What is a Part of Speech? A part of speech is a group of words that are used in a certain way. For example, "run," "jump," and "be" are all used to describe actions/states. Therefore they belong to the VERBS group.

In other words, all words in the English language are divided into eight different categories. Each category has a different role/function in the sentence.

The English parts of speech are: Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions,conjunctions and interjections.

Same Word – Several Parts of Speech

In the English language many words are used in more than one way. This means that a word can function as several different parts of speech.

For example, in the sentence "I would like a drink" the word "drink" is a noun. However, in the sentence "They drink too much" the word "drink" is a verb. So it all depends on the word's role in the sentence. Nouns

A noun is a word that names a person, a place or a thing.

Examples: Sarah, lady, cat, New York, Canada, room, school, football, reading.

Example sentences: People like to go to the beach. Emma passed the test. My parents are traveling to Japan next month.

The word "noun" comes from the Latin word nomen, which means "name," and nouns are indeed how we name people, places and things.

Abstract Nouns

An abstract noun is a noun that names an idea, not a physical thing. Examples: Hope, interest, love, peace, ability, success, knowledge, trouble.

Concrete Nouns

A concrete noun is a noun that names a physical thing. Examples: Boy, table, floor, coffee, beach, king, rain, children, professor.

Common Nouns

A common noun is a noun that names a general thing, not a specific thing. Examples: Boy, girl, city, country, company, planet, location, war.

Proper Nouns A proper noun is a noun that indicates the specific name of a thing. It begins with a capital letter. Examples: Robin, Alice, London, Sweden, Google, Earth, Eiffel Tower, Civil War. (Compare these examples to ones in the "Common nouns" section to see the difference.)

Countable Nouns

A countable noun is a noun that indicates something you could actually count. For example, you could count pigs: one pig, two pigs, three pigs... However, you couldn't count water: one water, two water – no, it doesn't work...

A countable noun has both a singular and a plural form, and it can be used with the indefinite articles (a/an). Examples: Window, teacher, tree, lion, eye, cloud, pencil, heart, movie.

Uncountable Nouns

An uncountable noun is a noun that indicates something you cannot count. For example, you could count pigs: one pig, two pigs, three pigs... However, you couldn't count water: one water, two water – no, it doesn't work... An uncountable noun has only one form (no plural), and it cannot be used with the indefinite articles (a/an). Examples: Furniture, advice, mail, news, equipment, luggage, work, coffee, information.

Pronouns A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun. For example, you could say, "Lisa is a nice girl." Then you could replace the noun "Lisa" with the word "She" and get the following sentence: "She is a nice girl." "She" is a pronoun.

Examples: I, he, it, we, them, us, mine, itself.

Example sentences: He doesn't want go with them. Would they help us? His house is bigger than ours. Who is she?

The word "pronoun" comes from "pro" (in the meaning of "substitute") + "noun."

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns represent people or things. The personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them.

Demonstrative Pronouns

"Demonstrative" means "showing, making something clear."

Demonstrative pronouns point to things. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these, those. Use "this" and "these" to talk about things that are near in space or in time. Use "that" and "those" to talk about things that are farther away in space or time.

Example sentences: This cannot go on. That was beautiful! He wanted those, but decided to compromise on these.

Interrogative Pronouns

"Interrogative" means "used in questions." Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whatever, etc. Use "who" and "whom" to talk about people. Use "which" and "what" to talk about animals and things. Example sentences: Who is your father? Whom did you speak to? Which bag did you buy? What are my choices?

Possessive Pronouns

"Possessive" means "showing ownership." Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to somebody/something. The possessive pronouns are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. Example sentences: I've lost my wallet. He married his girlfriend. This place is theirs. Is that cat yours? My car is slow. Hers is much faster.

Relative Pronouns

"Relative" means "connected with something." Relative pronouns are pronouns that link different parts of a sentence. The relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, that, whoever, etc. Examples sentences: The girl who called yesterday came to see you. The teacher whom you wrote has answered your questions. She lives in Kiev, which is the capital city of Ukraine. I really liked the book that you gave me.

Reflexive Pronouns

"Reflexive" means "going back to itself."

Reflexive pronouns show that the action affects the person who performs the action. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). The reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.

Example sentences: He cut himself while shaving. I sent myself to bed. He could hurt himself! We must help ourselves. She trusts herself. Intensive Pronouns

"Intensive" means "giving force or emphasis." An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used for emphasis. In other words, intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of the sentence. They are written exactly the same way as the reflexive pronouns, but their function is different. I myself baked the cake. The queen herself recommended this restaurant. Have you yourself been there? The project itself wasn't difficult. We will do it ourselves.

Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal means that two people or groups do the same thing to each other. They treat each other in the same way. For example, Joe loves Kate, and Kate loves Joe. So we can say, "Kate and Joe love each other." Another example: Mike helps Lucy, and Lucy helps Mike. So we can say, "Mike and Lucy help each other." There are two reciprocal pronouns in English: Each other and one another. The cat and the dog like each other. The two politicians hate each other. We must stop fighting one another. They gave each other Christmas presents. They can't hear one another.

Indefinite Pronouns

"Indefinite" means "not exact, not limited."

Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any specific person or thing.

Examples: Anything, everybody, another, each, few, many, none, some.

Example sentences: Many have died during the war. Can anyone call her? Everybody wants to see you. Something can be done to help.

Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes a person or thing.

Examples: Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat.

Example sentences: He has big blue eyes. The new car broke down. The old lady was talking in a quiet voice.

The word "adjective" comes from the Latin word jacere, which means "to throw."

Different Types of adjectives Adjectives can be divided into several types:

Opinion Nice, pretty, stupid, original, expensive, etc.

Size Big, small, large, tiny, enormous, little, etc.

Age Young, old, new, ancient, antique, etc.

Shape Round, square, flat, straight, etc.

Color Blue, red, white, black, dark, bright, yellowish, etc.

Origin Italian, British, Mexican, western, southern, etc.

Material Metal, wooden, plastic, golden, etc.

Determiners

A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to show which person or thing you are talking about. Examples: A, an, the, my, your, some, any, several, enough, any. Example sentences: I have a red hat. Please give me my bag. Some people decided to leave. She doesn't want any money. They watched several movies. Some people consider determiners to be a type of adjective. What's special about determiners is that you usually can use only one determiner at a time. Incorrect: He has the my ticket. Correct: He has my ticket / He has the ticket.

Nouns that act like adjectives

Sometimes nouns function as adjectives. In other words, they come before another noun and describe it. Examples: Sports car Orange juice Television station Coffee shop Book cover

The order of adjectives

A noun can have several adjectives describing it. Examples: "She bought a new red Italian table." "He is a great, successful father." There are certain rules on the correct order of those adjectives. This is the order you should generally follow:

Determiner -> opinion -> size -> age -> shape -> color -> origin -> material -> a word describing purpose/function Examples: A nice little coffee shop (Determiner -> opinion -> size -> purpose/function word)

My huge new swimming pool (Determiner -> size -> age -> purpose/function word)

Several Chinese plastic cups (Determiner -> origin -> material)

The round yellow ball (Determiner -> shape -> color)

Adjectives of the same type: When you have several adjectives of the same type, you should separate them with commas or a conjunction (and, but).

Examples: A cheap, good meal A happy, smart man The beautiful, original painting My nice and sweet cat An expensive but important trip

Comparative adjectives

"Comparative" means "comparing something to something else." Comparative adjective show us which thing is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth. Examples: Better, worse, bigger, smaller, nicer, fatter, thinner, more dangerous. Example sentences: She is a better student than her brothers. The test was worse than I'd expected. You are stronger than me. He seems healthier. You are more beautiful than her.

Superlative adjectives

"Superlative" means "of the highest degree."

Superlative adjectives show us which thing is the best, the strongest, and so forth.

Examples: Best, worst, strongest, smallest, cheapest, most expensive.

Example sentences: You are my best friend. This is the worst day of my life. Even the smallest donation helps. This is the most expensive restaurant I've ever heard of.

Verbs

A verb is a word or group of words that express an action or a state.

Examples: Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, change, become, drive, complete.

Example sentences: We had a nice lunch. I think that he is right. He drove for hours.

The word "verb" comes for the Latin word verbum, which means "word."

Auxiliary Verbs (also called "helping verbs") Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together with the main verb of the sentence to express the action or state.

Main verb + auxiliary verb = complete idea

The main auxiliary verbs are: be, am, is, are, was, were, do, did, have, has, had. Example sentences (the auxiliary verb is in bold, and the main verb is underlined): They are jogging. She was sitting. We were waiting for hours. Is she sleeping? He didn't know the answer. We have gone a long way. Has she received any of my letters? Do you smoke? Will she help?

Compound Verbs

A compound verb = auxiliary verb + main verb. Examples: was playing, has eaten, doesn't want. They were discussing their future. He didn't tell us the truth. I have finished my homework. She will meet us there.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action. Examples: be, seem, love, own, want, sound, have, know, understand. Examples sentences: She is a great wife. He seems rather strange. He wanted to see you. That sounds awesome! We have enough things to do.

Stative verbs are usually not used in the progressive tenses. Examples: Incorrect: He is wanting to see you. Correct: He wants to see you. Incorrect: I am knowing what to do. Correct: I know what to do. Incorrect: They are seeming nice. Correct: They seem nice. However, if the same verb is used to describe an actual action (not a state), then it can be used in the progressive tenses. Example: When the verb "have" means "own" – it is a state. So we do not use it in the progressive tenses. Incorrect: I am having a laptop. Correct: I have a laptop. When the verb "have" means "eat" – it is an actual action. So we can use it in the progressive tenses. Correct: I am having lunch with Kate. Correct: I have lunch with Kate.

Dynamic Verbs

Dynamic verbs are the opposite of stative verbs. They express a real action. Examples: Jump, swim, catch, write, call, sleep, hit, open, speak. Example sentences: They swam to the other side. She hit me on the head! Open the window, please.

The dynamic verbs can be used in the progressive tenses. Correct: He is drinking water. Correct: He drinks water.

Regular Verbs

Regular verbs are verbs that follow this rule: Past form of the verb = present form of the verb + ed / d.

Examples: Past form of "check" = check + ed = checked. Past form of "open" = open + ed = opened. Past form of "bake" = bake + d = baked.

There are certain rules to adding "d" or "ed" to a verb. Read about them in the Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs section.

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the above rule, and there are quite a lot of them!

Examples: Past form of "drink" = drank. Past form of "sleep" = slept. Past form of "bring" = brought.

Phrasal Verbs A phrasal verb is a verb that is combined with an adverb or a preposition. The combination creates a new meaning.

Examples: Run = to move very quickly with your legs. ("She can run fast!") Into = in the direction of something. ("He looked into my eyes.") Run into = to meet someone by accident. ("I ran into Joe yesterday.") Make = to create or do something. ("He made a lot of noise.") Up = to a higher point. ("Look up!") Make up = invent (a story, an excuse). ("It never happened. He made the whole thing up!")

Put = to place something somewhere. ("Could you put this upstairs?") Up = to a higher point. ("Look up!") With = concerning ("She is happy with her workplace.") Put up with = to tolerate. ("I cannot put up with his behavior any more!")

Adverbs

An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even the entire sentence.

Adverbs usually answer the following questions:

Where? Home. ("I went home.")

When? Yesterday. ("We met yesterday.") How? Slowly. ("The turtle moves slowly.")

How often? Sometimes. ("Sometimes it stops responding.") How long? Temporarily. ("She is staying with us temporarily.")

How likely? Surely. ("Our team will surely win!") To what degree? Very. ("She was very pleased.")

An adverb can describe a verb: She runs quickly.

An adverb can describe an adjective:

She is so beautiful.

An adverb can describe another adverb: She smokes very rarely.

An adverb can describe an entire sentence:

Naturally, you don't have to come.

The word "adverb" comes for the Latin ad- (in addition) and verbum (word).

In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have the following form:

Adjective + "-ly"

Examples: Quick + ly = quickly

Strange + ly = strangely Dead + ly = deadly

Sudden + ly = suddenly Clever + ly = cleverly

Brave + ly = bravely Real + ly = really

When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with an "i": Heavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavily Happy + ly = happi + ly = happily

When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e": True + ly = tru + ly = truly

However, there are many adverbs that do not end in "-ly": Fast, very, hard, home, just, too, well, never, sometimes, and so forth.

We can divide English adverbs into several categories:

Adverbs of degree, adverbs of manner, adverbs of place, adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of duration, adverbs of probability, comparative adverbs and superlative adverbs.

Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree show us the strength or degree of the action or state. They answer the following questions: How much? To what degree?

Examples: Very, highly, totally, perfectly, partially, almost.

Example sentences:

He is very concerned with you. You are totally right.

We almost made it to the train.

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner show us the way the action is done. They answer the following question: How?

Examples: Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly, quietly, happily, sadly, secretly, weakly.

Example sentences:

He handled the situation well. She listened secretly to their conversation.

The children ran happily to their father.

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place show us the location of the action or state. They answer the following question:

Where?

Examples: Home, here, there, outside, inside, away, around, anywhere, abroad, up, down, out.

Example sentences: We are here.

He went home. We found him outside.

She looked up.

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time show us the time of the action or state. They answer the following question:

When?

Examples: Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow, early, before, lately, recently.

Example sentences: Let's talk now.

I will do it later. He promised to write back soon.

What are you doing tomorrow? We haven't met before.

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency show us the frequency of the action or state. They answer the following question: How often?

Examples: Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely, usually, occasionally.

Example sentences: I always brush my teeth after a meal. We often meet and chat.

He is usually here on time.

Adverbs of duration

Adverbs of duration show us the length of the action or state.

They answer the following question: For how long?

Examples: Forever, constantly, temporarily, briefly.

Example sentences: He is working there temporarily.

We spoke briefly. I will be forever grateful.

Adverbs of probability

Adverbs of probability show us the chances for the action or state to happen. They answer the following question: How likely?

Examples: Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly, surely.

Example sentences:

She will certainly forget about it. Maybe we'll come after all.

It will probably not work. Surely you are not serious!

Comparative adverbs

"Comparative" means "comparing something to something else."

Comparative adverbs show us which action or state is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth.

Examples: more, less, better, worse, faster, slower, farther, closer.

Example sentences:

Maggie works out more seriously than Donna. She eats less than her friends.

You are better than this. We couldn't go slower even if we wanted to.

Let's get closer.

Superlative adverbs "Superlative" means "of the highest degree."

Superlative adverbs show us which action or state is the best, the strongest, and so forth.

Examples: Best, most, least, worst, strongest, fastest, slowest.

Example sentences: He knows best.

It was the most boring experience. He shouted the loudest so he won. He ran the slowest so he lost.

Prepositions

Click here for the complete illustrated page on English prepositions.

Click here for further explanations and examples on prepositions in English.

A preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is usually used to show location, direction, time, and so forth.

Examples: On, in, at, by, under, above, beside, to, out, from, for.

Example sentences:

I sat on the floor. Let's go into the house.

We will meet at four o'clock. Have a look under the couch.

He went to school. This letter is for you.

The word "preposition" comes from the Latin word praeponere (put before). So prepositions usually come before the noun/pronoun.

Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that joins parts of a sentence together.

Examples: And, but, or, because, so.

Example sentences:

I want to come, but I can't. She is smart and beautiful.

Would you like a cat or a dog? He didn't pass the test because he didn't understand the subject.

We were hungry, so we ordered pizza. The word "conjunction" comes from the Latin word conjungere (join together).

Interjections An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase used to express the speaker's emotion.

Examples:

Oh! Look out! Ow! Hey! Wow! Ah! Um...

Example sentences:

Wow, that's amazing!

Ah, that was a good meal.

Um... I'm not sure what to say.

Oh dear! What happened?

Hello! How are you doing?

Well, that's an option too.

The word "interjection" comes from the Latin word interjicere (throw between).

English Speaking and Grammar

MODALS

The word that shows the mood of a verb is called modal.

