens, objectionable high ammonia, the bacterial indicate aliens. fermentation thus showing probable There are certain natural species as sewage pollution. The chemical might Nitrobacteriaceae that are widely dis- show nitrites, the bacterial whether the tributed and find all their food and cause was from soil washing or from energy in water. A few organisms sewage pollution. Miscroscopic exam- from the air, bacteria from the soil, B. ination would disclose whether a de- subtilis, B. mycoides, and other nitri- cided taste was due to an organism or fying and oxidizing bacteria are washed to some dissolved gas. In general the into the water from the fields by rains chemical shows if the water is usable or floods. These are unobjectionable in industry ; the bacterial if it is safe, aliens. not contaminated ; the physical and Lastly, by surface seepage from microscopical if it is palatable. contaminated soil or by direct wash It has often been noticed that even THE MID-PACIFIC 245 though a stream may receive large Rapid— amounts of sewage in the course of a Penns. _...78 plants 307 m.g. capacity few miles it is much improved in ap- Ohio 45 44 743 pearance. This leads to the theory of Mich. 18 " 463 " ti "self purification" of running water. N. C. 42 96 " Some authorities have given seven Slow— miles as the limit. This is now known N. Y. 12 57 " to be grossly in error as may well be Penns. 7 684 " it shown by a reference to Niagara Falls D. C. 1 70 " ti which is 17 miles below Buffalo but which had a typhoid death rate of Arizona, Nevada and Utah had no 132.9 per 100,000 until the city of plant large enough to count. Niagara Falls installed modern filter The question may well be asked, plant. Buffalo is at the foot of the "Why or how does a filter work ?" Great Lakes, a perfectly wonderful Filtration may be said to be, the passing sedimentation basin, but nevertheless to of water through some porous sub- reduce its ever-mounting death rate due stance that removes the impurities or to waterborn diseases it has completed at least some of them. a new 100,000,000 gallon filter plant. Filtration is partly sedimentation, No doubt some purification takes partly straining, partly due to Schmutz- place in running water, no doubt sun- decke, also due to the struggle of the light has an excellent germicidal effect, bacteria for existence. A combination nevertheless something more must be of all of these, each leading partly to done if the city below is to drink the the whole is filtration. water from a stream into which, miles In general a filter plant consists of a above, another city has allowed its sedimentation basin, very essential when wastes to flow, even if the population the water is at all turbid, a coagulation between these points is very limited. basin, if the water is to be treated with a chemical, filter beds and final storage The methods of treating water may or clear water basin. be divided in three parts : In filtration the units used are "x" (a) filtration. million gallons per acre per day. For (b) disinfection. slow sand x is between 31/2 and 6; while (c) other methods. for rapid sand it is 100 to 150. The slow sand beds are usually about Filtration is again divided into two 1 acre in extent, usually covered to pre- kinds : vent freezing and constitute in point of (1) slow sand. area covered a very large plant. (2) rapid sand. Suppose Honolulu should decide to The early, or slow sand, is sometimes filter all the drinking water. A tract about referred to as the English method ; the 30 acres in extent would be required, rapid, as the American method. —about 80 original Manoa Valley lots. According to the latest statistics, I The resulting effluent is very good. The have been able to locate, there were in filter is operated until the loss of head 1925, 634 cities in United States having is too great when it is put out of com- filter plants of over 1,000,000 gallons mission, cleaned, washed and again capacity. Of these 587 were rapid sand ; ready for use. 47 slow sand. About 25,000,000 people Because of the necessity of cleaning were served with filtered water. at least 5% excess filter area must be 246 THE MID-PACIFIC

available. Those at Albany, N. Y., or The chlorine does not act directly as Washington, D. C., might be named as some may think but frees the 0 in the typical slow sand filters. water which in turn becomes the direct Because of the large area required, oxidizing agent. slow sand filters are not being built to- (1) C12±H2O=HOC1+HC1 day if a city decides to install a new (2) HOC1+HC1=2HC1+0 (Free) plant. Some of the early ones are being (3) 2HCH-CaCO3-,B2CO3-FC12. operated on a partly rapid sand scheme, For unfiltered water about 4 pounds for example Washington, D. C. of gas per million of gallons of water to The main difference between a slow be disinfected is required. For filtered sand and a rapid sand plant is that in the latter an artificial coagulant is in- water about 1 2/3 pounds [is] usually troduced in order to form a Schmutz- sufficient. Many filter plants now add chlorine plants as a finishing process. decke at once. The rate is much higher, the cleaning more frequent and the area Ozone is merely a method whereby of individual beds much smaller. free oxygen is made electrically and Both alum and iron hydrate as well as then the water oxidized the same reac- lime may be used. tion as the end one in chlorine treat- The coagulant depends to a certain ment. extent on the chemical analysis of the Ultraviolet Rays—Vapor mercury original water. A typical reaction with lamps give off a ray which is a decided alum is as follows : germicide and bactericide. If clear AL( SW, + 3 CaCO3 3H20, waters are to be treated this is a method 3CaSO, 2A1 (OH)2 + 3CO2 of disinfection that may be used. The It is assumed that the above water water is made to flow through a stag- originally had carbonates in it. If none gered channel in which a number of such had been present then we must add lime lamps have been placed. This method as well as alum. It will be noted that has never received general adoption in calcium sulphate is added permanently United States, although it has advocates to the water and it may be necessary to in Europe. In France quite a number of partially remove this by using soda wineries and breweries use the method ash—softening the water. with success. Henderson, Ky., is the The washing is done by reversing the only sizeable plant in United States. flow of water. The general improved health condition The size of sand grain used for a slow due to the use of filtered water was no- sand filter is effective size, .33 mm. ; ticed by statisticians. The reduction in uniformity coefficient 1.5 or about like typhoid did not furnish all and finally ordinary granulated sugar. For a rapid the Mills-Reinecke Theorem was pro- sand filter a sand just a little larger may pounded. be used. "Where one death from typhoid fever Disinfection is usually clone by means has been avoided by use of a better of hypochlorite of lime or by liquid water, a certain number of deaths, two chlorine. The latter is favored because or three, from other causes have been of the simplicity of operation and be- avoided." cause no sediment must be handled. Statistics from any filter plant may be Liquid chlorine may readily be purchased used to prove this very vital health in metal containers of 100 lbs. capacity. theorem. THE MID-PACIFIC 247

iAMMMM3.l W.4MM ,.,.1L4W IL241)! Pr Pan-Pacific 1 Beachcombing By the Late ALLAN R. McCULLOCH (Before the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, '1 July 14, 1925)

..._

Slides depicting Pacific fisheries. For- native life in the New ameni fera, diatoms, Hebrides, the Kentia copepods, and other palm-seed industry of minute crustacea., etc., Lord Howe Island, were said to be and the fauna of preyed upon either coral reefs in various by young fishes or parts of the Pacific other animals which were shown at the later served as the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. food of larger fishes or animals of The illustrated lecture entitled "Pan- economic value. The minute alga re- Pacific Beach Combing" delivered by sembling a bundle of microscopic Mr. Allan R. McCulloch, who told his fagots is often so plentiful on the sur- audience of various strange things en- face of the sea along the coast of countered during his wanderings northern Queensland as to make it ap- around the southern Pacific. Pictures pear as though covered with sawdust. of strange and highly venomous fishes Mr. McCulloch recounted personal ob- and echinoderms were thrown upon the servations which proved this alga to screen, and the nature of the poison or- be all important in sustaining life on gans and habits of the animals them- the myriad reefs which extend for 1200 selves were explained, corals, giant miles along the Queensland coast. A clams, starfishes, and various other ani- minute f oraminiferan of the genus Tino- mals were also represented, and their porus, which lives upon the leaves of relation and interdependence discussed. certain algae, was shown to be one of Their great importance as the direct or the most important organisms in the indirect food supply of food fishes was building up of coral reef formations, emphasized, and attention was drawn and also as food of echinoderm and holo- to the danger threatening them by way thurians which engulf them to extract of the waste oil from ships. the jelly matter which is contained within Pelagic life is of such vital import- their calcareous tests. The probable in- ance for the food supply of marine imical effects upon this pelagic life re- animals that anything likely to imperil sulting from the discharge of waste oil its abundance is of the greatest con- from motor ships is such as to demand cern to everything associated with Pan- the serious consideration of all con- 248 THE MID-PACIFIC cerned. The lecturer emphasized the Pomegranates, passion fruit, bananas, subject with a series of slides depicting and other fruits are now largely destroyed various species of these smaller animal- by the rats which als,, have attacked a culae. beautiful indigenous bulb known as the Leaving the subject of coral reefs, the wedding lily, so that it has almost dis- lecturer dealt with problems which have appeared from the forest. The giant arisen on Lord Howe Island in the banyan too, once the dominant feature southern Pacific as a result of invasion of the island vegetation, has suffered so of its palm forests by rats. Prior to severely from the ravages of an insect 1918, this island, which is a forestry blight that healthy trees are now, within reserve of New South Wales, was cov- a few years of the appearance of the ered with vegetation so dense as to be pest, few and far between. largely impenetrable. Among this flour- Much has been done by the Lord ished the celebrated Kentia which is one Howe Island Board of Control towards of the most decorative and best known fighting against this serious derangement palms in the world. The collection and of nature's balance, but the problem con- export of its seed to horticulturists of tinues to offer serious difficulties. Owls Europe, Australia, and America was the (Stix delicatula) have been introduced main industry of the islands, but the in- from the Australian mainland, and have troduced rats, with such a superabund- proved to be by far the most efficient ant food supply as was offered by the destroyers of rats. The birds are being seed, speedily multiplied to such a reestablished by the introduction of degree that they largely ruined the trade. species from Norfolk Island, which are Following their usual habits also, they either similar or allied to the original varied their diet by attacking the small inhabitants, and all else possible is being birds, and within a few years have done to restore normality. But much ir- almost exterminated a number of indig- reparable havoc has been done and such enous species. This resulted in an in- recovery as is possible must be slow crease of insect pests, which in turn and can only be the outcome of sustained affected various trees and smaller plants effort on the part of the island in- so as to greatly interfere with their habitants and the board controlling the fruit. -It and even their existence. reservation. THE MID-PACIFIC 249

Pillars at the entrance to the Ming Tombs.

• • • • Making Democracy Safe for the World By DR. KU HUNG-MING (Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo, April 16.)

CIA ifith2,1 • "VV •

I beg to thank you and the Pan- common ideal. Merchants and robbers Pacific Club for doing me the honor of are joined together by common interests, allowing me to participate in your meet- nations should be joined by a moral ing today. The year before last I had ideal. In Europe this is called religion. the honor of speaking before this Club Europe during the Middle Ages kept and I am again honored today. Every peace because they had a common relig- year I am growing older but I still have ion. The community of European na- ideas, and I want to put before you as tions was the so-called Christendom. In concisely as possible what I think the China we had a community of a com- world needs. I want to tell you about mon standard of right and wrong called the danger to the world that may lie civilization, and our civilization kept us in democracy. together. Before it came to China we had peace Now in order to attain peace you must and it has brought war to China. Let find a common standard of right and me explain. It was the late President wrong, a common religion or a common Wilson who made famous the well- civilization. There are many differences known phrase "Make the world safe for in the civilizations of East and West democracy," but I say "Make democracy but at bottom I want to show they are safe for the world." It is the object of the same. In fact Europe in my mind your Society to promote peace and good is coming to get our civilization, the will. You must have a common standard civilization that kept peace in China and of right and wrong, you must have a Japan too for 2,000 years, it is this that 250 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Temple of Heaven as reproduced in a Pan-Pacific pageant in Honolulu.

In Ch _::a te..:ple is on of the dainty bits of architecture that relieves the scenery. THE MID-PACIFIC 251 united us. In Europe militarism began punish you. When the Renaissance came with the Reformation. Christendom was people said "There is no God, we will divided and then came the 30 Years not have to be good." But if people did War. Since then wars in Europe have not fear God they feared the Police and been more or less religious. The word that was the beginning of misery in religion comes from the Latin word Europe. Now it is government by the religeria meaning to bind. It is what is police and lawyer's law. Among na- right and wrong, a standard, if nations tions peace is kept by international law have a common standard, then we can and treaties and in order to enforce have peace. these treaties you must have soldiers. In Europe when their religion was Religion is civilization and this es- broken in two they had the Thirty sence as I said of no government is that Years War, and since then, including people should govern themselves. The the late war, it has not been so much world over, especially in Japan, we have interests as differences in ideals. The too much government. How to get rid Germans had their ideal of civilization of this government is the new religion, and wanted to impose it on Europe the new democracy and this is educa- and Europe would not have it. But to tion. In China our church is the school, come back, we must find a religion that you must teach the people, educate the will apply not only to Christendom but people. We have encouraged education to the world. What is this new religion now we must develop it, encourage it. and where can we find it ? I want In fact in order to bring peace you must have a religion and that religion is edu- to tell you you can find it in China, that it is a democratic religion. In China cation. In order to improve the world we are democratic, we recognize the you must improve the condition of equality of man. In the United States education, and this applies especially to you speak of liberty and equality very Japan if I may speak frankly. Instead often, but in China we never bother to of reforming Parliament you should re- form education as that teaches us speak about it, we have it. We have never had a religious war, we allow how to live. Buddhism and Mormonism to flourish Tau is a Chinese word and means side by side. In Europe they have no the way, the way to live. Religion, tolerance. That is the new democratic teaches us about God, but it should type of religion Europe and America are teach us how to live, how to behave our- seeking. selves. This new religion is called Con- What is the essence of this religion? f ucianism in China, and the word The American writer Emerson was asked means a scholar, learning. To make by an Englishman whether there were democracy safe for the world improve, any Americans with American ideals. education. It is very simple, you give What is at the bottom of American faith, give honor to the educated man. ideals ? Emerson said no government. If you give faith to the educated man The Bolsheviks want no government. It everybody will want to be educated. So- is a true ideal but how to attain it is ciety wants educated men. There is a the question. Democracy means no story in Japanese history which you government. This means we must gov- Americans should know and which is of ern ourselves. Instead of having author- interest. In olden Japan there was ity outside we must have it inside. In Ieyasu Tokugawa, who brought peace, Europe the first thing to keep the peace he gave honor to scholars. One day a was the Christian religion. It says you samurai came to him and asked to read must be good, if you are bad God will a composition of his own. He was given 252 THE MID-PACIFIC

permission and as he read Tokugawa The Rev. S. Potter, returning to repeated frequently "Good, very good." England from India, said : "I have ap- When the man had left one of Toku- preciated the privilege of listening to gawa's retainers asked him why he kept these veteran educationalists. I agree saying it was good when it was really most heartily with what the Confucian very bad and the wise Ieyasu said he scholar has said and I join with you wanted to encourage the man. in appreciation of the services given to In China we have a somewhat similar Japan by the second speaker. I can story. A Chinese general wanted to conceive of no greater privilege than buy a horse and somebody offered him to have had a share in the reforming as a hag of bones and he paid 1,000 pieces well as the encouraging of education. of silver for it. He was asked why and replied that if people knew he paid It was the late President Wilson who that much for bones they would bring spoke the phrase, "Make the world safe good horses to him. A Society like for democracy," and I assure you no this can encourage education, I myself sooner had the phrase fallen from the am but the bones of a scholar but by in- honored President's lips than thinking viting me here you are encouraging edu- people immediately gave it the turn cation. In China they do not want me, mentioned by Dr. Ku. It is indeed im- they want compredores, but there is portant to make the world safe for hope for Japan because this Society in- democracy but it is far more important vited me today. In this new Japan it to make democracy safe for the world. is the church and the school that will We are engaged in this task, those of solve the problems of how to make us who are intelligent, not that all democracy safe for the world. agree as to the intelligence. We rec- To summarize : Instead of reforming ognize the dangers and perils in de- Parliament you should reform educa- mocracy and yet we see no other way tion. To get good education you must out, except the way through and I re- give honor and faith to educated men, joice you are to have this admirable even to the bones of such men. In the translation of the way, which is the United States you have a very good only way out for Japan, China and elementary education but what is America. wanted is higher education. I am very There is a great difference between optimistic about the world. If it gets reforming and encouraging education into trouble the people will find it out. and I agree with the scholar. When at We can each do our little bit, our bit home I am asked to address gatherings is not to give faith and honor to the I shall be happy to pass on the message narikin but to the educated man. I ask that it is not enough to encourage edu- you to keep this in mind, the great need cation but great hosts of us are learning of the world is to encourage higher we must reform it and make it serve us education, each of us can help that by as the bond of fellowship and goodwill giving faith and honor to the educated between the nations and races of the man. earth."

THE MID-PACIFIC 253

Gateway to the Imperial University at Tokyo.

iprEacmg, • • • Forty Years With Japanese

• Students Address by Professor John Seymour at the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo on Friday, April 16th, :1926

hndicanununiclinmlj

I shall try to tell you a little of my 1886 Japan was fully entered on her forty years' experience with Japanese career of westernization — her institu- students. I feel very much honored by tions, her schools were all modeled on being invited to address you today. It western plans, as were her army, navy, is rather a coincidence that I am speak- railway, etc. It was, of course, only a ing on education at the same luncheon beginning, but it was a good start. as the distinguished scholar, Dr. Ku, The Higher Normal School was sit- but it will be in quite a different way uated in Ochanomizu where the Ochan- as it is of my own experiences that I imizu Girls' School is now located. The will speak. director was Mr. Takamine. He was I first came to Japan in 1884 and not at first the actual director but he then I went away but came back in afterwards became really so. At that 1886. It is exactly 40 years ago that I time there was no bridge at Ochano- began my work in Tokyo teaching in mizu and the buildings were only the Higher Normal School. I might wooden. Before long, however; there say a word or two in explanation. In was erected the fine brick building that 254 THE MID-PACIFIC

One of the beautiful lakelets in the grounds of the Imperial University at Tokyo. Before the earthquake the charming old Japanese residence was used by the faculty as a club lunch house. THE MID-PACIFIC 255

was destroyed at the time of the earth- conversation began to be published, also quake. I was fortunate in having Mr. books on grammar. I remember at first Takamine to give me good advice as I I read everything I could find about was very much at a loss at first. I teachers in Japan. There was one was not told beforehand what my work teacher dismissed from a school in would be but was brought into a room Osaka because the authorities said he filled with children and with many was not sufficiently cooperative. A grown onlookers, and told to teach friend took up his defence in the paper English. The first three or four months and gave the explanation that the were very uneasy ones. There was an teacher had objected to teaching from American lady teaching in the same the grammar prescribed, the sentence school and she remarked to me that "Thou hadst had spinach." We have she felt she would sell herself for ten all had a good luncheon but we have cents and I said I had a like feeling. not had occasion to use such an expres- However in time experience came and sion. I commenced to feel that I could do Another book of conversation gave an my work satisfactorily. imaginary conversation between a shop- Of course there was modern equip- keeper and a customer who went into ment, desks and a library, but the the store to buy goods. The shopkeeper books used to teach English had not had many things recently arrived from been adapted specially for Japanese Europe and talks about their merits at students, they used principally the some length. The customer replies "This books called readers for Americans or oratorical prelude is very threatening to English. In time the Department of my purse." But these things improved. Education began to bring out readers. I may say that not only did I feel that One high school book consisted entirely I was groping my way but the Japanese of stories translated from Japanese into teachers felt likewise as they had not English. Viscount Mori, the Minister had much experience. There was great of Education, was an extremely enthu- enthusiasm for the study of English, siastic promoter of the study of Eng- more so than now I believe. There was lish. I say extremely because some great enthusiasm about adopting all thought he was too enthusiastic and western ideas, but like many experi- might make English the language of ments after trial it was found the new Japan. But to go back to the reader. way was no better than the old. It was thought that by having subject I am very glad I took to educational matter already familiar to the students work in Japan because it brought me they would'more easily learn the stories into contact with work I could genuinely in English, but this book proved a enjoy. Some men engaged in business complete failure. and professions have complaints to The department then produced a book make of the Japanese but I assure you compiled by Professor Chamberlain. I with my students I could find no fault. thought it excellent but it never ob- The teachers too were most enthusiastic. tained wide circulation. It also con- To skip on to the end I may say as re- tained notes of pronunciation. These gards the Japanese teachers I think notes aroused a great deal of contro- you may well be satisfied with those you versy in the newspapers, one writer say- have. From what I have seen of them ing that the pronunciation given was they are very keen students themselves, that of plantation negroes, not knowing always trying to improve and examining of course who the author was. carefully all they teach. They come Gradually as time went on books on of ten with questions I cannot answer. 256 THE MID-PACIFIC

