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Shorebird Identification Plovers Shorebird Identification • 40 Species Common to NA • 31 Migrate Through the Tennessee River Valley *Your Requirement = 17 9 >50% of All Species Have Declined Over the Past 30 Years Migratory Stopovers: Critical for Survival MAV = 500,000 Replenishment of INVERTEBRATES! Fat Reserves 6 grams/day + 2 grams/day 8 grams/day (Loesch et al. 2000) x Stopover Duration (Pectoral Sandpipers) Shallowly Flooded Mudflats = 8-12 days Tennessee River Valley (Lehnen & Krementz 2005) These areas serve as “re-fueling” areas between breeding and wintering grounds Plovers Family Charadriidae ¾ Required: 3 Species Piping Plover Small, plump-bodied Short, thick bills Forage visually Often heard before seen (e.g., Killdeer) Killdeer 1 Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) Dark, Thick Bill Mainly Coastal but frequent lakeshores and White Wing Stripe agricultural fields (visible in flight) WINTER Black Legs White Rump BREEDING Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) Length = 5.75 in Short, Orange Bill About ½ the size Upperparts = Brown/Gray of Killdeer WINTER 1 Breast Band BREEDING Orange Legs Underparts = White Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) Reddish Eye Rings Length = 8 inches 2 Breast Bands White Wing Stripe (visible in flight) Rust-colored Rump Very Common in U.S. 2 Stilts & Avocets Family Recurvirostridae ¾ Required: 2 Species • Sleek, Graceful Waders • Long, Slender Bills • “Spindly” Legs Black-necked Stilt Normally forage out in shallow water (not on mudflats) American Avocet Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) Length = 13 in Long and Very Thin Black Bill 9 Black Cap With White Spot LONG Above Eye PINK IN FLIGHT LEGS Legs Extend Well Past Tail American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) Length = 15 in Very Thin, “Upturned” Bill White Back Bordered by 2 Longitudinal Black Stripes BREEDING 9 White Rump & Tail WINTER Long, Blue/Gray Legs 3 Family Scolopacidae Sandpipers and Phalaropes ¾ Required: 15 Species • Inhabit Mudflats and 9 Very Diverse Group Sandy Shorelines • Many Adapted for High- Speed Flight Semipalmated Sandpipers Greater Yellowlegs Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) Length = 11 in Long, Thin Bill Curved Black and White Slightly Upward “Flecking” on Back Bill Length = 1.5X’s Length of Head 1 1.5 Bright Yellow Legs Lesser Yellowlegs Length = 8.75 in (Tringa flavipes) • Bill Not Upturned Bill Length • Similar Flecking = Length of Head 1 1 Roughly Half the Size of Greater Yellowlegs 4 Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) Length = 7 in Usually Solitary and Often Bobs Tail BOLD White Eye Ring 9 Short, Olive-Colored Legs 9 White Underside Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularius) 9 Distinctive, “Fluttery” Flight Length = 6.25 in 9 Bobs tail during feeding BREEDING Orangish Tone to Bill Spots on Chest Yellow/Orange Legs WINTER Little, If Any Flecking on Back Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) Length = 5 in • Overall Grayish in Color • Thin, White Wing Stripe • Thin, Dark Bill Dark (Black) Legs (Very Small Shorebird) 5 Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla) Very Common in east TN Overall, Brownish in Color with White Underparts Length = 4.75 in • Thin, White Wing Stripe Yellow Legs 9 Very Small Shorebird Very Thin, Dark Bill (Smallest in NA) (Slightly Decurved) Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) Length = 7.5 in Very Similar to Least in Appearance but Significantly Larger (~Killdeer-size) • Orange Bill Distinct Division Between Brown Breast and White Belly Yellow Legs Dunlin (Calidris alpina) Length = 7 in 9 White Wing Stripe BREEDING Thin, Dark Bill with Droop at Tip Black Legs Medium-Sized WINTER Shorebird 6 Long-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus) Length = 10 in 9 Long Straight Bill WINTER 9 Dull Yellow Legs BREEDING Tail Barred Black and White Barred Upper Chest Call: Single Sharp “Keek” AND Red Belly Short-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus) Length = 9.5 in Call: Quick Mellow “tu-tu-tu” 9 Long Straight Bill BREEDING 9 Dull Yellow Legs Barred Upper Chest BARS SPOTS -OR- Red Belly (Not Both) 9 Similar Winter Plumage Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata) Length = 9 in • Brownish Appearance • Pointed Wings and a Rapid Zigzag Flight • Very Long, Straight Bill “Stocky” Appearance With Short, Olive-Colored Legs Found in “marshy” habitat 7 American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) Length = 8.25 in • Very Long, Straight Bill More of a Grayish Overall Appearance • Stocky and Short-legged Black Nape Crossed by Pale Lines Found in Woodlands/Shrubby Fields Other Resources: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Bird Identification Center http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/infocenter.html Shorebird Photo Quiz http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/4413/sb_quiz.html #1 8 #2 #3 #4 9 #5 #7 #6 #8 10 #9 #10 #11 11 #12 #13 #14 12 #15 #16 #17 13 #18 #19 #20 14 #21 #22 #23 15 #24 #25 16.
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