Can Definition: The modal can shows the capacity or ability of the doer in present.

Rule: Subject + can + verb 1st + object

Affirmative I can do this work. (It means: I am able to do this work, or I have the capacity to do this work) You can meet him. We can reach there. She can speak French. They can buy a car. Negative He can not help me. The Children can not go there. You can not talk to him. We can not cheat him. Rita can not sing a song. Interrogative Can she write a letter? Can you not answer these questions? How can we meet him? Why can you not speak French? What can we say now? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. We can call him here. The students can pass this exam. They can help poor. My brother can speak Spanish. The teacher can teach science. I can answer these questions. It can be true.

Note: Subject – one who does a work Verb – the action or the work Object – the thing which is affected by the work or action

Could Definition: The modal could shows the capacity of past. Rule: Sub + could + verb 1st + object Affirmative We could reach there on time. (It means: We succeeded in reaching there on time, or we were capable, so we reached there on time) She could speak French with me. I could do this work properly. She could help me with money. He could play the game. Negative The Children could not go there. You could not talk to him. He could not cheat us. You could not answer these questions. The thief could not break the lock. Interrogative Could she help you? Could you not buy the book? Why could he not meet me? How could you do this work? Where could she go from there? Alert: He can play cricket. (Present Capacity) He could play cricket. (Past Capacity)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. She could switch on the computer. The children could play football. He could win the race. My brother could speak Spanish. Rita could marry Peter. I could answer these questions. Her brother could become a doctor.

Should Definition: The modal should shows the duty or obligation of the doer. Rule: Sub + should + verb 1st + object Affirmative He should speak French with me. (It means: It is his duty or obligation to speak French) I should do this work today. He should help me with money. We should reach there on time. We should respect our elders. Negative The children should not go there. We should not buy this book. They should not do this work. You should not ask him any question. I should take care of my health. Interrogative Should you compete with him? Could I not consult the doctor? How should we solve this problem? What should I tell him? Where should they go now? Alert: Shall I go? (A formal request asking permission) Should I go? (A request showing duty) Can I go? (A request showing capacity) May I go? (A request when you want to be allowed to go) He can play. (Present Capacity) He could play. (Past Capacity) He should play cricket. (Duty) He ought to play. (Moral Duty: Old usage)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. He should reach school on time. You should listen to his problem. I should give him a chance. They should forgive him. The children should play football. My brother should speak Spanish. Her brother should go to America.

Would Definition: The modal would shows the possibility of past-action. Rule: Sub + would + verb 1st + object Affirmative Your brother would teach you. (It means: You think it was the possibility in past that his brother taught him, but not sure) She would like you very much. You would improve your skills. They would strengthen their power. He would shout to you. Negative The Children would not go there. You would not talk to him. They would not learn English properly. He would care for his future. The patient would not take the medicine. Interrogative Would she work hard? Would they not read novels? Why would your brother not drink coffee? How would he manage his business? Where would she live in England? Alert: He can play cricket. (Present Capacity) He could play cricket. (Past Capacity) He should play cricket. (Duty) He would play cricket. (Past Possibility)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. They would know the truth. He would respect his senior. The people woul d struggle a lot. Abraham would love Sophia. The king would hide the fact. The teacher would encourage the children. Your brother would understand the reality.

May Definition: The modal may shows the possibility of present. Rule: Sub + may + verb 1st + object Affirmative The teacher may teacher French today. (It means: The teacher will possibly teach French today) She may appear for exam. The students may come late. He may ask you difficult questions. You may remove this tag. Negative The doctor may not come to the hospital. You may not convince the financer. She may not pity you. The king may not punish the culprit. He may not understand the truth. Interrogative May he work hard? May she go ill? May the teacher not explain the module? May Sophia become a professor? May the performer play a stunt? Alert: He may play cricket. (Present Possibility) He can play cricket. (Present Capacity) He might play cricket. (Very less possibility in present)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. They would know the truth. He would respect his senior. The people would struggle a lot. Abraham would love Sophia. The king would hide the fact. The teacher would encourage the children. Your brother would understa nd the reality.

Have to Definition: have to shows the compulsion of present, or that, it is compulsory to do the work in present. Rule: Sub + have to / has to + verb 1st + object Note: I, we, you, they, plural = have to He, she, it, name, singular = has to Affirmative I have to do this work. (It means: It is compulsory for me to do this work or I do this work in compulsion) She has to marry you this year. The children have to watch this movie. My brother has to complete this work. The stranger has to show his identity. Negative We have not to say anything. (Old usage) We do not have to say anything. (New usage) She has not to learn computer. The teacher has not to ask him any question. The people have not to support terrorism. Interrogative Have you to write a book? (Old usage) Do you have to write a book? (New usage) Have you not to inform your senior? Why has the child not to play in the ground? When has he to meet his friends? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. He has to buy a new car. They have to know the truth. The people have to struggle a lot for freedom. Jenifer has to marry Justin. The king has to hide the fact. Your brother has to understand the reality. The people have to support revolution.

Had to Definition: had to shows the compulsion of past, or that, it was compulsory to do the work in past. Rule: Sub + had to + verb 1st + object Affirmative She had to become a doctor. (Meaning 1: it was compulsory for her to become a doctor. Meaning 2: it was compulsory for her to become a doctor, so she became) My friend had to visit Australia. His wife had to deliver a child. I had to concentrate on my study. The child had to play hockey. Negative She had not to change the lock. (Old usage) She did not have to change the lock. (New usage) I had not to shift my luggage there. The teacher had not to explain the things in detail. You had not to bring the newspaper. Interrogative Hade you to watch this movie? (Old usage) Did you have to watch this movie? (New usage) Had she not to consult the doctor? Why had the child to play piano? Where had she to have her dinner? Alert: They have to play cricket. (Present Compulsion) They had to play cricket. (Past Compulsion)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. My friend had to build a house. She had to buy a new car. They had to find the culprit. The people had to try their best. India had to win this match. You had to remain patient. The government had to reveal the fact.

Used to Definition: used to shows past-habitual action that you do again and again. Rule: Sub + used to + verb 1st + object Affirmative He used to work hard. (It means: He did hard work again and again as a habit in past) She used to study mathematics. (It means: She studied mathematics again and again as a habit in past) I used to help him a lot. The children used to drink coffee daily. Negative The teacher used not to teach him properly. (Old usage) The teacher did not use to teach him properly. (New usage) The people used not to worry about anything. We used not to involve in dispute. The government used not to support industries. Interrogative Used he to take money from you? (Old usage) Did he use to take money from you? (New usage) Used you to read scriptures? Why used she to spend money lavishly? What used you to do in England? Alert: I used to play. (Past habitual action) I played. (Simple Past Tense) I use to play. (Wrong sentence)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. She used to learn computer. I used to give her advices. They used to make money illegally. My friend used to watch cricket match. The teacher used to teach them properly. We used to doubt his honesty. The king used to be very brave.

Need to Definition: need to shows the necessity of present. Rule: Sub + need to / must + verb 1st + object Affirmative I need to call him. (It means: It is necessary that I should call him) I must call him. (It means: It is urgent that that I should call him) He needs to work hard. You need to be smart. The children need to obtain good marks in exam. Negative The people need not to worry about it. (Old usage) The people do not need to worry about it. (New usage) The people must not worry about it. (Same meaning) You need not to escape from here. The politicians need to not make false promises. Interrogative Need you to say something? (Old usage) Do you need to say something? (New usage) Must you say something? (Same meaning) Why do they need to come here? What does she need to know now? Alert: I need to go. (Necessity) I must go. (Urgency) I should go. (Duty) I have to go. (Compulsion) I am to go. (I am prepared to go = Ready State) I am about to go. (I am prepared to go = Ready State)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. She used to learn computer. I used to give her advices. They used to make money illegally. My friend used to watch cricket match. The teacher used to teach them properly. We used to doubt his honesty. The king used to be very brave.

Will have to Definition: will have to shows the compulsion of future. Rule: Sub + will have to + verb 1st + object Affirmative You will have to learn Spanish. (It means: It will be compulsory for him to learn Spanish in future) She will have to take a decision. We will have to go there by car. I will have to find out the truth. The businessman will have to launch new products. Negative He will not have to go for the test. The people will not have to worry about anything. She will not have to make haste. You will not have to work so hard. They will not have to involve in dispute. Interrogative Will he have to spend his money? Will they not have to wait for the night? Why will you have to regret for that? How will I have the tackle the problem? When will I have to see him off? Alert: They have to play cricket. (Present Compulsion) They had to play cricket. (Past Compulsion) They will have to play cricket. (Future Compulsion)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. You will have to rush to the station. I will have to give him some money. The child will have to learn a few words. She will have to know everything. You neighbor will have to pay the bill. You will have to count the number. She will have to stay calm.

Would have to Definition: would have to shows the past-possibility with compulsion. Rule: Sub + would have to + verb 1st + object Affirmative She would have to meet you daily. (It means: You assume that she was possibly meeting him daily in past) The people would have to shout in the room. They would have to buy gifts for festivals. You would have to drink coffee everyday. The teacher would have to narrate the stories. Negative The children would not have to learn grammar. He would not have to wait for the bus. You would not have to worry about anything. She would not have to get up early in the morning. They would not have to learn a new language. Interrogative Would they have to wait for the result? Would she have to show her identity card? Why would he have to make presentations? Would they have to reach home on time? Would the officer have to be strict in the office? Alert: They have to play cricket. (Present Compulsion) They will have to play cricket. (Future Compulsion) They would have to play cricket. (Past Possibility + Compulsion) Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. You would have to ask for money. She would have to have her dinner late. They would have to check all the staffs. The child would have to be alert. The priest would have to console the people. He would have to inform everything to his parents. Her sister would have to buy the medicines.

May have to Definition: may have to shows that there is a possibility of compulsion to come in the way to do the work. Rule: Sub + may have to + verb 1st + object Affirmative He may have to admit his mistake. (It means: It is possible that he has to admit his mistake) You may have to accept his proposal. They may have to buy a new flat. I may have to migrate abroad. The scholar may have to change his opinion. Negative The government may not have to change the rule. The people may not have to face the problem. You may not have to make a choice. She may not have to struggle so lot. The party may not have to fight for election. Interrogative

May he have to give up his work? May the king have to play a trick? Why may he have to learn computer? May the child have to stay alone? Why may you have to take this decision? Alert: They will have to play cricket. (Future Compulsion) They would have to play cricket. (Past Possibility + Compulsion) They may have to play cricket. (Present Possibility + Compulsion) They must have to play cricket. (Urgency + Compulsion) They should have to play cricket. (Duty + Compulsion)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. You may have to meditate in the morning. She may have to announce her marriage. He may have to learn pronunciation. The child may have to stay awake. The report may have to publish this news. This kingdom may have to see a fall. He may have to accept defeat.

Having to Definition: having to shows that you are continuously doing the work which is compulsory for you. Rule: Sub + is/am/are + having to + verb 1st + object Note: I = am you, we, they, plural = are he, she, it, name, singular = is Affirmative I am having to learn German. (It means: I am continuously learning German taking it compulsory) The child is having to work hard. She is having to remain awake all the nights. The president is having to consult his advisors. We are having to work in the night. Negative The students are not having to memorize anything. You are not having to read so many books. The child is not having to learn music. She is not having to work on computer. I am not having to consult any doctor. Interrogative Are you having to read newspapers? Is she having to learn a new language? Why am I having to face so many challe nges? Are you not having to exercise daily? Is he not having to take the medicine? Alert: They have to go. (Present compulsion) They are having to go. (Present Continuous compulsion) They are going. (Present Continuous Tense) They have been going. (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) They have gone. (Present Perfect Tense) They are to have gone. (Meaning: They are ready to be gone; ready to complete the work)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. He is having to read scriptures. The people are having to bathe in the river. The man is having to live in jungle. You are having to learn new customs. She is having to encourage villagers. The students are having to work hard this year. I am having to have juice in the mor ning.

Could have + V3 Definition: could have + v3 shows that you had the capacity to do the work but you could not do. Rule: Sub + could have + v3 + object Affirmative I could have done this work. (It means: I had the capacity or I was capable to do the work but I could not do or did not do) She could have passed the exam. (It means: She was capable to pass the exam but she did not pass) He could have learnt Russian. (It means: He was capable to learn Russian but he did not learn) The police could have arrested him. (It means: The police was capable to arrest him but they did not arrest) Negative You could not have watched the movie. (It means: You were not capable to watch the movie but you watched it) She could not have answered this question. (It means: She was not able to answer the question but she answered) The child could not have drunk milk. (It means: The child was not able to drink the milk but he drank) The teacher could not have explained him everything. (It means: The teacher was not able to explain everything to him but he explained) Interrogative Could he have played cricket? (It means: Was he able to play cricket which he did not play?) Could you not have given him money? (It means: Were you not able to give him money that you gave now?) Why could she not have done this work? (It means: Why was she not able to do the work that she did?) When could we have met him? (It means: When were we able to meet him that we did not meet?) Alert: You could play. (Past capacity + work done) You could have played. (Past capacity + work not done)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. I could have taken money from him. They could have paid the bill. The child could have sung well. Your brother could have learnt music. The doctor could have cured the patient. The soldier could have saved their lives. We could have given him a chance.

Should have + V3 Definition: should have + v3 shows that it was your duty to do the work but you did not do. Rule: Sub + should have + v3 + object Affirmative We should have told him the truth. (It means: It was our duty to tell him the truth but we did not tell) He should have left politics. (It means: He was supposed to leave politics but he did not) You should have married her. (It means: It was your duty to marry her but you did not) The negotiator should have understood the reality. (It means: The negotiator was supposed to understand the reality but he did not) Negative

They should not have rejected the proposal. (It means: They were not supposed to reject the proposal but they did) We should not have believed him. (It means: We were not supposed to believe him but we did) She should not have taken the medicine. (It means: She was not supposed to take the medicine but she did) You should not have consulted a lawyer. (It means: You were not supposed to consult a lawyer but you did) Interrogative Should he have deposited the money? (It means: Was he supposed to deposit money that he did not do?) Should the children not have played hockey? (It means: Were the children not supposed to play cricket that they did?) Why should he have visited America? (It means: Whey was he supposed to visit America that he did not do?) Why should I have helped him? (It means: Why was I supposed to help him that I did not help?) Alert: You could have played. (Past capacity + work not done) You should have played. (Past duty + work not done)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. The teacher should have taught us today. I should have given him the book. The army should have captured the land. You should have repaired the machine. They should have gone abroad. The business should have flourished. The people should have voted for him.

Would have + V3 Definition: would have + v3 shows that there was a possibility that you had done the work but you did not do. Rule: Sub + would have + v3 + object Affirmative You would have played cricket. (It means: It was possible that you had played cricket but you did not play) He would have become a doctor. (It means: It was possible that you had become a doctor but he did not become) You would have married her. (It means: It was possible that you had married her but you did not marry) The company would have developed technologies. (It means: It was possible that the company had developed technologies but it did not do so) Negative

He would not have written a letter. (It means: It was not possible that he had written a letter but he wrote) The doctor would not have cured the patient. (It means: It was not possible that the doctor had cured the patient but he cured) She would not have taken the medicine. (It means: It was not possible that she had taken the medicine but she took) You should not have consulted a lawyer. (It means: It was not possible that you had consulted a lawyer but you did) Interrogative Would he have done his work? (It means: Was it possible that he had done his work which he did not do?) Would the doctor have cured the patient? (It means: Was it possible that the doctor had cured the patient that he did not do?) Would she not have taken the medicine? (It means: Was it not possible that she had taken the medicine that she already took?) What would the people have done till now? (It means: What was possible for the people to have done till now?) Alert: You could have played. (Past capacity + work not done) You should have played. (Past duty + work not done) You would have played. (Past possibility + work not done)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. The farmer would have ploughed the field. The magician would have played the magic. The dancer would have danced on the floor. The princess would have married the man. The criminal would have shot the woman. The government would have lost the majority. The hunter would have killed the animal.

