The Application of Second Language Acquisition Theory to New Testament Greek Pedagogy
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Further Evidence for the Developmental Stages of Language Learning and Processability
US-China Education Review A 9 (2012) 813-825 D Earlier title: US-China Education Review, ISSN 1548-6613 DAVID PUBLISHING Further Evidence for the Developmental Stages of Language Learning and Processability Evelyn Doman Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; University of Macau, Macau, China Few, if any, researchers would deny the existence of the developmental stages of language learning. However, there are questions about the applicability and the importance of the stages in pedagogy. Up to this point, these questions regarding the ESL (English as a second language) stages have never been addressed in a Japanese post-secondary educational context. This study is the only one of its kind to measure the developmental stages of a group of Japanese university students and to provide the learners with intensive instruction to see how much/if any changes are made to their interlanguage due to the instruction. As predicted by Pienemann’s Teachability Hypothesis (1992), only the learners who had met the prerequisites for instruction could acquire the grammatical points which were instructed. The results of this study point to the need among TESOL (Teaching English as a Second or Other Language) instructors to teach students only slightly above their current language levels. Keywords: developmental stages, Teachability Theory, grammar, SLA (second language acquisition) Introduction Developmental Stages of Second Language SLA (second language acquisition) research suggests overwhelmingly that language learning is a developmental process, which cannot be consciously controlled or predicted by teachers or learners (J. Willis & D. Willis, 2001, p. 179). There is a large amount of evidence supporting the notion that language learning for speakers of any language is systematic, irrespective of whether it is a first or second language (Pienemann, 1995, 1998; Heinsch, 1994; Doughty, 2003; Larsen-Freeman & Long, 1991). -
A Linguistic Perspective on the Acquisition of German As an L2
i A Linguistic Perspective on the Acquisition of German as an L2 A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for University Honors with Distinction by Nicholas D. Stoller (December 2006) Oxford, Ohio ii ABSTRACT A LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE ACQUISITION OF GERMAN AS AN L2 by Nicholas D. Stoller It is obvious that the setting of acquisition, the amount and type of input, and the motivation of learners play a large role in adult second language (L2) acquisition. Many of the theories of L2 acquisition unfortunately fail to adequately take these variables into account. This thesis gives an overview of the current and past theories, including evidence for and against each theory. This is supplemented by an error analysis of second year Miami University students to see if this can give support to any of the current theories. Once that is completed, I examine the relation between input and the possibility of a language learning device such as UG and then move on to pedagogical application of my findings. iii Contents Chapter Page 1 Introduction 1 2 2 The Basis of the Study of L2 Acquisition 2 3 Linguistic Theories of L2 Acquisition 7 3.1 Theories without UG 7 3.1.1 Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 7 3.1.2 Markedness Difference Hypothesis 8 3.1.3 Fundamental Difference Hypothesis 9 3.1.4 Information Processing Approach 10 3.2 Theories with Partial UG 13 3.2.1 Transfer Hypothesis 13 3.2.2 Krashen’s Comprehension Hypothesis 14 3.3 Theories with Full UG use 19 3.3.1 Identity Hypothesis 19 3.3.2 Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis 20 3.4 Overview of the Theories 21 4 Error Analysis and Miami University 2nd 22 Year Students 4.1 Errors of Cases Following Verbs 23 4.2 Errors of Gender of Nouns 25 4.3 Errors of Verb Form 26 4.4 Errors of Umlaut Usage 29 5 Relation of UG and Input 30 6.1 Problems with Input in Classroom Instruction 33 6.2 Pedagogy and L2 Acquisition 35 7 Conclusion 40 Bibliography 42 iv 1 A Linguistic Perspective on the Acquisition of German as an L2 1. -
Child Linguistic Development
Linguistic Development Andrew Matthews 5th June 1996 1 CONTENTS 2 Contents 1 Introduction 4 2 Language Acquisition 4 2.1 Social Influences On Development . 6 3 History 7 3.1 Diary Studies: till 1930 . 7 3.2 Large Sample Studies: 1930 - 1957 . 7 3.3 Linguistic Studies: 1957 onwards . 7 4 What Is It That Develops? 8 4.1 The Communication Chain . 9 4.1.1 The Brain . 9 4.1.2 Neurological Encoding . 12 4.1.3 Anatomical-Physiological Encoding . 14 4.1.4 Auditory Reception . 15 5 Normal And Deviant Development 16 6 The Prelinguistic Period 17 7 The Holophrastic Period 19 8 The Telegraphic Period 20 9 The Complex Period 22 10 The Intuitive Linguistic Period 25 11 Developmental Theories 26 11.1 Baby Talk Register . 27 11.2 Social Theories Of Development . 30 12 Glossary 32 LIST OF TABLES 3 List of Tables 1 Consonantal divisions according to place of articulation . 14 2 Piaget's stages of cognitive development. ..................... 17 3 General stages of Linguistic development. ..................... 17 4 General stages of phonological development. ................... 18 5 Common categories of meaning (semantic relations) expressed in children's earliest sentences .................................... 21 6 Order of acquisition of English grammatical morphemes. 23 7 Progressive acquisition of the negation-transformation rules . 24 8 Examples of negative sentences showing the three developmental stages of negative sentences. ................................... 25 9 Expansion and Recasting { do they accelerate development? . 27 1 INTRODUCTION 4 1 Introduction This report is a general overview of current knowledge on linguistic development. It covers four main aspects of the subject. It begins by briefly covering the history of methodologies for studying development, with references to diary studies, large sample studies , and linguistic studies . -