In early days when they came to me eyes as from books. I would begin with things that puzzled them I could teaching the little girls and boys to- always answer, but now I find often : gether their. A, B, C's. For the first two that the things that puzzle them puzzle or three terms the little girls and boys me too. would make about the same progress, The criticism is of ten made that Japa- but after that the gills would fall a nese do not speak English very well. great deal behind the boys, not that That may be so but people do not bear, they were less bright mentally, but I in mind the fact that the chief object think the parents gave more encourage- in learning a foreign language is to read ment to the boys to study their lessons, the hooks written in that language, not thinking it was more important for to speak it. That is the case in Japan. them to study than for girls. If the Japanese knew only their own In later days when I taught the class language they would lag behind, they of young women who were going to be must know other languages in order to teachers their progress was very satis- be able to read and keep up. We factory and they were far advanced. Europeans generally begin by studying Teaching in some respects may be Greek and Latin which nobody talks, dull routine work, but it has its com- the object being to read books in those pensations. I found the students eager languages. and bright and always ready for a joke I have seen a good many changes in to lighten the endless drill. I found methods of education, have seen school the only way was to repeatedly drill strikes, troubles, etc., but they have them on the same thing and as they never personally affected me. I left the were lively young fellows it was apt to Higher Normal School after Mr. Taka- become tedious. When I resigned two mine left and I went home to England. years ago I was sorry to leave them. In about a year I came back again and Then again amusing mistakes are of ten spent seven years in Sendai. Then I made. My original profession was that went back to England for a year and of doctor and what brought me to came out again. This time Japan was Japan was being a doctor in the navy. at war with Russia and I went to At that time there was no opening in Kanazawa. But I had a young family the medical profession in Japan but and they did not like living there so I there was a demand for teachers so I returned to Tokyo and renewed my took to it. However, I always had a acquaintance with the Higher Normal little liking for my old profession and School and Mr. Takamine, head of the I wrote a little pamphlet on hygiene Girls Higher School. I began there to which I used as a text book. We would teach a class of young women who were read what was good for food and cloth- to teach English. A word about teach- ing, then we would talk about it. One ing boys and girls. In the early days time in examination I gave a sentence there was an English woman and then from this little book about drink. I said an American lady in the same school. "For the vast majority of people alco- These ladies unfortunately suffered holic drinks are wholly unnecessary." from ill health and it of ten fell to my One student got it "For the vast ma- lot to teach the little girls. I would jority of people alcoholic drinks are bring perhaps a little doll in my pocket holy and necessary." and ask them what it was, anything to A mistake I made myself is equally impress the pronunciation upon them ludicrous. Some Japanese gentlemen and make them learn with their ears were having lunch with me in my own and eyes instead of only with their house. They began somewhat late in THE MID-PACIFIC 257 life to study English so could not speak hand not sufficiently fresh. I said if very well so I spoke in Japanese. They you want really good kohi you must did not know European ways and asked roast it over the fire, then you must put me about the food and different things. it in a machine and grind it and then Then one of the gentlemen asked me, you will have an excellent flavor. They all in Japanese of course, what I thought looked at me in amazement, until at last of Japanese maid servants. He used the one gentleman who knew a little more uncommon word of kahi. This was too English than the others realized the much for my Japanese and I thought mistake and explained it to me. he meant kohi (coffee). Just by the Now gentlemen, Shakespeare, speak- way this shows how very insufficient ing through the mouth of Hamlet, said Japanese kana is as the sounds are the old men have a plentiful lack of wit, and same in writing. I began my answer he also said brevity is the soul of wit, meaning coffee. I said it was some- and I am going to act upon that hint times very good but often on the other and sit down.

Korean school children in Honolulu and their float in a Pan-Pacific pageant. THE MID-PACIFIC

Latin American culture does not tend to bobbed hair and short skirts, nor to jazz music. Latin America is still truly artistic and the women control without voting.

THE MID-PACIFIC 259

The home of the Pan-American Union in Washington, D. C.

2,44.1,014MAI4 0 • • • •,lt, • 1,1,14M,•• Latin American Culture

• in the Pacific By DR. JOSE M. GALVEZ (Before the Pan-Pacific Club, Tokyo, Friday, April 30, 1926. Marquis Hachizuku presiding) taidyeariNIA\ltroltrivbit,IriAl lri‘VAtsa It is a special privilege for me to have today is the culture of Europe. It speak to you today in this Pan-Pacific has of course grown on the new soil gathering. In 1921 I had the honor of America and has some distinctive of being appointed by the Chilean features in the North and South, they Government to represent them at the give it special characteristics, but es- Congress in Honolulu held in August, sentially it is European culture. Here and it was my misfortune that I could away in the New World we have the not attend it, but I am here today at European culture that has been exist- a Pan-Pacific gathering. I am enroute ing during the past hundreds of years. to Australia, that country also border- We do not indulge in arts especially ing on the Pacific which is so near and but we are trying to conquer nature. yet so far. There has been for the Europeans in I wish to speak today on Chile, Latin America the tremendous task of con- America and Pacific Ocean. I need quering nature, and when they found hardly say to you that there is no themselves to the other side of the such thing from an historical point of big continent to the South and North view as an American culture, we havol they found themselves in front of the European culture in America. What peoples of Asia. From the South we American culture there was, was de- look here with different eyes perhaps stroyed by fanaticals of Europe in the than what is looked from the North. 16th Century. The culture of Peru and Just as there are two Europes from a Mexico, that is gone and what we cultural point of view, that is con- 260 THE MID-PACIFIC

In Latin America time is taken to cultivate music and the grace of dancing.

Home life in Latin America is behind high walls. THE MID-PACIFIC 261 tinental Europe in which manifesta- all races are mixed in some way or tions of social life, education and , other. Even in Japan I find there government drop to individuals, and in were early Aryan settlers. In our the British world we have education country we have in the upper classes and social life beginning with individu- white blood predominating, while in als and working up to the government, the lower classes we have a predomi- so we have a similar condition in nance of the aborigines of the different North and South America. Anglo- countries, so the quality of the people Saxon America, including Canada and changes according to the qualities of the United States, has given character the aborigines. In the South we have to the North, whereas in the South we the easy going, somewhat lazy people have the culture of Spain and Portugal and in the colder countries of the North —they have given their chief features they are more energetic. South of the to the culture of Latin America. United States there is a group of The rivers Colorado and Grande, European nations in America, but they which separate the United States from are European-American nations, that Mexico, correspond to what the English are represented in the soul of America Channel is in Europe. On both sides of in that they descend on their mother's the English Channel there is a world side from the ancient people that lived of European culture, both very dif- in those countries before the discovery ferent. So on the two sides of the by Columbus. Where did these abor- rivers something similar appears. But igines come from ? The most widely ac- in both cases the cultures intermingle cepted theory is that they went from leaving on the other side something Asia in some way. One suggestion is of their own civilization, the essential that they went by way of the traits are to be found on both sides of Aleutian Island and the Behring Sea. Another theory is that natives of the the boundary. Malay Peninsula went South. At any We find in the North Protestant and rate, anyone looking at the American in the South Catholic pluralism, yet Indians of North or South America, having traits of European culture on•, or the mixture that is no longer any both sides. Other differences are that mixture, one finds traits of the in the North of the line mentioned by Europeans and traits of the Asiatics. me, one may say it is a country of It is no wonder that when people from European people. In America, with my country look at the Japanese the exception of the negro problem and soldiers they are reminded of some a few mixtures of Indians, on the whole' types in our own part of the world. it is a white country. A different thing Our country unites the features of the appears in Latin America. The Span- South and the North. There are ish women that went from the Old many who are descended from the peo- World in the time of Charles V., fol- ple of the North and England. Then low the ancient Arabian custom of the we have others who have the features women not leaving their houses too of Asiatics so it seems we are in our much. Up to today they have more part of the world a synthesis of the or less kept this custom, perhaps more two, and I believe we can bring a sort than is desirable. The result was they of understanding to both sides. let their men roam, they had to find other women on the other side, so a We, in our country, do not believe mixture was evident during the 16th in the superiority of any one culture. and 17th centuries. We do not feel It is absurd to say that the eastern is that we are a mixed race, but then more spiritualistic or that the west is 262 THE MID-PACIFIC

more materialistic, for culture has its lieve they have many technical suc- good and bad sides, its materialistic cesses that we do not possess, so both and idealistic aspects and we believe North and South America have features the great thing for humanity is to characteristically their own as do have the different cultures preserved, North and South Europe, and in this because the wealth of humanity comes way they complement each other. Of from having different nations and dif- course I know there are in the United ferent cultures. If we were all alike, States some people who are so al- one race thinking the same as another, truistic they would like to make the humanity would be the most monoton- whole world happy by Yankeeizing it. ous kind of invention, so we can all But the point is this : The best people rejoice at a meeting of this kind in the United States want a relation where we can hear all kinds of with the South of mutual respect. This languages and see different shades of is the best wish of a real Pan-American color, but all of the Pacific. Some of —mutual respect. us believe, though we cannot prove it, So I say to you our worst enemy is we have some savage blood. Personal- not the United States, out worst ene- ly, I feel savage now and then and I mies are our own divisions, when we know my students agree with me. keep separate and at loggerheads with I do think the time is coming when each other, divided in the countries the world will look on the Pacific and among the countries, these divi- Ocean as the center of a new culture sions weaken ourselves. I am per- basis, not only of goodwill but for fectly convinced, that the latent idea the interchange of goods. We all which exists in Latin America of have something we believe to be the imitating the Northern states and hav- best in the world. With us it is ing a United States of Latin America Chilean nitrates but other folks have is a feasible one. I believe it is com- other things and there is to be hoped ing. There are divisions now as there there will be an interchange of prod- were before the union of North and ucts, real things that will bind these South and I do think that the Pan- nations together in a real concrete Americanism that is going to accept manner forming bonds of mutual this will be better than the present respect, giving everyone his own place one. under the sun, so we may all live in Now I say to you again we look that happiness which should be handed to the United States as a great pro- down for the education of future gener- gressive nation. I do personally and ations on this Pacific Ocean. am a friend and admirer of their good In our country it is often said that qualities, and I do think our enemies the United States is our worst enemy, are not the States but the divisions in fact there is quite an amount of that separate our countries. We have literature against the United States. I people who really want mutual respect myself am a Pan-American, and do not on both sides of the line. In Latin think that Pan means bread as it does America it has taken a long time to in some countries. I do not believe get used to European methods of in that kind of Pan-Americanism. I government. It is not a European set believe in the Pan-Americanism of of nations, so no wonder it has taken mutual goodwill and respect, I believe so long to get used to British Parli- we in the South have an appreciation amentarism. We are not British al- in our older culture in many ways that though we respect and perhaps love the United States do not have. I be- them best of all. The British are also THE MID-PACIFIC 263 on two sides of the Pacific. There is Japan, there were a number of mis- in my country on one of the high sionaries, some going to India others mountain passes a statue placed there to China. I entered into conversation on the boundary line between Chile and with one going to China and he was Argentine, made by women out of the very enthusiastic and very optimistic cannon intended to be used in a lit- about his mission. I asked him if he tle brotherly war between the two were really going to devote his whole countries. Instead of having the war life to the Chinese people and he said the cannons were transformed into the yes. I said he must love them very statue of Christ blessing the people in much and he agreed. I then said he peace. The old dispute that had lasted had the advantage over the Catholic during 50 years was solved in a mo- missionaries that he was freer and ment of common sense and the umpire could mingle with the people—the was the British Empire. We thank Catholic priests could not marry, and England for that, it was a piece of that he could marry a Chinese woman, righteousness and that is what makes it was the thing for him to do. He England everywhere respected. said he would think about it but it seemed illogical. I do think that the At present there is another dispute Chinese at present have the disad- between countries that is being sub- vantage of not having become ac- mitted to the President of the United customed to the European forms of States for arbitration. We hope it government. Let them get used to it will be settled in such a manner that and the 400,000,000 there may become all parties will do honor to their word the greatest nation in the world. Who and keep their promises and abide by knows, you never can tell. Other coun- the honorable righteous settlement that tries have had trouble and anarchy. may come, and then we can look to England had it in the time of Crom- the United States as we do to England, well. Now it is to be hoped that the we will have the same appreciation, the Christianity, which has come to these same goodwill and admiration for the countries will be an instrument of peace, uprightness of the United States as it is to be hoped that it will really bring we have for the British Empire. the nations together in a new way, with Now, ladies and gentlemen, I will new ideas to stimulate them to peace say a word about Canada. I do think and goodwill. To my mind Christ was that Canada, which is larger than the the greatest man who ever existed, United States, is one of the countries he influenced humanity more for the of the world that has the foundations welfare of humanity than any other of becoming one of the great nations agency. Let us hope that spirit will of the world. They have developed reign on all sides, that we will go in slowly, slow and steady in the Scotch for the sports and fighting the battles manner. I have sent 22 of my students of peace. to the United States, and 7 to England No nations that are weak are re- and I hope soon to be able to send spected. Aggressive peoples love ag- them to Canada and Australia. I am gression. Let us hope then on a basis going myself to Australia, we have of strength of both sides of the ocean many things in common and I think we may get together and understand we ought to know each other better. each other better, for the welfare of To digress a moment. On the our countries and for the progress of British boat, which brought me to the world. 264 THE MID-PACIFIC

TN-punt :71T ivpviilfiT7r1K7M7111:71R711C7Ir A Patriotism By PROF. J. H. HOLMES Professor of Philosophy in Swarth- more College. Penn. (At Tokyo Pan-Pacific Club, April 23, 1926)

I need not say, being a teacher, that 1 cordially agree to the proposition that teachers should be greatly respected and allowed the utmost freedom. The thing that I have on my mind rather especially is not remarks concern- ing Japan. Of course I have been in Japan nearly three weeks now, and hav- ing been in Tokyo two days am ex- ceedingly well prepared to make comment on the whole situation in Japan. But instead of this I will tell you that what Dr. Jesse H. Holmes. I have on my mind is that we should develop a correct idea of patriotism. It ernment is to make people happy and is easy to define it as love of country, comfortable and what specialties a but it is not easy to define the country. nation has are a mere accident of geog- Now I know we have a song about rocks raphy. There is a kind of blatant pat- and rills that you all know, but I know riotism drawing artificial lines. I want people who love our rocks so much they to urge upon you that many in the monopolize them. I know people who United States condemn it as many others love our rills so much they want to do in other countries. That is not love control them. There are people who of country. While it might happen love our hills so much they get tich on through the existence of that kinc. of town lots, and people who love the woods patriotism that some feeling has de- so much they cut them down and leave veloped between your country and mine, ugly patches of landscape. Is all this I want to say that you and we will patriotism ? • unite in a great endeavor for a love of How about loving the name ? We country that means a service to mankind. have Columbia and Uncle Sam, but these That seems to me genuine love of coun- figures do not look quite as fine to try. our British and Japanese friends as The kind of provincialism that results they do to us. Then there is Britannia in one people claiming a superiority over who rules the waves, but she comes into another is not patriotism. If one man contact with Columbia, the gem of the is superior to others he will not have to ocean. So what is loving a name that stick a label on. Let him go ahead. means something different to different The fact will be self-evident. A label people ? I want to tell you that this lov- places him under suspicion. Such a man ing a country is just what our friend has makes a fool of himself no matter to been speaking of, that aspect of a coun- what nation he belongs. If a nation try that makes it good for people. A wants to be superior let it go ahead. nation is an organization of society so The world will find it out without being that we can get along together. A gov- told.

THE MID-PACIFIC 265

Z7j1I -7.1.K..7170:11.71-TTIT777717:71T7111Jf The Caves and Geysers of New Zealand By E. H. MAGUIRE of "The Pacific" Staff

White mist every- chatter of the stream, where ! Nothing to the only sound now be seen! Slowly the was a lap, lap, lap, sun rose above the like gentle waves peaks of bus clad against rocks on the hills. A moment sea shore. more and the haze Closing his eyes to of hill top and valley prevent fear from had disappeared. The paralyzing him, the delight of slope and gorge was revealed. youth turned about, and, without look- Tree fern and totara, cabbage trees and ing back quickly propelled himself the rimu, lifted their heads to the sun's way he had come. When next he opened caress. The only sounds were the call frightened eyes, the sun was shining. of the tui and the chattering of a The world seemed much as usual. stream far below, which gurgled The warrior seized his weapons from through a cleft in the rocks. the bank and continued on his way. In the long ago, a young Maori cut- He joined his tribe and spent many ting his way through tangled bush, came moons with them ; but all the time his upon this stream. Its sun-kissed strange experience haunted him. At patches and cool, dark shadows called length he decided to return to the spot to him. He plunged into the water. and discover, if he could what had The sunshine flashed on his powerful actually taken place. copper shoulders. The current was fairly He easily found the stream. He strong, so he determined to swim against swam slowly up. This time he kept a it. Several times he raised his head. sharp look out. Ahead of him there Once when he did so, he thought the seemed to he a hole in the hillside. It evil spirits had caught him. All around was overgrown with supple jack • and him was horrible darkness, lighted only barricaded by dead branches that had by a faint green glow. The water, fallen in some fierce mountain storm. which but a moment before had been The Maori ducked his head to avoid the flowing steadily against him, was now debris, and raised it again to find him- deadly still. Where before there had self in the dark place of his dreams. been the buzzing of insects and the This time it held no terrors. 266 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 267

Stalactites and stalagmites that make Aladdin's cave seem tame.

The native concluded that he was in a slippery stone. Carefully he felt his cave at the foot of the hills, but he way along. He stumbled, banged his could not yet explain the green light. head, cut his feet, but on and on he He turned towards the entrance. There, went, determined to find the end of the shafts of sunlight played on the water cave. like inquisitive fingers feeling about in As his eyes became accustomed to the the darkness. Treading water, he looked darkness, progress was easier, but at up. What a sight met his eyes! Like best it was slow work and many hours stars seen through the shadowed had passed before he saw the glimmer branches on a clear night, myriads of of daylight above him. Inch by inch, tiny pale green lights glowed on the he pulled himself, bruised and shivering roof. It was wonderful, beautiful, —for it was very cold—towards the mysterious. What could they be? Some light. At last he scrambled through the went out, others lit up—the only ex- opening, and lay panting in the sun- planation was glow-worms. shine. He had come a long way. Far The Maori struck out cautiously. All below he could see the stream. was in shadow, save where the glow- The news of his discovery was com- worms' light was reflected in the water. municated to the tribe. Armed with He felt along the wall and seemed to torches, the more venturesome of the turn a corner. More and more glow- young men descended into the earth. worms. Here by their rays he could What a wondrous fairy bower ! They dimly discern a jutting piece of rock. gazed enthralled at the glorious white- He clambered out of the water and ness of that enchanted place. Fantas- found himself on a flooring of cold, tic shapes, all moulded in wonderful 268 THE MID-PACIFIC white stone, dropped from roof and rose delight as they see sunshine or moon- from floor. With cries of rapture the light filtering through the opening where young Maoris tramped through the cave the river joins the outer world. which echoed for the first time to the Now by the light of magnesium wire tread of human feet. —something the Maoris never dreamed At the sound of shout and stumbling, of—hundreds of people are enthralled many of the glow-worms put out their by the wonderful shapes of stalactite and lamps ; but the thousand thousand re- stalagmite which made the Waitomo maining lights were enough to astonish Caves famous not only in New Zealand, and thrill those young warriors. After but throughout the world. gazing their fill, the men plunged into the still black pool to emerge a minute The natural wonders of their country later in the laughing waters of the rill have given rise to a folklore which is outside. unique among primitive people. Vol- Two more caves were discovered close canoes, geysers, streams of hot water. to the spot, but no other glow-worm boiling lakes of mud and wondrous grotto. caverns are easily ascribed to the influ- Nowadays numberless people are ence of spirits good and evil. It has silently punted on that underground remained for the unimaginative icono- river, and they gaze enraptured as clasm of the more sophisticated whites the Maoris did, at the glow-worm stars, to shatter the legends of the Maoris and or smother acclamations of wonder and commercialize the marvels.