May have + V3 Definition: may have + v3 shows it is possible that the work has already been done. Rule: Sub + may have + v3 + object Affirmative She may have done the work. (It means: It is possible that she has already done the work) You may have married her. His brother may have become a doctor. The child may have reached home. The teacher may have taught the students. Negative They may not have reached station. (It means: It is not possible that they have reached station) The carpenter may not have measured it. The leader may not have guided the people properly. The president may not have taken right decision. Flavia may not have talked to Velvet. Interrogative May he have complained to the police? (It means: Is it possible that he has complained to the police?) May the doctor have cured the patient? Why may she have committed the crime? What may they have thought today? May the children have watched the movie? Alert: You could have played. (Past capacity + work not done) You should have played. (Past duty + work not done) You would have played. (Past possibility + work not done) You may have played. (Present possibility + work already done) You must have played. (Present surety + work already done)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. He may have known the truth. The accused may have accepted the crime. The judge may have sentenced him. The woman may have delivered a child. It may have rained. They may have entered the sanctum. The police may have fired on the crowd.

Have had to Definition: have had to shows that you are bound to do the work. Rule: Sub + have had to / have got to + v1 + object Affirmative I have had to pay for this. (It means: I am bound to pay for this) I have got to pay for this. (Same meaning: I am bound to pay for this) You have had to go from here. She has had to repair her computer. They have had to have this medicine. Negative We have not had to sit in the train. She has not had to marry you. They have not got to be patient. The people have not had to leave the place. She has not had to say anything. Interrogative

Have I had to diagnose the problem? Have you got to say anything? Why have I had to know this? What has she got to do now? Have you got to set him right? Alert: I have to go. (Present Compulsion) I have had to go. (Bound with the work) I have got to go. (Bound with the work) I am supposed to go. (Expectation) I would rather go. (Decision) I would like to go. (Preference) I had better gone. (Condition)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. I have had to tell you the truth. She has got to go now. We have had to format the computer. She has got to be smart. They have had to change the decision. You have had to sell this car. The students have had to answer these questions.

Had had to Definition: had had to shows that you were bound to do the work but you did not do. Rule: Sub + had had to / had got to + v1 + object Affirmative She had had to visit the place. (It means: She was bound to visit the place which she did not visit) She had got to visit the place. (Same meaning: She was bound to visit the place which she did not visit) We had had to go there today. He had had to do this work. You had got to talk to him. Negative She had not had to say anything. She had not got to say anything. We had not had to sit in the train. They had not got to be patient. The people had not got to leave the place. Interrogative Had you had to learn computer? Had you got to learn computer? Had you had to take revenge on him? Had he had to marry this year? What had she got to do there? Alert: She had to sing. (Past Compulsion) She had had to sing. (Bound with the work in past) She had got to sing. (Bound with the work in past) She had been singing. (Past Perfect Continuous Tense) She had sung. (Pas Perfect Tense)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. I have had to tell you the truth. She has got to go now. We have had to format the computer. She has got to be smart. They have had to change the decision. You have had to sell this car. The students have had to answer these questions.

Could have had to Definition: could have had to shows that you could have done the work in compulsion but you did not do. Rule: Sub + could have had to + v1 + object Affirmative We could have had to go there. (It means: We could have gone there in compulsion but we did not go) She could have had to learn French. Her sister could have had to join army. You could have had to take this medicine. They could have had to accept defeat. Negative The farmer could not have had to wait for rain. You could not have had to work so hard. The child could not have had to face so much of trouble. They could not have had to buy anything. The people could not have had to leave the place. Interrogative Could we have had to talk to him? Could the police have had to arrest him? Could I have had to answer these questions? Why could they have had to go to the doctor? Why could you have had to set him free? Alert: I had to play. (Past Compulsion) I had had to play. (Bound with the work in past) I could have played. (Past capacity + work not done) I could have had to play. (Past capacity + compulsion + work not done)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. She could have had to accept her mistake. I could have had to help him. They could have had to learn programming. You could have had to work hard for the exam. The people could have had to join revolution. You could have had to know the fact. The teacher could have had to come to school early.

Would have had to Definition: would have had to shows that you would have done the work in compulsion but you did not do. Rule: Sub + would have had to + v1 + object Affirmative He would have had to drink coffee. (It means: He would have drunk coffee in compulsion but he did not do so) The teacher would have had to shout to him. His neighbor would have had to join army. You would have had to tell him the truth. They would have had to call the police. Negative He would not have had to come here. The people would not have had to become so hostile. I would not have had to sit so long. They would not have had to read this book. He would not have had to write this letter. Interrogative Would I have had to answer these questions? Why would they have had to go to the doctor? Why would you have had to set him free? Would we have had to talk to him? Would the police have had to arrest him? Alert: He would play. (Past Possibility) He would have played. (Past possibility + work not done) He would have had to play. (Past possibility + Compulsion + work not done)

Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. You would have had to know the fact. The teacher would have had to come to school early. She would have had to accept her mistake. I would have had to help him. They would have had to learn programming. You would have had to work hard for the exam. The people would have had to join revolution.

Tense

With the simplest steps

Present Tense

Present Indefinite Definition: This tense shows that you do the work in present with indefinite schedule of time. Rule: Sub + v1 / v5 + object Note: v1=go, v2=went, v3=gone, v4=going, v5=goes I, we, you, they, plural=v1 He, she, it, singular=v5 Affirmative I play cricket. You sing songs. She likes you very much. They come here daily. We read this newspaper. Negative You do not help him. She does not speak French. The people do not know the truth. I do not appreciate this. My brother does not like coffee. Interrogative Do you live in America? Does she play guitar? Do they not reach office on time? What do you know about this? Why does she not marry you? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. He speaks German. You drive a car. She likes singing. They advise me. She motivates people. The farmer ploughs the fields. My brother teaches music.

Present Continuous Definition: This tense shows that you are continuously doing the work in present.

Rule: Sub + is / am / are + v4 + object Note: I=am You, we, they, plural=are He, she, it, singular=is Affirmative The children are watching a movie. You are reading a book. She is calling you there. They are coming here today. The teacher is teaching mathematics. Negative I am not doing this work. She is not giving him money. Your brother is not going to Australia. The children are not making noise. We are not expecting any benefits. Interrogative Are you selling this watch? Is he not learning computer? Why are you sending them market? What is she doing there? When are they reaching office? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. You are driving a car. The teacher is speaking Spanish. They are talking to him. I am asking you a question. She is calling me. You are doing this work. The child is playing with toys.

Present Perfect Definition: This tense shows that you have done the work completely. Rule: Sub + have / has + v3 + object Note: I, we, you, they, plural=have He, she, it, singular=has Affirmative I have bought the book. We have given him money. She has reached England. India has won the match. The children have done the work. Negative They have not watched the movie. He has not sung a song. Her sister has not become a doctor. The painter has not painted the wall. I have not reached there. Interrogative Have you explained him everything? Has the lyricist written a song? Have the laborers not done the work? What have you seen there? Why has the boss not given her salary? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. They have understood the reality. I have told him everything. The child has broken the plate. We have made a plan. She has achieved success. You have broken your promise. My brother has joined army.

Present Perfect Continuous Definition: This tense shows that you have been doing the work for a long period of time. Rule: Sub + have been / has been + v4 + object Note: Point of time (Monday, 4 o’clock, 1985) =since Period of time (2 days, 1 week, 5 years) = for Affirmative I have been teaching for ten years. She has been writing a book since Monday. The teacher has been giving them assignment for a week. We have been talking to him for half an hour. They have been working on this plan for years. Negative They have not been watching movies since afternoon. She has not been singing a song since morning. We have not been seeing anything unusual here. The child has not been improving for past two years. They have not been disobeying him since a long time. Interrogative Has he been looking at you for a while? Have the people been tolerating injustice? Why have you been trying this number for hours? What have you been expecting from him? Why has he been behaving so rudely with you? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. They have been coloring walls for months. She has been studying in England for years. India has been suffering from corruption for decades. Your brother has been looking for you. She has been thinking so much these days. You have been underestimating his power. Japan has been witnessing earthquakes for years.

Past Indefinite Definition: This tense shows that you did the work. Rule: Sub + v2 + object Affirmative He bought the toys. I gave him money. They encouraged the people. We saw there everything. She became a professor. Negative I did not know him. She did not meet me. We did not promise him anything. The children did not understand the lesson. The doctor did not cure the patient. Interrogative Did you forgive him? Did she not like you? What did you decide for your career? When did they reach their destination? How did you recognize him? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. I asked him a question. They dropped the plan. He appreciated my work. She surprised me. The train reached on time. I saved his life. She revealed a secret.

Past Continuous Definition: This tense shows that you were continuously doing the work in past. Rule: Sub + was / were + v4 + object Note: I, he, she, it, singular=was You, we, they, plural=were Affirmative The child was drinking milk. I was working on computer. Both of them were taking tea. Many of us were getting tired. It was raining heavily. Negative She was not taking any decision. You were not making him angry. The children were not studying properly. It was not frightening him. They were not expecting anything. Interrogative Was he drawing on the paper? Were you not solving the problems? Who was making him angry? Why was she not telling anything? How was your brother preparing for exam? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. The shopkeeper was selling goods. The train was moving very fast. I was expecting him to come. He was seeking help from somebody. They were traveling by bus. You were giving him the hint. She was going to start speaking.

Past Perfect Definition: This tense shows that you had done the work completely in past. Rule: Sub + had + v3 + object Affirmative She had written the lyric. The children had reached market. The teacher had taught French. I had informed him everything. She had proved her honesty. Negative She had not got so much cold before. They had not submitted their applications. The government had not been kind to the citizen. I had not felt so hungry. It had not rained for two years. Interrogative Had you had your dinner? Had she withdrawn her money? Why had they left the city? Why had you been there? What had they decided by then? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. The king had won the battle. The editor had published the news. She had played the trick. They had decided their way. My brother had prepared for exam. She had already been married. The food had gone cold.

Past Perfect Continuous Definition: This tense shows that you had been doing the work for a long period of time in past. Rule: Sub + had + been + v4 + object Affirmative We had been talking to him for half an hour. They had been working on this plan for years. I had been teaching for ten years. She had been writing a book since Monday. The teacher had been giving them assignment for a week. Negative We had not been seeing anything unusual here. The child had not been improving for past two years. They had not been watching movies since afternoon. She had not been singing a song since morning. They had not been disobeying him since a long time. Interrogative Had he been looking at you for a while? Had the people been tolerating injustice? Why had he been behaving so rudely with you? Why had you been trying this number for hours? What had you been expecting from him? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. The shopkeepers had been selling goods since morning. The train had been playing since 3 o’clock. They had been coloring walls for months. She had been studying in England for years. India had been suffering from corruption for decades. She had been thinking so much these days. She had been speaking on the topic for 10 minutes.

Future Indefinite Definition: This tense shows that you will do the work in future. Rule: Sub + will + v1 + object Note: In new English the use of shall is generally avoided these days. Affirmative I will give him money. He will buy the toys. They will encourage the people. We will see there everything. Her sister will become a professor. Negative She will not meet me. I will not recognize him. We will not promise him anything. The children will not understand the lesson. The doctor will not cure the patient. Interrogative Will they play a trick? Will the government not support poor? How will you forgive him? When will they reach their destination? What will you get from it? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. He will get angry. I will ask him a question. They will drop the plan. The train will not halt here. The bus will reach on time. It will get over. There will be some problem.

Future Continuous Definition: This tense shows that you will be continuously doing the work in future. Rule: Sub + will be + v4 + object Affirmative The child will be drinking milk. I will be working on computer. Both of them will be taking tea. Many of us will be getting tired. It will be raining heavily. Negative She will not be taking any decision. You will not be making him angry. The children will not be studying properly. It will not be frightening him. They will not be expecting anything. Interrogative Will he be drawing on the paper? Will you not be solving the problems? Who will be making him angry? Why will she be telling anything? How will your brother be preparing for exam? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. You will be having some idea. She will be looking strange. You will be solving problems. He will be making giving you clues. You brother will be preparing for exam. They will be starting the project. It will be getting darker.

Future Perfect Definition: This tense shows that you will have done the work completely in future. Rule: Sub + will have + v3 + object Affirmative The teacher will have taught French. I will have informed him everything. She will have written the lyric. The children will have reached market. She will have proved her honesty. Negative She will not have got so much cold before. They will not have submitted their applications. The government will not have been kind to the citizen. I will not have felt so hungry. It will not have rained for two years. Interrogative Will you have had your dinner? Will she have withdrawn her money? Why will they have left the city? Why will you have been there? What will they have decided by then? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. They will have accepted his proposal. The soldiers will have won the war. She will have shown the detail. They will have decided their way. My brother will have passed the exam. You will have married her. It will have destroyed everything.

Future Perfect Continuous Definition: This tense shows that you will have been doing the work for a long period of time in future. Rule: Sub + will have + been + v4 + object Note: In Future Perfect Continuous tense, with both point of time and period of time only from is used. Affirmative I will have been teaching them from two hours. She will have been writing a book from Monday. The teacher will have been giving them assignments from next week. We will have been talking to him from half an hour. They will have been working on this plan for years. Negative They will not have been watching movies from afternoon. She will not have been singing a song from morning. We will not have been seeing anything unusual here. The child will not have been improving from next year. I will have been setting targets from tomorrow. Interrogative Will he have been looking at you? Will the people have been tolerating injustice? Why will you have been trying this number from hours? What will you have been expecting from him? Why will she have been learning so much? Exercise Change these sentences into negative and interrogative forms. The child will have been playing football from morning. The government will have been giving loans to the people. They will have been coloring walls from months. She will have been studying in England from years. I will have been narrating the stories. You will have been doing your homework. The people will have been demanding for election.

Active Passive Voice Voice is the form of a verb that shows the relation of a subject to the action.

Present Indefinite Affirmative The sentence that represents the subject or the doer primarily in the sentence is called Active Voice. Active Voice: Sub + v1 / v5 + object You play cricket.

The sentence that represents the object primarily in the sentence is called Passive Voice. Passive Voice: Object + is / am / are + v3 + by + sub Cricket is played by you.

The sentence that represents the object primarily in the sentence without subject is called Bare Passive Voice. Bare Passive: Object + is / am / are + v3 Cricket is played here.

Negative Active: Sub + do / does + not + v1 + object I do not teach him.

Passive: Object + is / am / are + not + v3 + by + sub He is not taught by me.

Bare Passive: Object + is / am / are + not + v3 He is not taught English.

Interrogative Active: Do / does + sub + v1 + object Does she watch films?

Passive: Is / am / are + object + v3 + by + sub Are the films watched by her?

Bare Passive: Is / am / are + object + v3 Are these films watched?

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). I play music. She plays football. They help me. You do not take coffee. She does not learn computer. The man does not speak Spanish. Do you sing songs? Do they not sell cars? What do you teach him? When does she study mathematics?

Present Continuous Affirmative Active: Sub + is / am / are + v4 + object He is painting the walls.

Passive: Object + is / am / are + being + v3 + by + sub The walls are being painted by him.

Bare Passive: Object + is / am / are + being + v3 The walls are being painted.

Negative Active: She is not doing the work. Passive: The work is not being done by her. Bare Passive: The work is not being done today.

Interrogative Active: Are you calling me? Passive: Am I being called by you? Bare Passive: Am I being called there?

Alert I teach. (It means: I do the work – Active) I am taught (It means: The work is done on me – Bare Passive) I am teaching. (It means: I am doing the work – Active) I am being taught. (It means: The work is being done on me – Bare Passive)

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). You earn money. You are earning money. She does not question you. She is not questioning you. Do we help poor? Are we helping poor? Why do the police beat him? Why are the police beating him? What do you do here? What are you doing here?

Present Perfect

Affirmative Active: Sub + have / has + v3 + object We have revealed the truth.

Passive: Object + has / have + been + v3 + by + sub The truth has been revealed by us.

Bare Passive: Object + has / have + been + v3 The truth has been revealed.

