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Paulo Cesar Manzig Museus De Paleontologia No Brasil E A UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM LABORATÓRIO DE ESTUDOS AVANÇADOS EM JORNALISMO PAULO CESAR MANZIG MUSEUS DE PALEONTOLOGIA NO BRASIL E A PALEONTOLOGIA NOS MUSEUS BRASILEIROS CAMPINAS 2015 PAULO CESAR MANZIG MUSEUS DE PALEONTOLOGIA NO BRASIL E A PALEONTOLOGIA NOS MUSEUS BRASILEIROS Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem e Laboratório de Estudos Avançados em Jornalismo da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural, na área de Divulgação Científica e Cultural. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Germana Fernandes Barata Este exemplar corresponde à versão final da Dissertação defendida pelo aluno Paulo Cesar Manzig e orientado pela Profª. Drª. Germana Fernandes Barata CAMPINAS 2015 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): Não se aplica. Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Crisllene Queiroz Custódio - CRB 8/8624 Manzig, Paulo César, 1956- M319m ManMuseus de paleontologia no Brasil e a paleontologia nos museus brasileiros / Paulo César Manzig. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2015. ManOrientador: Germana Fernandes Barata. ManDissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. Man1. Museus de história natural - Brasil. 2. Paleontologia - Brasil. 3. Tempo geológico. 4. Fósseis. 5. Exposições. I. Barata, Germana Fernandes,1974-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Museums of paleontology in Brasil and the paleontology in Brazilian museums Palavras-chave em inglês: Natural history museums - Brazil Paleontology - Brazil Geological time Fossils Exhibitions Área de concentração: Divulgação Científica e Cultural Titulação: Mestre em Divulgação Científica e Cultural Banca examinadora: Germana Fernandes Barata [Orientador] Martha Marandino Marcelo Knobel Data de defesa: 18-08-2015 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Divulgação Científica e Cultural Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) O naturalista - O Pleistoceno foi um período dramático de lutas. Os mamíferos, os pássaros e os répteis lutavam pela existência, contra um inimigo terrível: o frio, que descia, avassalador, das regiões polares. Pela primeira vez na história da terra, largas áreas dos continentes do norte ficaram cobertas de gelo. Desabaram grandes temporais de neve. No pico das grandes montanhas acumulavam-se a neve em massas descomunais que depois rolavam na direção dos vales, em tremendas avalanchas. - E os animais suportaram essa mudança de clima? - perguntou Jô. - Os mamíferos ficaram muito reduzidos em variedade e número... - E seus sobreviventes - acrescentou o filósofo tiveram de enfrentar uma catástrofe maior do que o frio: a civilização humana. ÉRICO VERÍSSIMO, Viagem à aurora do mundo - 1939 " Las conquistas científicas solo sirven si estas están al servicio del pueblo" (Ramón Garrillo) - Mural pintado no Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires. AGRADECIMENTOS À Germana Fernandes Barata, pela dedicada orientação. Ao meu saudoso pai, que me iniciou na paleontologia. À minha mãe, pela tolerância e compreensão. À Maria Nazareth Pereira Gomes, minha Mariana, companheira de todos os dias. À Juliana Pereira, filha de coração, historiadora de futuro. Aos meus colegas de mestrado e amigos que contribuiram com ideias e estímulos. Aos meus professores da Unicamp e membros da banca Márcio Barreto, Rodrigo Bastos Cunha, Rafael Evangelista, Cristiane Pereira Dias, Antonio Carlos Amorin, Susana Oliveira Dias, Martha Marandino, Ernesto Kemp, Marcelo Knobel. A Alexander Kellner e Felipe Barbi Chaves pelo apoio e pelas longas e produtivas conversas que foram conclusivas para construir ideias para esta dissertação. A todos que me apoiaram para levar de volta a Cruzeiro do Oeste a pesquisa dos fósseis, Valter Pereira da Rocha (Prefeito Municipal), Márcio Pena Borges, José Carlos Gigante, Dyana Mazzer, João Gustavo Dobruski, Maristela Sanches Morcelli, Neurides de Oliveira Martins, Cleide Borba, Marcelo Miguel. RESUMO Esta dissertação trata dos museus de paleontologia no Brasil e de como a paleontologia está representada nos museus brasileiros. O tema é tratado desde a origem dos primeiros museus de história natural a partir dos antigos gabinetes de curiosidade do Renascimento até a chegada da paleontologia no Brasil e sua popularização no país. Faz um levantamento da geografia dos museus de paleontologia no Brasil e uma análise de como esses museus realizam sua expografia, pois é por meio dela que se realiza a aproximação entre a ciência e a população, considerando o interesse que os fósseis despertam nas pessoas e a grande popularidade dos dinossauros. Foram registradas 68 instituições