A bit of underground grandeur. THE MID-PACIFIC )

The capitol of British Columbia as seen from the harbor of Victoria.

The Law in Canada By JUDGE T. BIGELOW Of the Supreme Court of Canada (Before the Pan-Pacific Club of Honolulu)

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I wish to thank you for this op- did not appreciate this quite so much portunity of offering the friendly greet- until in 1924 when I went to the Bench ings from the Dominion of Canada to and Bar Association meeting in Lon- your country, and to extend the aloha don, when leading jurists of England, spirit, as you call it here, and wish Canada and the United States gathered your organization every success in together. That was my first trip across the work. I do not feel altogether a the Atlantic and my first chance to stranger in coming amongst you for size up England. We Canadians have I was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, many friends in the United States and and under your Constitution I am an many in England, but I have come to American citizen, although I have never the conclusion that although England practiced it very much. I have often has many sterling qualities, she has visited the States in my law work, and many ways that are different from the so I do not feel a total stranger. Canadian, and I must add that the same Canada occupies a peculiar position applies to the American, so-called by —midway between England on one side your chairman, though we do not ex- and the United States on the other. I actly care for the use of that term, as 270 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID- PACIFIC 271 we consider ourselves a part of America informed. I have dropped into your also. I have often been taken for an Judicial Building but I was told that Englishman in the United States and the courts are not functioning. I think I was considered an American—so- it is an excellent idea to call a holiday called—when in England in 1924. I for this season of the year. mention this to show you that we in Perhaps I might say something about Canada occupy this peculiar midway the Canadian system in judicial mat- position. We have more friends in ters. I have recently read the life and America and we are more like the letters of W. H. Page, your ambassador Americans, as you call them, than the to the Court of St. James during the English. They have many habits and war, and I can say that I have not ways which we do not like, though I read anything so refreshing and inter- could say the same about some of your esting for a long time. He must be ways and institutions, also. considered one of your great men, and As regards legal matters, we follow I could not help but note the emphasis the English system as to the constitu- which he places on the desirability of tion of our courts and practice. Our the leading men of both nations meeting law is based on the English common often and getting acquainted. He said law and ruling, the same as the that if such an arrangement could be United States ; they started with that made to work efficiently and naturally basis anyway, however far they may many of the difficult problems confront- have drifted away from it. We have ing the two countries would be easy of nine provinces in Canada, all making solution. I think that applies just as statutory laws, and you have a great much to the problems of all the nations, number of states with legislatures meet- and in your Pan-Pacific Union I can- ing every so often to see how many not see anything but good coming from statutes they can add to the books. I the frequent conferences and the con- have often said I was glad we had sideration of different systems, and per- only nine. However, many of these haps the adopting of the best out of new statutes are necessary as the laws these various systems. are being formulated in one case for a We have in each of the nine provinces new country, and in the other for a a Supreme Court composed of an ap- growing country, but this has led to a pellate division and a trial division. situation that is causing considerable We have also our district courts with concern. Since arriving in your city, the judge in residence there, with juris- I have had the pleasure of reading an diction in civil cases up to $800. These article by Roscoe Pound along the lines are our courts of record. There is an of suggested reform. I met him in appeal to the Supreme Court. This England and listened to him speak and Supreme Court occupies the same posi- I believe he must be considered one of tion as your Supreme Court ; and there your able men ; he is, as you know, is an appeal in some cases to the the dean of the Harvard Law School. Judicial Committee of the Privy Coun- He asks for a thoroughly impartial and cil in England. There is some agitation scientific research with a view to re- about doing away with this latter, but form. It is not for me to offer any opinion so far has prevailed that it is a criticism of any of your institutions. wise part of our system that we can in I do not know enough about your this manner get away from the local legal institutions to offer any practical atmosphere. criticism and I would not feel called I am reminded of a little incident that upon to do so, even if I were better happened in Canada, and though it is 272 THE MID-PACIFIC on the reporter, reporters do not mind for their salaries than is the case in now and then being the point of a some of your states, I believe. Your story. Chief Justice Brown was ad- government recognizes the advisability dressing a meeting of Canadian Clubs and advantage of that point in regard and was explaining the three divisions to judges in the Supreme Court. If it of our law—criminal, civil, and quasi- is a good system to follow in dealing criminal, which included such acts as with the highest court, why is it not the Saskatchewan Temperance Act, such a good theory for the other which made it a penalty to have liquor courts ? I ask only for information, as in one's possession. The reporter made I would be really interested in finding the story read "There are three divi- an answer to my query. sions of our law—criminal, civil and I understand your Pan-Pacific Union crazy-criminal such as the Saskatche- is having a legal conference in 1927. wan Temperance Act." I sincerely wish you every success in We have the Jury System in Canada, your organization and I have every with which you are all acquainted, confidence that such a gathering will that every criminal has the right to do a great deal of good. In speaking trial by jury, and in some civil cases of a conference let me emphasize the action is tried by jury. Justice does not ()Teat benefits that have resulted from always go in accordance with the evi- the 1924 conference in London. We dence, as for instance when there was had leaders from Canada, Great Britain a case up of the injury to a nice young and the United States and we had your lady, caused by her heel catching in a crack in the sidewalk. The foreman ex-secretary of State, Mr. Charles Evan started out, "There are some nice in- Hughes, who is president of your tricate questions of law here, gentle- American Bar Association, and many men." One juror from the back of others who made addresses, and they the room called out, "To hell with the were the addresses of statesmen. I law, how much are we going to give was firmly convinced that the meeting the girl ?" was an historical event and will do One difference in our system is that more to promote the ultimate peace of judges are appointed for life. I am the world than anything that has yet not going to elaborate on that. Our taken place. I thank you for your legislature has recognized the fact that kind attention and your kindness to me they want their men to remain in that during my stay here and the hospitality office for the rest of their lives and which has made my visit most agree- have made a more generous provision able. THE MID-PACIFIC 273

11:11771117111:71IIIIC711C7TIVIFUTIVIRWICX1C7PUTITA The Genesis of the Pan-Pacific ,r! Union Being some reminiscenses of Alexander Hume Ford Director of the Pan-Pacific Union

(Thirteenth Installment)

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In Australia in 1914 I first met the great men of the Commonwealth who were to become officers of the Pan-Pa- Hon. W. A. Watt, Acting Prime Min- cific Union and the advance guard in the ister of Australia and Pan-Pacific work of bringing the leaders among the worker. Pacific peoples together for better under- standing. the organization. The Millions Club This was before the European war began from the outset an "All Australia and the Australians had not then had First," then a "Pan-Pacific" propaganda the great world experience that made organization. It was the idea of these them think in terms of nations rather men that led New South Wales to offer than in terms of states and countries ; in the administration of Premier "Jim- yet from one end of Australia to the my" McGowan (our first official Pan- other the Hands Around the Pacific Pacific enthusiast in Australia) to print movement, as it was then called, was a million guide books of the Pacific if hailed with acclamation, partly perhaps the Hands Around the Pacific organiza- because Percy Hunter and our pioneer tion would distribute these. Hunter was workers did not lose sight of the Pan- a great personal friend of Premier Jo- Australian Movement first. Hunter had seph Carruthers. In Sydney I could not helped organize the first Hands Around get Hunter of an evening, although we the Pacific Club in Honolulu in 1911 lived in the same house, because he was and had returned to Australia to organ- always with "Joe" Carruthers until the ize the branch there, but the little Hands late hours, helping to mend political Around the Pacific Club in Sydney soon fences. changed its name to the Millions Club of In those days, way hack in 1914, my Sydney, then to the Millions Club of great friends and backers in Australia New South Wales ; its primary object were plain commoners. Sir Joseph Car- was to bring immigration to Sydney and ruthers, now my frequent guest in Ho- to make this the metropolis of Australia nolulu, was "Joe" Carruthers, even then with a population of a million, but nei- famed, however, as one of the fathers of ther Hunter nor his lieutenant, Arthur the Australian Commonwealth. Sir "Har- Rickard, lost sight of the real object of ry" Braddon, president of the Chamber 274 THE MID-PACIFIC of Commerce in Sydney, 1914, was just in Australia, Alf red Deakin, and "Billy" plain Harry Braddon, now head of the Hughes, these three escaped titles of English Speaking Union in Australia nobility. and my host at a dinner of this organi- In 1917 in Honolulu I entertained for zation where I spoke during the second the day, William Hughes, then Prime Pan-Pacific Science Congress, on the Minister of Australia and Honorary progress of the Pan-Pacific Movement. President of the Pan-Pacific Union ; the We hope soon to have Sir "Harry" as a Prime Minister of New Zealand ; the leader at the Pan-Pacific League of Na- late William F. Massey, another Hon- tions Congress in Honolulu. Odd, but orary President of the Union ; Joseph in those days Sir Harry was all for Aus- Cook, ex-Prime Minister of Australia ; tralia, and luke warm on Pan-Pacific Sir Joseph Ward, ex-Prime Minister of ideals, yet as I welcomed him at the New Zealand, and an Honorary head of steamer in a Honolulu a few days ago, the Union ; Robert Garrant, Solicitor Sir Henry Braddon, as hearty a friend General of Australia ; the late Dennison as ever, admonished me that a League Miller, soon to be ennobled, Governor of of Nations must be broader than the the Commonwealth Bank ; Lieut. Com- Pacific, as wide as the world. Big men mander Latham and Colonel A. Honman. grow broader with the years. Sir Jo- A distinguished band of Pan-Pacific seph Carruthers on his first lengthy visit workers, we were joined later in the day to Hawaii three years ago, bridled even by the then President of the Pan-Pacific then at the idea that America and Aus- Union, Walter F. Frear, Governor of tralia should not join hands as Anglo- Hawaii. It several times became my Saxons against the yellow races of the duty to meet these heads of the Aus- Pacific. Now that he makes Honolulu tralian and New Zealand Governments his summer home he is friendly with the as Honorary heads of the Union and en- leading Japanese of Hawaii and dines tertain them in Honolulu as guests of as a trustee of the Pan-Pacific Union the day. Mr. Hughes was always "deaf" with those distinguished men of the when a reporter appeared on the horizon ; Orient who pass through Honolulu, and he had once "spoken" a little freely in his faith in the danger to Australia of a Honolulu, not realizing that his utter- yellow peril is being visibly shaken. He ances would be cabled from Honolulu to is as ardent a believer in "white Aus- the world ; he realized this fact, how- tralia" as ever, but the "yellow peril" is ever, when he arrived in San Francisco looming up as a possible transmutation and was welcomed at quarantine anchor- into golden friendship of good faith and age by an army of newspaper men. understanding. I found in 1914 that it Mr. Massey was a farmer. The mo- was only with the assurance that the ment he landed in Honolulu he would Pan-Pacific Union would recognize the hail me and suggest a trip in the country principal of Australia for the Australians where he could study modern methods of and the Orient for the Orientals, that sugar cane and pineapple cultivation. the confidence and cooperation of the "You give the press men a good story Australians would be given. on what I think of Honolulu"—he used In 1914 I became acquainted with to admonish me—"after I am gone." three Australians who became prime min- The press men did not quite realize how isters of the then new Commonwealth, seriously these great men of the south and who also became supporters and took the world war, until we got into it Honorary Presidents of the Pan-Pacific ourselves, and it was only on the prom- Union. Hon. Andrew Fisher, P. C., the ise that no interviews would be given out first Honorary President of the Union that I could get the distinguished groups THE MID-PACIFIC 275 together for a Pan-Pacific Conference tennial there in January, 1928, of the during the stay in Honolulu. arrival in Hawaii of Captain Cook, who Poor Alfred Deakin, Australia's most is Sir Joseph's patron saint. Sir Joseph beloved Premier, passed through Hono- has persuaded the Hawaiian Government lulu on his way to San Francisco to ar- to set aside a territorial or national park range for Australia's participation in the about the spot where Captain Cook met big exposition. He was my guest for a his death in Hawaii. part of the day, as charming and genial From a mere cognizance of a Pan-Pa- as the first day I met him through cific Movement in 1914, Sir Joseph has Madame Melba at Ballyrat, at the great become one of its foremost supporters, annual Australian Musical Fest, but created by Governor Farrington, actual Deakin was failing. He told me that he head of a Union, a minister of friend- read the same book over day after day, ship and a trustee of the Union. On for at the close of the day he had f or- his recent arrival in Hawaii he brought gotten its contents. Yet his mind with him .a silken flag of the Australian seemed clear and apparently he was in Commonwealth, sent through him by good health. His retirement from all the head of the Union in Australia, public life soon followed, however. Prime Minister Bruce, who hopes to Joseph Cook, ex-Prime Minister of see in Hawaii a gathering of the Presi- Australia, was particularly interesting to dents and Premiers of Pacific lands for us in Honolulu for the reason that our friendly parley. own Joseph Cooke had been one of the But once more back to Australia and founders and life long supporters of the 1914. Dr. James Barrett, occulist of Pan-Pacific Union, its first inception be- that date, in Melbourne, is now head of ing brought about at the home of Mr. the Pan-Pacific Union branch in the Cooke of Honolulu. Australian capital and is Sir James Bar- Sir Joseph Ward, Bart., was the first rett, knighted for distinguished services New Zealander to head the Pan-Pacific during the great war and one of the Union and has always been its steadfast foremost leaders of scientific movements friend and supporter, and its guest on in Australia. He expects to attend the several occasions in Honolulu. Pan-Pacific Medical Conference in Ha- But to return to Australia and 1914. waii in 1929 and has been a staunch Arthur Rickard was then and for a supporter of the work in Australia. More, dozen years following, President of the much more, of this splendid Australian Millions Club, which he helped to form ; when these scattered memoirs reach 1922 he is Sir Arthur now, and I am his and the second Pan-Pacific Science Con- guest when I visit Sydney if Percy Hun- gress which was held in Australia. ter is absent, and sometimes Sir Arthur In 1914 the idea of the Pan-Pacific, and Lady Rickard are visitors to Hawaii. or Hands Around the Pacific Movement Sir Arthur is typical of Australia. He was still new. With this idea had to be is a selfmade man who has had to make preached an All-Australia, or Australa- two starts in life and he has accumu- sian, campaign, for even then New Zea- lated two large fortunes. Today he is landers were beginning to object to the abroad, and Sir Joseph Carruthers, al- term Australasians ; they wished their though in Honolulu, is the acting presi- individuality recognized. The word dent in the absence of Sir Arthur, of the "Anzac" had not then been invented. Millions Club of New South Wales. I had taken my young secretary, Joe Sir Joseph is the father of the idea of Stickney, with me ; at 16 he was now a a Pan-Polynesian Conference to be held splendid newspaper writer and an excel- in Honolulu jointly with the Sesqui-Cen- lent short hand reporter and could make 276 THE MID-PACIFIC

a most graceful speech, if he had to. He vantage around the Pacific, is being car- and Percy Hunter's boys lived together ried on by Mr. Alexander Hume Ford, and were fast friends, the Hunter boys editor of the 'Mid-Pacific Magazine.' visiting Honolulu some years later for a Mr. Ford explained the movement to the prolonged stay as Stickney's coworkers Premier yesterday, and urged that the in the offices of the Pan-Pacific Union. Victorian Government should fall into This was a beginning of what we hoped line with the compliance of a number of in 1914 would be a Pan-Pacific Cadet other Governments, together with steam- Service, fathered by the information bu- ship companies and railway authorities. reaus in all Pacific lands. The plan Subsequently Mr. Ford stated that New urged was that each bureau nominate a South Wales, Hawaii, Java, British Co- cadet, that he serve in each bureau in lumbia, Victoria, Tasmania and New each country for six months and pass Zealand had agreed to establish a joint on to the next, so that at the end of three Pacific pavillion of information at the or four years there would be a corps of Panama Exposition. Mr. Ford is urg- cadets who would have excellent first- ing the Victorian Government to estab- hand knowledge of each Pacific land and lish a bureau independent of the Railway might well serve as heads of Information department, and with a wider scope of Bureaus at home or as able and efficient usefulness than the present establishment secretaries of Chambers of Commerce possesses. The steamship companies he or trade organizations in Pacific lands. explained have promised reduced rates The Millions Club of New South across the Pacific during certain seasons Wales was made use of to call an Aus- of the year, and the State railways and tralasian Transportation Congress and coasting steamship companies will make here was born the idea of a round the concessions. There is a plan on foot to Pacific cruise at a pound day ashore or organize a cruise around the Pacific at afloat, the government railways and the one pound a day, first class." steamship companies uniting to put the For that Pan-Pacific Pavilion at San plan in operation, a project that was Francisco, we were just too late, but the only postponed by the advent of the following year at the San Diego Panama World War and its consequent raise of Exposition, the Pan-Pacific Club of Ho- world costs. Again at the Pan-Pacific nolulu secured one of the largest and Commercial Congress in 1922 this plan most beautiful buildings at the exposi- was urged, but the rates would today be tion and maintained it free for the use of nearer two pounds a day and the plan exhibitors of each and every Pacific is to first send a chartered ship around land. This Pan-Pacific Building was one the Pacific with distinguished men of the big attractions at the Exposition. aboard in all lines of thought and action The Victorian Premier alluded to was and representing each of the Pacific the Hon. W. A. Watt ; he promised me lands and races that the leaders of the but a moment of his time and kept me Pacific may entertain and be entertained for an hour. Before I left I urged him in each others' home lands. to move from local politics to national, I clip from my scrapbook the follow- stating that I believed he would some ing from the Melbourne Age of Janu- day be Prime Minister of Australia. ary 7th, 1914: He poopoo'd the idea, but on my last "A movement for the linking up of visit to the Commonwealth he was in the tourist and immigration bureaus in Aus- Prime Minister's Cabinet, acting Prime tralia, America, Java, Japan, China, New Minister at times, and, I believe, Treas- Zealand and wherever else they may urer of the Commonwealth. But for exist or might be established with ad- poor health he might have well been in THE MID-PACIFIC 277 line for the high position of Prime peak in Australia, I believe, and one Minister. from which the most beautiful mountain view in the entire commonwealth is to I formed a strong liking, respect and be obtained. Hunter had staged quite a admiration for Mr. Watt from the mo- ceremony in naming this after the Pre- ment I first met him. He was sincere, mier of the state. I little dreamed then direct and honest ; there was no evasion that my suggestion that an adjacent of issues and his answers were direct mountain ridge be turned into a skiing and forceful ; he impressed me as one glissade some miles in length, would re- of the big honest aggressive men of sult in this being accomplished and Australia and I have had no reason in earth's longest glissade be named in my the years gone by to change this opinion. honor. It seems odd now that Sir He would have visited America, but my Joseph and I are bound together several old Chicago partner, George Girling, months each year as coworkers in Ha- my instigation, organized an Australian waii carrying out many of the plans Pan-Pacific Club in Chicago. It wrote Hunter and I discussed on the slopes of letters and had every Chamber of Com- Mount Carruthers in Australia. merce in America invite Watt to deliver an address. Watt went to London the In Adelaide, South Australia, Victor other way, via Suez. Ryan, as agent for his government, had created a remarkable Information and In 1914 the Pan-Pacific workers were Tourist Bureau. Adelaide is perhaps still feeling their way toward the best the most perfectly laid out city in the methods of bringing leaders in Pacific world. A park in the center with public thought and action together. The tour- buildings about it, then another sur- ist or information bureaus were studied rounding park, and beyond this the pri- with the idea that if they combined vate residence district, and this bordered, throughout the Pacific they might dis- it seemed to me, by another park around seminate much accurate knowledge on the city, a park composed of Botanic travel and resources that would induce Gardens, Zoological Gardens, museums men in all walks of life to visit Pacific and university grounds ; then way be- lands and study them. yond this another park or forest reserve In New Zealand and in New South where waterfalls are seen in their un- Wales splendid tourist and information touched natural surroundings. It is ad- bureaus had been built up by the Gov- joining this outer park system that im- ernments. These built hotels, stocked mense vineyards are planted, and in streams with trout, introduced sports, this area are grown some of the finest especially such winter sports as skiing, flavored oranges, peaches and mulberries acted as agents for railways and steam- in the world. ship companies and opened up new lines Twice daily big auto stages were sent of communication. I put Joseph Stick- out from Adelaide loaded with visitors ney in Challis House, the building of to comfortably climb the wonderful, de- the Immigration and Information Bureau lectable mountains that overlook Ade- of New South Wales, to learn all he laide and the sea beyond. One of the could of their methods, while Hunter most beautiful auto rides in all the and I toured the state. world, through a garden of Eden that tempts one to remain forever. It was on this trip that I visited Mt. Kosciusco, Australia's highest peak. Hun- It seemed to me that every Australian, ter conducted me through the snow or Anzacian, city had its fine public fields (and it was Australian summer) to baths, great splendid spacious swimming Carruthers peak, the second highest pools. In some cities the garbage was 278 THE MID-PACIFIC