Negative Active: They have not cheated him. Passive: He has not been cheated by them. Bare Passive: He has not been cheated.

Interrogative Active: Have you understood the fact? Passive: Has the fact been understood by you? Bare Passive: Has the fact been understood?

Alert You have given money. (Active Voice) You have been given money. (Bare Passive Voice) You have been giving money. (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) You have to give money. (Modal for compulsion)

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). Does she solve problems? Is she solving problems? Has she solved problems? What does the teacher ask them? What is the teacher asking them? What has the teacher asked them? How do you spend money? How are you spending money? How have you spent money?

Past Indefinite

Affirmative Active: Sub + v2 + object He killed the tiger.

Passive: Object + was / were + v3 + by + sub The tiger was killed by him.

Bare Passive: Object + was / were + v3 The tiger was killed.

Negative Active: I did not forgive him. Passive: He was not forgiven by me. Bare Passive: He was not forgiven.

Interrogative Active: What did you advise them? Passive: What were they advised by you? Bare Passive: What were they advised? Alert He appreciated the work. (Active Voice) He was appreciated for the work. (Bare Passive Voice) He has been appreciated for the work. (Present Perfect – Bare Passive)

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). Do you call her? Are you calling her? Have you called her? Did you call her? How does she help them? How is she helping them? How has she helped them? How did she help them? Does the child narrate stories? Is the child narrating stories? Has the child narrated stories? Did the child narrate stories?

Past Continuous

Affirmative Active: Sub + was / were + v4 + object He was scolding the children.

Passive: Object + was / were + being + v3 + by + sub The children were being scolded by him.

Bare Passive: Object + was / were + being + v3 The children were being scolded.

Negative Active: They were not encouraging the people. Passive: The people were not being encouraged by them. Bare Passive: The people were not being encouraged.

Interrogative Active: Was she not cooking food? Passive: Was the food not being cooked by her? Bare Passive: Was the food not being cooked there?

Alert You did not support. (Active Voice) You were not supported. (Bare Passive Voice) You wee not supporting. (Active Voice) You were not being supported. (Bare Passive Voice) Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). Did you see him? Does he run a business? Why was he writing a letter? How did you lose that? When did the people start revolution? She is cheating you. They have defeated the enemy. How did you recognize him? Past Perfect

Affirmative Active: Sub + had + v3 + object They had won the match.

Passive: Object + had + been + v3 + by + sub The match had been won by them.

Bare Passive: Object + had + been + v3 The match had been won.

Negative Active: She had not told anything. Passive: Nothing had been told by her. Bare Passive: Nothing had been told yet.

Interrogative Active: Had you completed the work? Passive: Had the work been completed by you? Bare Passive: Had the work been completed?

Alert He had punished. (Active Voice) He had been punished. (Bare Passive Voice) He had been punishing. (Past Perfect Continuous Tense) He had to punish. (Modal for past-compulsion)

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). I teach you. I am teaching you. I have taught you. I taught you. I was teaching you. I had taught you. Why does she take medicine? Why is she taking medicine? Why has she taken medicine? Why did she take medicine? Why was she taking medicine? Why had she taken medicine?

Future Indefinite

Affirmative Active: Sub + will + v1 + object He will send the children to school.

Passive: Object +will be + v3 + by + sub The children will be sent to school by him.

Bare Passive: Object + will be + v3 The children will be sent to school today.

Negative Active: They will not accept defeat. Passive: The defeat will not be accepted by them. Bare Passive: The defeat will not be accepted.

Interrogative Active: How will you solve this problem? Passive: How will this problem be solved by you? Bare Passive: How will this problem be solved?

Alert You will bless. (Active Voice) You will be blessed. (Bare Passive Voice) You will be blessing. (Future Continuous Tense)

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). How will I forget him? When will you do this work? Did she return the book? Did you not diagnose the problem? Do you appreciate his work? Will they punish the terrorist? Has she published the news? When did you remove the luggage?

Future Perfect

Affirmative Active: Sub + will have + v3 + object He will have played the trick.

Passive: Object + will have + been + v3 + by + sub The trick will have been played by him.

Bare Passive: Object + will have + been + v3 The trick will have been played by then.

Negative Active: They will not have broken the promise. Passive: The promise will not have been broken by them. Bare Passive: The promise will not have been broken.

Interrogative Active: Will you have found the destination? Passive: Will the destination have been found by you? Bare Passive: Will the destination have been found?

Alert I will inform. (Active Voice) I will be informed. (Bare Passive Voice) I will have informed. (Active Voice) I will have been informed. (Bare Passive Voice)

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). We speak English. We are speaking English. We have spoken English. We spoke English. We were speaking English. We had spoken English. We will speak English. We will have spoken English.

Voice of Modals

Can / Could/ Should / Would / May / Might / Must

Affirmative Active: Sub + modal + v1 + object You should do this work. Passive: Object + modal + be + v3 + by + sub This work should be done by you. Bare Passive: Object + modal + be + v3 This work should be done today. Continuous: Sub + modal + be +v4 + object You should be doing this work.

Negative Active: He would not teach German. Passive: German would not be taught by him. Bare Passive: German would not be taught in the class. Continuous: He would not be teaching German.

Interrogative Active: Why could they not answer the questions? Passive: Why could the questions not be answered by them? Bare Passive: Why could the questions not be answered? Continuous: Why could they not be answering the questions? (Rare usage)

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). Can you drive this car? Could the police find the thief? How should I make him intelligent? What can you do now? They would not watch movies. You should make a plan. Should they prepare the dinner?

Have to / Has to / Had to

Affirmative Active: Sub + modal + v1 + object She has to drive this car. Passive: Object + modal + be + v3 + by + sub This car has to be driven by her. Bare Passive: Object + modal + be + v3 This car has to be driven. Continuous: Sub + modal + be +v4 + object She has to be driving this car.

Negative Active: He had not to inform the police. Passive: The police had not to be informed by him. Bare Passive: The police had not to be informed for this matter. Continuous: He had not to be informing the police.

Interrogative Active: What have you to learn now? Passive: What has to be learnt by you now? Bare Passive: What has to be learnt now? Continuous: What have you to be learning now?

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). She did not mention the reason. The public will not accept the law. You can not frighten him. How could he cheat you? Are you calling me? Have you to send them money? Has he not finished the work? Could have / Should have / Would have / May have / Must have

Affirmative Active: Sub + modal + v3 + object I would have taught him. Passive: Object + modal + been + v3 + by + sub He would have been taught by me. Bare Passive: Object + modal + been + v3 He would have been taught. Continuous: Sub + modal + been +v4 + object I would have been teaching him.

Negative Active: They should not have praised him. Passive: He should not have been praised by them. Bare Passive: He should not have been praised. Continuous: They should not have been praising him.

Interrogative Active: Would she have written poems? Passive: Would the poems have been written by her? Bare Passive: Would these poems have been written? Continuous: Would she have been writing poems?

Exercise Change these sentences into passive voice only (not bare passive). You could have won the lottery. They should have completed the work. He would have developed the country. You have to give her this medicine. Did they consult the doctor? Where did she keep the book? How can you force him? Have you to exchange the money?

Smart Verbs

The verb which has many meanings with it is called Smart Verbs.

Have

Meaning 1: To possess something with you I have a computer at my home.

Meaning 2: To eat or drink Will you have a cup of coffee with me?

Meaning 3: To take Have your seat please. You guys have fun!

Meaning 4: To show compulsion She has to get this information from you.

Meaning 5: To get something done When will you have your hair colored? I will have him call you.

Alert You have to play. (Present Compulsion) You are having to play. (Continuous Compulsion) You are to have played. (You are in the condition to have finished playing) You have had to play. (You have got the urgency to play) You have to have him play. (You have to make him play) You have to have dinner. (You have to eat) You have to have your sister married. (You have to do the arrangement for your sister’s marriage)

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. You have to have him pass the exam. Has she had her breakfast? Had you had the medicine? We are having to say something. Have they been earning money? Have a little more please. Will you have me meet his children? You have a grad day!

Would

Meaning 1: To show possibility of past The teacher would teach you Spanish.

Meaning 2: To show less possibility of present She would come here tomorrow. (It means: She may come or she may not)

Meaning 3: To show irregular repeated action of past His father would call him from village. (It means: His father called him on an irregular schedule of time) His father used to call him from village. (It means: His father called him on a regular schedule of time)

Meaning 4: To show request Would you tell me you email address?

Meaning 5: To wish Would that he was here! (It means: You wish he should be here)

Meaning 6: In indirect narration, instead of will, would is used They said they would reach on time. (It means: They will reach on time as they said) Alert (Perhaps she went to school in past) (She used to go to school) She would go to school. (She will go to school but there is vey less possibility) She would go to school. (Perhaps she will go to school) She would go to school. (There is vey less possibility that she will go to school) She may go to school. She might go to school. Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. Would you let me know the truth? He would become a doctor. How would you propose her? They said they would not be there. She would meet me when she was in the city. Would you be kind enough to show me the way? They would come here if they knew the address. She had passed the exam if she would have worked hard.

Get

Meaning 1: To achieve How much did you get for it? Meaning 2: To feel I am getting cold. Meaning 3: To understand She got your point very clearly. Meaning 4: To make something available Get me your manager on the phone. Meaning 5: To get a work done They will get this work done today. Meaning 6: To happen It is getting darker now.

Go

Meaning 1: To proceed When is he going from here? Meaning 2: To become Why are you going mad about it? Meaning 3: To be sold How are the mangoes going these days? (It means: What is the price of mangoes) Meaning 4: Success (Noun) This is a big go of my life. Meaning 5: Progressive If you are go, life is good to you.

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. The food will go cold. I am go but you are not. How is the life going in America? Did you get my point the way I said? The company requires some go-getters. Don’t make me get furious on it. Get me a bottle of water please. It will get him cured. Go get me some food to eat. I got a better idea.

Look

Meaning 1: To see Look at the girls dancing in the party. Meaning 2: To appear You look very tired today. Meaning 3: Fashion (Noun) Go for the originality, not for the look. Meaning 4: Appearance (Noun) The look of this hotel has to be changed. Meaning 5: The way when you look at something (Noun) She gave me a look from the corner.

Do Meaning 1: To do any work When are you doing your homework? Meaning 2: To study I did English in my school. Meaning 3: To solve He did the puzzle in a second. Meaning 4: To be suitable It will not do for me. Meaning 5: To stress on what you say I do know him very well. (It means: I am sure that I know him very well)

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. When did you do mathematics? I do call them every week. Give a look at the crowd. You can have a better look from here. Get somebody who can understand what I mean to say. Do me a favor if you can. He did well in exam. You get well soon.

May

Meaning 1: Possibility She may pass this exam.

Meaning 2: Order You may leave now.

Meaning 3: Request May I have your address please?

Meaning 4: Wish May you get the victory!

Meaning 5: Might = very less possibility They might accept my proposal.

Meaning 6: Might = Power (Noun) Truth disappears in the shadow of might.

Be

Meaning 1: is, am, are, was, were I am to leave from here now. Meaning 2: To become Will you be my friend?

Meaning 3: To be You have to be positive about it.

Meaning 4: To order something to happen The judge said, “He be hanged. “ Praised to be Jesus Christ!

Meaning 5: Being = existence They are losing their being. Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. May the king live long. It may not be the same every time. Be careful when you pass this road. May I check you passport please? You may not know why it happened. You may do your work now. Get me to a doctor as fast as you can. Why is she getting so nervous?

Make

Meaning 1: To prepare something Are you making your breakfast?

Meaning 2: To earn money What business are they making money from?

Meaning 3: To do You have to make it fast. Don’t make haste.

Meaning 4: To compel someone to do something Don’t make me tell him the truth.

Meaning 5: To set Two and two makes four.

Meaning 6: To make something pleasant God bless you, you made my day. (You made me happy)

Keep

Meaning 1: To continue I kept on moving ahead.

Meaning 2: To keep something to sell Do you keep pens?

Meaning 3: To hold someone from doing something You can’t keep me informing the police. What kept you there so long?

Meaning 4: To maintain He is not keeping well today.

Meaning 5: Illegal wife (Noun) How many keeps does he have?

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. You have to keep me updated with that. Keep up, you are going to win. She kept reading the scripture. It is making the situation sad. How much are you making per day? You made him cry in front of the people. Make it the way you want. Keep the change with you.

Happen Meaning 1: To occur What is happening there? Meaning 2: To get chance What should I ask him if I happen to meet? Meaning 3: Perhaps Happen, he may be late. Meaning 4: Happening = exciting He has a very happening career ahead.

Infinitive to

I am to teach him. (It mean: I was about to teach him) Were you to buy this book? (It mean: Were you about to buy this book?) What are they to do now? (It mean: What are they about to do now?) He looks to have lost. (It mean: It appears that he has been lost) I am sorry to have left you. (It mean: I am sorry that I could not reach you or find you) They are to be punished. (It mean: Bare Passive Voice = they are about to get punishment)

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. It did not do any good to me. What have you kept in your pocket? Get going, the future is yours! I happened to be a doctor. You have to have him warned. Get it done by next evening. Do it or leave it the way it is. They are going to have him punished.

Conditional Sentences

Was If I was a king, I had built the palace. If she was intelligent, she had passed the exam. If you were strong, you had defeated him. If I was you, I had earned a lot.

Will You will be late if you do not catch this train. She will solve the problem provided she knows the fact. You will be punished if you are caught.

Would She would meet me if she had come here. He would marry you if he had loved you.

Perfect Tense The patient has died before the doctor comes. The patient had died before the doctor came. The patient will have died before the doctor comes.

Would have / Could have He had bought a book if you would have given him money. You had gone to France if you would have learnt French. He had bought a book if you could have given him money. You had gone to France if you could have learnt French.

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. You had won the lottery if you had bought the ticket. If he was the prime-minister, he had controlled population. If I had money, I would have been running a business. She would find a solution provided you tell her the problem. Had he studied well, he would have become a doctor. The students have left the class before the teacher comes. I had had breakfast before he met me.

Miscellaneous

Start

You start to play. You begin to play. (Same meaning as above)

Do you start to play? She started to run.

Will the teacher start to teach? You have started to play.

Continue

She continues to play. She keeps on playing. (Same meaning as above) What does she continue to play?

The teacher continued to teach. Why did the teacher continue to teach?

Will she continue to run? Why will she continue to run?

See

I saw a picture hanging at the wall. (I looked at the picture)

She will see me next week. (We will meet you)

We saw that no good would come out of it. (We understood that)

The doctor will see you soon. (The doctor will give you the interview)

Alert She starts to play. She continues to play. She has started to play. She has continued to play.

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. Will she start to go to school? Has he started to speak French? Did you continue to talk to him? What has he started to do there? Will you continue to study there? How will you start to write an application? They have started to participate. Did they start to prepare for exam?

Let = allow

Let him go. Let it be done. Would you let me know this? Let me tell you something about it. Let us say that, what would you do if they don’t come here?

Going to

I am going to meet him. She is going to come today. They are going to be rich. It is going to happen. We are going to go.

There

What are you doing there? (Place) There was a king. (In that matter) There you are! (I found you or your point) There is nothing to say about it. (In that matter)

It

I found it. (The thing) It is raining here. (It works as a standby subject) It (the animal) is so cute. (It is used when you don’t know the sex of the animal)

Take

Take heart. (Be courageous) It took five minutes to reach here. Take it easy. Take me to the forest. (Reach me) Take it from me. (Believe me)

Come

Come to the point. Please come again. (Repeat what you said) The dream is coming true. (Happening true) She is giving me come-on. (Encouraging me for love) How am I supposed to come? (How do you expect me to come?)

Exercise Write the elaborated meaning of these sentences. Are you going to go now? I would like to come to the point. Take a walk in the morning. Is it going to be hot today? There was a point to mention. Let us explain it this way. I can figure it out. It does not matter to me. Let it happen.

Preposition

A word that comes before a noun or pronoun to express a relation to another word or the part of a sentence.

