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Contribution of Phytoplankton to River Organic Pollution in a Basin with Scarce Water Resources

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Contribution of Phytoplankton to River Organic Pollution in a Basin with Scarce Water Resources Ecol. Civil Eng. 17（2），89-99，2015Fukuda T. et al.: Phytoplankton in Shin River of Kagawa Prefecture 89 SHORT COMMUNICATION 短報 Contribution of Phytoplankton to River Organic Pollution in a Basin with Scarce Water Resources Tatsuya FUKUDA1 ）＊ , Kentaro NOZAKI2）, Yoshihiro YAMADA3） 1）The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 2393 Ikenobe Miki-cho, Kita, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan 2）School of Education, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, 17-3 Hoshigaoka Moto-machi, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464- 8662, Japan 3）Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe Miki-cho, Kita, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan 福田 竜也1 ）＊ ・野崎 健太郎2）・山田 佳裕3） 水資源に乏しい河川の有機物汚濁に対する植物プランクトンの影響．Ecol. Civil Eng. 17（2）, 89-99, 2015 1）愛媛大学大学院連合農学研究科 〒761-0795 香川県木田郡三木町池戸 2393 2）椙山女学園大学教育学部 〒464-8662 愛知県名古屋市千種元町星ヶ丘 17-3 3）香川大学農学部 〒761-0795 香川県木田郡三木町池戸 2393 Abstract: The factors causing water pollution in a basin with scarce water resources was studied in Kagawa Prefecture. The research was conducted in the Shin River basin, which is one of the main basins in Kagawa Prefecture, on October 23, 2010 during the non-irriga- tion season and on July 16, 2011 during the irrigation season. During the non-irrigation season when the quantity of river water decreased, the number of algal cells increased to 2.3×104－7.8×104 cells mL－1 in accordance with the increase in the concentration in irri- gation ponds, and species composition changed to Pseudanabaena sp. as well as irrigation pond. Although Microcystis sp. was also dominant in the middle/lower reaches as well as the irrigation ponds during the irrigation season when the quantity of river water was rela- tively abundant, cell numbers were lower than in October. In addition, the number of algal cells in the river correlated well with δ18O in the river water; irrigation pond phytoplankton is supplied to rivers when water flows from irrigation ponds to the river. The influence of irrigation ponds on rivers was found to increase during non-irrigation seasons when irriga- tion water is scarce and precipitation is low, and so the quantity of river water decreases. Key words: δ18O, irrigation pond, Kagawa Prefecture, phytoplankton, river water in Japan is less likely to suffer organic pollution with Introduction phytoplankton compared with continental rivers, because Efficient water use in basins where water supply is scarce the traveling time of water from riverhead to the sea is is a cause of organic pollution in rivers, which has a signifi- shorter in Japan. This is because of a shorter retention pe- cant influence on material supply to the costal sea area riod of water, which is short relative to the cell division （Yamada et al. 2011）. Elucidation of the mechanism of or- rates of phytoplankton. However, the number of phyto- ganic pollution is required for sustainable water use. River plankton increases when weirs and dams are built in river channels because of a longer retention period of water Received 24 July 2014, Accepted 5 January 2015 ＊e-mail: [email protected] （Murakami et al. 1992, Murakami et al. 1994, Sato et al. 90 Ecol. Civil Eng. 17（2），2015 2006）. Water storage facilities built outside a river flow （Sts. P1‒P20, Fig. 1）. In the Shin River, the upper reaches such as irrigation ponds are also a cause of organic pollu- contained Sts. 1 to 6, the middle reaches Sts. 7 to 9, and the tion in rivers（ Thomas et al. 2004）. lower reaches Sts. 10 to 12. Irrigation ponds were classified Annual precipitation in Kagawa Prefecture is 1,123 by the position, the basin of the upper reaches contained mm, exceeding the global average of 970 mm（ Suzuki Sts. P1 to P5, the basin of the middle/lower reaches Sts. P6 1985）. However, water from irrigation ponds is actively to P20. used for irrigation as a means of efficient use of water be- The survey was conducted on October 23, 2010 and cause water resources are insufficient due to vigorous rice on July 16, 2011. The survey in October 2010 was in the cultivation. Under such basin circumstances, organic pollu- agricultural off-season, which means irrigation water supply tion of rivers in Kagawa Prefecture is a serious problem. to rivers was minimal. Some ponds discharged large quan- According to Yamada et al.