Percy Hunter's two sons, "Dave" and "Pete,- now successful members of the bar in Sydney.

burned and utilized to heat the water smarty, let's see you do it." Joe took for swimming, especially in winter. the boomerang from the native, sent it In 1912 there was no transcontinental sailing around the big tree and it came railway across Australia, this was an ex- back and gently fluttered down at his perience I was to encounter years later. feet. There ended my attempt at throw- The trip from Adelaide to Perth was by ing the boomerang, boys of my day had magnificent ocean coasting steamers and not learned the in-curve in baseball pitch- some of these were supplied with ing. spacious swimming tanks. Joe reveled Jack Scaddon was my greatest experi- in these and Joe also put me to shame ence in Perth, the capital of West Aus- in other sports. At Botany Bay I had tralia. We became friends from the secured the services of an aboriginal start. I had not talked to him in the Australian to teach me to throw the premier's office for a moment—he was boomerang. I was a poor scholar. Joe then premier of West Australia—before watched my effort to emulate the he said, "Oh, drop that 'excellency stuff,' example of the aboriginal and send my call me 'Jack.' Six months ago I was a boomerang around a great spreading gold miner at a quid a day and I may tree and have it come back and light be 'Jack' the miner again in six months." gracefully at my feet. There was a tried pained look on his face that riled So I called the premier "Jack" and my vanity. we at once began to lay plans for organ- izing a weekly luncheon "Hands Around "I suppose you can do it," I suggested. the Pacific Club" in Perth. We both "Sure I can," was the quick response. agreed, however, that while it should be "All you have to do is to use the in- a branch of the Pan-Pacific work it was curve movement of the wrist in throwing better to call it the Millions Club of a curved ball to the batter, can't you West Australia, affiliated with the Hands see that ?" I was angry. "All right, Around the Pacific Movement, and so it THE MID-PACIFIC 279 was. Sir Harry Barron, governor of of individuals and communities that are West Australia, was elected honorary working for the welfare of Western president and sent his auto to the arriv- Australia. (7) To bring together in ing steamers, to take the distinguished friendly gathering and cooperative work visiting guests about town and to the all those of the community who wish to weekly luncheon of the club where either do something to make the city or state he or Jack Scaddon, the premier, pre- better because they have lived in it. (8) sided. To hold a gathering around the banquet The following is the account of the table once a year of all peoples and na- first luncheon as published in the "West tionalities of the Pacific, resident in Australian" of Perth, January 22d, 1914: Perth who wish to attend and express "The first luncheon of the Million their willingness to cooperate in the Club of Western Australia was held at movement to make Western Australia the Moana Cafe yesterday. The premier better known to the world. (9) To co- ( Mr. Scaddon), presided, and among operate with the "Hands-Around-the- others present were the mayor (Mr. J. Pacific" movement, to have all of the H. Prowse), the town clerk ( Mr. W. E. countries of the Pacific work together Bold), Major Hunt, and Mr. F. D. to make the advantages of Pacific lands North. better known to the world. ( to) To eschew all politics at the gatherings of The organizer (Mr. Ford) submitted the club, and to work earnestly for the a temporary constitution and rules for attainment of any object that is for the consideration, and on the motion of Mr. good of Western Australia. (i ) To North they were accepted provisionally. discover and develop speakers and work- The constitution sets out that the ob- ers in the club whose gratuitous services jects of the club shall be : (I) To estab- might be of benefit to the community lish and maintain an organization, mem- and the state. (t2) To keep in touch bership of which shall be open to any with similar luncheon clubs throughout respectable male citizen of the State of Australasia and the Pacific, to exchange Western Australia who is interested in speakers with these and promote the securing a population of 1,000,000 peo- bringing about of annual conventions of ple for this state. (2) To get its mem- delegates from these bodies. bers together at luncheon on Tuesday The following officers were elected : of every week in the city of Perth to Patron, the Governor (Sir Harry Bar- conduct its business, listen to the ad- ron) ; president, the Premier (Mr. Scad- dress of some prominent overseas vis- don) ; vice-president, Mr. Frank Wilson, itor, or local speaker, and to discuss C. M. G., M. L. A. ; treasurer, Mr. B. with these, matters of interest to the Rosenstamm ; secretary, Mr. A. 0. club and to the state. (3.) To cooperate Neville ; directors, Messrs. Harry Boan, with the local and state government in A. N. Oliphant, A. Lovekin, Neil the special entertainment of distinguished Doughlas, H. Carew Reid, A. A. Hall, visitors to Western Australia. (4) To J. Williams. study the best methods of advertising to the world the splendid opportunities that It was arranged that meetings should Western Australia has to offer to the be held every Tuesday at the Moana o'clock, and the tourist, immigrant or investor. (5) To Cafe between t and 2 induce other towns and communities of premier intimated that he had secured Western Australia to establish branches the attendance of the agent-general (Sir Newton Moore) at the next meeting, and of the Million Club, to induce popula- tion to those local centers. ( 6) To study that that gentleman would speak on "Im- the art of speaking well of the efforts migration Matters in Great Britain." 280 THE MID-PACIFIC

Only the Great War disrupted the ish government, here I am premier of meetings of the club. E. 0. Neville was West Australia and will be ex-premier the head then of the Government In- and respected. If I went back to Eng- formation Bureau and my warmest land I would be just Jack Scaddan, son friend and supporter, then as now. In of Bill Scaddan, the collier. No, we West Australia he is director of the self-made men don't go back home to northern territory of West Australia at stay." But he called it "home" as does present, I believe. every Australian ; but all this was before Before leaving Perth for a cruise up the great war. Since the service of the west coast of Australia and across Australians on the fields of Europe and to Java, "Jack" Scaddan had Joe and Asia the men and minds of Great Brit- I as his guest at Rot Nest Island where ain have broadened, the Australians have Mrs. Scaddan and the girls themselves taught them that a man's a man, and in cooked a wonderful mid-day meal for the saving of an empire that's all that a dozen of us. counts. Scaddan is now a motor car I recall that I asked Scaddan if he magnate in Perth and I hope he has ever desired to return to England. "I made a million. do not" was his prompt reply. "I am The year 1914 was a momentous one an Australian and Australia has treated in the Genesis of the Pan-Pacific Union. me well. Here I entertain such people There in Australia began the actual as Earl Grey and the heads of the Brit- crystalization of the movement.

One of the main streets of Perth, the capital of ircst Australia and home of one of the branches of the Pan-Pacific Union. • Apz,■•ogtpstosempluttylisigunistompspip•Ammtufnise • v 5 BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION An unofficial organization, the agent of no government, but with the good will of all in bringing the peoples of the Pacific together into better understanding and cooperative • effort for the advancement of the intez.sts common to the Pacific area.

CONTENTS • New Series No. 80, September, 1926

The Pan-Pacific Botanic Garden - - - 3 Some Queen Fish in Hawaii - - - 4 Pan-Pacific Lions Club: Its Mission - - 5 • Page Picture of the Honolulu Den of Lions - - - 6 • The Pan-Pacific Women's Congress - - - - 7 131 Lord Radstock and the Pan-Pacific Union - - - 8 4 The Pan-Pacific Legal and League of Nations Conferences 9

Publications of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - 11 12 4 Pacific Institutions - - - - - - 13 Arthur Brisbane on Higher Education - - - 14 From Our Letter Box - - - - •

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

HONORARY PRESIDENTS President of the United States Calvin Coolidge Prime Minister, Australia • S. M. Bruce Prime Minister, New Zealand J. G. Coates Chief Executive of China W. W. Yen Prime Minister of Canada W. L. Mackenzie King President House of Peers. Japan Prince I. Tokugawa King of Siam His Majesty, Rama VII President of Mexico P. Elias Calies

OFFICERS IN HONOLULU Governor of Hawaii President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington Honolulu Director—Alexander Hume Ford

HONOLULU Published monthly by the Pan-Pacific Union 6 1926 (erwierver(orieriiwo431--(eti--eavrierre-T-4stie,,co --coriiiirrorarrerieriertiorre -7-efi-iitTer(ewr-rer--- AIMS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

From year to year the scope of the work before the Pan-Pacific Union has broadened, until today it assumes some of the aspects of a friendly un- official Pan-Pacific League of Nations, a destiny that both the late Franklin K. Lane and Henry Cabot Lodge predicted for it. The Pan-Pacific Union has conducted a number of successful conferences; scientific, educational, journalistic, commercial, fisheries, and most vital of all, that on the conservation of food and food products in the Pacific area, for the Pacific regions from now on must insure the world against the horrors of food shortage and its inevitable conclusion. The real serious human action of the Pan-Pacific Union begins. It is fol- lowing up the work of the Pan-Pacific Food Conservation Conference by the establishment of a Pan-Pacific Research Institution where primarily the study and work will be along the lines necessary in solving the problems of food production and conservation in the Pacific Area.—land and sea. Added to this, will be the study of race and population problems that so vitally affect our vast area of the Pacific, the home of more than half of the peoples who in- habit this planet. The thoughts and actions of these peoples and races toward each other as they are today, and as they should be, for the welfare of all, will be a most important problem before the Union, as well as the problem of feeding in the future those teeming swarms of races, that must be well fed to preserve a peaceful attitude toward each other. The Pan-Pacific Union is an organization in no way the agency of any Pacific Government, yet having the goodwill of all, with the Presidents and Premiers of Pacific lands as its honorary heads. Affiliated and working with the Pan-Pacific Union are Chambers of Commerce, educational, scientific and other bodies. It is supported in part by government and private appropria- tions and subscriptions. Its central office is in Honolulu, because of its loca- tion at the ocean's crossroads. Its management is under an international board. The following are the chief aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union: 1. To bring together from time to time, in friendly conference, leaders in all lines of thought and action in the Pacific area, that they may become better acquainted ; to assist in pointing them toward cooperative effort for the advancement of those interests that are common to all the peoples. 2. To bring together ethical leaders from every Pacific land who will meet for the study of problems of fair dealings and ways to advance interna- tional justice in the Pacific area, that misunderstanding may be cleared. 3. To bring together from time to time scientific and other leaders from Pacific lands who will present the great vital Pan-Pacific scientific problems including those of race and population, that must be confronted, and if pos- sible, solved by the present generation of Pacific peoples and those to follow. 4. To follow out the recommendations of the scientific and other leaders in the encouragement of all scientific research work of value to Pacific peo- ples ; in the establishment of a Research Institution where such need seems to exist, or in aiding in the establishment of such institutions. 5. To secure and collate accurate information concerning the material re- sources of Pacific lands ; to study the ideas and opinions that mould public opinion among the peoples of the several Pacific races, and to bring men to- gether who can understandingly discuss these in a spirit of fairness that they may point out a true course of justice in dealing with them internationally. 6. To bring together in round table discussion in every Pacific land those of all races resident therein who desire to bring about better understand- ing and cooperative effort among the peoples and races of the Pacific for their common advancement, material and spiritual. 7. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly commercial contact and relationship. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and, through them, spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 The Pan-Pacific Botanic Garden The plan for a comprehensive Pan- casual visitor and the lover of the Pacific Botanic Garden throughout striking and beautiful plants might Hawaii is growing apace. This is a feast his eye. This to be used for pro- frequent subject for discussion at the paganda work and to induce public in- weekly science dinners at the Pan- terest in the really scientific parts of the Pacific Research Institution in Hono- Pan-Pacific Botanic Garden, which lulu. might not in any way afford a show The plans for such a garden are ground for those not scientifically developing under three propositions. trained in botanic research. First, a collection of economic trees The following is the personnel in Hono- and plants from every Pacific land to lulu of the Pan-Pacific Botanic Council of the Institute, a larger advisory group will be be brought to Hawaii and planted at added to this and an effort be made to various suitable elevations on the dif- establish similar councils in each Pacific ferent islands from sea level up to land, with kindred aims, and an exchange some twelve thousand feet above the of plants and knowledge. ocean, according to the climatic habitat I. Willis T. Pope, Horticulturist, U. S. Agricultural Experiment Station, chairman. of the introduced plant. This part of 2. C. S. Judd, Director, Territorial Board the plan is well under way with numer- of Agriculture and Forestry. ous offers of cooperation from men of 3. Prof. F. C. Newcombe, Botanist, Pres. Hawaiian Academy of Science. means who own available areas at the 4. Forrest B. Brown, Botanist, Bishop needed elevations on the several islands Museum. of the Hawaiian group. These land 5. E. M. Ehrhorn, Director, Plant (quar- antine Station. owners have abundant manual labor to 6. Solomon Kekipi, Hawaiian Botanist. tend and cultivate the trees and plants 7. David Haughs, Nurseryman, Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry. committed to their care. 8. W. 0. Smith, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' The second plan is in addition tc Association. the first, to secure a suitable valley, 9. J. M. Westgate, Director, U. S. Agri- cultural Experiment Station. where from the ocean to the mountain to. Dr. Wm. D. Baldwin, Horticulturist. top introduced trees may be planted, Maui. cared for and studied. The Plant con- ii. Gerrit. P. Wilder, Botanist, Bishop Museum. stituent Council of the Pan-Pacific Re- 12. Wilbur J. McNeil, Chemist and Gen- search Institution is particularly inter- eral Scientist, Oahu College. ested in this, for the reason that its This council is securing a series of would make conveniently available to papers on advantages of Pan-Pacific the laboratory every part of the fresh Botanic Gardens, from the several growing plant on which its research points of view, these papers will be il- scientists may be at work. This pro- lustrated with colored lantern slides and posed, if possible, to secure a well read at the Pan-Pacific Research Insti- watered valley in which there is a worth tution public meetings. while growth of indigenous trees, which The council has the assistance of two would be added to from the other of the students who will be housed at islands, the areas of the valley not cov- the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, ered with native forests being used for placed at its disposal for the clerical introduced trees and plants. work of making a check list of the eco- The third part of the plan contem- nomic trees and plants of each Pacific plates a show garden in the city of land. In Siam, Dr. Yi is heading the Honolulu, to which from time to time work of securing photographs of all of the plants and trees of interest to the the useful trees and plants of that coun- 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

try which will be sent with adequate from Siam) on the grounds of the Insti- description to the Research Institution. tution. This tree was the beginning of It was the Prince of Chandaburi, the plan for a Pan-Pacific Botanic Gar- brother of the King of Siam, who as a, den in Hawaii to be placed at the service guest of the Pan-Pacific Research In- of the botanists and plant constituent re- stitution, planted the first tree (a mabolo search workers of the world. Some Queer Fish in Hawaii The Pan-Pacific Plant Constituent from quite violent symptoms. To as- Council has not only worked in a labor- certain the truth of this peculiar re- atory on plant constituents, but it has action we obtained some weke. The delved into the sea, working at the head was fed to a cat. In a few min- Queen's Hospital laboratory on the con- utes the cat went into violent convul- stituents of sea weed to discover the sions—soori he was lying on his side possible poison that affects the balloon gasping as if he were about to die. An fish so that at certain seasons it is hour later he had entirely recovered, death to eat this fish. but during the remainder of the after-. Three Chinese fishermen a year ago noon seemed inclined to sit about rather were killed by the poison of one of quietly. Two days later some more these fish and R. M. Smith, chemist at weke were obtained and fed to the same the McKinley High School and active cat but without symptoms. Three kit- volunteer assistant to Dr. Nils P. Lar- tens were then obtained and fed various sen, chairman of the Plant Constituent parts of the head of several weke. No Council took up the work in the symptoms were noted. This experiment Queen's Hospital laboratory of discov- was again repeated with larger quanti- ering the source of the poison of the ties. The rest of the fish was always balloon fish, which was finally located eaten by humans and no untoward. in the eggs of the female during spawn- symptoms developed. Mr. R. M. Smith ing season. fed several heads of a weke to a dog While waiting for the second spawn- —ate the brains himself, but no symp7 ing season to come around, Mr. Smith toms occurred. Fifteen fish were then and Dr. Larsen followed up the case of obtained, cooked as prescribed for fif- several people who were made delirious teen minutes. The brains were removed during the night after eating the weke .and all fed to two kittens—no symp-, fish. toms developed. Eight of the heads The Queen's Hospital Bulletin for were then eaten by Mr. Smith and June, 1926, gave the following account seven by the writer on empty stomachs of Mr. Smith's investigations and pub- —no symptoms developed. lishes a picture of the offending fish. Convulsions—none. We don't be- "The weke is a strange Hawaiian fish lieve the old tradition, but wonder if —brilliant in its many colors. There are possibly some portion of the head of seven varieties of this, but the variety the weke spoils very rapidly before the here described has on the lower caudal rest of the fish shows any signs. The fin two black bars instead of the colored head of every weke with two black ones. This variety is said to secrete a marks does not contain a poison." certain poison in its head. It has been Mr. Smith will continue his experi- reported at various times that people ments and will have assigned him as who eat the head (regarded as a deli- helpers two or more of the students at cacy) become semi-delirious and suffer the Pan-Pacific Research Institution. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN The Pan-Pacific Lions' Club Its Mission Through the Pan-Pacific Lions' Club Union, and leaves today on the S. S. the Pan-Pacific Union is establishing City of Los Angeles. On his arrival contact with some two thousand public in Los Angeles he will be welcomed by forums in the United States. a number of Pan-Pacific Good Rela- The Lions' International, a weekly tions Clubs there, including the Pan- luncheon club organization with bran- Pacific Club of Los Angeles, of which ches in every large city of America, has Lorrin Andrews is the head. Mr. granted a charter to the Pan-Pacific Kurokawa has been invited to Dr. Von Union with a special dispensation ad- Kleinsrnid and others, to address the mitting men of all races, creeds and monthly meetings of the different color. Moreover, it is understood that groups of interracial workers. From the Pan-Pacific Clubs in Pacific lands Los Angeles Kurokawa will go to San may affiliate with the Honolulu Lions' Francisco to head the delegation from den, so that their members who should the Pan-Pacific Lions Club of Hono- by chance visit America will be re- lulu of which he is secretary. He will ceived as members at all of the Lion meet with the secretaries of the Lions Club open forum lunches in America Clubs from every part of the United and be given an opportunity to place States and will urge that the Lions Pacific problems before the lunchers, as have one of their annual conferences in they are seen by the people of the Pa- Honolulu. He will be one of the speak- cific. There is reason to hope that ers at Lions annual carnival convention similar courtesies from Rotary and Ki- and it is expected that he will follow wanas will also be extended the. Pan- Governor Farrington in an invitation Pacific Club members, especially in for the Lions to hold their next conven- cities throughout the Pacific area where tion here. It is expected that Governor there may be no local Lions' Den. Farrington, Mr. Kurokawa, Mr. Alfred The Honorable Wallace R. Farring- Yap, Mr. L. DeV. Norton and Mr. ton, Governor of Hawaii and President George C. BeCkley, will represent the of the Pan-Pacific Union,, addressed Pan-Pacific Lions Club of Honolulu several of the Lions Club gatherings and will all have a place on the pro- during a recent visit to the mainland gram. and is Honorary President of the Hono- ."Letters have been received from lulu organization. the headquarters of the International Mr. C. N. Kurokawa, educational sec- Lions Clubs of Chicago that they are retary of the Pan-Pacific Union and looking forward with great interest to secretary of the Pan-Pacific Lions the representation from Honolulu. A Club has been sent to the mainland, the room has been set aside for the Ha- following from the local press indicates waiian delegation and they have been the object of his mission : invited to decorate this space and make "The Pan-Pacific Union is sending its it a real Pan-Pacific headquarters. Hon. Educational Director, Mr. Colbert N. John C. Ilne, president of the Hono- Kurokawa, to the Pacific Coast to con- lulu Lions, is arranging for an excel- duct a campaign from San Diego to lent exhibit from Hawaii. Victoria. Mr. Kurokawa is the Edu- "From San Francisco Mr. Kuro- cational Secretary of the Pan-Pacific kawa will visit the Pan-Pacific Club 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