About

1. for time It is about four o’clock. 2. to be ready He is about to leave. 3. the subject matter What are you talking about? 4. planning I know what she is about.

Above

1. over The fan is hanging above the table. 2. more than You are getting above your salary. 3. more rich He married in above his family. 4. senior The clerk should respect his above. 5. not to be understood French is above you. 6. higher or wiser You speak above your age.

After

1. late in time Don't read after midnight. 2. planning to get The pick-pocket is after his money. 3. because of He died after malaria. 4. above from Give me all you have after four hundred Rs. 5. behind I am after you. 6. later in the age He changed his career after twenty-five. 7. on the name of He was named after the name of the city.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct preposition. Buying this property is – your reach. He is – to come here in a minute. What are they – to do now? This testimony is – the truth. When he speaks, he sounds – bravery. Is it what are you – to plan? His performance is – average. You can not prove yourself – your knowledge. The thief is – his watch. I guess it broke – I left for office. At

1. to show time The bus reached me at ten pm. 2. to mention place He is standing at the gate. 3. near The temple is at the river. 4. according to He was hired at hundred Rs. a day. 5. direction What are you looking at? 6. the place He will live rest of his life at village. 7. for the speed The car is running at full speed. 8. turn of time She agreed to marry me at last. 9. the state The old man is at death. 10. condition Getting furious at what I saw, I slapped him.

Against

1. unwilling The public is against the vote. 2. opposite I was standing against the tree. 3. for He received five thousand Rs. against the rent. 4. unfavorable The boat is sailing against the wind.

Before

1. earlier the time There was no one before two pm. 2. in front of Everything is open before you. 3. old time Education was not so important before.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct preposition. Nothing is hidden – you. He was given the loan – his property. She became a doctor – the age of forty. They are looking – you through the window. The child started crying – you shouted to him. This work is – to be completed. The revolutionaries are – the government.

By

1. by the means of Are you going to market by car? 2. from the work of This work can not be done by the labors. 3. with The police caught the thief by his hair. 4. till He will come back by evening. 5. for a measurement The bullet missed him by an inch. 6. by the side of He drove the car by the jungle. 7. beside Come and sit by me. 8. according to You will be paid by the week.

Behind 1. back Who was standing behind the gate? 2. hidden The police know the culprit behind the plot. 3. inferior than I am not behind you. 4. back in the time The watch is running behind the time.

From

1. for source What do you want from me? 2. to mention the starting time The school would open from 16th June. 3. to mention the place How long the station is from here? 4. for the reason of He died from fever. 5. belonging to He is from a noble family.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct preposition. He looks ill – his face. His parents were – Japan. She will reach here – tomorrow. Pay him – the meter. Could you find anyone – this conspiracy? I rode the motorbike – the town. The old-man died – his native place. You can not hide your face – the crowd. The ladder was placed – the wall. For

1. for the reason of You have to pay for your deeds. 2. for the price of I bought it for 10 Rs. 3. from the time I have been waiting for two hours. 4. because of He can die for his words. 5. because For he traveled across the country, he got a lot of knowledge. 6. according to This car runs 60 km for a liter. 7. the purpose He ran for life.

In

1. in the place of He is in London for three weeks. 2. in the time of What were you doing in the morning? 3. in a period I will meet you in a week. 4. inside She is taking me in. 5. in color Don't write in red. 6. on The birds are sitting in the tree. 7. in the bed The child is sleeping in the bed.

Into

1. inside Look into the book. 2. deep down He fell into the well. 3. late in the time I saw her studying into the night.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct preposition. She sold the car – eighty thousand. What is there to see – Mumbai? Don’t fall – this trap. I will see you – the morning. He took risk – his career. She looks to be – a decent family. If you look – it, you will find the difference. The game is – to start. Don’t throw the ball – his head. He is running – money.

On

1. on something Put the computer on the table. 2. on the day I will be leaving on Tuesday. 3. to show the state The officers are on the way for office. 4. on a period of She is on maternity leave. 5. on the side of He turned his back on the crowd. 6. continued The war was on for the next two years.

Of

1. from Beware of dogs! 2. made of The jacket is made of leather. 3. of the country or place The people of west neglect marriage. 4. out of Which of you can run faster? 5. because of She died of AIDS.

Off

1. away Get off. 2. to the other side Why is he sailing off the shore? 3. far You have to go a little off Link Road. 4. the day when you don’t work in office I will have off next Monday. 5. dead

6. do something to get away from it I paid him off.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct preposition.

They are going to start the work – Tuesday. One – them must be a thief. Place the monitor – the desk. This sweater is made – wool. Who is going to support you – this? Are you going to take me – the chamber? She is waiting – a long period of time. The school is going to start – June. No one is standing – the curtain.

Over

1. above There is a clock hanging over his head. 2. from one side to another The thief jumped over the wall. 3. more than The car is running over 60. 4. end The show is getting over.

To

1. to the place He is going to America. 2. limited to Keep it to yourself. 3. by You are known to all. 4. infinitive to, to do something I told him to talk to you. 5. in Welcome to India. 6. near Come to me before 6 pm. 7. till Count from 10 to 25. 8. with Multiply 4 to 6. 9. less in time It is quarter to ten. 10. in Don't take it to your heart.

Up

1. above He was lifted up the hills. 2. ready to use The internet is up now. 3. rise The business is full of ups and downs.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct preposition. The horse jumped – the fence. She climbed – the hills. Go – him and take what he gives you. The airplane crossed – the tower. The traffic is moving smoothly – one side. He is trying to get up – the bed. What are you looking – the box? We should be patient when we are – trouble. Think again – you jump to a conclusion.

With

1. together with He is living with his aunt. 2. with the help of I am writing with a blue pen. 3. associated with Start the work with proper plans. 4. in His brain is washed with fanaticism. 5. of The girl with sharp feature is my neighbor. Some more prepositions In order to In reference to According to In regard to Agreeably to In the event of Along with On account of Away from On condition that Because of Owing to By dint of With a view to By means of By reason of By virtue of By way of Conformably to For the sake of In accordance with With reference to In addition to On the behalf of In case of In comparison to In compliance with In consequence of In course of In favor of In lieu of

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct preposition. He thinks – his age. We should diagnose the problem – resolve it. He is studying – passing the exam. She will be there – her boss. I got a call – Australia yesterday. They are struggling – the best result. You need to look – the computer screen. She has to find a job – her living. He reached there – the city was deserted.

Conjunction

A word that connects two words or two clauses, or two sentences.

Will you wait until I return? You will pass the exam if you work hard. Go slow lest you should fall. Give him all the information provided you know the company’s policy. Since you say so, I must believe it. Tell them that I will come. He finished first though he began late. She will not pay unless she is compelled. When I was young, I thought so. I don’t know when he comes. He found his watch where he had left it. I don’t understand how it all happened. Make hay while the sun shines. I know why he left us. She should be honest only then she can become great. They know what they should not speak. I asked him if he was learning French. Either take it or leave it. It is neither useful nor ornamental. We both love and honor him.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct conjunction. You will not succeed – you work hard. Catch me – you can. I will stay – you return. Bread – milk is wholesome food. You will get the prize – you deserve it. I will be ruined – you do that. She is – tall – fair. Do you know – were you born? Try to understand the lesson – the teacher is teaching. I asked him – he was leaving for London.

I waited till the train arrived. He is richer than I am. I did not come because you did not call me. We arrived after you had gone. Don’t go before I come. I was wandering whether you can help me. Is the story true or false? Though he is suffering pain, yet he does not complain. Not only is he foolish, but obstinate also. The notice was published in order that all might know the fact. I will forgive you on the condition that you do not repeat it. Such an act would not be kind even if you were just. He saved some bread so that he should not go hungry. He walks as though he is slightly lame. I must refuse your request, in as much as I believe it unreasonable. He as well as his friend was present there. He took off his coat as soon as he entered the house. You look as if you are tired. He is slow but he is sure. I was annoyed, still I kept quiet. Five years have passed since he began to work. She must weep or she will die. A boy who tells lies gets punished.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct conjunction. He is not strong – he is gone to fight. You call me – you reach there. She behaves – she is innocent. I was late – I had no watch. He should not be so cruel – he is illiterate. You – your friend must have done it. She called me – I should help her with money. He thinks he is smarter – everyone. Teach her home – send her to school.

I would come only that I am engaged. They do not move nor do they spin. Walk quickly; else you will not overtake him. Something certainly fell in, for I heard a splash. A famous book, though, there is nothing in it. As he was not there, I spoke to his brother. Except you repent, you can not do anything else. Many things have happened since I saw you. If I am blunt, yet I am honest. I wonder if he will come. Not that I loved her less but that I loved her family more. He kept quiet that the dispute might cease. The girls sang while the boys played. The day is pleasant only rather cold. So rich is he that he can buy a car. It is because he is weak that he can not run. Since that it is raining, we should not go out. Even if you abuse me, I will continue to love you. It seems as if / as though it would rain. No sooner I cam in he asked me the question. I know that is why I do not boast. However poor he may be but he is happy.

Exercise: fill in the blanks with correct conjunction. Give me to drink – I will die of thirst. He deserved to succeed – he worked hard. He will be sure to come – you invite him. We can travel by land or water. The earth is larger – the moon. Either you are mistaken – I am. I hear that your brother is in America. Be just – do not fear. I am sure – he said so. I ran fast – I missed the train.

Direct Indirect Narration

Direct: Steve said, “I speak French.” Indirect: Steve said that he spoke French.

Steve said to me, “You do not speak French.” Steve told me that I did not speak French.

I said to Steve, “I speak German.” I told Steve that I spoke German.

Steve said to Sophia, “Do you speak German?” Steve asked Sophia if she spoke German.

I said to Sophia, “What does Steve speak?” I asked Sophia what Steve spoke.

Sophia said to Steve, “Where are you going?” Sophia asked Steve where he was going.

I said to Sophia, “How do you know Steve?” I asked Sophia how she knew Steve.

Sophia said to me, “Steve is my friend.” Sophia told me that Steve was her friend.

Sophia said to Joseph, “What were you doing in the afternoon?” Sophia asked Joseph what he was doing in the afternoon.

Joseph said to me, “I was watching a movie.” Joseph told me that he was watching a movie.

I said to Joseph, “Which movie did you watch?” I asked Joseph which movie he had watched.

Joseph said, “It was an English movie.” Joseph said that that was an English movie.

Exercise: change these sentences into indirect narration. She said to me, “Do you play cricket?” I said to her, “I do not play cricket.” She said to me, “Where are you going?” I said to her, “I am going to school.” I said to Joseph, “Is she not going to school?” Joseph said to me, “She is going to market now.” She said to Joseph, “My friend is calling me.”

The words that change: today – that day tomorrow – next day yesterday – previous day here – there this – that now – then ago – before thus – so

I said to Sophia, “Who had given him money?” I asked Sophia who had given him money.

Joseph said to me, “My father had given me money.” Joseph told me that his father had given him money. Steve said to Joseph, “You have been very smart.” Steve told Joseph that he had been very smart.

I said to Suzan, “Will you buy the book today?” I asked Suzan if she would buy the book that day. Suzan said to me, “Can you do me a favor?” Suzan asked me if I could do her a favor.

Sophia said to me, “I have to tell you something.” Sophia told me that she had to tell me something.

I said to my boss, “Shall I take a leave?” I asked my boss if I should take a leave.

The teacher said to me, “You may have to learn Spanish.” The teacher told me that I might have to learn Spanish.

I said to Suzan, “You could have passed the exam.” I told Suzan that she could have passed the exam.

He said, “Let us wait for the award.” He proposed that they should wait for the award.

They said, “Yes, we can do this work.” They affirmed that they can do that work. I said to Joseph, “Give me a glass of water.” I asked / requested Joseph to give me a glass of water.

My boss said, “Bring me the car.” My boss ordered me to bring him the car.

Exercise: change these sentences into indirect narration. I said to Suzan, “What are you doing today?” Suzan said to me, “I am going to play football.” I said to her, “Is Steve also playing with you?” She said to me, “He does not like football.” Steve said to me, “I play cricket only.” I said to Steve, “I played cricket before.” Joseph said to Steve, “Don’t touch the box.” Joseph forbade Steve from touching the box. Or, Joseph told Steve not to touch the box.

I said, “What a nice idea!” I exclaimed with joy and said that was a nice idea.

Steve said to me, “Happy Christmas!” Steve wished me a happy Christmas.

I said, “God is the protector of all.” I said that God is the protector of all.

She said, “It may rain today.” She guessed the possibility of rain that day.

I said, “What a pity!” I regretted and said that was pitiful. I said to him, “May you live long!” I wished him a long life.

He said to the children, “Work hard if you want success.” He told the children to work hard if they wanted success.

The patient said, “Is the doctor about to leave?” The patient enquired if the doctor was about to leave.

He said, “I don’t have my involvement in this case.” He denied his involvement in that case.

I said to my friends, “Let us go.” I told my friends that we should go.

The teacher said, “I shall explain this to you.” The teacher said that he would explain that to them.

The judge said, “Call the first witness.” The judge commanded them to call the first witness.

He shouted, “Let me go.” He shouted to them to let him go.

Exercise: change these sentences into indirect narration. The teacher said to the students, “Don’t make a noise.” I said to my friend, “What a nice joke!” My father said to me, “Give me a glass of water.” The commander said to the army, “Fire.” They said, “The Tajmahal is the beauty of India.” My friend said to me, “Happy new year!” The man said to the conductor, “I don’t have any change.”

He said, “Be quiet and listen to my words.” He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words.

He said, “Alas! I am undone.” He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.

She said, “How clever I am!” She said that she was very clever.

He said, “Bravo! You have done well.” He applauded him saying that he had done well. “Run away, children,” said their mother. The mother told the children to run away.

“Hurry up,” he said to his servant, “do not waste time.” He told his servant to hurry up and not waste time.

“What a stupid fellow you are!” he angrily remarked. He said that he was very stupid.

“Halt!” shouted the officer to his men. The officer shouted to his men and said to halt.

The poor man exclaimed, “Will none of you help me?” The poor man asked if none of them would help him. “Don’t you know the way home?” asked I. I asked if he did not know the way home.

Then aloud he said, “Tell me, boy, is the woman within?” He asked the boy if the woman was within.

Note: If the first part of a sentence is in Present Tense, then no change takes place in the verb. For example-

He says, “I am not well.” He says that he is not well.

Exercise: change these sentences into indirect narration. “My son,” said he, “a great treasure lies hidden in the estate I am about to leave you.” “Where is it hidden?” said the sons. “I am about to leave you.” said the old man, “but you must dig for it.” “We will do that,” said the sons to their father.

A list of synonyms & antonyms for the 100 most often used words in the English language.