Two Multilinguality Portraits of Learners of Norwegian
Reading in a Foreign Language April 2018, Volume 30, No. 1 ISSN 1539-0578 pp. 29–48 Multilinguals and extensive reading: Two multilinguality portraits of learners of Norwegian Anna M. Krulatz Norwegian University of Science and Technology Norway Jennifer Duggan Norwegian University of Science and Technology Norway Abstract This paper presents an exploratory-interpretive study of two multilingual adults acquiring Norwegian through extensive reading. The study examined social and cognitive aspects of language acquisition, and individual factors, such as the language learning behaviors, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs of the participants. The data were collected using background self-reports, diaries in which the participants recorded their extensive reading and related language learning experiences, and semi-structured interviews. To represent adult language learning from a multilingual perspective, the data were analyzed qualitatively using a priori themes derived from the ecological model of multilinguality (Aronin, 2016; Aronin & Ó Laoire, 2004; Aronin & Singleton, 2012). The findings suggest that environment, previous education, reasons for learning a language, and previous knowledge of other languages affect how multilingual learners approach language learning and how they use a new language. Keywords: multilingual learners, ecological model, diary study, individual learner differences, Norwegian, dominant language constellation The majority of studies on multilingual language acquisition and extensive reading to date have focused on quantifiable measures and benefits (e.g., Beglar & Hunt, 2014; Elley & Mangubhai, 1983; Nation, 2015; Pigada & Schmitt, 2006). However, qualitative data about individuals is also a valuable source of information (Larsen-Freeman & Cameron, 2008). The present study explored the benefits of extensive reading to adult multilingual language learners, the researcher- diarists, with the goal of capturing their perspectives on their language learning behaviors, attitudes, and preferences related to extensive reading. -
The Comparative Fallacy: an Analysis and Discussion of Selected Research
Teachers College, Columbia University Working Papers in TESOL & Applied Linguistics, Vol. 4, No. 1 The Forum The Comparative Fallacy: An Analysis and Discussion of Selected Research Eun-Young Kwon INTRODUCTION Ever since the introduction of the “independent grammars assumption,” whereby a child is said to have its own grammar and not just an imitation of adult language, first language (L1) acquisition researchers such as Martin Braine (1963) and others have constructed grammars for children’s languages rather than treat them as defective adult grammars. This is based on the view that language learners create grammars of their own, rather than master the target grammar imperfectly. Thus, at any moment, a child’s grammar is an independent system. In second language acquisition (SLA) research this notion has led to several slightly variant conclusions. On the one hand, second language (L2) learners should be treated as already having a language of their own, not just as poor beginning learners of the target language, and should be encouraged to create a system from experience and internal resources rather than have the target language thrust down their throats by teachers (Johnson & Johnson, 1998). In reality, however, as Cook (1999) asserts, “SLA research has often fallen into the comparative fallacy (Bley- Vroman, 1983) of relating the L2 learner to the native speaker” (p. 189). In other words, the learner’s language is typically explained by reference to the target language system, rather than treated as an independent set of rules and performance characteristics. The aim of this paper is to examine two empirical studies in SLA from the perspective of the comparative fallacy: the studies of Dulay and Burt (1974) and Mendizabal (2001), both of which address L2 learners’ morpheme acquisition order. -
Order of Acquisition: a Comparison of L1 and L2 English and Spanish
Running head: ORDER OF ACQUISITION 1 Order of Acquisition A Comparison of L1 and L2 English and Spanish Morpheme Acquisition Kyle McFerren A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2015 ORDER OF ACQUISITION 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ Paul Müller, Ph.D. Thesis Chair ______________________________ Stephanie Blankenship, M.A. Committee Member ______________________________ Michael Babcock, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Brenda Ayres, Ph.D. Honors Director ______________________________ Date ORDER OF ACQUISITION 3 Abstract This paper examines the order of acquisition for grammatical morphemes in Spanish and English first and second language learners. Brown’s first morpheme order study, conducted in 1973, laid the foundation for what would become one of the most common types of study conducted within the field of second language acquisition. The four orders of acquisition relevant here are examined and compared in order to support the roles of salience, morphophonological regularity, complexity, input frequency, and native language transfer in first and/or second language acquisition. The conclusion is that these five determinants work interdependently in determining the difficulty of acquiring a particular morpheme in second language acquisition, and the same factors, except native language transfer, work together in first language acquisition as well, to varying degrees. ORDER OF ACQUISITION 4 Order of Acquisition A Comparison of L1 and L2 English and Spanish Morpheme Acquisition For decades, researchers have conducted morpheme order studies, also known as natural order studies, in hopes of gaining greater insight into how language learners (LLs) learn a language. -