brasileiras com material paleontológico, perfazendo cerca de 2,25% da totalidade dos museus existentes no Brasil entre os quais 35% são de museus universitários. Dez museus foram selecionados como sendo as principais referências em paleontologia no país. Na maioria dos museus de história natural e paleontologia, os acervos são exibidos seguindo-se um roteiro balizado pela cronologia do tempo geológico, sem que se apresente ao público visitante um entendimento do seu significado, que foge completamente à escala da percepção humana. Também o próprio entendimento da evolução darwiniana exige uma compreensão do tempo geológico, uma vez que a evolução necessita de uma larga escala tempo, contada em milhões de anos, para que possa completar-se em suas variadas formas. Palavras-chave: museus de paleontologia, gabinetes de curiosidades, tempo geológico, fósseis, expografia, divulgação científica. ABSTRACT This paper addresses the issue of paleontology museums in Brazil and how paleontology is represented in Brazilian museums. The theme is treated from the beginning of the first natural history museums from the old cabinets of curiosities from Renaissance until the arrival of paleontology in Brazil and its popularization in the country. It carries out a survey of how these museums hold their expography because it is through them that the rapprochement between science and the public is fulfilled, considering the interest that fossil awaken people and the great popularity of dinosaurs. About 68 Brazilian institutions were registered with paleontological material, accounting for about 2,25% of all existing museums in Brazil among which 35% are university museums. Ten museums were selected as the main reference in paleontology in the country. In most museums of natural history and paleontology, the collections are displayed following a route marked out by the chronology of geological time, without presenting the visitors an understanding of their meaning, which completely escapes the range of human perception. The Darwinian evolution requires an understanding of geological time, since evolution requires a large time scale, counted in millions of years, to be complete in its various forms. Keywords: museums of paleontology, cabinets of curiosities, geological time, fossils, expography, science communication. Lista de figuras Figura 1 A ciência da dedução em Sherlock Holmes 27 Figura 2 O falso pterodáctilo na embalagem de chocolate 28 Figura 3 Gabinete de curiosidades na ilustração de Ferrante Imperato (1599) 62 Figura 4 Gabinete de curiosidades na pintura de Frans Francken II (1636) 63 Figura 5 Gravura e reconstituição do Museum Wormianum (Leiden, 1655) 65 Figura 6 Museum Wormianum. Historia rerum rariorum (Amsterdan, 1655) 65 Figura 7 Hadrossauro montado em 1868 na Philadelphia 67 Figura 8 Livros de divulgação da paleontologia no Brasil 85 Figura 9 Distribuição numérica dos museus brasileiros por unidade da federação 94 Figura 10 Porcentagem de museus por tipologia de acervo 97 Figura 11 Quantidade de museus relacionados com paleontologia por cada unidade 99 federativa Figura 12 Distribuição geográfica dos museus brasileiros com acervo paleontológico 100 Figura 13 Distribuição percentual dos museus brasileiros com acervo paleontológico 100 pelas regiões do país Figura 14 Distribuição geográfica dos sítios paleontológicos SIGEP 103 Figura 15 Superposição dos sítios paleontológicos SIGEP com o mapa de cidades com 105 museus voltados à paleontologia Figura 16 Panorama percentual do enfoque principal dos museus 112 Figura 17 Natureza administrativa dos museus que possuem acervo paleontológico 112 Figura 18 Quantidade de museus criados a cada década, desde o século XIX até hoje 115 Figura 19 Número de museus no Brasil por ano de criação 116 Figura 20 Salas de exposição do Museu Nacional 121 Figura 21 Arranjo original de exposições no piso térreo do Museu Britânico de História 136 Natural (1886) Figura 22 Galeria dos peixes fósseis em 1923 no Museu Britânico de História Natural 138 Figura 23 Coleção de rochas e minerais do Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 139 Figura 24 Prof. Antonio Celso e seu auxiliar Cledinei Francisco durante escavações 140 (1997) Figura 25 Interior do Museu de Paleontologia Prof. Antonio Celso de Arruda Campos, 140 em Monte Alto (SP) Figura 26 Antiga estação de trem de Peirópolis transformada no Museu dos 141 Dinossauros Figura 27 Repercussões da paleontologia nas atividades da comunidade de Peirópolis 142 (MG) Figura 28 Espaço expositivo complementar no Complexo Científico Cultural de 142 Peirópolis Figura 29 Museu de Paleontologia de Monte Alto (SP) 145 Figura 30 Museu dos Dinossauros de Peirópolis (MG) 145 Figura 31 Museu Daniel Cargnin,
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