Action

Come advance, approach, arrive, near, reach Put place, set, attach, establish, assign, keep, save, set aside, effect, achieve, do, build Go depart, disappear, fade, move, proceed, recede, travel Take hold, catch, seize, grasp, win, capture,

acquire, pick, choose, select, prefer, Run dash, escape, elope, flee, hasten, hurry, remove, steal, lift, rob, engage, race, rush, speed, sprint bewitch, purchase, buy, retract, recall, Hurry rush, run, speed, race, hasten, urge, assume, occupy, consume

accelerate, bustle Make create, originate, invent, beget, form,

Hide conceal, cover, mask, cloak, camouflage, construct, design, fabricate, manufacture, screen, shroud, veil produce, build, develop, do, effect, execute, compose, perform, accomplish, Move plod, go, creep, crawl, inch, poke, drag, earn, gain, obtain, acquire, get

toddle, shuffle, trot, dawdle, walk, traipse, mosey, jog, plug, trudge, slump, lumber, Break fracture, rupture, shatter, smash, wreck, trail, lag, run, sprint, trip, bound, hotfoot, crash, demolish, atomize

high-tail, streak, stride, tear, breeze, Destroy ruin, demolish, raze, waste, kill, slay, end, whisk, rush, dash, dart, bolt, fling, extinguish scamper, scurry, skedaddle, scoot, scuttle,

scramble, race, chase, hasten, hurry, Kill slay, execute, assassinate, murder, destroy, hump, gallop, lope, accelerate, stir, budge, cancel, abolish travel, wander, roam, journey, trek, ride, spin, slip, glide, slide, slither, coast, flow, Cut gash, slash, prick, nick, sever, slice, carve, sail, saunter, hobble, amble, stagger, cleave, slit, chop, crop, lop, reduce

paddle, slouch, prance, straggle, meander, Fall drop, descend, plunge, topple, tumble perambulate, waddle, wobble, pace, swagger, promenade, lunge Fly soar, hover, flit, wing, flee, waft, glide, coast, skim, sail, cruise Do execute, enact, carry out, finish, conclude, effect, accomplish, achieve, attain Decide determine, settle, choose, resolve

Have hold, possess, own, contain, acquire, gain, Help aid, assist, support, encourage, back, wait

maintain, believe, bear, beget, on, attend, serve, relieve, succor, benefit, occupy, absorb, fill, enjoy befriend, abet

Use employ, utilize, exhaust, spend, expend, Mark label, tag, price, ticket, impress, effect,

consume, exercise trace, imprint, stamp, brand, sign, note, heed, notice, designate Get acquire, obtain, secure, procure, gain, fetch, find, score, accumulate, win, earn, Plan plot, scheme, design, draw, map, diagram,

rep, catch, net, bag, derive, collect, procedure, arrangement, intention, device, contrivance, method, way, blueprint gather, glean, pick up, accept, come by, regain, salvage Show display, exhibit, present, note, point to,

Keep hold, retain, withhold, preserve, maintain, indicate, explain, reveal, prove, demonstrate, expose sustain, support

Antonyms

Begin start, open, launch, initiate, commence, Cool chilly, cold, frosty, wintry, icy, frigid

inaugurate, originate Hot feverish, warm, heated, sweltering, torrid,

End stop, finish, terminate, conclude, close, equatorial, tropical, erotic, passionate, halt, cessation, discontinuance, cease, spicy, peppery, pungent, sharp tangy, halt, stay, pause, discontinue, conclude, tart, fiery, flaming, sizzling, charged, finish, quit burning, seared, chafed´, inflamed,

irritated, red, smarting, stinging Big large, enormous, huge, immense, gigantic,

vast, colossal, gargantuan, sizable, Quiet silent, still, soundless, mute, tranquil, grand, great, tall, substantial, mammoth, peaceful, calm, restful, hushed, inaudible

astronomical, ample, broad, expansive, reticent, reserved, taciturn, secretive, spacious, stout, tremendous, titanic, uncommunicative, tightlipped

mountainous Noisy loudly, earsplitting, stentorian, strident,

Little small, tiny, diminutive, shrimp, runt, clamorous, boisterous, clangorous, miniature, puny, exiguous, dinky, cramped, deafening, roisterous, uproarious, limited, itsy-bitsy, microscopic, slight, pandemoniac petite, minute All complete, entire, full, gross, outright,

New fresh, unique, original, unusual, novel, perfect, total, utter, whole, any, modern, current, recent complete, every, sum, totality, each and every, every bit of, bar none, every single, Old feeble, frail, ancient, weak, aged, used, everything, everyone worn, dilapidated, ragged, faded, broken-

down, former, old-fashioned, outmoded, None nothing, nobody, no one, zero, zilch, no passe, veteran, mature, venerable, one at all, no part, not a bit, not a soul, not primitive, traditional, archaic, a thing, not any, not anyone, not anything, conventional, customary, stale, musty, not one, nonexistent, null

obsolete, extinct nadir, nil, naught, void, nada, blank, nix False wrong, fake, fraudulent, counterfeit, Normal daily, traditional, familiar, routine, proper, spurious, untrue, unfounded, erroneous, ordinary, typical, everyday, usual, deceptive, groundless, fallacious, incorrect, commonplace, natural, classic, standard, inaccurate, mistaken, erroneous, general, bona fide, established, habitual, improper, unsuitable orthodox, prevalent, run-of-the-mill, time- True right, accurate, proper, precise, exact, honored, unvarying, average, conventional, valid, genuine, real, actual, trusty, steady, customary, common, regular, garden- variety, household, plain, simple, balanced loyal, dependable, sincere, staunch, correct, accurate, factual, true, good, Strange abnormal, aberrant, anomalous, bent, just, honest, upright, lawful, moral, bizarre, deviant, queer, eccentric, freakish, proper, suitable, apt, legal, fair fanatical, odd, eerie, peculiar, weird, Fast quick, rapid, speedy, fleet, hasty, snappy, unorthodox, nonstandard, atypical, mercurial, swiftly, rapidly, quickly, snappily, different, irregular, nonconforming, speedily, lickety-split, posthaste, hastily, offbeat, unusual, extraordinary, insane, expeditiously, like a flash irrational, disorderly, rare, exceptional, extreme, outlandish

Slow unhurried, gradual, leisurely, late, behind, tedious, slack

Feelings

Anger enrage, infuriate, arouse, nettle, Love like, admire, esteem, fancy, care for,

exasperate, inflame, madden cherish, adore, treasure, worship, appreciate, savor Angry mad, furious, enraged, excited, wrathful,

indignant, exasperated, aroused, inflamed Moody temperamental, changeable, short-

tempered, glum, morose, sullen, mopish,

Calm quiet, peaceful, still, tranquil, mild, serene, irritable, testy, peevish, fretful, spiteful, smooth, composed, collected, unruffled, sulky, touchy level-headed, unexcited, detached, aloof

Sad miserable, uncomfortable, wretched, Eager keen, fervent, enthusiastic, involved, heart-broken, unfortunate, poor, interested, alive to downhearted, sorrowful, depressed,

dejected, melancholy, glum, gloomy, Fear fright, dread, terror, alarm, dismay, dismal, discouraged, unhappy anxiety, scare, awe, horror, panic, apprehension Scared afraid, frightened, alarmed, terrified,

Happy pleased, contented, satisfied, delighted, panicked, fearful, unnerved, insecure,

timid, shy, skittish, jumpy, disquieted, elated, joyful, cheerful, ecstatic, jubilant, worried, vexed, troubled, disturbed, gay, tickled, gratified, glad, blissful horrified, terrorized, shocked, petrified, Hate despise, loathe, detest, abhor, disfavor, haunted, timorous, shrinking, stupefied, dislike, disapprove, abominate paralyzed, stunned, apprehensive

Negative

Awful dreadful, terrible, abominable, bad, poor Dull boring, tiring,, tiresome, uninteresting,

slow, dumb, stupid, unimaginative, Bad evil, immoral, wicked, corrupt, sinful, lifeless, dead, insensible, tedious, depraved, rotten, contaminated, spoiled, wearisome, listless, expressionless, plain, tainted, harmful, injurious, unfavorable, monotonous, humdrum, dreary defective, inferior, imperfect, substandard, faulty, disagreeable, unpleasant, cross, Fat stout, corpulent, fleshy, beefy, paunchy,

nasty, irascible, horrible, atrocious, plump, full, rotund, tubby, pudgy, chubby, outrageous, scandalous, infamous, wrong, chunky, burly, bulky, elephantine noxious, sinister, putrid, snide, deplorable, Gross improper, rude, coarse, indecent, crude, dismal, gross, heinous, nefarious, base, obnoxious, detestable, despicable, vulgar, outrageous, extreme, grievous, shameful, uncouth, obscene, low contemptible, foul, rank, ghastly, execrable

Lazy indolent, slothful, idle, inactive, sluggish Crooked bent, twisted, curved, hooked, zigzag

Trouble distress, anguish, anxiety, worry, Dangerous perilous, hazardous, risky, wretchedness, pain, danger, peril, disaster, uncertain, unsafe grief, misfortune, difficulty, concern, pains, Dilemma quandary, dilemma, pickle, problem, inconvenience, exertion, effort

plight, spot, scrape, jam, predicament Ugly hideous, frightful, frightening, shocking,

Hurt damage, harm, injure, wound, distress, horrible, unpleasant, monstrous, terrifying, afflict, pain gross, grisly, ghastly, horrid, unsightly,

plain, homely, evil, repulsive, repugnant, Dark shadowy, unlit, murky, gloomy, dim, dusky, gruesome shaded, sunless, black, dismal, sad

Positive

Amazing incredible, unbelievable, improbable, Funny humorous, amusing, droll, comic, comical, fabulous, wonderful, fantastic, laughable, silly

astonishing, astounding, extraordinary Good excellent, fine, superior, wonderful, marvelous, Beautiful pretty, lovely, handsome, attractive, qualified, suited, suitable, apt, proper, gorgeous, dazzling, splendid, magnificent, capable, generous, kindly, friendly, comely, fair, ravishing, graceful, elegant, gracious, obliging, pleasant, agreeable, fine, exquisite, aesthetic, pleasing, shapely, pleasurable, satisfactory, well-behaved, delicate, stunning, glorious, heavenly, obedient, honorable, reliable, trustworthy, resplendent, radiant, glowing, blooming, safe, favorable, profitable, advantageous, sparkling righteous, expedient, helpful, valid, genuine, ample, salubrious, estimable, Brave courageous, fearless, dauntless, intrepid, beneficial, splendid, great, noble, worthy, plucky, daring, heroic, valorous, audacious, first-rate, top-notch, grand, sterling, bold, gallant, valiant, doughty, mettlesome superb, respectable, edifying

Bright shining, shiny, gleaming, brilliant, sparkling, Great noteworthy, worthy, distinguished, remarkable, shimmering, radiant, vivid, colorful, grand, considerable, powerful, much, lustrous, luminous, incandescent, mighty intelligent, knowing, quick-witted, smart, Playful mischievous, prankish, naughty, roguish, intellectual waggish, impish, sportive Delicious savory, delectable, appetizing, luscious,

scrumptious, palatable, delightful, Neat clean, orderly, tidy, trim, dapper, natty, enjoyable, toothsome, exquisite smart, elegant, well-organized, super, desirable, spruce, shipshape, well-kept, Enjoy appreciate, delight in, be pleased, indulge shapely in, luxuriate in, bask in, relish, devour, savor, like Popular well-liked, approved, accepted,

favorite, celebrated, common, current Famous well-known, renowned, celebrated, famed, eminent, illustrious, distinguished, noted,

notorious

Descriptive

Describe portray, characterize, picture, narrate, Look gaze, see, glance, watch, survey, study, seek, relate, recount, represent, report, record search for, peek, peep, glimpse, stare, contemplate, examine, gape, ogle, Difference disagreement, inequity, contrast, scrutinize, inspect, leer, behold, observe, dissimilarity, incompatibility view, witness, perceive, spy, sight,

discover, notice, recognize, peer, eye, Explain elaborate, clarify, define, interpret, justify, gawk, peruse, explore account for

Tell disclose, reveal, show, expose, uncover, Story tale, myth, legend, fable, yarn, account, relate, narrate, inform, advise, explain, narrative, chronicle, epic, sage, anecdote, divulge, declare, command, order, bid, record, memoir recount, repeat Think judge, deem, assume, believe,

consider, contemplate, reflect, mediate Idea thought, concept, conception, notion, understanding, opinion, plan, view, belief Talk / Speech Say/Tell inform, notify, advise, relate, recount, Answer reply, respond, retort, acknowledge narrate, explain, reveal, disclose, divulge,

declare, command, order, bid, enlighten, Ask question, inquire of, seek information from, put a question to, demand, request, instruct, insist, teach, train, direct, issue, expect, inquire, query, interrogate, remark, converse, speak, affirm, suppose, utter, negate, express, verbalize, voice, examine, quiz articulate, pronounce, deliver, convey, Cry shout, yell, yowl, scream, roar, bellow, impart, assert, state, allege, mutter, weep, wail, sob, bawl mumble, whisper, sigh, exclaim, yell, sing, yelp, snarl, hiss, grunt, snort, roar, bellow, Mean add up to, affect, be important, be of thunder, boom, scream, shriek, screech, value, be substantive, carry weight, squawk, whine, philosophize, stammer, connote, count, denote, express, imply, stutter, lisp, drawl, jabber, protest, intend, involve, signify, spell, stand for, announce, swear, vow, content, assure, suggest, value, weigh in deny, dispute

Unsorted Important necessary, vital, critical, indispensable, Somewhat a little, sort of, kind of, a bit, relatively, valuable, essential, significant, primary, slightly, moderately, to some extent / principal, considerable, famous, degree , reasonably, partially, more or distinguished, notable, well-known less, not much

rather, quite, fairly, by a long shot, by Interesting fascinating, engaging, sharp, keen, bright, far, rather, significantly, well intelligent, animated, spirited, attractive, inviting, intriguing, provocative, thought- Somehow in a way, virtually, to a certain extent, in provoking, challenging, inspiring, some measure, to some extent, to a involving, moving, titillating, tantalizing, certain degree, quasi, in a manner of exciting, entertaining, piquant, lively, racy, speaking, effectively spicy, engrossing, absorbing, consuming, anyhow, anyway, anywise, by hook or gripping, arresting, enthralling, by crook, another, howsoever, in any spellbinding, curious, captivating, way, somehow or other, someway, enchanting, bewitching, appealing

by some means Part portion, share, piece, allotment, section, Definite certain, sure, positive, determined, clear, fraction, fragment distinct, obvious Place space, area, spot, plot, region, location, Fair just, impartial, unbiased, objective, situation, position, residence, dwelling, unprejudiced, honest set, site, station, status, state

Meeting and Greeting

(i) Short Conversations

Conversation 1 Sita : Hello! I‟m Sita. Daya : I‟m Daya. Sita : Happy to meet you, Daya. Daya : Glad to meet you, too.

Conversation 2 Rita : Hello! I‟m Rita. Binti : I‟m Binti. I‟m from Baroda. Rita : A pleasure meeting you. I‟m from Ranchi.

Binti : Very pleased to meet you, too.

Conversation 3 Ragini : Hello, Binti. How are you? Binti : Very well, thank you. And you? Ragini : I‟m fine. It‟s good to see you again. Binti : I‟m very happy to see you, too.

Conversation 4 Sita : I‟m so happy to see you again, Gita. Gita : Yes, it‟s been ages since we met.

Sita : How have things been with you? Gita : Good. I‟ve finally wound up my thesis.

Conversation 5 Rita : Hello, Gita! I‟m so pleased to meet you! Gita : I‟m so glad to meet you, too! Rita : What have you been doing lately?

Gita : Nothing much, just reading books.

Conversation 6 Binti : What a pleasant surprise! When did you come back?

Sita : I got back last night. Binti : Did you enjoy the vacation?

Sita : Yes, I had a wonderful time. Thank you.

Conversation 7 Sita : May I introduce myself ? I‟m Sita. Gita : I‟m Gita. Lovely meeting you, Sita. Sita : Do you live in Delhi? Gita : No, I‟m on a short visit to the capital.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. pleasure feeling of joy or happiness 2. it‟s been ages a long time 3. wound up completed, finished 4. lately in the past few days 5. pleasant surprise unexpected joy 6. vacation period of rest, holidays 7. wonderful excellent, very good

(ii) Meeting for the first time Sita : Hello, I am Sita Sharma. What is your name? Gita : I‟m Gita. Sita : Where do you live? Gita : Varanasi. Sita : Oh, really? I‟m also from Varanasi. I live on the Benares Hindu University campus. My father is a teacher there. Sita : What a small world! My mother is also a teacher, but she teaches in a school. Gita : I‟m also receiving training to be a teacher. Sita : That‟s nice. A family of teachers! It has been nice meeting you.

(iii) Meeting after a long time Rohit : Where have you been all these days? We haven‟t met for ages. Amit : I‟ve been very busy with preparations for our Annual Day function. Rohit : Oh I see! Yes, that does require a great deal of hard work. When is the function?