“I Can Speak German - Und Deutsch” the Development and Use of Code-Switching Among Simultaneous and Successive English-German Bilingual Children
“I can speak German - und Deutsch” The Development and Use of Code-Switching among Simultaneous and Successive English-German Bilingual Children Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philologischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Esther Albrecht, geb. Liebner aus Hannover WS 2003/2004 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Brigitte Halford Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Bernd Kortmann Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter Auer Vorsitzende des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Cheauré Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 09.07.2004 CONTENTS List of Figures vi List of Tables vii Acknowledgements ix O. INTRODUCTION 1 0.1 Introduction 1 0.2 Overview 3 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 6 1.1 Bilingual Language Acquisition 6 1.1.1 Bilingualism 6 1.1.1.1 Definition and research areas 6 1.1.1.2 Types 7 1.1.1.3 Degree 8 1.1.1.4 Factors influencing bilingualism 9 1.1.1.5 Bilingualism and Intelligence and Cognition 10 1.1.2 Becoming and Staying Bilingual 11 1.1.3 Language Acquisition 13 1.1.3.1 Bilingual First Language Acquisition 14 1.1.3.2 Successive Language Acquisition 15 1.1.3.3 One or Two Language Systems? 18 1.1.3.4 Language Input 21 1.2 Code-Switching 23 1.2.1 History to the Study of Code-Switching 24 1.2.2 Language Contact Phenomena 25 1.2.2.1 Code-Mixing and Code-Switching 25 1.2.2.2 Borrowing 27 1.2.2.3 Interference 28 1.2.3 Grammatical Aspects to the Study of Code-Switching 29 -
TEACHER to TEACHER
Volume 4, Number 2 Fall 2008 IN THIS ISSUE CURRENT RESEARCH TEACHER To TEACHER The Expanded Output Hypothesis Improving Language Acquisition by ......2 R. Joseph Ponniah & Stephen Krashen as an Adult. An informal list of brainstorms by Jason Fritze, Stephen Krashen and Karen Rowan Bridging the Cultural Divide: ....................................................................... 35 Korean Americans Visit Their Heritage Homeland What are you reading right now? ................................................4 by Grace Cho by Linda Li and Kirstin Plante.....................38 Personal theories of language acquisition Access to Books and a Quiet Comfortable among heritage language speakers Place to Read: A Practical Guide to Establishing by Grace Cho & Stephen Krashen ...............12 a Free Voluntary Reading Program by Jason Fritze and Karen Rowan ................39 Heritage Language Development: Exhortation Links and Resources ....................................41 or Good Stories? by Christy Lao & Stephen Krashen .............. 17 Do Students Like What is Good for Them? An Investigation of the Pleasure Hypothesis with IJFLT: A free on-line, peer-reviewed Middle School Students of Mandarin quarterly journal dedicated to by Christy Lao & Stephen Krashen .............. 19 communicating research, articles and helpful information regarding language VOA Special English – A Neglected acquisition to support teachers as they Multimodal Resource endeavor to create fluent, multilingual by Bill Templer .............................................. 21 students. Research Index • Teacher-to-Teacher Index • Submission Info • Contact Us • Subscription Info Page 1 The International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching © Fall 2008 Swain makes it clear that this function includes er- The Expanded Output Hypothesis ror correction, a process that encourages learners to modify their consciously learned rules. It also includes the function of output originally described in Swain (1985): modifying one’s output when the listener does Authors: R. -
On the Internal Mechanisms of L2 Acquisition: Linguistic and Cognitive Accounts
Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies (ISSN: 2321 – 2799) Volume 06 – Issue 01, February 2018 On the Internal Mechanisms of L2 Acquisition: Linguistic and Cognitive Accounts Hosni Mostafa Abdrabo El-dali Associate Professor of Linguistics College of Humanities and Social Sciences United Arab Emirates University Email: hasan.mostafa [AT] uaeu.ac.ae ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT---- The purpose of the present study is twofold. In its theoretical part, it focuses on accounts of L2 acquisition that are cognitive in nature and those that are linguistic in orientation. My discussion of these two accounts is based on the premise that it is perfectly proper for Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research to postulate theories of its own to explain its own area. It is, also, appropriate for SLA research to take insights and methods from other disciplines when they are useful to it. In its empirical part, the present study reports on the outcomes of two experiments carried out by the author on some second language learners. The first experiment was designed to examine the written output of foreign students enrolled in the English Language Institute at the University of Pittsburg, USA (Beginners). It attempts to find answers for the following questions: (1) are students’ errors in grammatical structures, as they will appear in their written output, due to deficiency in their conscious grammar rules, or to deficiency in their abilities to transfer this knowledge (if it exists) to other language tasks such as writing compositions in English?, and (2) can conscious rules of grammar guide students’ performance in monitoring (self-correcting) their written output once their attention is drawn to an error? The second experiment was designed to investigate ‘advanced’ students’ multilinguistic ability in solving multi-dimensional grammatical problems. -
