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The Lives of the People from Banken 1. a Study Based on Muscular Development and Other Activity Markers

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The Lives of the People from Banken 1. a Study Based on Muscular Development and Other Activity Markers Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia The Lives of the People from Banken 1. A study based on muscular development and other activity markers. Pamela Carrasco Gamboa BA thesis 15 credits in Archaeology with specialization in osteology Spring term 2019 Supervisor: Gustav Malmborg Co-supervisor: Christoph Kilger Campus Gotland Abstrakt Carrasco Gamboa, P. 2019. Hur människorna från Banken 1 levde. En studie baserad på muskelutveckling och andra aktivitetsspår. Carrasco Gamboa, P. 2019. The lives of the people from Banken 1. A study based on muscular development and other activity markers. Tre skelett från en kyrkogård daterad till Gotlands sen-vikingatid till tidig medeltid har analyserats avseende aktivitetsspår. Metoden som användes innebar observation av muskelutvecklingen tillsammans med förändringar i entesiterna som är fästen för muskler och ligament. Hittills har forskningen ägnat sig åt att studera dessa förändringar på ett kvantitativt sätt, genom att tilldela poäng till de olika förändringarna enligt hur utvecklade de är och sedan skapa en statistik. Men dessa metoder har fortfarande många begränsningar, eftersom det är väldigt få av dessa entesiter som har studerats. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka vilka muskler var utvecklade och utröna hur dessa rörde sig tillsammans för att återskapa ett rörelsemönster som kan hjälpa att skapa en teori om vilka aktiviteter individerna sysslade med (arbetsuppgifter, fritidssysslor, m.m.). Analysen har gjorts med hjälp av litteratur om aktivitetsspår, paleopatologi, fysioterapi och med referensmaterialet från Osteologilaboratoriet vid Uppsala Universitet, Campus Gotland. Keywords: Musculoskeletal anatomy, occupational stress markers, osteology, physiotherapy, Middle Ages, Viking Age. BA thesis in Archaeology with specialization in osteology. 15 hp. Supervisor: Gustav Malmborg. Co-supervisor: Christoph Kilger. Defended and passed 2019-06-07. © Pamela Carrasco Gamboa. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Campus Gotland, Cramérgatan 3, 621 67 Visby, Sweden. Acknowledgements Thanks to Dr. Jonny Geber, Lecturer in human osteoarcheology at the University of Edinburgh and Docent in Archaeology at Uppsala University. Thanks to my classmates Johanna, Saga and Sonya. And many thanks to Pedro and Vesta. Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Purpose of this study ................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Theory ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Source Criticism ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Limitations of this study ........................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Materials and Methods .............................................................................................................. 7 1.6. Anatomical terminology for movements ................................................................................... 7 2. Presentation of the material ............................................................................................................... 9 3. Earlier research on occupational stress markers .............................................................................. 11 4. Description of the individuals in graves 2, 3 and 20. ...................................................................... 13 4.1. Grave 2 .................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2. Grave 3 .................................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Grave 20 ................................................................................................................................... 14 5. Interpretation ................................................................................................................................... 15 5.1. Grave 2 .................................................................................................................................... 15 5.1.1. Movements of the upper body and possible activities ....................................................... 15 5.1.2. Movements of the hands and activities .............................................................................. 18 5.1.3. Other muscles of the hands. ............................................................................................... 20 5.1.4. Changes and pathologies of the axial skeleton related to activity ..................................... 20 5.1.5. Activities deduced by the muscles of the lower extremity ................................................ 22 5.2. Grave 3 .................................................................................................................................... 23 5.2.1. Movements of the upper body and possible activities ...................................................... 23 5.2.2. Movements and pathologies of the hands and activities ................................................... 24 5.2.3. Changes and pathologies of the axial skeleton related to activity .................................... 26 5.2.4. Activities deduced by the muscles of the lower extremity ............................................... 27 5.3. Grave 20 .................................................................................................................................. 27 5.3.1. Movements of the upper body and possible activities ..................................................... 28 5.3.2. Movements of the hands and activities ............................................................................ 29 5.3.3. Changes and pathologies of the axial skeleton related to activity .................................... 30 5.3.4. Activities deduced by the muscles of the lower extremity .............................................. 31 5. Discussion and Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 33 6. Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 35 6.1. Literature ................................................................................................................................. 35 6.2. Oral sources ............................................................................................................................ 37 6.3. Internet Sources ...................................................................................................................... 37 7. Image list ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Appendix 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 40 1. Introduction The study of occupational stress markers is about locating changes in the skeleton that can indicate an individual’s activities or occupations. Studies that have focused on occupational stress markers, also called entheseal changes, have different points of view on how these changes should be recorded. There have been studies like Henderson et al. (2016) and Mariotti et al. (2004) and Mariotti et al. (2007) that have proposed a scoring system and a standard way to record them. Entheseal changes often offer a list of possibilities, like those listen in the literature of Baxarias & Herrerin (2008) and Kennedy (1989). The approach to the analysis of entheses is usually based on a point system like the studies made by Steenbakker (2018), Mariotti et al. (2007), and Henderson et al. (2016). This study focuses on a different approach: To find out the most prominent activities of the individual’s life by observing the developed muscles and their movements. The material analyzed in this study are three skeletons from a Christian cemetery dated from the end of the Viking Age to the Early Middle Ages, which was excavated in 1998 (County Board’s journal number 220-437-98). The excavation was directed by Beatrice Rydén and the site was the block Banken 1, located in central Visby, next to the ruins of the churches of S:t Hans and S:t Peter (Hedén 2012: 6). 1.1. Purpose of this study The purpose of this study is to develop a method which could add to the current research on occupational stress markers, by reconstructing the movement patterns of the individuals. By analyzing each point of muscle attachment and learning how these muscles move, it should be possible to find out how they may have worked together and connect these to a possible activity. This method will hopefully provide information that the other stress markers cannot, especially because the causes of these are still debated (Kennedy 1989: 154-156). This method is thought as a complement to the previous researched occupational stress markers, but it could also be used by itself. The questions that this study focuses on are: • What were the activities of the analyzed individuals? • Is it possible to recreate a pattern of movement
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