Amit : It‟s next week and I still have a lot to do. Rohit : Good luck. I hope to see more of you after the function is over.

Amit : Yes, I look forward to seeing you.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. been ages a long time 2. a great deal of a lot of 3. see more of to meet more often 4. look forward to will be happy to

(iv) Meeting a new student in school Rina : Hi, I‟m Rina. Ragini : I‟m Ragini. Rina : Haven‟t seen you around. Are you a new student? Ragini : Yes, it‟s my first day today and I‟m a little nervous. Rina : What class are you in? Ragini : Class XI. I‟ve taken Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Rina : Oh! That‟s great. I‟ve also opted for the same subjects, so we‟ll be together.

Ragini : Good! After talking to you I‟m feeling a lot better. Rina : Come, I‟ll introduce you to the rest of the class. Ragini : Thank you very much.

In the classroom Rina : Hello, everybody. This is Ragini. Today is her first day in school. Students : Hello, Ragini. Welcome to the class. Ragini : Thank you. I‟m looking forward to being here.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. nervous worried, tense 2. opted selected, decided on 3. looking forward to thinking with pleasure about something that is going to happen

(v) Meeting in the market Ravi : Good evening, ma‟am. Teacher : Good evening, Ravi. Ravi : Nice to see you here, madam! Teacher : I‟ve just moved to a new house and this shopping complex is the closest for us.

Ravi : Please meet my parents. Mom, Dad, this is Mrs. Kaul, our History teacher. Parents : Glad to meet you, Mrs. Kaul. If you need any help, please feel free to ask us. We live in K – 92, Greater Kailash. Teacher : That‟s wonderful! I‟m in G –13. I‟m sure we‟ll be seeing more of each other. Thank you very much for your offer. Parents : Good-bye!

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. shopping complex a group of shops in a building 2. closest nearest

(vi) Meeting at a party Mrs Sharma : Hello, Mrs Malik. What a pleasure to see you! Mrs Malik : Yes, it is wonderful to meet you again. Mrs Sharma : Let me introduce you to my friend, Mrs Rai. Mrs Rai, meet Mrs Malik, a dear friend from Kolkata. Mrs Rai : Pleased to meet you Mrs Malik. Do join us. Mrs Malik : Thank you. I am so glad to have met you both.

(vii) Meeting in the park Seema : Hello, my name‟s Seema. And yours? Mita : I‟m Mita. Where do you live? Seema : I live in Kaveripuram. How about you? Mita : I‟m in Rajdeep Colony. It‟s close by. Seema : Do you come to this park often?

Mita : Yes, almost every evening. Seema : Good, we can meet here then. Mita : That will be great.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1.often many times

(viii) Meeting at an office Receptionist : Good morning Sir. How can I help you? Mr Das : I‟d like to meet Mr Sarkar, the General Manager of the Fans Division. Receptionist : May I know your name and the purpose of your visit? Mr Das : My name is Ravi Das. I was advised to see Mr. Sarkar regarding the formalities for joining the company.

Receptionist : I will check if he is free. Please have a seat, Mr Das. Mr Das: Thank you. Receptionist : (On the intercom) Sir, Mr Ravi Das is here to see you.

Mr Sarkar : Send him in. Receptionist : Mr Das, the General Manager will see you now. Please go down this corridor, turn left and it‟s the second room on the right.

Mr Das : Thank you, ma‟am.

In Mr Sarkar’s office Mr Das : May I come in, Sir? Mr Sarkar : Yes, come in Mr Das. Welcome to the organization. Please sit down. Mr Das : Thank you, Sir. Mr Sarkar : Would you like some tea or coffee? Mr Das : Tea will be fine, thank you. Mr Sarkar : I‟ll call Mr Gopal who handles administration. He‟ll help you complete the

joining formalities and show you around the office . Mr Das : Thank you sir. Mr Sarkar : I‟ll see you later. I‟m sure you‟ll enjoy working with us. All the best!

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. formalities paperwork, official procedure 2. intercom internal communication system 3. corridor passage or gallery with doors leading into many rooms 4. organization a group of people working together 5. handles administration looks after the working of the organization

(ix) Meeting on a train Sahil : Hello, I‟m Sahil Gupta from Delhi. I work for the State Bank of India. Vikram : I am Vikram Mehta. I work for B.H.E.L. in Haridwar. Sahil : Where are you going Mr. Mehta?

Vikram : I‟m joining my family in Agra. We want to see the Taj Mahal. Where are you going? Sahil : I‟m going to Gwalior on business. Vikram : I think we are approaching Agra. I better start moving my luggage closer to the door. Sahil : It was nice meeting you, Vikram. Vikram : It was nice meeting you too. Here‟s my card. Let‟s keep in touch. Goodbye and all the best.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. approaching nearing, coming close to 2. keep in touch keep contact

Introductions

(i) Introducing oneself Hello, I am Yoko. I‟m Japanese. I live in Tokyo. I am 14 years old and I love collecting stamps. Now use the table below to create similar introductions.

Name Country Nationality City Age Hobbies/Sports Ann America American New York 12 years old reading books Yoko Japan Japanese Tokyo 14 years old collecting stamps Haseena Bangladesh Bangladeshi Dhaka 11 years old volley ball Jayanthi Sri Lanka Sri Lankan Colombo 13 years old skating, chess, sudoku Ravi India Indian Delhi 15 years old cricket

(ii) Two persons introducing themselves Sita : Hello, I am Sita. I‟m from Uttar Pradesh and I live in Agra. Manjeet : Hello, I am Manjeet. I‟m from Punjab. How old are you Sita? Sita : I‟m twelve years old. What about you? Manjeet : I‟m twelve years old too! I live and study in Bhatinda. Where do you study? Sita : I study in Class VI in Tiny Tots Public School. Manjeet : What are your hobbies? Sita : I like to read books and play chess. Manjeet : I too love to play chess . Sita : We have a lot in common. We can be good friends. Manjeet : That sounds great! I‟d love to be friends with you.

(iii) Introducing a friend Rina : Hello, Riya. Do come in. I hope you didn‟t find it difficult to locate the house? Riya : Not at all. The directions you gave me were perfect. Rina : Riya, come and meet my family. These are my parents. This is my younger sister Shiraz and this is Riya, my classmate. Riya : Good morning Aunty, good morning Uncle. Hello Shiraz. I‟m really pleased to meet you all. I‟ve heard so much about you from Rina. Shiraz : We are pleased to meet you too. Rina : Come Riya let‟s go up to my room and complete the project. Then we can relax. Riya : That‟s a good idea.

Word Meaning 1. locate Find

School related conversations

(i) Between students Raghav : Hello, Sumit. How are you now? Sumit : Absolutely fine, but I was laid up in bed with a nasty cold and fever. Raghav : We missed you in school. Sumit : Yes, I‟m happy to be back. Have I missed much? Raghav : Not really. I‟ll help you make it up. Sumit : Thank you.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. laid up in bed to be unwell 2. nasty very bad

(ii) Parent - teacher Parent : My son, Amit Kaul studies in Class IV C. Mrs. Mathur, his class teacher wanted to meet me. Could you please see if she is free? Administrator: Yes, I‟ll just check. Yes, you can meet her in the visitor‟s room. It‟s the fourth room on the right. Parent : Thank you. Teacher : Hello, Mrs Kaul. I wanted to see you in connection with certain things I‟ve been noticing about Amit. Parent : Has he been playing up?

Teacher : No, he is a little withdrawn. He doesn‟t mix around with other children.

Parent : Is he inattentive also? Teacher : Well, he is certainly not as alert as he used to be. Parent : Oh! This is upsetting. I organize his day myself. Teacher : Could it be too much TV? Parent : No, he‟s allowed to watch TV only after two hours of concentrated work.

Teacher : I think you are overdoing both, TV and work. When does he play? Parent : In school. Teacher : No, that‟s not enough. Allow him at least two hours of unstructured play. Parent : What do you mean by unstructured play? Teacher : It means free, uncontrolled play. It could make all the difference. Parent : You really think so? Teacher : Yes! Half an hour of TV and no video games. Try this for a few days and I‟m sure you will see a change in him.

Parent : I truly hope so. Thank you so much for your interest and advice. Word Meaning 1. visitor‟s room waiting room 2. playing up fooling around, misbehaving 3. withdrawn quiet, not mixing with others 4. concentrated undisturbed 5. overdoing doing too much 6. make all the difference bring about a significant change

(iii) Advice from a teacher

Teacher : Ravi, why are you looking so gloomy?

Ravi : Ma‟am I‟m just a little concerned about my future. My friends and I were discussing our current life-styles and the career options available to us.

Teacher : A career is best chosen when you decide to do something that truly interests you. The love and passion that you will have for your work will also ensure your success.

Ravi : But Ma‟am, we should also be able to earn enough money to take care of our needs. Teacher : Yes, I agree but life-styles are also a matter of what you are accustomed to.

Remember, you can‟t always have what you like but if you learn to like what you have, you will always be happy. Ravi : Ma‟am, you sound so right. I will keep your advice in mind. Thank you very much! Teacher : You are most welcome, Ravi.

Word Meaning 1. gloomy sad, depressed 2. life-style way of life, standard of living 3. ensure make certain, make sure 4. determine decide, settle on 5. accustom get used to

(iv) Getting ready for a school trek Father : Rohit, are you ready for your school trek? Rohit : My first aid kit is ready.

Father : Have you put some medicines for headaches, fever and upset stomach? Rohit : Yes I have. Father : Take some sachets of Electral and glucose too.

Mother : Remember, a mosquito-repellent is a must.

Rohit : And now my toiletries - a comb, a tooth-brush, toothpaste, bathing-soap and washing powder. Is that all? Mother : Don‟t forget to pack some sachets of shampoo for your hair. Father : Next, remember to attach a card, with your name, address and both the land line and mobile telephone numbers to each piece of luggage. Rohit : This is all so exciting! Mother : What eatables would you like to carry along with you? Rohit : My favourite biscuits and rusks. Mother : Would you like me to make some laddoos? Rohit : That would be wonderful. Mother : Alright that‟s done. Now the last piece of advice. Avoid food exposed to dust, dirt and flies. Drink water from only safe water outlets and don‟t accept food offered by unknown persons. Father : And of course, obey your teachers. Rohit : Thank you, father. Thank you, mother. I can‟t wait to get started now!!

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. first aid kit articles required for treating medical emergencies 2. sachet a small bag or packet containing shampoo, hair-oil, washing- powder etc. 3. mosquito repellent a substance that drives away mosquitoes 4. toiletries articles used for washing, cleaning teeth etc. 5. luggage bags, suit cases etc. 6. exposed to leave unprotected

(v) Practice session for the annual function

Teacher : Rita, the function begins at 6 pm. You are going to welcome the guests. Rita : I‟ll do that Ma‟am. What do I have to say? Teacher : You should say „Good evening and welcome to our Annual Function‟. Rita : Is there anything else that I have to do? Teacher : Yes. At the end of the function you will address the audience again.

Remember it will be around 9 pm. How will you conclude it?

Rita : I‟ll say „Thank you for being with us. I hope you enjoyed the function. Good night.‟

Word Meaning 1. address a speech delivered to an audience 2. audience a group of people watching a show 3. conclude finish, bring to a close

(vi) Admission to a college Mr. Malhotra : Good morning, sir. May I come in? Principal : Yes, please do. Mr. Malhotra : I‟m Anil Malhotra from Delhi, and this is my son, Ravi. Principal : Please sit down. Mr. Malhotra : I have been transferred to Ghaziabad, just recently. I‟m here in connection with my son‟s admission to class XI. Principal : Mr. Malhotra, the admissions have closed formally last week but let me see what I can do for you. Ravi, tell me something about your academic background.

Ravi : I was a student at the Army Public School, Delhi. I have cleared class X with an aggregate of 89%. I would like to take up the

Science stream with Computer Science as an elective. Principal : Good, and did you ever participate in debates, dramatics, or sports in your school? Ravi : Yes, sir. Principal : Do you have your certificates for these co-curricular activities?

Ravi : Yes Sir. They are all in this file along with a letter of recommendation from my Ex-Principal. I‟d like to mention that I was the Head Boy of Army Public School. Principal : I‟m glad to hear that, Ravi. Leave your file with me. We‟ll see what we can do for you. Ravi : Thank you very much, sir. Mr. Malhotra : Thank you, sir! I‟m extremely grateful for the time you have given us and the interest you have taken.

Word Meaning 1. academic related to school, college

2. aggregate combined total, total 3. dramatics dramas, plays 4. co-curricular activities not related to the curriculum 5. recommendation praising a person‟s qualities and conduct for the purpose of employment, admission etc.

(vii) Consoling a friend Ravi : Sumit, What‟s the matter? Why are you looking so down and out? Sumit : My cycle was stolen from school yesterday. Ravi : Where did you park it? Sumit : The usual place, behind the canteen. Ravi : Don‟t worry. Somebody must be playing a prank. I‟m sure you‟ll find it. Sumit : I hope so.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. down and out worried, upset 2. playing a prank practical joke

Job related Enquiries

(i) Job seekers’ course Student : May I come in, please? Madam : Yes please come in. How can I help you? Student : Ma‟am, I want information about the Tally course. Madam : Please sit down. Are you a student or a job-seeker? Student : I am doing B.Com Honours and I will graduate at the end of this semester. Madam : Oh, so you are a job-seeker. You qualify for this course. What information do you want? Student : What is the fee for the course?

Ma‟am : It is 675, which includes the cost of the material. You will get a reference and a lab manual along with it.

Student : Ma‟am, what is the duration of this course and what are the timings? Ma‟am : I will give you a brochure which has all the details.

Student : Thank you. I will go through the brochure and come back later.

Ma‟am : You are welcome! Be sure to follow the deadlines on the brochure. I hope this course will help enhance your skills and help you get a job!

Word/phrase Meaning 1. fee the money that you pay for instruction at school, university etc. 2. reference manual a book giving information 3. brochure booklet giving information 4. enhance improve

(ii) Job seekers - a discussion Student 1 : Ravi, I‟ve just read an advertisement which seems to suit us. Student 2 : For fresh graduates?

Student 1 : Yes. Graduates with an aptitude for marketing and good communication skills.

Student 2 : Aptitude means…? Student 1 : Aptitude means your talent or your ability in a particular skill. Student 2 : How do we contact them? Student 1 : The number is 9811176112. They have an on-the-spot offer in their Direct Hire Centre at Vasant Kunj. Student 2 : What must we take with us?

Student 1 : A copy of our résumé, academic certificates and three passport-size photographs. Student 2 : What about merit certificates for co-curricular activities? I mean participation in debates, sports etc.? Student 1 : Of course, take those along too. They will certainly help. Student 2 : What is the last date for applying? Student 1 : It‟s the 15th of May. Now let‟s get our papers together and hope for the best.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. fresh graduate just finished graduation 2. communication skills ability to convey or express an idea 3. résumé a short summary of a person‟s personal profile

(iii) Job opportunities Teacher : What are you planning to do after class XII? Student : I plan to go back to my hometown in Himachal Pradesh. Teacher : And do what? Student : My father has a plot of land near Shimla. I‟ll try my hand at growing fruit and flowers. Teacher : Flowers? Who would think of growing flowers for a living? Student : I have. I read that the Himachal Pradesh Churah Valley Farmers are signing an M.O.U. with a Dutch company. The fl orists will export carnations to Holland, through the year. Teacher : This really sounds great, but very hard to believe. Student : What is really amazing is the fact that the farmers will earn 13 lakhs per hectare from flowers as compared to 15,000 to 20,000 per hectare from traditional crops.

Teacher : Unbelievable! Our institution rolls out its first farmer. Good luck!