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of the Portland Chamber of Commerce ; us to familiarize ourselves with the the University of Washington; the evolving conditions of different regions, Seattle Chamber of Commerce ; the and to appreciate needs, problems, and Vancouver Board of Trade and will difficulties of the Pacific regions. carry a message to the Premier of "Again, as a medium of service for British Columbia from the Pan-Pacific and of the people of the Pacific coun- Union. He will return from Seattle tries, the Pan-Pacific Union has an in about two months." obligation to report to various local Speaking of his mission, Mr. Kuro- units and to cooperating agencies, its kawa said : activities and program. "As an institution and movement to advance good will and cooperation and "For these manifold missions, I have to service for the interest of the people been commissioned by the Director of of the Pacific area regardless of race, the Union to call on some of the lead- creed, or nationality, it is necessary for ers and friends of the Union on Pacific the Pan-Pacific Union to maintain a Coast of the United States and Canada. vital and personal contact with the "May we hope, that out of this trip leaders of the Pacific lands. may come better understanding and "As an axle is to its wheel, the Pan- happy personal relationship between Pacific Union should not only maintain the leading men and women of the a contact with the leaders of countries Pacific Coast and the Pan-Pacific bordering upon the Pacific Ocean, but Union, and that out of our better also its policy, program and its activi- knowledge of the conditions and prob- ties should be guided by the opinions lems of various regions, we shall be and advice of men of different thought able to render more efficient and prac- and action. tical service for the advancement of "To be of practical service for the good will and cooperation among the people of this area, it is essential for peoples of the Pacific countries." 1928 Pan-Pacific Women's Conference Numerous meetings of the Hawaiian I. Health—Honolulu chairman, Dr. Vivia. B. Appleton. Committee of the Pan-Pacific Women's (a) Standards. Conference have been held in Honolulu. (b) Conservation. An agenda for the Conference in 1928 2. Education—Honolulu chairman, Mrs. I. M. Cox. has been suggested by this committee (c) Psychology. and will be submitted for approval and (d) The Arts. amendment to the committees in other (e) International Textbooks. (f) Labor Schools. Pacific lands. 3. Women in Industry and Professions— Mrs. A. L. Andrews, chairman of the Honolulu chairman, Mrs. A. L. Andrews. (a) Economic Status. local committee, is in the United (b) Training. States at present where she will confer (c) Working Conditions. with Jane Addams, honorary chairman 4. Women in Government—Honolulu chair- man, Mrs. J. P. Morgan. of the Conference. (a) Office-holders. (b) General Citizenship. The following is the agenda of the 5. Social Work—Honolulu chairman, Miss. Pan-Pacific Women's Conference as Margaret Bergen. suggested to date by the Hawaiian (a) Charities and Corrections. (b) Penitentiaries. Committee. Suggestions from others (c) Insane Hospitals. are invited. (d) Courts, PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Lord Radstock and the Union The Institute of Pacific Relations will a more reasonable aim than you have hold its second gathering Honolulu in had before you, and I do want to con- July, 1927. The following is from a gratulate you today on the results that talk before the Pan-Pacific Club of have already been obtained. Honolulu by one of the members of the "You know it often happens that a Institute, Lord Radstock, of London. man with great ideals allows his enthu- He said in part : siasm to dwindle, the goal seems more "My dear friends : If I had spoken to difficult of attainment, and somehow the you on such an occasion as this in the cause begins to grow weaker and finally first day of my arrival, I should have passes out. But in this case it is just addressed you with very different feel- the reverse. Your Director, Mr. Ford, ings, but during the few days of my has kept up It's splendid work, and I stay here I can assure you I have ex- do want to congratulate him and all perienced, to a very powerful degree, of you who have had a share in it. the spirit of friendliness which exists I firmly believe that as a result of this in your islands, and I shall carry away gathering of the Institute of Pacific Re- with me the most pleasant recollec- lations a new era has been inaugurated. tions of a true friendliness of brotherly I am practically certain the opportunity spirit, and kindly hospitality that has we have had of meeting with represen- been extended to us. For that reason tatives of the different races, of work- I venture to address you not as 'ladies ing with one another over the different and gentlemen,' but as 'my dear friends.' problems, and of realizing the brotherly It seems most appropriate that we, as spirit has been of immense advantage to members of the Institute of Pacific Re- the Pan-Pacific cause. I am a tremen- lations, should come and partake of the dous believer in the power of the hospitality of the Pan-Pacific Club. I human factor. I believe gatherings of have been greatly impressed as I have this kind where we can meet our fel- heard from time to time of the Pan- lows from the different parts of the Pacific Union. I consider it is a re- earth all tend to the bringing about of markable achievement. It is a remark- these ideals we all have in view. After able instance of what one man with a all, a man is the real result that has splendid ideal and indomitable deter- been obtained, not through the intel- mination is able to accomplish. I am lectual conviction of certain facts, but perfectly certain that he has not reached because his heart has been won over. this success without passing through "There is much talk among soldiers many difficulties, obstacles, and many of firing on the wrong target. Some- disappointments, but I venture to say times we do that. We aim at purely that this gathering today marks a new intellectual convictions, when we should era in all that you are seeking to ac- be working toward accordance and unity complish through the Pan-Pacific Union. in men's hearts. I venture to say that before very long "I should like to say on my own be- you will feel you have a new vision, half and on the behalf of my colleagues and you who have taken an active part how much we value the opportunity of will feel you are about to reap a rich coming to these beautiful islands where reward, you who have gone steadily for- we have been able to see in a sense ward with the splendid idea of promot- this great problem worked out before ing a unity of spirit among the races of our eyes, the great admixture of many the Pacific coasts. We can hardy imagine races all working together in harmony. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 The Pan-Pacific Legal Conference and the League of Nations Societies The loss of Judge Sanford B. Dole, Society of America and in bringing Honorary Chairman of the Pan-Pacific about peace. Legal Conference Committee, is one that "Justice Clarke spent a couple of days is felt in every Pacific land. with us recently in Honolulu and ex- At a recent meeting of the Pan-Pa- pressed a desire to return next Decem- cific Club at Honolulu the following ber or January for a longer visit.. He resolution was passed, Judge Dole hav- expected that he, Mr. Blakesley and ing been a trustee of the Pan-Pacific Mr. Hall would discuss matters of the Union for many years and a regular proposed League of Nations Conference attendant at the weekly gatherings of this summer in America. "It is the desire of the Pan-Pacific the Pan-Pacific Club. Union, in extending the invitations to The plans for the Pan-Pacific Legal; the leaders of the Legal Associations Conference will continue as the follow- and all League of Nations Societies in ing correspondence indicates. Ex-Judge Pacific lands to meet and confer, that

John H. Clarke, of the Supreme Bench, no country be represented preponder- of the United States and President of antly. It is hoped that with a fairly the League of Nations Non-Partison As- equal representation from each country, sociation, it is hoped, will visit Hawaii without regard to mass population, that during the winter of 1926 to assist in some basis may be agreed upon for the plans for the Legal Congress as well better understanding, leading to more as those of a gathering of the leaders effective cooperation in the future be- of the League of Nations societies in tween the legal bodies in Pacific lands, Pacific lands. Mr. Duncan Hall, of the and between these organizations study- Australian League of Nations Union, ing the work of the League of Nations. recently spent some time in Hawaii as "The Pan-Pacific Union has offered a guest of the Pan-Pacific Union aiding its buildings on the grounds of the in the work of organization. Pan-Pacific Research Institution in Mr. Clark spent two days in Hono- Honolulu as a home during any confer- lulu, conferring with the legal repre- ence for the representation of the Legal sentatives of the Congress and was in- Associations of Pacific lands and of the vited to return as its. chairman. He delegates from League of Nations Soc- hopes to spend the coining winter in ieties or kindred organizations. Honolulu, and will soon definitely de- "The agendas suggested by the re- cide. presentatives of these bodies and en- The following letter has been sent to closed, may be adhered to, or of course, the League of Nations Societies and altered or discarded, once the repre- kindred organizations in the Pacific and sentatives meet each other in session. throughout the world. The conferences may be held jointly or "I enclose copy of weekend cable separately as the representatives elect, letter sent to Ex-Justice of United and the suggestions of the representa- States Supreme Court, Judge John H. tive of the International Labor Organ- Clarke, who retired from the Supreme ization that they be represented by one Court to give his life to the work of the delegate perhaps from each country at Non-Partisan League of Nations these sessions is placed before you at 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

this time. Will you be able to be pres- the political and economic tension which ent or send a representative." obviously exists, and if the conference could, as a result, put forward one con- An interesting communication has crete proposal tending to bring about been received from Sir Arthur W. the termination of economic and poli- Currie, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., principal and tical strain now so apparent, its mem- Vice Chancellor of McGill University, Montreal, Canada : bers would have real cause for satis- faction. "I beg to acknowledge your letter en- "It is, in my view, essential that dis- closing copies of various papers sent out cussion should not be allowed to become by your Pan-Pacific Union. I assume desultory and that the matters to be de- that this is sent to me in my capacity bated upon should be so limited that as an officer of our League of Nations conclusions can be reached. I would Society in Canada, since it does not feel, for instance, that no good purpose seem possible that you could have pro- could be served by discussing points posed the cooperation of an individual affecting the Powers as members of University. I have therefore written the League of Nations. The proper to Sir Robert Borden, the President of place for such discussions is before the the Society in Canada, concerning the official delegates at Geneva, and the Conference. only proper way for the United States "You are good enough to ask me to intervene in such questions is to whether I have any suggestions regard- meet such delegates. Debates between ing the Pan-Pacific Legal Conference, unauthorized representatives are only and you thus give me the opportunity too liable to lead to trouble. Desirable of saying that I am in entire concur- though it may be for the United States rence with Sir Joseph Carruthers, who to connect itself with the members of in his proposed definition of the main the League of Nations, those of its object of the Conference suggests the citizens who feel that it should do so following : 'To consider the best de- can only accomplish their object by in- vices that may be suggested to secure ducing their Government to join in their common agreement among the great belief. Pacific powers whereby the possible "You have doubtless taken up the conflict or causes of war may be elim- matter with the Canadian Bar Associa- inated as far as possible.' tion which would, I presume., be in a "I feel that the danger with confer- position to arrange for the attendance ences of this kind is that they tend to of one or more of its members." aim rather at discussion than at accom- Mr. F. C. T: Lucas, President of the plishment. A great deal of time and Vancouver Bar Association, has been money will be expended and it seems to one of the prime movers of the Legal me essential that some definite step Conference, which has had the endorse- should be the result. If, for example, ment of the American Bar Association, Sir Joseph Carruthers' proposal is car- and Mr. Matsujima, father of the Bar ried out as it should be, if the confer- Association of Japan, and of the Inter- ence is able to arrive at the causes of national Bar Association. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 Publications of the Pan-Pacific Union The Pan-Pacific Union, as such, pub- from universities in Pacific lands, and lishes the Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific beginning their life work. Union. The Mid-Pacific Magazine is It was some years ago that Mr. Ku- published as an organ of the Union, rokawa at one of the gatherings of the but at no expense to the Union. Pan-Pacific Good Relations Clubs in The Bulletin goes to many thousand Honolulu suggested the getting up of a readers and its items are copied exten- list of all the young orientals who spoke sively in the press of every Pacific English residing in Pacific lands, that land. The Mid-Pacific Magazine, with efforts might be made towards bring- its profuse page illustrations, finds its ing about a better knowledge of each way to many subscribers and to the other among them. He has kept at this leading libraries and news stands. consistently, and now that he is con- The Journal of the Pan-Pacific Re- nected with the Pan-Pacific Union this search Institution, while sponsored by work will go on. the Union, is edited entirely by the staff Mr. Kurokawa will have the assist- appointed by the scientists of the In- ance of the, graduating students of all stitution, Dr. David Starr Jordan, of races in Hawaii, he will also have the Leland Stanford University, Dr. Fred- help of some of the students at the eric Krauss of the University of Hawaii, Pan-Pacific Research Institution. A Mr. Atherton Lee, plant pathologist at building, the Albert Burkland Memorial, the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Associa- has been set aside on the grounds, and tion and Mr. R. H. Van Zwalenburg, a dozen students taking science courses entomologist, assuming the greater will be given a home and income here share of the work, with assistant staff to pursue their studies and to act as editors in every Pacific land. Some helpers to the scientists, and to those thousands of these Journals are dis- working on racial problems. At pres- tributed among scientists of the world. ent there are weekly popular science At present the Journal of the Pan- lectures at the Pan-Pacific Research In- Pacific Research Institution is a quar- stitution, and a weekly dinner of scien- terly. It has undertaken to secure and tists. As visiting scientists arrive from publish a check list of the fish of the Pacific lands for prolonged stays at Pacific, which may perhaps be correct- the Institution to pursue their studies in ed and brought up to date for republi- research work, regular series of lectures cation bi-annually. In a similar way will be given. The students, however, the trees and plants of the Pan-Pacific will practically all take science coursed area are being treated as well as the in- at the University of Hawaii, acting as jurious insects and their parasites and helpers to the research workers at the the diseases of plants. A list of the Institute outside of regular study research institutions and research work- periods. ers in Pacific lands is being prepared As the need of other publications in and published in the Journal. any special line of thought or action "Youth", a quarterly, edited by C. N. is felt, and it is believed that all this Kurokawa, Educational Secretary of the will be useful in bringing about better Pan-Pacific Union, is in preparation, the cooperation and understanding in the initial number being in press. This Pan-Pacific Area, the Union will do its publication will deal, largely with the part in assisting in the establishment of problems of young men graduating the needed publications. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN Pacific Institutions Under the heading, "More Than In- derstanding between the East and the stitutions," the Trans-Pacific of Tokyo, West is such a one. lauds editorially the International Com- "The two most recent manifestations mittee for Intellectual Cooperation and of it are the foundation of the Japanese the Pan-Pacific Educational Conference branch of the international committee to be called in Honolulu next year by for intellectual cooperation and the re- the American government. port that the United States will call a The first Pan-Pacific Educational Con- conference of the Pacific basin nations ference was called by the Pan-Pacific next year for a discussion of reclama- Union, with John J. Tigert, U. S. Com- tion, recreation, educational and other missioner of Education as chairman. At civic problems of common interest. The the last moment, unable to attend, he new Japanese branch is under the aegis appointed David Starr Jordan as his of the League of Nations. The com- representative. Dr. Tigert has ever mittee on intellectual cooperation of the since desired to have a second such con- league has already accomplished a great ference held in Hawaii at a time that deal of good, most of it in an unspec- he could be present. He interested the tacular way. In fact, the world has de- secretary of the interior in the project manded so much from the political activ- and Congress again appropriates, follow- ities of the league that it has slighted ing precedent, having appropriated funds the educational and humanitarian aspects. to the Pan-Pacific Union for the calling In these two fields the league cannot but of a series of conferences of which the be called an unquestioned success. The first Pan-Pacific Educational and the list of deeds accomplished is too long first Pan-Pacific Science Congresses were for enumeration here, but among the outstanding examples. most outstanding are the repatriation of It is expected that President Coolidge, Greeks and Turks and the relief of Rus- who is an honorary president of the Pan- sian refugees in other lands. For an Pacific Union, will issue the call. The example close at home, the work done conference will be under his direction as on behalf of restocking the Tokyo Im- head of the American government. Edi- perial University's library may be ad- torially the Trans-Pacific says : vanced. In itself, that is perhaps a "Often in regarding some specific small thing contrasted to the rosy ex- movement or institution pessimism is ex- pectations of what the League of Na- pressed as to its ability to achieve its tions might do, but it cannot be slighted goal. While such pessimism may be simply because the league has failed so far in other ways. quite justified from such an outlook, if a broader horizon be taken in by the ob- "The value of such conferences as server room for encouragement and that which the Washington administra- optimism will be found. Perhaps the tion is contemplating has been well dem- institution under scrutiny is but one onstrated. The Institute of Pacific Re- minor phase of a much more compre- lations, meeting at Honolulu last July, hensive movement which cannot justly made a definite contribution to prog- be dislocated from its comrades and ress in international relationships through praised or condemned on its own merits the informed and, frank discussion that alone. took place there among the representa- tives of the Pacific nations. The In- "The movement for an increased un- stitute did not perish with that one meet- PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 ing, but continues to be one of the more dozen of these concrete attempts is the important units in the broad movement outstanding fact that they represent the for increased mutual knowledge and un- flowering of a desire, of the desire of derstanding. The proposed conference the peoples dwelling about the Pacific will add its mite, at least, to the sum Ocean to live harmoniously with one total. another. As an expression of this crav- "Various other specific institutions or ing, they become of far greater sig- developments, many of them minute in nificance than does the actual work ac- themselves, can be cited as part and complished in any one particular in- parcel of this growing desire to elim- stance." inate ignorance and prejudice through Trans-Pacific takes the correct atti- the spread of knowledge. When the tude. There cannot be too many or- whole development is regarded, rather ganizations working toward better inter- than when one facet is isolated and put racial understanding. Each can con- under the microscope, pessimism is tribute but a drop in the bucket, yet all forced to give way to encouragement. of them together may in time fill the Far more important than any one or any bucket of good will to overflowing.