BUCLD 44 Schedule and Abstracts | Conference on Language Development
11/7/2019 BUCLD 44 Schedule and Abstracts | Conference on Language Development Linguistics Conference on Language Development BUCLD 44 Schedule and Abstracts THE 44TH BOSTON UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT NOVEMBER 7–10, 2019 GEORGE SHERMAN UNION, BOSTON UNIVERSITY Registration opens at 8:00am each day starting on Friday. Please note that this year’s Student Workshop will be held on Thursday, November 7th following the Society for Language Development Symposium at 6:30pm, with refreshments available starting at 6. Fri | Sat | Sun | Alternates | Fri posters | Sat posters Thursday, November 7, 2019 STUDENT WORKSHOP (East Balcony) 6:30 – 7:30 Careers in the Field of Communication Sciences and Disorders*: Why and How *also known as Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences. Sudha Arunachalam (New York University) Abstract(s) for presentation(s) above Careers in the Field of Communication Sciences and Disorders*: Why and How *also known as Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences Sudha Arunachalam (New York University) The field of communication disorders (sometimes called CSD; Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences; or clinical linguistics) is an interdisciplinary field that draws from linguistics, psychology, and neuroscience, as well as clinical approaches to language and communication disorders (speech-language pathology). Many of you probably already have research programs or research interests that would fit well in this field. In this session, we’ll talk about how your research might fit into such a department and about the academic career path. We’ll also talk about how to position yourself to be competitive on this track, considering all ranks from those just planning to go to graduate school through to postdocs currently on the job market. -
Third Language Acquisition: Crosslinguistic Influence
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB Third Language Acquisition: Cross-Linguistic Influence from L1 and L2 TFG Estudis Anglesos Supervisor: Montserrat Capdevila i Batet Javiera Paz Duhalde Solís June 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................2 2. Third Language Acquisition (TLA) .................................................................4 2.1. Towards a definition of TLA ............................................................4 2.2. Bilingualism vs. Multilingualism ......................................................6 2.3. Third Language Acquisition (TLA) vs. Second Language Acquisition (SLA)¼¼........................................................................... 7 2.4. Bilingualism versus Second Language Acquisition: two paths to the acquisition of an L3 .................................¼¼¼¼¼.............................8 3. Cross-Linguistic Influence (CLI) ...................................................................10 3.1. Typological distance ........................................................................11 3.2. L2 status ...........................................................................................15 4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................19 -
A Corpus Based Study in Morpheme Acquisition Order of Young Learners of English
Report nr: 2012ht00268 Department of Education Degree Project in Educational Sciences within General Education Studies, 15 credits Fall 2012 A Corpus Based Study in Morpheme Acquisition Order of Young Learners of English A comparison of Swedish students in grade 6 and grade 7 Su Yin Khor Supervisor: Christine Johansson, Ph.D., Department of English. Examiner: David Kronlid, Ph.D., Department of Education. 2 ABSTRACT This study investigated the morpheme acquisition order of Swedish students in grades 6 and 7, utilizing corpus texts drawn from the Uppsala Learner English Corpus (ULEC). It is an extension of Khor (2012) that focused on students in grades 9 and 12. Previous studies on morpheme acquisition order suggested that there was a natural sequence in acquiring morphemes, regardless of first language (L1). First language influence was said to be minimal or non-existing. Recently, studies have found evidence that L1 transfer is greater than first thought. This study examined three morphemes; articles, the preposition in, and plural form. The results showed that the errors that both groups made were consistent with the errors that were found in Khor (2012). The errors were of the same nature in all age groups, mainly in differences in (1) generic and specific usage of articles in Swedish and English, (2) the generic sense of regular plural nouns, (3) plural form of irregular nouns and nouns of Latin or Greek origin, (4) plural forms of countable and misuse of uncountable nouns, and (5) the usage of prepositions in Swedish and English. Current studies have also generated these results, which points towards strong L1 influence.