（2010） , pollution by organic tities of water to improve water quality. During the irriga- matter in the Shin River, which is one of the major rivers tion season on July 16, 2011, irrigation water was supplied in Kagawa Prefecture, has progressed so much that the in- as well as water from Kagawa Canal. dicator of algae in river water, the concentration of chloro- Survey and Analysis Method phyll a, reached an extremely high level of 600μg L－1 in River water and irrigation pond water were collected with winter. That chlorophyll a concentration exceeds that of a bucket and brought to the laboratory. Water was collect- lakes and marshes with eutrophication, signifying that a ed from both sides of the river to ensure uniformity of wa- large quantity of organic matter is present as algae in the ter, and samples were made by mixing water from both river water. Further elucidation of the distribution and dy- sides in the ratio of 1:1. However, water from St. 1, where namic state of phytoplankton is required to unravel the the upper stream is narrow, was not mixed as the water mechanism of water pollution in rivers and to aid conserva- was assumed to be mixed already. In the irrigation ponds, tion of water resources in Kagawa Prefecture, where water water from the inflow edge and the outflow edge was col- resources are scarce and water is actively used in the river lected and mixed. basin. Samples used for the algae count were dispensed into This study elucidated the spatial distribution of phyto- 100-2000 mL vials, Lugolʼs solution was added（2 .5％ io- plankton and analyzed its dynamic state in the Shin River, dine） and the samples were left to rest. After the algae which has the largest drainage area in Kagawa Prefecture. precipitated, samples were condensed to approximately 10 mL. The resulting concentrated samples were observed under an optical microscope using a plankton count slide Methods （Matsunami Glass; Optical Plastic Plankton Counter, Osaka, Survey Points and Summary Japan） and the number of algae was counted from pictures The survey targeted the Shin River, which is one of the taken via a camera（ Moticam 2000; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Ja- major rivers in Kagawa Prefecture, and irrigation ponds in pan） attached to a microscope. Akiyama et al.（1977） , the basin. The Shin River has a drainage area of 69 km2, is Asai et al.（2005） and Niiyama（2012） were referred to for 19 km long, and has approximately 90 irrigation ponds algae species. larger than 1 ha. The irrigation water system includes a To obtain qualitative information on the organic mat- channel through the Sanuki Mountain Range to the river ter, particulate organic carbon（ POC） and chlorophyll a basin, which enables the area to draw water from the （Chl a） were measured. Water samples for chemical analy- Yoshino River which has a lower organic concentration sis were filtered through GF/F filters（47 mm and 25 mm during the irrigation season. The amount of water from in diameter）, combusted for about 2 h at 450℃（ Whatman. this system accounts for 30％ of the prefectureʼs irrigation Maidstone England） to provide samples to measure POC water. and Chl a, respectively. POC was detected using an elemen- Twelve survey points（ Sts. 1‒12） were set in the tal analyzer（ JM 10 Micro Corder; J-Science Lab Co., Ltd., main stream and 20 major irrigation ponds in the basin Kyoto, Japan）. Chl a samples were extracted in 90％ ace- Fukuda T. et al.: Phytoplankton in Shin River of Kagawa Prefecture 91 㻞㻜㻜㻌㼗㼙㻌 12 River Mouth N 11 2 km P20 P19 10 9 P18 P17 8 P16 P15 P13 㻞㻜㻌㼗㼙㻌 l 34°20 7 㻌 P12 P14 㻌㻌㻌 ° l 34 10 6 5 P11 l 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 l 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 l 133°40㻌 134°30 134°20 P10 4 River sampling points 3 P6 㻌 Mainstream Sts. 1 – 12 P8 P9 P7 Irrigation pond sampling points P5 Sts. P1 – P20 P1 Kagawa Canal P2 P3 P4 2 1 Head Water Fig. 1. Map of survey points in the Shin River basin. Circles show survey points of the river （Sts. 1‒12）. Irrigation ponds are shown as pond shapes（ Sts. P1‒P20）. Fig. 1 Fukuda et al. tone solution for more than 15 h and filtered through 5A value（‰） relative to V-SMOW（ Standard Mean Ocean filter paper. After that, Chl a was detected using a fluorom- Water） is shown in the following expression: eter（10 -A Fluorometer; Turner Designs, California, USA; Holm-Hansen et al. 1965）. δ ＝（ Rsample/Rstd－1）×1000（‰） To analyze the origin of water, the stable isotope ratio （δ18O） of water was measured. Samples for δ18O measure- where, δ is δ18O, R is 18O/16O, sample is measured sample, ment were filtered through a cellulose filter with pore size and the standard for δ is V-SMOW. The precision of the 0.2μm（ Advantec, Tokyo, Japan） and put into a 6 mL measurements was ±0.1‰ for δ18O. glass bottle. δ18O was measured using a water isotope ana- lyzer（ L2120-i; Picarro, California, USA）. Results for O are reported using conventional delta（δ） notation: δ18O. The 92 Ecol. Civil Eng. 17（2），2015 In July 2011, many ponds also showed an elevated Results and Discussion number of cells: 2.2×105 cells mL－1 at St.
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