Arthur Brisbane on Higher Education

"Professor McDuff, British, warns the Athens, bringing the fortune inherited eugenics congress not to push higher from his father, Nichomachus, physician education too far. Not enough appro- to the king of Macedon, he came for priate jobs for the well educated now, knowledge. But his idea was not to says he. Raising the general average get polished up and hurry home to of intelligence as much as 10 per cent change his education into more money. might be disastrous. The world needs "He hunted up Plato, studied with him more rough hands, fewer white collars. for as long as Plato lived, about twenty "All of which is as wrong as anything years, and then set up teaching on his could be. Huxley's day laborer, to own account. He did get a job for whom he sent a good microscope, would four years as private tutor to Alexander not have been ruined by education. And the Great, but not for the sake of cash. except in our more aristocratic univer- sities, the object of high education "That Greek student from Stagria de- should not be merely making rich friends veloped what was probably the most and 'pulling off a good job.' Educa- powerful and remarkable brain in all tion, the right kind, produces results this earth's history. And that is worth more important than a white collar. while, although he never had a white "When Aristotle, at 17, arrived in collar around his neck." 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN From Our Letter Box Many interesting letters are received "Moree Street, by the Pan-Pacific Union giving side Gordon, Sydney, N.S.W., lights on the thoughts of great men in. March 2nd, 1926. the Pan-Pacific area, many of these are "Greetings to you ; and it is not long of sufficient interest to place before our now before I shall have the pleasure of readers. grasping your hand once more. I have Dr. Lincoln Wirt, May 29, 1926, writ- accepted an invitation, which came ing from San Francisco, quotes the fol- through Professor Davenport, to a chair lowing from a letter he has received at Syracuse University, New York. from Viscount Shibusawa : They want me to deal with foreign af- "I am trying to promote international fairs. I do very gladly because this good-will friendship, and charity work gives me exactly the kind of work I in a deeper way, basing these spiritual would have chosen for myself. I shall qualities on genuine love of humanity, so be a member of the staff of the very, that the warless world may be brought interesting and important School of within a creditable range, but when I see Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syra- almost on every hand various obstacles cuse, able to concentrate on the subject to choke these finer qualities of our life, which has my main interest at the mom- I am forced at times to wonder whether ent, but able also to meet such with my or not my effort would eventuate any- other interests in history and Political thing. However, I am not discouraged. Science, which are being dealt with by I am working for the promotion of the school. It aims at basing its teach- good causes, with the determination to ing work upon real research into social keep on until death overtakes me." relations ; and it aims at training leaders The following is from a recent letter in public affairs. I shall always ap- to the Pan-Pacific Union from John R. preciate the honor you paid me in asking Mott, Chairman of the World's Student me to have some share in the fine work Christian Federation : you are doing. Perhaps I have chosen the less arduous path to our common "I wish to thank you most heartily for goal ; but it is the path for which I am your kind note of May 21st and for best suited. I shall not forget either your thoughtfulness in sending to me the you or your work and the stimulus which collection of valuable publications of the it has given me. Pan-Pacific Union. It has been a mat- Many thanks for the interest you took ter of great interest to have the op- in our debating team. I often speak of portunity to scan this material. Most you and of the Union to people here, heartily do I commend the invaluable emphasising the need of supporting its service you are rendering through this, work and of securing close cooperation agency. For reasons which I set forth, between it and the other bodies which it in my address to which you have made has helped to inspire. I read with never such kind and generous ref erence, I failing interest and pleasure your re- believe increasingly in the far-reaching miniscences. You will make a really influence of what is being accomplished fine and inspiring book out of this. by the Pan-Pacific Union." A letter from the editor of the "Fiji The following is from Duncan Hall, of Times and Herald" reads as follows: the Australian section of the Institute "I am afraid it is hopeless for the of Pacific Relations : present to attempt to classify the fish in PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15

these waters, much as I recognize the "I am enclosing herewith an item of necessity for such a work. There is more than general interest, which I think no one in the Colony with sufficient you might like to publish. The Cali- knowledge and the Government have fornia Academy of Sciences is endeavor- no funds at the moment available for ing to give out authoritative information the purpose. on the various branches of natural his- "It may interest you to know that I tory in which it is interested. brought before our Governor the result "From time to time I will be glad to of your Fisheries Conference and as I supply you with items which I consider was not satisfied with the protection af- of interest to the public. If you feel that forded the turtle in Fiji I introduced a the inclosed information is of value we motion in the Legislative Council, as a will greatly appreciate your publishing result of which a new regulation was the same." passed. I will enclose a copy. The 1925 Expedition of the California "Yours sincerely, Academy of Sciences to the Revillagi- "ALFORT BARKER." gedo Islands, Mexico, was a most suc- REGULATION OF' VIJI EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. cessful one in every way. In addition to the collections made covering prac- 1. (a) No person shall during the tically every phase of life on these months of January, February, November islands and points on the mainland, there or December in any year kill or take or were several items of more than passing in any way molest any turtle. interest, notably the establishing of seven (b) No person shall at any time dig new geographic names. These names up, use, take or destroy any turtle eggs. have been adopted by both the United; or kill or take or in any way molest any States and Mexican Governments and turtle, the shell whereof is less than 18 inches in length. are as follows : (c) No person shall at any time shoot ANGULO Rom—A small, outlying, or spear any turtle. flat-topped rock immediately northeast of Notes: Months mentioned are laying Asuncion Island, Lower California. It is season. There was a big demand for named for Captain Victor Angulo, com- turtle shell owing to trade in turtle mander of the Mexican National Patrol jewelry, etc. It was also being a prac- vessel, "Presidente." trice to spear turtle which often escaped MOUNT GALLEGOS. — The highest wounded, to die a lingering death. mountain on Clarion Island of the Re- It is interesting to add that Mr. Whit- villagigedo group. Chart No. 1688 of ley, of the Sydney Museum, has just the United States Hydrographic Office, completed a stay in Fiji and has pre- gives the elevation of this mountain as pared a check list of the fish of the 1,100 feet. It is named in honor of the Fijian islands, which is in press and late Professor Jose M. Gallegos, explorer will be published in the Journal of the for the Government of Mexico and a Pan-Pacific Research Institution together member of the party which, in 1925, ex- with the check list of the fish of New plored this mountain. Zealand, prepared by MOUNT EVERMANN.—The central peak Check lists of the fish of other Pacific of Socorro Island of the Revillagigedo countries are being received and pre- group. Named for Dr. Barton Warren pared for publication in the Journal by Evermann, the distinguished Director of Dr. David Starr Jordan. the California Academy of Sciences and The f ollowilg is from the Secretary the organizer of this and many other of the California Academy of Sciences : expeditions in which the Academy has 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN actively cooperated with the Government very great help you gave me through of Mexico. your letters of introduction. I was able GRAYSON'S Cove.—There is a little to use nearly all of these letters, and cove at the west end of Cornwallis Bay, in every case they opened helpful doors Socorro Island, as shown on Chart No. of influence and cooperation. Mr. Kawai, 1687 of the United States Hydrographic Secretary of the House of Peers, was Office. Here, in 1867, Colonel A. S. wonderfully helpful from the beginning Grayson's sloop was wrecked. It is the to the end of my stay. He arranged only known supply of fresh water on the a great many valuable interviews for island and the suggestion has been made me. that it be so marked on future charts. "You have a remarkable group of POINT OLD MAN or THE ROCKS.- friends and co-workers in Japan. Every- This name was given by Colonel Grayson where I found that your work with the to the point of rocks which formed the Union had prepared the way for an eastern boundary of the little cove where, understanding and sympathy in the work he found fresh water. of the Institute. ASH HEAP.—At the south end of San "Here in China there is also a good Benedicto Island the highest elevation is deal of interest in the Pan-Pacific Union. attained, 975 feet. This elevation or I spoke at a luncheon of the Pan-Pacific peak is composed almost entirely of soft Association of Shanghai on Monday. volcanic ashes, hence the name. About fifty were present, and we had a good time together. Mr. L. T. Chen HERRERA CRATER.—The central 'peak was the other speaker and gave a very of San Benedicto Island is indicated on effective address. I am sending you Chart No. 1687 of the United States copies of the "North China Daily News" Hydographic Office as being 683 feet and "The China Press" which contain high. This peak is named in honor of accounts of this meeting. Yesterday I Professor Alphonso Herrera, the Direc- called upon Hon. Tang-Shao-yi, Chair- tor of the National Museum of Mexico. man of the Pan-Pacific Association. He Professor Herrera took an active part in is, as you know, deeply interested in this the expedition. Pan-Pacific work. It is splendid to see J. Merle Davis, Secretary of the In- such an outstanding leader with such stitute of Pacific Relations, writes from strong international sympathies. China : "It is most kind of you to send me the "I am going up to Tientsin and Peking copies of the Bulletin containing such for two weeks and, on my return, will generous remarks about myself. I am visit Canton for a few days before sail- glad to know that what I have said re- ing for Manila and Australia. I expect garding the Union and the Institute to reach Australia July 7th and will be pleases you. there about three weeks. My Australian "I hope you have received my letter address will be c/o Thomas Cook & Son, written from Tokyo after the meeting of Sydney. I will spend the first half ofl the Pan-Pacific Club in that city. We August in New Zealand and hope to get had a very nice group, and the members, back to Honolulu about the 1st of Sep- seemed interested to hear about the In- tember. stitute and the relationship with the "The Japanese are making serious Union. . I sent a copy of the "Adver- preparation for the Scientific Congress tiser" that reported this meeting. and are looking forward to having a big "I wish to thank you again for the time next fall." IP ADVERTISING SECTION

THE MID-PACIFIC 1

M.S. "Aorangi," Queen of the Pacific. From Vancouver via Honolulu, Suva, Auckland to Sydney The Canadian-Australasian Royal Mail Union Steam Ship Co. boats for other line of steamers maintains a regular cruises. four-weekly service by palatial steamers The Niagara of the Canadian-Austra- between the Canadian-Pacific Railway lasian Royal Mail Line is one of the terminus at Vancouver, B. C., and Syd- finest vessels afloat on the Pacific. The ney, Australia, via Honolulu, Suva, Fiji, M.S. "Aorangi," the largest motorship in and Auckland, New Zealand. the world, makes the trip from Vancouver to Sydney in about three weeks. In itself this is a South Sea cruise de Either from Australia or Canada luxe, but at Suva one may rest a bit, there are tempting visits across the Pa- cruise by local steamer among the Fi- cific via the South Sea Islands. From jian Islands, then take a Union Steam Australia this is the richest and most Ship Co. of New Zealand palatial flyer comfortable route to London and the for a visit to Samoa, Tonga, and New European Continent. Zealand, or if the trip by the Canadian- Both the Canadian-Australasian Royal Australasian vessel is continued to Auck- Mail Line and the Union Steam Ship Co. land, here again by the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand have offices in the chief Co. vessels are cruised to every part of cities of the Pacific. In Honolulu, Theo. New Zealand, to the Cook Islands, or to H. Davies & Co., Ltd., are the agents. Tahiti. In fact, one may return by The steamers of these lines are famous these steamers to San Francisco via for their red smokestacks. In fact, this Papeete, Tahiti, with a stop-over at the affiliated company is known as the Red famous French possession. Funnel Line. The red funnel is familiar If the trip from Vancouver is con- in every port of Australia and the tinued to its terminus, Sydney, here South Seas, to say nothing of California again one may secure bookings on the and Pacific Canada. ADVT. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

AROUND ABOUT HONOLULU

The Moana Hotel at Waikiki

The Territorial Hotel Company, Ltd., gathers baggage from every part of the maintains the splendid tourist hotel at city for delivery to the out-going Waikiki Beach, the Moana, facing the steamers. This company receives and surf, as well as the Seaside family puts in storage, until needed, excess bag- hotel nearby. Down town it conducts gage of visitors to Honolulu and finds the world-known Alexander Young many ways to serve its patron:, Hotel.

The Honolulu Rapid Transit Co. The Honolulu Motor Coach Co., Ltd., maintains an electric train system to has brought Schofield Barracks practically every portion of the city. within hourly service of Honolulu. The cars pass all of the hotels, so that The busses leave on schedule time from the office in the yard of the visitors may reach the city, mountains, Army and Navy Y. M. C. A. on Hotel or the beach by the commodious open Street, stopping at the Young Hotel. cars of the company, from which there These spacious safety coaches are is an ever-moving panorama of moun- splendidly equipped and travelers enjoy tain, sea, and valley, besides visions of every comfort and security during the the loveliest city in the Pacific. delightful ride. Round the island and other trips can be arranged by calling Ishii's Gardens, Pan-Pacific Park, on phone 3666. Kuakini street, near Nuuanu avenue, constitute one of the finest Japanese tea gardens imaginable. Here some wonder- The Oahu Ice & Cold Storage Com- ful Japanese dinners are served, and pany has spacious buildings at Hustace visitors are welcomed to the gardens at and Cooke streets. It receives all kinds of fruits, meats and vegetables, where all times. Adjoining these gardens are they may be kept in perfect condition the wonderful Liliuokalani gardens and for months at negligible cost and always the series of waterfalls. Phone 5611. ready to be drawn upon. This Com- pany has erected buildings for its cold The City Transfer Company at 833 storage service that are a credit to any Nuuanu Street has its motor trucks city and are well worth a visit. Tele- meet all incoming steamers and it phone No. 6131.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 I THE CONTINENT OF AUSTRALIA Sixty million people living at the more than seven thousand feet in Anglo-Saxon standard of existence height, on the slopes of which in win- might find happy homes on the ocean ter all Australia goes skiing; and in fringe of the great island continent of summer the adjacent streams provide Australia. trout fishing equal to any in the world. Within a comparatively few miles of Victoria is perhaps the garden state the ocean which every Anglo-Saxon of Australia and here is located the loves, Australia has a wealth of re- present seat of government, Melbourne sources and scenery equal to that of the magnificent. Victoria has her famed

Every Australian state has its mountain scenery. any country in the world. This is the mountain and seaside resorts, as has wool, wheat and cattle country par ex- South Australia, the adjoining state, cellence. Here grow trees that marvel with Adelaide the beautiful as its in height those of the giant groves of capital. From this city to Perth, the California. In Queensland to the north capital of West Australia, more than is a vast natural hothouse where every two thousand miles distant, is a straight- fruit of the tropics may be grown. away track almost without a curve, and from the train may sometimes be seen From Sydney, a city of a million, the Australian aboriginal and his boom- now building the world's greatest erang in action. bridge across its incomparable harbor, it Tasmania, Australia's island state, is is but sixty miles by rail or motor to reached by steamers from Sydney, Mel- the wondrous Blue Mountains, in which bourne and New Zealand ports. It is the world's greatest limestone caverns the apple and fruit orchard of the and Jenolan, Caves are to be found. southern hemisphere, and about Hobart, In New South Wales also is Mt. its capital, is some of the finest moun- Kosciusko, Australia's highest peak, tain and forest scenery ADVT. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC Home Hotels in Honolulu

The Donna Hotel, 1286 S. Beretania, is delightfully situated within ten min- utes' ride from the center of Honolulu. Here, amidst the surroundings of a sub- tropical park, one may enjoy all the comforts of home. The rooms in the main buildings or in one of the attrac- tive screened cottages are cheery, well- furnished, and have hot and cold run- ning water. The delicious home cooked meals are served at little cozy tables which are grouped about an artistical- The Halekulani Hotel and Bunga- ly decorated open lanai. Permanent lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach rates are $65 a month or $3.00 a day at Waikiki." Famous hau tree lanai and up. along the ocean front. Rates, from $4.00 per day to $100.00 per month and up, Gray's by the Sea is one of the most American plan. Clifford Kimball. delightful estates facing the surf at Waikiki, a desirable family hotel in tropical surroundings. Cottages for two, three or four may be had at moderate At Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restau- prices, with the very best of sea bath- rant, at Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, ing right at the door. Tourists as well Child's Hotels and Apartment Service as permanent guests receive a cordial accommodations are masters at getting welcome. La Vancha M. Gray, pro- you settled in real home-like style. If you prietor. wish to live in town there is the Child's Blaisdell Hotel in the very heart of the The MacDonald Hotel is a stately city, with the palm garden restaurant mansion surrounded by cottages amid where everything is served from a sand- sub-tropical foliage. It is located at wich to an elegant six-course dinner. 1402 Punahou Street in the great resi- dence district of Honolulu. There are Then on one of the choice spots of tennis courts on the grounds, and the Waikiki Beach there is Child's Pierpoint transient as well as the permanent resi- Hotel, American plan—and the Child dent has here all the comforts of home Marigold Apartments, which are com- at the reasonable rates of $3 a day or pletely furnished little beach homes in $65 a month. The guests enjoy deli- themselves. cious home-cooked meals, which are also served to outsiders. This hotel is near Central Union Church and Oahu Col- lege. Vida Villa Hotel and cottages are on the King street car line above Thomas The Colonial Hotel and cottages on Square. This is the ideal location for Emma street are in the midst of a de- those who go to the city in the morn- lightful residence park district, on the ing and to the beach or golfing in the car line, but within a moment's walk afternoon. The grounds are spacious of the business center of the city. An and the rates reasonable. This hotel has excellent cuisine under skilled direction been under the same management for a is maintained. Historic Honolulu is score of years, which speaks for itself. also but a moment's walk from the Both transient tourists and permanent Colonial, and it is but a brief stroll to guests are welcomed. the hills.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 WONDERFUL NEW ZEALAND

Scenically New Zealand is the world's wonderland. There is no other place in the world that offers such an aggrega- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are in every way more magnificent and awe- inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. New Zealand was the first country to perfect the government tourist bureau. She has built hotels and rest houses throughout the Dominion for the bene- fit of the tourist. New Zealand is splen- didly served by the Government Rail- ways, which sell the tourist for a very low rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel on any of the railways for from one to two months. Direct information may be secured by writing to the New Zealand Department of Tourist and Health Resorts, Wellington, New Zea- land. An ancient Maori stockade

SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY

South Manchuria Railway Company Cheap Overland Tours

Travellers and Tourists journeying Modern Hotels under the Company's between Tokyo and Peking should management are established on foreign travel via the South Manchuria Rail- lines at Mukden, Changchun, Port Ar- way, which runs from Antung to Muk- den and passes through magnificent thur, Dairen and Hoshigaura (Star scenery. At Mukden the line connects Beach). with the Peking Mukden Line and the Illustrated booklets and all informa- Mail line of the South Manchuria Rail- tion post free on request from the South way, running from Dairen to Chang- chun where connection is made with Manchuria Railway Company. the Chinese Eastern Railway for Har- bin. DAIREN Branch Offices : Tokyo, Osaka, Shi- The ordinary daily trains have sleep- ing accommodation. Steamer connec- monoseki, Shanghai, Peking, Harbin tions between Dairen, Tsingtao and and New York. Shanghai by the Dairen Kisen Kaisha's Cable Address : "MANTETSU" or excellent passenger and mail steamers. Wireless telegraphy and qualified doc- "SMRCO." CODES : A.B.C. 5th, 6th tors on board. Ed., Al., Lieber's and Bentley's. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC

LEADING AUTOMOBILES IN HAWAII

The P. M. Pond Company, with spa- The von Hamm-Young Co., Ltd., Im- cious quarters on Beretania and Alapai porters, Machinery Merchants, and lead- streets, act as distributors of the sturdy, ing automobile dealers, have their offices low-priced car for the tropics, of the and store in the Alexander Young finest quality, the Studebaker Standard Building, at the corner of King and Six Duplex Phaeton, the most powerful Bishop streets, and their magnificent car for its size and weight, with roller automobile salesroom and garage just side enclosures giving protection in in the rear, facing on Alakea Street. stormy weather by a move of the hand. Here one may find almost anything. The cash price of this exclusive car in Phone No. 6141. Honolulu is $1,485.00. The Royal Hawaiian Sales Co., with agencies in Honolulu, Hilo and Wailuku, The Universal Motor Co., Ltd., with has its spacious headquarters on Hotel spacious new buildings at 444 S. Bere- and Alakea streets, Honolulu. This tania street, Phone 2397, is agent for company is agent for the Oldsmobile the Ford car. All spare parts are kept Six, a perfectly balanced six-cylinder in stock and statements of cost of re- car, sold in Honolulu at $1,135, giving pairs and replacements are given in ad- the highest kind of service at a very vance so that you know just what the moderate price. The Royal Hawaiian amount will be. The Ford is in a class Sales Co. is also the agency for the by itself. The most economical and famous Chevrolet, the lowest-priced of least expensive motor car in the world. all real automobiles.

The Graystone Garage, Ltd., at Bere- The Schuman Carriage Co., besides tania and Punchbowl streets, is agent handling the Ford car, is agent for the for several exclusive cars : the Paigc, Essex car, Honolulu price $1,105, and the most beautiful car in America ; the the Hudson Super-Six, Honolulu price Jewett, "in all the world no car like $1,575. The Hudson-Essex is now the this"; the Willys-Knight, a marvel of largest selling six-cylinder car in the engineering in every detail, and the world. On the island of Maui the Schu- Overland, with bigger engine, bigger man Carriage Co. is represented at Wai- power, bigger comfort and bigger value luku by the Maui Motors Co., and on than any. All of these cars may be seen. Kauai by the Garden Island Motor Co., and examined at the spacious ware- Lihue. rooms.

The Hupmobile, fours and eights, is The Chrysler Four and Six Cylinder represented in Honolulu by Burgess & Cars, the culmination of all past ex- Johnson, Ltd., 237-243 S. Beretania periences in building automobiles, is Street. This is the first time Hupmo- represented in Hawaii by the Honolulu bile has made a Six Cylinder and the Motors, Ltd., 85o S. Beretania street. motor-car buying public should see this The prices of Four Cylinder Cars range car before making a decision on anoth- from $1200 to $144.5 and those of the er make of car in its class. This firm. Six from $1745 to $2500. The Chryslers also represents the Pierce-Arrow Motor are meeting with remarkable sales rec- Car Co. and the Reo Motor Car Co. In ords as a distinct departure in motor tires they find Mohawk Heavy-Duty cars. Cords go farther.

ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 7

Unloading the "Alice Cooke." Lewers & Cooke, Limited, have, since They are also agents for many build- 1852, been headquarters for all varieties ing specialties, Celotex, Colormix, Bish- of building material, lumber, hollow opric Stucco, corrugated Zinc, Los tile, cement, brick, hardwoods, oak Angeles Pressed Brick Company prod- flooring ; as well as tools of the leading ucts and architectural Terra Cotta, manufacturers, wall papers, Armstrong United States Metal Products Company linoleum's, domestic and oriental rugs, Steel Windows, the Kawneer Company and the superior paints made by W. P. line, and prepared roofings and roofing Fuller & Co. tile. OAHU RAILWAY AND LAND COMPANY

Loading sugar cane on one of the plantations on the line of the Oahu Railway—the scenic route around the island from Honolulu. ADVT. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC MODERN BANKING IN HONOLULU

NEW HOME BANK OF BISHOP & CO., LTD. The S. M. Damon Building pictured above is occupied by the Bank of Bishop & Co., the oldest bank in the Territory. Organized in 1858, the name Bishop & Co. has long been known by travelers for its service and welcome. Bishop Street, Honolulu, T. H.

The First National Bank of Hawaii Liberty Loan drives and thrift cam- demonstrates the many ways in which paigns in which its President, Mr. L. a bank can serve. It has recently Tenney Peck, served as chairman of the moved into its own building, one of the Territorial Central Committee. architectural splendors of Honolulu, on The Bank of Hawaii, Limited, Bishop and Fort Streets, where both the incor- First National Bank of Hawaii and the porated in 1897, has reflected the solid, substantial growth of the islands since First American Savings and Trust the period of annexation to the United Company of Hawaii, Ltd., closely affili- States. Over this period its resources ated with the First National Bank and have grown to be the largest of any functioning as a savings bank, are con- financial institution in the islands. In tinuing their growing business in a 1899 a savings department was added home built to meet their exact require- to its other banking facilities. Its home ments. business office is at the corner of Fort It was less than four months after and Merchant streets, and it maintains Hawaii became a territory of the United branches on the islands of Hawaii, States that the First National Bank of Kauai, and Oahu, enabling it to give to the public an extremely efficient Bank- Hawaii opened its doors. During the ing Service. It will shortly erect on war the First National Bank played a Bishop street, opposite the Alexander prominent part in furthering the inter- Young Hotel, a new bank building to ests of the government in the various become its permanent home. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

THE WORLD'S MOST DELICIOUS PINEAPPLE Canned Hawaiian Pineapple is con- cooking. It is identical with the sliced sidered by epicures to possess the finest in quality and is canned by th,2 same flavor in the world. Because of exceed- careful sanitary methods. ingly favorable conditions in soil and Many tasty recipes for servirg Hawai- climate, and remarkable facilities for ian Pineapple in delicious desserts, salads canning immediately the sun-ripened and refreshing drinks are suggested in a fruit, the Hawaiian product has attained recipe book obtainable without cost at a superiority enjoyed by no other canned the Association of Hawaiian Pineapple fruit. Canners, P.O. Box 3166, Honolulu. Crushed Hawaiian Pineapple is meet- Readers are urged to write, asking for ing favor because of its convenience in this free book.

FERTILIZING THE SOIL Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the isl- ands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

ADVT. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC Banking and Business in Honolulu

The Hawaiian Trust Company, Lim- The Bishop Trust Company, Limited, ited, of Honolulu, is the oldest and larg- is one of the oldest and largest Trust est trust company in the Territory of Companies in Hawaii. It now shares Hawaii. How successful it has become with the Bishop Bank its new home on may be gathered from the fact that it Bishop, King and Merchant Sts., known has real and personal property under as the S. M. Damon Building, jointly its control and management with ap- owned and occupied by the Bishop proximate value of $40,000,000. Trust Trust Company, Ltd., and the Bank of companies in Hawaii are not permitted Bishop & Co., Ltd. One of the many to transact commercial banking business attractive features of its new quarters and their financial resources therefore is the Safe Deposit Vaults which are do not loom up commensurate with the largest, strongest and most conve- trust figures. The resources of this nient in the Territory. organization as of December 31, 1925 amounted to $3,300,099.04 with capital of $1,250,000 ; surplus $750,000 ; special The Henry Waterhouse Trust Co., reserve, $50,000, and undivided profits Ltd., was established in 1897 by Henry of $127,103.84, making a total capitaliza- Waterhouse, son of a pioneer, incor- tion of $3,300,099.04. Mr. E. D. Tenney porated under the present name in 1902, is chairman and president and Mr. J. Mr. Robert Shingle becoming president, R. Galt is senior vice-president and and Mr. A. N. Campbell treasurer of manager. the corporation. The company now has a paid-up capital of $200,000 and a sur- The International Trust Company, plus of an almost equal amount. The with offices on Merchant street, is, as spacious quarters occupied by the Henry its name indicates, a really Pan-Pacific Waterhouse Trust Co., Ltd., are on the financial organization, with leading corner of Fort and Merchant streets. American and Oriental business men conducting its affairs. Its capital stock is $200,000 with resources of over The Liberty Investment Company $300,000. It also conducts a real estate Ltd., at 942 Bethel Street, does a busi Department. ness in real estate, insurance loans anc investments. It has successfully handled The Union Trust Company, Ltd., oc- some of the choicest divisions in Hawaii cupying a building on Alakea street, be- including beautiful seaside coconut groves tween Hotel and King (1025 Alakea that have been cut up into choice build- street), was incorporated in 1921, en- ing lots as well as city tracts that have gages in all lines of trust business, and been transformed into new residence as agents for individuals, firms and cor- areas for those who wish to own their porations, invites correspondence. Its own homes at a moderate price. resources are well over a million.

The Trent Trust Company, with spa- The Pacific Trust Company, Ltd., in cious offices on Fort street, grew from Honolulu, and the Baldwin Bank, Ltd., the real estate and general agency busi- Kahului and Wailuku, Maui, are allied ness established in 1904 by Richard H. institutions. Combined, they own assets Trent, known as the Trent Company. worth over three and a half million dol- It was incorporated in 1907 under its lars. The Pacific Trust Company has present name. With it is closely asso- its offices at 180 Merchant street and ciated the Mutual Building and Loan does a growing business under the care- Society, which promotes and finances fill management of a band of Honolulu's the building of homes. leading business men. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

The Home Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plati,'tion Agents and Wholesale Merchants.

Tasseled sugar cane almost ready for the cutting and crushing at the mills.

ADVT. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC ON FASHIONABLE FORT STREET I

The commodious and palatial sales- your mansion, or a tiny upright Boudoir rooms of Jeffs Fashion Co., Incorpor- for your cottage ; and if you are a tran- ated, Honolulu's leading establishment sient it will rent you a piano. The Berg- for women who set the pace in modern strom Music Company, phone 2321. dress, is at the Mauka (Mountainward) Ewa corner of Fort and Beretania The Sonora Shop, 1158 Fort Street, Streets, where all cars pass. This is handles high grade pianos and Sonora the head and beginning of Honolulu's Phonographs, together with a full line great shopping area on Fort Street. At of Victor, Vocalion and Odeon Records "Jeffs" the fashions in women's dress by the best orchestras in Europe ; but its specialty is the new Pathex Motion in Honolulu are set, and here the tourist Picture Camera and Projector. The and visitor may outfit and be sure of Pathex Camera takes motion pictures appearing in the latest styles. just as easily and at no greater cost Diagonally across the street from than taking photographs, and you can "Jeffs" is The Hawaii Photo Mate- screen them in your own home with rials Co., the home of the "Brownie your Pathex Projector. Camera and Camera," and every supply in films and Projector complete with tripod and car- photographs which the purchaser can rying case, $102.50. conceive. Here may be secured the The Bailey Furniture Co., Ltd., are wonderful color photos of Hawaii that now displaying at their store, 118o Fort have made the islands famous. Street, the finest line of furniture and The Office Supply Co., Ltd., on Fort draperies that Honolulu has ever seen. street near King, is as its name denotes, Their drapery department is under the the perfectly equipped store where every able management of Mr. Moreido. He is kind of office furniture and supplies a master Interior Decorator and is al- are on display. This is the home of ways pleased to submit plans for mak- the Remington typewriter and of type- ing your home "A Better Home." The writer repairing. Offices are completely famous Nachman Mattress is also a fea- outfitted at quickest notice. The Com- ture of this store. Try a Nachman for pany also maintains an up-to-date com- better sleep. pletely stocked sporting goods depart- The "Flower Shop," at 1120 Fort ment. Street, is Honolulu's leading floral es- There is one East Indian Store in Ho- tablishment. It is a complete palace nolulu, and it has grown to occupy spa- of flowers and well worth a visit, or you cious quarters on Fort Street, No. 1150 may call No. 2690 and have the choicest Fort, Phone No. 2571. This is the head- flowers sent to departing friends on the quarters for Oriental and East Indian boat, or to acquaintances at home or in curios as well as of Philippine embroid- the hotels, or to weddings or funerals. eries, home-made laces, Manila hats, The choicest gardens in Hawaii supply Oriental silks, pongees, carved ivories "The Flower Shop," and any flowers and Indian brass ware. An hour may grown in the islands may be ordered. well be spent in this East Indian Bazaar examining the art wares of Oriental E. 0. Hall & Son, Hawaii's oldest beauty. and most reliable establishment, carries Bergstrom Music Company, the lead- a large selection of golf and sporting ing music store in Hawaii, is on King goods, athletic outfitting, general hard- and Fort streets. No home is complete ware, household goods, and are distribu- tors for the Sherwin-Williams line of in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano paints. Their fishing tackle department and a Victor talking machine. The carries a very fine line of deep sea rods, Bergstrom Music Company, with its big reels and lines of the finest manufac- store on Fort street, will provide you ture. The big retail store is at the with these, a Chickering, a Weber for corner of Fort and Merchant Streets. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 13 ALEXANDER & BALDWIN

A canefield in Hawaii years ago when the ox team was in use. The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., Union Insurance Society of Canton, (known by everyone as "A. & B.") is Ltd., New Zealand Insurance Co., Ltd., looked upon as one of the most progres- Switzerland Marine Insurance Co. sive American corporations in Hawaii. The officers of this large and progres- Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- for the largest sugar plantations of the porters of the Pan-Pacific and other Hawaiian Islands and second largest in movements which are for the good of the world, namely, the Hawaiian Com- Hawaii, are as follows : mercial & Sugar Company at Puunene, Officers : W. M. Alexander, President ; Maui. They are also agents for many H. A. Baldwin, Vice-President ; J. other plantations and concerns of the Waterhouse, Vice-President ; W. 0. Islands, among which are the Maui Smith, Vice-President ; C. R. Hemen- Agricultural Company, Ltd., Hawaiian way, Vice-President ; J. P. Cooke, Treas- Sugar Company, McBryde Sugar Com- urer ; R. T. Rolph, Assistant-Treasur- pany, Ltd., Kahului Railroad Company, er ; R. G. Bell, Assistant-Treasurer ; R. Kauai Railway Company, Ltd., Baldwin E. Mist, Secretary ; D. L. Olsen, As- Packers, Ltd., Kauai Fruit & Land sistant-Secretary ; G. G. Kinney, Audit Company, Ltd., Haleakala Ranch Co., or. Directors : W. M. Alexander, H. and Ulupalakua Ranch, Ltd. A. Baldwin, J. Waterhouse, W. 0. In addition to their extensive sugar Smith, C. R. Hemenway, F. F. Bald- plantations, they are also agents for the win, J. R. Galt, H. K. Castle, E. R. following well-known and strong in- Adams, R. T. Rolph, S. S. Peck, J. P. surance companies : American Alliance Winne, J. P. Cooke. Insurance Association, Ltd., Common- Besides the home office in the Stan- wealth Insurance Company, Home In- genwald Building, Honolulu, Alexander surance Company of New York, Newark & Baldwin, Ltd., maintain offices in Fire Insurance Company, Springfield Seattle, in the Melhorn Building and in Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the Matson Building, San Francisco. ADVT. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC INFORMATION ON HAWAII I Honolulu Paper Company, successor Love's Hawaiian Fruit Cake is the to "The Hawaiian News Co.," deals output of Love's Bakery in Honolulu. in Books of Hawaii. At Honolu- Its fame extends around the world. lulu's largest and most fashionable book Made of Hawaiian fresh tropical fruit store, in the Alexander Young Building, it has a distinctive flavor that recalls all the latest books may be secured, es- the papaias, mangoes, guavas, and pine- pecially those dealing with Hawaii. apples that it contains. It is mailed in Here the ultra-fashionable stationery five pound tins at $6.50 domestic and of the latest design is always kept in $7.50 foreign purchasers. stock together with the Royal and Co- The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- rona typewriters, Marchant calculators tion supplies the pure milk used for and Sundstrand Adding Machines. children and .adults in Honolulu. It Here, also, music lovers will find a also supplies the city with ice cream home for a complete line of musical for desserts. Its main office is in the instruments, including the Edison Pho- Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku nograph and records. streets. The milk of the Honolulu This store is one of the show places Dairymen's Association is pure, it is of Hawaii in the very center of the rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- great shopping district. ciation has had the experience of more than a generation, and it has called The Hawaii and South Sea upon science in perfecting its plant and Curio Store on Bishop street, its methods of handling milk and de- livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- in the Young Hotel is the tomers. largest and most var- ied curio store in Hawaii. Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended It is open day and night, con- to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and venient to visitors, and has Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. branches in both the Alex- Men of almost every Pacific race are ander Young Hotel and in the Moana employed by this firm, and the men of Hotel at Waikiki. each race seem fitted for some particular part of the work, so that quick and effi- Sharp Signs have been known for cient is the loading and unloading of half a century in Hawaii. "Tom" vessels in Honolulu. Sharp, as he is lovingly known to his Brown's Shoe Repairing Store on thousands of friends, is an artist of no Union, off Hotel street, is the one abso- mean order, and has done many paint ings in. oils that have been used for lutely responsible place of its kind in Honolulu. Mr. Brown, a shoe man of a advertising purposes. What more nat- quarter. ural than that "Tom" Sharp should be of a century's experience, is in elected president of the "Ad" Club of personal charge and is known to all of Honolulu's leading residents and to Honolulu. Every kind of sign is visitors who have need of shoe repair- painted, built, or manufactured in the ing. work shop of Tom Sharp at Punchbowl and Beretania streets. The Axtel Fence & Construction Co., Ltd., has an office at 2015 S. King St., The Island Curio Company, at 170 Honolulu. Wm. Weinrich is Treasurer Hotel street, opposite the Alexander and Manager, and Raymond C. Axtell Young Hotel, is the home of Hawaiian Secretary. The firm acts as fence curios, stamps, coins, souvenirs and post builders, contractors and importers. It cards. This spacious art store is well worth a visit. has had an enviable career in Honolulu ADVT. of many years' standing. THE MID-PACIFIC 15

CASTLE & COOKE

The Matson Navigation Company, of the Hawaiian Islands. It acts as agent maintaining the premier ferry service for some of the most productive plan- between Honolulu and San Francisco, tations in the whole territory and has have their Hawaiian agencies with been marked by its progressive methods Castle & Cooke, Ltd., and here may be and all work connected with sugar pro- secured much varied information. Here duction in Hawaii. It occupies a spa- also the tourist may secure in the folder cious building at the corner of Merchant racks, booklets and pamphlets descrip- and Bishop Streets, Honolulu. The tive of almost every part of the great ground floor is used as local passenger ocean. and freight offices of the Matson Navi- Castle & Cooke, Ltd., is one of the gation Company. The adjoining offices oldest and most reliable firms in Hono- are used by the firm of their business lulu. It was founded in the early pioneer as sugar factors and insurance agents ; days and has been a part of the history Phone 1251.

C. BREWER & COMPANY

C. Brewer & Company, Limited, Honolulu, w,th a capital stock of $8,000,000, was established in 1826. It represents the following Sugar Plantations: Olowalu Company, Hilo Sugar Company, Hawaii Mill Company, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Haka- lau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plantation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Company, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company; as well as the Oceanic Steamship Company, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Kapapala Ranch, and all kinds of insurance. AD VT. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., Bishop and Halekauwila Sts., Phone 4981, dealers in crushed stone, cement, cement pipe, brick, stone tile, and explosives, have the largest and best equipped draying and storage company in the Islands, and are prepared to handle anything from the smallest package to pieces weighing up to forty tons.

The Waterhouse Co., Ltd., in the from Puget Sound, and other Pacific Alexander Young Building, on Bishop and East Coast ports. street, make office equipment their spe- The Thayer Piano Co., Ltd., at 148 cialty, being the sole distributor for the Hotel St., is "Honolulu's grand piano National Cash Register Co., the Bur- headquarters." On Hotel St. facing roughs Adding Machine, the Art Metal Bishop, the business block of Honolulu, Construction Co., the York Safe and it is convenient to all. Here may be Lock Company and the Underwood tested the Steinway and other makes Typewriter Co. They carry in stock of pianos, as well as the "Piano Play- all kinds of steel desks and other equip- ers." The company is agent for. the ment for the office, so that one might Brunswick Phonograph with its superb at a day's notice furnish his office safe records, as well as the Victor rec- against fire and all kinds of insects. ords. A visit to this music store is worth while. Allen & Robinson have for genera- tions supplied the Hawaiian Islands Honolulu is so healthy that people with lumber and other building ma- don't usually die there, but when they do terials that are used for building in they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- Hawaii ; also paints. Their office and liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number retail department are in their new 1408, and he arranges the after details. quarters at the corner of Fort and Mer- If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- chant Sts., Honolulu, where they have red in your own plot on the mainland, been since June 1, 1925. The lumber Williams will embalm you; or he will ar- yards are located at Ala Moana and range all details for interment in Hono- Ward Sts., where every kind of hard lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the and soft wood grown on the Pacific Pacific for any other, but if you must, let Coast is landed by steamships that ply your friends talk it over with Williams. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 17 Honolulu as Advertised

The Liberty House, Hawaii's pioneer dry goods store, established in 1850; it has grown apace with the times until today it is an institution of service rivaling the most progressive mainland establishments in the matter of its merchandising policies and business efficiency. The Charles R. Frazier Company, oldest newspaper and maintains a job de- oldest and most important advertising partment that has been built up with agency in the Pacific field, has been seventy years of effort of experience be- purchased by George Mellen, for six hind it. The Honolulu Advertiser gets out years with the firm as special writer all kinds of half-tone andcolor work,prints and account executive, and will be con- books and publishes a number of period- tinued in its present location, Kauikeo- icals. The leading morning newspaper lani Building, Honolulu, as The Mellen of Hawaii, it holds a unique position. Associates, Successors to the Charles R. The Honolulu Gas Company has been Frazier Company. No changes of im- the pioneer in heating and in lighting portance will he made in the staff. Mr. the city. Honolulu is now a city of Frazier retired March 31st from the nearly a hundred thousand population advertising field to manage his vast real and more than ever the people of the estate interests. city cook with gas. The mains and pipes have been laid even in the out- The Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 125 lying districts so that the Honolulu Gas Merchant Street, prints in its job depart- Company helps the city to grow. ment the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and that The main office of this company is on speaks for itself. The Honolulu Star- Hotel Street near Fort, with extensive Bulletin, Ltd., conducts a complete com- warehouses and repair shops in other mercial printing plant, where all the de- parts of the city. Gas is less expensive tails of printing manufacture are per- in Honolulu than in almost any other formed. It issues Hawaii's leading even- city of its size in America. The gas is ing newspaper and publishes many elabor- made from oil brought from California ate editions of books. and develops splendid lighting and heat- The Honolulu Advertiser is Hawaii's ing qualities. ADVT. 18 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Architects and Engineers of Hawaii