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. valley low area surrounded by hills 2. M.O.U. Memorandum of Understanding 3. florist one who sells flowers 4. hectare a unit to measure land (2.5 acres = 1hectare) 5. traditional crops wheat, rice, millet etc. 6. rolls out turns out

(iv) Short courses during a vacation Student 1 : I have a three week break after this semester. Can you suggest something I can do in that time? Student 2 : There are a number of short courses that you can take during this period. Student 1 : In what subjects? Student 2 : Well….if for example, you want to brush up your skills in spoken and

written English, then enroll for the crash course beginning on May 22nd

in the English Department. Student 1 : What are the timings? Student 2 : From 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. Student 1 : That will be really useful, and I will have the day ahead to do something else. Student 2 : If there is not too much pressure of work then you can also enroll for a

Computer Course from 10 a.m. to 12 noon. Student 1 : I‟ll take up the challenge. It‟ll be a well utilized holiday. Thanks for all the

information.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. semester term 2. brush up your skills to improve 3. enroll join, register for 4. the day ahead the remaining hours of the day 5. too much pressure too much work 6. take up the challenge try my best to do it 7. utilized spent, used

(v) Applying for a computer course Applicant : Good morning sir. May I come in? Administrator : Good morning. Yes come in. Applicant : I want to enroll for a basic computer course. Administrator : What experience do you have with computers? For example, do you know the different parts of a computer? Do you know how to type? Applicant : Sir, I can switch on the computer and I know the basic hardware, but I cannot type. Administrator : Then, you should take the introductory course in Microsoft Office

Tools, which will teach you basic word processing and how to make

tables and charts etc. Applicant : What is word processing? Administrator : It is a process used for electronically drafting and revising documents, reports etc. You can select, copy, paste and

delete items to create a perfect document without having to

re-type every word if you make a mistake. Applicant : This sounds interesting. It is just what I need, to write papers and make presentations . When can I register and what is the fee? Administrator : You can read this pamphlet. It has all the course details and the fee structure. Applicant : Thank you sir. Administrator : I hope you enjoy the course and benefit from it.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. hardware parts of a computer you can see and touch 2. introductory course preliminary knowledge given to a person on a subject or course 3. document a paper giving information about something 4. create design 5. pamphlet brochure

(vii) Career counselling Counsellor : Hello, Mrs Kumar. How can I assist you?

Mrs. Kumar : I spoke to you over the telephone yesterday about career guidance. Counsellor : Oh yes! I remember. I have been through your résumé. I notice with great

appreciation your excellent work as a volunteer with rural women and disabled children.

Mrs. Kumar : Thank you. I have always enjoyed such work. But now I‟ve come to a stage in my life where I need guidance. Counsellor : What are your options?

Mrs. Kumar : The options are to continue working in the charity sector or go back to a salaried job at a hospital. Counsellor : How are you placed with regard to finances? Mrs. Kumar : Not very sound unfortunately.

Counsellor : In that case you should go back to your part-time salaried job and spend the rest of your time doing voluntary work.

Mrs. Kumar : Thank you very much for all the help. I appreciate your guidance.

Word Meaning 1. assist help 2. résumé a short summary of a person‟s personal profile 3. appreciation admiration 4. rural countryside, village 5. disabled unable to use a limb or limbs 6. guidance help or advice that is given

7. options something that you can choose to do 8. charity giving money, food, help etc, to the needy 9. not very sound not very good 10. voluntary work unpaid or charitable work

(vii) An interview Rohit : Good morning sir. I‟m Rohit Handa. May I come in? Principal : Good morning Rohit. Come in. You are Rohit Handa from Delhi. I got your e-mail asking for an appointment. Sit down Rohit. Now tell me more about yourself. Rohit : I was a student of Central School in Dehradun. I passed my CBSE examination with an aggregate of 89%. I belong to the science stream with computer science as an elective. I‟m seeking admission to your college as

my father has just got transferred to Ghaziabad. Principal : Have you brought your mark sheets, certificates and other related papers? Rohit : Yes sir. All the records and papers are here in this file, including certificates for the extra-curricular activities. Principal : Leave your papers with me. I‟m afraid there are no vacancies at present. But there is always a chance that there may be some dropouts. You will have to wait till the next list is released. Rohit : Thank you sir. I would be extremely grateful if you could consider my application when you have vacancies.

Word Meaning 1. seeking looking for 2. vacancies seats available 3. dropouts students who leave

look to your right, look to your left and then look to your right again, before crossing. Lastly cross only when the “Walk” light is green. You should always follow these rules and remember the maxim, “Better late than never.”

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. pedestrian a person who travels on foot 2. zebra or pedestrian crossing a part of the road where cars and other vehicles stop, to allow people to cross

(iii) Road etiquette Ramesh : Rohit, how do you move on these Agra roads! Rohit : Yes, after living in Chandigarh, these roads must seem chaotic to you.

Ramesh : Just look at that pedestrian, spinning his walking stick on the busy road as though the road belongs to him. Rohit : (to the pedestrian) Sir, you may hurt someone with your walking stick. Pedestrian : Young man, mind your own business. I am free to do what I like with my stick. Rohit : I agree, sir, but your freedom might interfere with other people‟s rights, freedom and safety. Pedestrian : Thanks for pointing this out. I‟ve made a note of your suggestion.

Word Meaning 1.chaotic disorganised

Congratulating

(i) For an examination result Teacher : Children, you all must be very eager to know your result. Students : Yes ma‟am. Teacher : You have all done extremely well and I‟m proud of this class. Students : Thank you ma‟am. Teacher : The high point in this year‟s result has been Ankita and Rina‟s performance. You‟ll be glad to know that Ankita has stood first in the class. She is also the school topper. Well done Ankita. Congratulations! Ankita : Thank you ma‟am. You were so encouraging and supportive.

Teacher : Rina, you have stood second in the class. You have been declared the best All Rounder. Congratulations to you too. May you both continue to do well. Students : (to Ankita and Rina) Congratulations! We want a treat!

Word Meaning 1. eager keen, excited 2. high point best part 3. encouraging giving support, confidence 4. supportive helpful

(ii) For a promotion Ravi : Good morning Sir. Heartiest congratulations! Manager : Thank you, Ravi. Ravi : Sir, it is a well deserved promotion. Manager : Thank you once again.

(iii) For getting admission Rina : Rajini you look very excited? Rajini : Yes, I‟ve cleared the Medical Entrance Test. Rina : That‟s great. Congratulations! Rajini : Thanks. Rina : I hope you get admission in a college of your choice. Rajini : I hope so too.

(iv) For a new car Ravi : Rakesh, when did you get this new car? Rakesh : Just a few minutes ago. I‟m driving straight from the showroom. Ravi : Congratulations! The colour is very pleasing. Rakesh : Thanks Ravi.

(v) For a new house Rajesh : Hello Anil, how are you? Anil : Very well thank you. Rajesh : I was taking a walk through the colony and I noticed that your house is almost ready. Anil : Yes, it is almost complete, just a few minor loose ends.

Rajesh : It looks grand. You‟ve put your heart and soul into making it. When are you moving in? Anil : We will move in on Saturday. In fact, that‟s why I‟m here. I‟ve come to invite you to the house warming party on Sunday at 12:30 p.m. Rajesh : Thanks. We‟ll be there and congratulations!

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. loose ends work which is incomplete 2. heart and soul with full enthusiasm 3. house warming party a party thrown when one is moving into a new house

(vi) For getting an award Aunt : Sita, I hear that you‟ve won an award in an All India competition. Sita : Yes aunty. Aunt : What was the award for? Sita : I participated in the All India Essay Writing Competition sponsored by the Tata Group of Industries. I got the second prize. Aunt : That‟s really great. Congratulations! Sita : Thank you aunty. Aunt : What was the topic? Sita : We had to write on - „Building a new India‟ Aunt : That sounds very challenging.

Sita : Did you know that half a million students, from a thousand schools participated? Aunt : Really! Sita : And they were from thirty one cities across the country. Aunt : My goodness! That‟s a very wide coverage.

Sita : Sixteen essays were short listed and the President of India felicitated us at a special function at the Rashtrapati Bhawan. Aunt : Yes, I do remember seeing a photograph in the newspaper of some children with the President. Well done Sita. We‟re really very proud of you.

Word Meaning 1. challenging requiring full use of your abilities or resources 2. coverage the extent to which something is covered 3. felicitated congratulated

Condolences

(i) Passing away of a grandparent Rina : Ragini, you haven‟t been coming to work. Is everything alright? Ragini : Not really. My grandfather passed away, so I had gone to Jaipur for a week. Rina : I‟m extremely sorry to hear that. When I met your grandfather earlier this year, he seemed to be in perfect health. Did he take ill suddenly? Ragini : Yes, it was very sudden. Last Friday, after he returned from his morning walk, he felt a little uneasy and complained of a chest pain. Before any

help could be given, he had a massive cardiac arrest and collapsed.

Rina : That‟s very unfortunate. Even at 80, he was so jovial, energetic and full of life. Ragini : I know. Father has taken it rather badly.

Rina : Losing a parent at any age is difficult but they say, time is the best healer. Ragini : Yes, it will take some time for him to accept the situation. Rina : Take special care of him. Ragini : Yes we will, and thanks so much for your concern.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. uneasy uncomfortable 2. cardiac arrest heart failure 3. collapsed fell down because of illness 4. unfortunate unlucky, ill-fated 5. jovial cheerful, jolly 6. taken it rather badly to be very upset

(ii) Passing away of a spouse Sunil : I was so shocked to hear about the sad demise of your wife. She was so young. What happened? Ravi : It was a brain haemorrhage that caused her death . It was very sudden and unexpected .

Sunil : I can imagine the pain of losing a spouse specially when the children are so young. Ravi : Yes, it is extremely difficult. She was a loving mother and a very devoted wife. Sunil : Ravi, my family and I are with you in this hour of grief. May God give you courage to bear this loss.

Word/ Phrase Meaning 1. demise death, the end 2. haemorrhage severe bleeding inside a person‟s body 3. sudden quick, at once 4. unexpected something that comes as a surprise 5. spouse a husband or wife 6. hour of grief a time of sadness

(iii) Losing a member of the staff Principal : Mrs. Sharma I was sorry to learn that Mr. Sharma passed away last night. We knew he was unwell but didn‟t expect his end would come so soon. Mrs. Sharma : Yes. He had been extremely unwell for the past two weeks. Principal : I just want to tell you that he was one of our finest teachers. His long and dedicated service to the school will always be remembered. The

entire staff conveys their deepest sympathies to you and your family

May God give you the strength to bear this loss.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. dedicated devoted , working hard for a cause 2. sympathies sharing the sad condition of another person

Requests

(i) Help from a neighbour Mr. Gupta : (rings the bell) Rakesh, I‟m sorry to trouble you at this early hour but I need your help urgently. Rakesh : Certainly! How can I help? Mr Gupta : Ankita has had a bad fall. She‟s hit her head on something sharp. She‟s bleeding profusely. I think she‟ll need some stitches. Could you rush us to a hospital, please? Rakesh : Give me a moment and I‟ll be there. Mr Gupta : Thanks very much.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. bleeding profusely when a lot of blood is lost, blood flowing continuously

(ii) Taking advice on cooking Sujata : Hi Kavita! How are you? Kavita : I‟m well thank you, Sujata. Sujata : I‟ve been calling you but the line just doesn‟t connect when needed most. Kavita : Anything urgent? Sujata : Nothing really. Sunil has called some colleagues over for dinner. I thought I‟ll try out one or two of your special dishes. You know I‟m not much of a cook. Kavita : Come on Sujata! What are you planning to serve? Sujata : I thought I‟ll try my hand at some Chinese cooking. Give me the recipe for spring rolls and sweet and sour vegetable. Kavita : You can borrow my Tarla Dalal‟s recipe book and follow the recipe to the letter. You will be able to turn out the most exotic dishes. Sujata : Thanks, Kavita. You‟ve really saved the day.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. colleagues a person you work along with 2. try my hand try making 3. to the letter follow precisely, exactly 4. exotic out of the ordinary 5. saved the day been a great help

(iii) Help from a teacher Rina : Good morning, ma‟am. Teacher : Good morning. Rina : Ma‟am I need some help. Teacher : Yes, what is it? Rina : Ma‟am, I have a few problems in statistics that I would like to get clarified. When can I come to you for a few minutes. Teacher : Come any day after the lunch break. I will be in the staff room. Rina : Thank you, ma‟am.

Word Meaning 1. clarify make clear, explain

(iv) Permission for an outing Ravi : Dad ! Father : Hello, Ravi. How come you are up so early today? Ravi : Dad, my friends are going for an outing to Badhkal Lake. Can I also go with them? Father: Have you forgotten that your Aunt is coming from Mumbai and she‟ll be with us just for two days? Ravi : Oh! I completely forgot. I don‟t think I‟ll go then. I‟ll persuade my friends to postpone the trip to next Sunday.

Word Meaning 1. persuade convince, influence 2. postpone put off, reschedule

(v) Request for leave from office Asst. Mgr. : May I come in, sir? Gen. Mgr. : Yes. Asst. Mgr. : Sir, I have come to request you to grant me three days leave from July 6th to 9th. Gen. Mgr. : I hope all‟s well? Asst. Mgr. : Sir, my mother had a minor accident. She slipped and fractured her ankle.

Gen. Mgr. : Give me the application. If you need any help please don‟t hesitate to ask.

Asst. Mgr. : Thank you, sir. That‟s very kind of you.

Word Meaning 1. minor small, not serious 2. hesitate be reluctant, think twice 3. Asst. Mgr. Assistant Manager 4. Gen. Mgr. General Manager

(vi) Request for leave from school Parent : May I come in? Principal : Yes, please come in. Parent : I am Mrs. Singh. My daughter Preeti is a student of class VIII A. Principal : Yes, I can place her. Parent : Madam there is a marriage in our family. I request you to kindly grant Preeti leave for a week from 14th to 21st September. Principal : Leave the application in the office and ensure that she makes up the work that she will miss. Parent : Thank you Ma‟am. We‟ll see to it that she will not lag behind in her work.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. ensure to make sure 2. lag behind fail to keep up with others

(vii) Taking leave from a get-together Uday : I‟m sorry I must leave. My meeting starts in exactly fifteen minutes from now. Anand: I wish you could have stayed longer. Uday : I too wish I could have stayed. I was enjoying the afternoon, but all good things come to an end. Anand: Bye. We will get together again. Uday : Yes, we must. Thanks for coming even though it was for a short while. Good bye.

Word/Phrase Meaning 1. get-together informal meeting or a party 2. a short while very little time

(viii) Invitation for a farewell party Mr. Rao : We are planning to have a farewell party for Mr. Gupta. I‟d like you to look

into the arrangements and send the invitation to him. If it‟s convenient for him, then please fix it for the 5th of September at six in the evening. Ravi : Yes, sir I‟ll do that. I‟ll also make all the arrangements. Mr. Rao : Don‟t forget to inform the rest of the staff. Ravi : I‟ll take care of that also. Ravi (on the telephone): Good afternoon. May I speak to Mr. Gupta, please? Mr. Gupta : Yes, it‟s Gupta speaking. May I know who‟s calling? Ravi : Sir, this is Ravi from Jay Engineering. Mr. Gupta : Hello, Ravi. How are you and how are things at the office? Ravi : Very well, thank you. Sir, we want to arrange a farewell for you on the 5th of September at six in the evening. Does that suit you? Mr. Gupta : Oh! That‟s very nice of you. Thank you. Yes, the date and time are fine. I‟ll be there. Ravi : Thank you sir. We look forward to seeing you. Good day.

Word Meaning 1. farewell send off 2. convenient suitable

(ix) Invitation for a get-together Sita : Reena, I‟m having a small get together on Saturday evening, at 4:30 p.m. I would like you to join us. Reena : Thank you very much for inviting me. What‟s the occasion?

Sita : It‟s the last day of school, so I thought we could get together and celebrate. Reena : Who else is coming? Sita : Probably the entire class. Reena : That‟s great. I‟ll be there at 4:30 p.m. Do you need any help? Sita : Oh yes! I will need a lot of help. Reena : Alright, I‟ll come a little early. Sita : That will be simply wonderful. Thanks.

Word Meaning 1. occasion special event or ceremony