The Architects Society of Hawaii has owner. The main offices are in the Yoko- organized, that the people of the Territory hama Specie Bank Building, with its mill may be kept informed as to what the archi- and factory at South Street. Many of tects established in Hawaii have done, the leading business buildings in Hono- what they are capable of doing, and why lulu have been constructed under the di- employment of their services should be rection of the Pacific Engineering Com- profitable to those who build in Hawaii. pany. Examples of the work of Honolulu architects may be seen in the city and Wright, Harvey & Wright, engineers throughout the islands. Call 4476 or 4468 in the Damon Building, have a branch for a list of residences and commercial office and blue print shop at 855 Kaahu- buildings designed and decorated by local manu Street. This firm does a general architects and see for yourself what they surveying and engineering business, and are doing. has information pertaining to practically The architects of Hawaii are sincere in all lands in the group, as this firm has their stand that the difference between a done an immense amount of work house and a home is decoration. Four throughout the islands. The blue print walls and a roof make a house. When department turns out more than fifty per they are arranged and augmented in a cent of the blueprinting done in Honolulu. decorative way that subtlely expresses the Walker & Howland, with offices in the personality of the family, they become a new First National Bank Building on home. King and Bishop streets, are chiefly fire Architects in Honolulu become ac- protection engineers. They represent quainted with you. They can and will Grinnell Company of the Pacific, with its consult with you on every development of main offices in Los Angeles, this firm pro- the house that is to be your home, not ducing automatic sprinklers, pipes, valves, only in its larger phases, which make it and fittings, needed in architectural engin- suitable to the island climate and habits of eering work, and suited to a climate that life, but in its decorative features. has no winter and is ever gentle spring. Many of the finest residences and busi- ness and public buildings in Hawaii are Lewis Abshire, consulting engineer in the creation of those who constitute the the Lincoln Building, is developing much Architects Society of Hawaii. They will needed lines of work in connection with be glad to meet you, and information re- landscape engineering, construction, and garding the society may be had by phon- surveying, as well as building. The office ing to 4468 or 4476. is at 178 South King Street, room 2 Lib- In the Architects Society of Hawaii erty Building, telephone 2453, with 79311 are Herbert Cohen, Damon Bldg. ; Davis as a home number. With his past experi- & Fishbourne, Boston Bldg. ; C. W. ence of many years in Honolulu, Mr. Ab- Dickey, Damon Bldg. ; Emory & Webb, shire is well acquainted with local condi- James Campbell Bldg. ; Furer & Potter, tions and needs in building in Hawaii. Hawaiian Trust Bldg., Rothwell, Kan- The J. L. Young Engineering Co., geter & Lester, 82 Merchant St. ; Hart Ltd., acts as consulting engineers and Wood, Castle & Cooke Bldg. contractors, with offices at Kawaihao and The Pacific Engineering Company, King Streets,—telephone 2842 and 6247. Ltd., construction engineers and general J. L. Young is president and general contractors, is splendidly equipped to manager. The firm has a long career of handle all types of building construction, successful building for the Army, Navy, and execute building projects in minimum Government, and private corporations and time and to the utmost satisfaction of the individuals. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 19

Some of Honolulu's Leading Business Firms

The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with Union Street, famous for its home cook- a power station generating capacity of ing. Miss Edna B. Harte has built this 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and restaurant up to its landmark position in power service to Honolulu and to the Honolulu by carefully supervising every entire island of Oahu. It also maintains department in person. its cold storage and ice-making plant, supplying the city with ice for home con- sumption. The firm acts as electrical con- Alton J. Cohn, Realtor, 316-317 Ha- tractors, cold storage, warehousemen, and waiian Trust Bldg., 116 South King deals in all kinds of electrical supplies, Street, has entered the real estate field completely wiring and equipping buildings with the up-to-date modern ideas of this and private residences. Its splendid new business, handling the best properties and offices facing the civic center are now satisfying the customer. Choice proper- under course of construction and will add ties in every part of Honolulu to suit another bit of architectural beauty to the every income are listed by this realtor, business section of Honolulu. who has found that he has had to take others into partnership to take care of The Consolidated Amusement Com- the increasing business. pany, as its name implies, is a consoli- dation of all of the leading theatres in Honolulu, featuring two of the most lux- The Ben Hollinger Co., Ltd., with urious theatres in the Pacific, the New Ben Hollinger as President and Mana- Princess and the Hawaii Theatre, where ger, owns and operates the Hollinger the latest first-run films are shown to the Garage, and is disbursing central for Honolulu public. The Consolidated the Vesta Battery Corporation, and Amusement Company supplies practically representatives for The Fisk Tire Com- all of the movie theatres in Hawaii with pany, Inc., in the Territory of Hawaii. their films and brings to the island every- The main offices of the company are thing that is worth bringing, showing at Alakea and Queen Streets, adjoining the great run pictures while they are still the garage. being seen in New York and Chicago. Visitors can always reserve seats at the The Rycroft Arctic Soda Company, theatres of the Consolidated Amusement on Sheridan Street, furnishes the high Company by phoning to the theatre grade soft drinks for Honolulu and selected. Hawaii. It manufactures the highest grade ginger ale—Hawaiian Dry—from The Honolulu Music Company, 1107 the fresh roots of the native ginger. It Fort Street, is the home of the Mason uses clear water from its own artesian and Hamlin pianofortes in Hawaii. Here well, makes its carbonated gas from Dame Nelly Melba purchased two of these Hawaiian pineapples at the most up-to- superb instruments. The superb Knabe date soda works in the Territory of piano also has its home here. Mr. Berg- Hawaii. strom, of Hawaii's one great family of music dealers, is manager of the Honolulu Music Company and here one may be A monument to the pluck and energy advised by experts as to the kind of of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the musical instruments suited to Hawaii, as City Mill Company, of which he is well as the kind of music to secure. treasurer and manager. This plant at Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of Harte's Good Eats is the name of the Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a restaurant in the Wolters Building on flourishing lumber and mill business. ADVT. 20 THE MID-PACIFIC

Honolulu Business Items

The Honolulu Planing Mill, of which Howard W. Laws, at Ala Moana John Lucas is President and Manager, is Avenue and Ward St., is the general the only planing mill in the Territory roofing contractor in Hawaii, being dis- electrically equipped, and it manufactures tributor for Carey's roofing and build- its own electricity. This pioneer planing ing materials, telephone 5949, Before mill of Hawaii, established in 1864, has its putting on your roof in Hawaii, it is workshops at Ala Moana, Coral and wise to secure expert advice on the Keawe Streets, Honolulu, where it manu- kind of roof the section you build in factures mouldings and every conceivable needs. Howard W. Laws can give this need in building the house and home. advice with years of experience behind his opinion.

The Peerless Roofing and Paint Co., L. Fullard-Leo, the building con- W. F. Snyder, Mgr., with offices at 844 tractor, with a factory at Queen and Kaahumanu St., Honolulu, has thirty- Ward streets, is Honolulu's manufac- three years of business experience be- turer of hollow concrete building tiles, as hind it. The firm handles felt, pitch, well as of roof tiles and French floor and gravel roofs, and Peerless Preserv- tiles. A specialty is made of fibrous ing Paint. The Company is well known plaster cement plate walls and of every throughout Hawaii for its work, con- kind of ornamental plastering, model- structing roofs that last in a climate ing, imitation stone, etc. Excellent ex- where each roof must be built with re- amples of this work may be seen in the gard to the climatic conditions. new Castle & Cooke Building and in the Bishop Bank building now nearing completion. Bailey's Groceteria is the big success of recent years in Honolulu business. The parent store at the corner of Queen and The Hub Clothing House, at 79 Richards Sts., has added both a meat S. Hotel Street, is just around the market and a bakery, while the newly con- corner from Fort Street and in the bus- structed branch building at Beretania and iest portion of the city. Quick sales Piikoi is equally well equipped and sup- make it possible to dispose of the con- plied, so that the housekeeper can select stantly arriving stock of men's clothing all that is needed in the home, or, in fact, and apparel at the lowest prices in the phone her order to either house. city for the high class gentlemen's wear.

Walker & Olund, Ltd., with headquar- The Metropolitan Meat Market on ters at 820 Piikoi St., build with Walker King street, near Fort, is the most com- & Olund's concrete tile, and build per- pletely equipped meat market in the manently. This firm has contracts for Territory of Hawaii, and the most sani- many of the big new business and other tary. It occupies its own building, buildings now being erected in Hono- which is built and equipped on suc- lulu. Their feature of concrete tiling cessful principles of sanitation. Its saves the trouble of double walls and splendid mats are carefully selected makes the home absolutely water-proof, and supplied by the Hawaii Meat bug-proof, and by actual test more fire- Company, which operates its own cattle proof than the imported clay tile. Wal- steamers between the islands, so that ker & Olund's concrete tile is slightly fresh and perfectly fed beef is always cheaper laid up in the wall than good on the counters, under glass, at the double board construction, and a great Metropolitan Meat Market. deal more weather resisting. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 21

Maui No Ka Oi (Maui is the best)

The Maui Chamber of Commerce is luku. The company is agent at Kahu- behind the plan for an auto road to the lui for the Inter-Island Steam Naviga- summit of Haleakala, earth's vastest tion Company and for the firm of Alex- crater, situated on the island of Maui, ander and Baldwin, Ltd. William its summit ten thousand feet above the Walsh is general manager. sea from which it will be distant, when the auto road is completed, scarce fifty miles of easy riding. The Chamber The Kahului Store, Wm. A. Sparks also advocates the round-the-island auto manager, is conducted by the Hawaiian road that now connects Wailuku and Commercial and Sugar Company. The Lahaina with Hana with the plan now immense store in Kahului carries every- to push the building of this auto route thing that is needed in plantation or entirely around the island of Maui. It home life, it maintains branches at was the Chamber that got behind the Puunene, Spreckelsville, and at Kihei. Maui Annual Fair, the best of its kind The plantation store is an institution in in the islands. All of the business men Hawaii, bringing everything that is of Maui are members of their Chamber, needed direct to the laborer and to and it stands for the progress of Maui workers of all kinds. No Ka Oi (Maui, Best Of All). The Hawaiian Cooperative Poultry As- The Wailuku Hotel is the delightful sociation with its poultry ranch and caravansary conducted by Mrs. George head offices at Wailuku, supplies the K. Trimble, enlarged from year to year island with its dressed poultry and eggs. until it is now one of the really up-to- It sometimes sends its produce to Hono- date hotels in the Territory with every lulu where there is a quick demand. convenience for the visitors. This hotel has a clientele of many years standing, This is an enterprise of Wm. F. Pogue drawing to itself the best of the travel- and his son. Mr. Pogue is also pro- ing public to which it caters. prietor of the Homelani Ranch with his sons who give it their personal service.

The Haleakala Ranch Company, with head offices at Makawao, on the Island The Paia Store, which is conducted of Maui, is, as its name indicates, a by the Maui Agricultural Co., Ltd., is cattle ranch on the slopes of the great managed by Fred P. Rosecrans. This mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 is one of the very big plantation de- feet above the sea. This ranch breeds partment stores in Hawaii. Every con- pure Hereford cattle and is looking to ceivable need of the housekeeper or a future when it will supply fine bred homemaker is kept in stock. The store cattle to the markets and breeders in Hawaii. covers an area of more than a city block in a metropolitan city, and is the department store adopted to the needs The Kahului Railroad Company, with of modern sugar plantation life. its main offices at Kahului on the Island of Maui, serves the island both as re- gards passenger and freight service, The Honolulu Dairymen's Association, with regular trains running to the Ltd., is represented on Maui by Fred Haiku district, Paia, Puunene and Wai- Lamb at Wailuku. ADVT. 22 THE MID-PACIFIC Hilo, Hawaii's Second City

Locate in Hilo.— The Chamber of Kilauea, thirty odd miles distant from Commerce of Hilo has its spacious quar- Hilo. It also sends passengers by auto ters in the Old Bank Building at the around the island of Hawaii or to any corner of Keawe and Waianuenue part of the island. Its cars meet the Streets, the very center of Hilo's busi- steamers at the wharf, or can be secured ness district. Those desiring informa- at any time by phoning either 82 or 92. tion concerning Hilo and its opportuni- John K. Kai is president and manager. ties are invited to call at the Chamber A letter or a wireless message to the which represents the interests of a city Peoples Garage, Hilo, will assure prompt of ten thousand inhabitants, as well as service and waiting cars. the general business interests of the Hilo as a Manufacturing Center.—The Island of Hawaii, the largest island of the group forming the Territory of Hawaiian Starch Co. is a Hilo enterprise Hawaii. Those who contemplate visit- that has the support of the entire terri- ing Hawaii or doing business in Hilo are tory. This company puts out a starch invited to correspond with the Chamber made from the edible canna that has of Commerce of Hilo, Milton Rice being twice the strength of other food starches, vice-president and manager. Hilo has so that only half the amount usually many important business houses, and specified in cook books may be used. from Hilo the various points of interest This is the starch par excellence for a on the Island are visited. dull laundry finish. Hawaiian sugar and Hawaiian pineapples are known the The Hilo Hotel is the rendezvous of world over as the highest standard, and the tourist and the visitor. Almost hid- it now seems that Hawaii will lead in den in a tropical garden facing the sea, producing a perfect starch. its bungalow cottages afford the maxi- mum of comfort. At the Hilo Hotel Hilo as a Cattle Market.—The Hilo rooms with or without baths may be Meat Co. at 12 Keawe Street is the town secured at moderate rates, and in the end of the Shipman ranch, V. D. Shutte, great dining hall the delicacies of Hawaii manager. This company supplies Hilo are served. The Hotel is conducted on and sometimes Honolulu with meat from the American plan. the famous Shipman ranch, of which Mr. W. H. Shipman has been the ex- Hawaii Consolidated Railway, Ltd., perienced head for more than a genera- Hilo, Hawaii, the Scenic Railway of tion. Hawaii has made herself independ- Hawaii, one of the most spectacular ent of the mainland for meat of all kinds, trips in the world, thirty-four miles, and in the Hilo market there is a choice costing nearly $4,000,000.00; it crosses of the very best cuts from home raised 10 sugar plantations, 150 streams, 44 cattle from the Shipman ranch. bridges, 14 of which are steel from 98 to 230 feet high and from 400 to 1,006 The Moses Stationery Co., Ltd., Hilo, feet long, and many precipitous gorges Hawaii, of which E. Moses is president, lined with tropical trees, and with wa- has its main office and store at No. 55 terfalls galore ; sugar cane fields, vil- Kamehameha Avenue. They also con- lages, hundreds of breadfruit and co- trol and operate the Hawaii Music Co. coanut trees and palms along the way, in Hilo. In Honolulu two more stores and miles of precipices. W. H. Huss- are controlled—the Moses Office Equip- man, general freight and passenger ment Co., Ltd., at 72 South King Street, agent. also the Sonora Shop at 1158 Fort Motor Service from Hilo.—The Peo- Street, where the famous Sonora pho- ples Garage maintains a regular daily nographs and the Baldwin Piano are automobile service to the Volcano of featured. ADVT. THE MID-PACIFIC 23 Establish Your Business in Hilo

The First Trust Company of Hilo oc- niture, and all that goes to make home cupies the modern up-to-date building happy. Mr. Holmes is now assisted by adjoining the Bank of Hawaii on Keawe his son in the management and the busi- Street. This is Hilo's financial institu- ness still expands and keeps up with the tion. It acts as trustees, executors, audit- times, keeping to the front as Hilo's one ors, realty dealers, guardians, account- big department store. ants, administrators, insurance agents, Own Your Own Car in Hilo.—The and as your stock and bond brokers. Volcano Stables and Transportation You will need the services of the First Company, J. W. Webster, president ; and Trust Company in Hilo whether you are A. L. Ruddle, secretary and manager, is a visitor, or whether you are to erect a proprietor of the Volcano Garage. At home or a business block. Kamehameha and Pauahi Streets it has Own Your Home In Hilo.—The home three acres of buildings and is agent and or business builder in Hilo will need distributor for the two cars that stand Charles H. Will, the foremost general alone in their separate classes,—the Ford contractor of the big island of Hawaii. for everybody and the Studebaker for He is the first aid of the builder, with those who desire a high-class car at a an office in the Old Bank Building on moderate price. The company is also Waianuenue Street. His work is in road distributor for the Ford and White building, reinforced steel and concrete trucks, Fordson tractors, and the Good- buildings, a builder of bridges and year and Federal tires. wharves, streets and highways. Agent The Dry Goods Mart in Hilo.—The for the Polk System of Reinforced Con- Hilo Emporium, at Kamehameha and crete, Charles H. Will erects the concrete Kalakaua Streets, is the one big dry chimneys, an important thing in a land of goods store in Hilo. It has inaugurated sugar mills. Estimates are furnished a cash and carry grocery system in addi- on every class of construction work. tion. All kinds of general merchandise, Hilo's Department Store.—The E. N. dry goods, shoes, etc., are carried at the Holmes Department Store on Waianue- Emporium. Mr. George H. Vicars is nue Street, near Kamehameha, is one of president, and his son, B. W. Vicars is the business landmarks of Hilo. Here treasurer and assistant manager. This is more than a generation of Hiloites has one of the new spacious stores of greater bought its groceries, dry goods, men's Hilo, the very heart of the new and furnishings, crockery, household fur- growing business district.

A cattle ranch on the Island of Hawaii. ADVT. 24 THE MID-PACIFIC About the Big Island

Twice a week the Inter-Island Steam The Hilo Boarding School, Levi C. Navigation Company dispatches its pala- Lyman manager, is a school for boys tial steamer, the "Haleakala" to Hilo, which combines academic and industrial leaving Honolulu at 4 P.M. on Tuesdays training. The afternoons are given to and Fridays, arriving at Hilo at 8 A.M. the learning of blacksmithing, carpentry, the next morning. This vessel leaves wood-turning, automobile polishing, Hilo every Thursday and Sunday aft- printing, some crafts and agriculture. ernoon at four for Honolulu, a fifteen- This is a forty acre farm. A crafts shop hour run. From Honolulu, the Inter- is maintained at 130 Kamehameha Ave- Island Company dispatches almost daily nue, and sales rooms of Hawaiian goods excellent passenger vessels to the island in koa, where the output of calabashes, of Maui and three times a week to the ukuleles, trays and novelties in koa may island of Kauai. There is no finer cruise be obtained. Prices of these or informa- in all the world than a visit to all of the tion about the school is sent on request. Hawaiian Islands on the steamers of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company. The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., has The head offices in Honolulu are on its Hilo branch at 12 Waianuenue Street Queen Street, where every information with sub branches at Kealakekua and at is available, or books on the different Alaa & Pahoa. Le Baron Gurney is the islands are sent on request. Tours of branch manager at Hilo, and the Bank of all the islands are arranged. Bishop & Co. serves the Island of Hawaii Connected with the Inter-Island Steam through its branch at Hilo, as it does the Navigation Company is the palatial Vol- entire group, from its palatial quarters cano House overlooking the everlasting in the modern up-to-date Damon building house of fire, as the crater of Halemau- in Honolulu, named after the long-time mau is justly named. A night's ride from Honolulu and an hour by auto- president of the Bishop Bank. mobile, and you are at the Volcano House, the one truly historic caravan- The Honolulu Dairymen's Association, sary of the Hawaiian Islands, recently Ltd., is represented by Russell L. Ran- reconstructed and turned into a modern up-to-date hotel of luxury for the tour- som as manager in Hilo, with dairy at ist and those from Honolulu and Hilo Piopio and Kamehameha Streets. spending vacations at the Volcano. Should you wish to continue at leisure Hawaii's Famous Coffee.—The Cap- your sightseeing or business trip around the Island of Hawaii, there are hotels tain Cook Coffee Company produces and every few miles. handles the standard coffee of Hawaii, and this product, "Kona" Coffee, has Building on the Island of Hawaii.— become known the world over for its The Hawaiian Contracting Company delicious mildness. The Captain Cook maintains working offices at the great Coffee Company selects and ages its Hilo pier, where all steamers discharge coffee beans until they are ready to give their freight for Hilo and the big island. forth that delicious aroma that makes This concern, with branches throughout coffee grown within the radius of the the Territory, has for its aim building for permanancy. It contracts for build- spot where Captain Cook was slain, ings and highway construction, having a known to all devotees of good coffee. corps of construction experts at its com- The agency for the Captain Cook Coffee mand. In Hilo, Frank H. West is in Company in Honolulu is with the Henry charge of the company's affairs. Waterhouse Co. ADVT. A SECTIO OF THE BANKING CHAMBER AT HEAD OFFICE SYDNEY

The accompanying photographs il- lustrate the splendid modern service offered by Australia's National Bank, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. The Bank is the custodian of the funds of the Commonwealth of Australia and acts as Banker to four States, while, in addition to its General Banking busi- ness, nearly one million Savings Bank Depositors receive service from 64 Branches and 3,189 Post Office Agencies.

E F

YDNEY=

THE . K'S = RC l L ANCH S A gentleman of old Japan.