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Commentaar.Pdf University of Groningen De Babyloniaca van Berossos van Babylon de Breucker, Geert Eduard Eveline IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2012 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): de Breucker, G. E. E. (2012). De Babyloniaca van Berossos van Babylon: inleiding, editie en commentaar. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 29-09-2021 deel III Commentaar testImonIa T 1a [Syncellus, Ecloga chronographica, p. 28, r. 21-22 (ed. mosshAmmEr)] Berossos (Βήρωσσος): Zoals we in Hoofdstuk 1 gezien hebben, is dit de Griekse weergave van de Akkadische naam Bēl-re’û-šunu, “Bēl is hun herder”. Qua leeftijd een tijdgenoot van Alexander (κατὰ ᾽Αλέξανδρον … τὴν ἡλικίαν): Alexander de Grote (356-323) regeerde van 331 tot 323 v.C. over Babylonië. De vorm γένεσθαι kan zowel “geboren worden” als “zijn”, “leven” betekenen. De zinsnede kan dus betekenen dat Berossos onder Alexander geboren werd of in de tijd van de Macedoniër leefde, hetgeen een verschil van – minstens – één generatie oplevert. Dezelfde dubbelzinnigheid vinden we bij Tatianus (GDB T 2), die de werkwoordsvorm γεγονώς gebruikt (cf. infra). In GDB T 1b staat dat Berossos een tijdgenoot van de Macedoniër was, in GDB T 1c dat hij in diens tijd floreerde (ἀκμάσας). Daarmee is de onzekerheid niet opgelost: beide kunnen een interpretatie van het dubbelzinnige γένεσθαι zijn. schnAbEl1 meent op basis van het woord ἡλικίαν Berossos’ geboortedatum te kunnen preciseren. Hij interpreteert ἡλικία, dat o.a. ook ‘leeftijd’ en “volwassenheid”, “weerbare leeftijd” betekent, hier als ‘begin van de volwassenheid’ (“Eintritt in das Mannesalter”). In GDB F 9a gebruikt Berossos, aldus schnAbEl, ἡλικία in deze betekenis en hieruit concludeert de geleerde dat het woord hier in GDB T 1a dezelfde betekenis moet hebben. Als Berossos onder Alexander de Grote de volwassen leeftijd bereikte, moet hij – zo stelt schnAbEl – tussen 350-340 v.C. zijn geboren. Deze conclusie is echter verre van overtuigend. Het is niet zeker of ἡλικίαν in GDB T 1a op Berossos zelf dan wel op een latere excerptor teruggaat. Als Berossos het woord wel degelijk zou hebben gebruikt, hoeft dit niet te betekenen dat hij dezelfde betekenis als in GDB F 9a voor ogen had. Op grond van ἡλικίαν kunnen derhalve geen conclusies over Berossos’ geboortetijd worden getrokken. T 1b [Eusebius, Chronik [Arm.], p. 6, r. 16-18] Boeken van velen schreef (die Bücher Vieler geschrieben habe): of, “boeken over vele onderwerpen schreef”2. De Armeense vertaling is een misinterpretatie van de Griekse brontekst; cf. GDB T 1a en T 1c. Er zijn geen aanwijzingen dat Berossos, naast de Babyloniaca, nog andere werken heeft geschreven. 1 Berossos, p. 6. 2 Cf. KArst, Chronik, p. 240, Z-B 16. 277 commentaar T 2 [Tatianus, Ad Graecos, 36] Tatianus heeft deze biografische notitie overgenomen van Juba, die in dit fragment verderop wordt vermeld. Babyloniër (ἀνὴρ Βαβυλώνιος): Het woord ‘Babyloniër’ is in het Grieks (en in het Nederlands) dubbelzinnig. Het kan “inwoner van Babylon” of “van Babylonië” betekenen. In deze passage gaat het om de eerste betekenis. Belos, de god van wie Berossos priester was, was de patroongod van die stad. Bovendien spreekt Berossos in zijn werk vooral over Babylon. In de tijd van Tatianus (en Juba), ten slotte, lag, om een inwoner van Babylonië aan te duiden, het woord “Chaldeeër” meer voor de hand. Priester bij hen van Belos (ἱερεὺς τοῦ παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς Βήλου): Belos is de Griekse weergave van Bēl (Akkadisch voor “Heer”), waarmee de god Marduk wordt bedoeld. Deze was de patroongod van Babylon en in die stad bevond zich zijn grote tempelcomplex, het Esagila. Bij het woord ‘priester’ moeten we niet noodzakelijkerwijs aan een cultische of religieuze functie denken. In de Laat-Babylonische periode waren vele mensen in verschillende hoedanigheid aan tempels verbonden: cultuspersoneel, administratief personeel, geleerden, onder wie astrologen. Welke functie Berossos precies had, valt niet te zeggen. VAn DEr spEk3 speculeert dat Berossos te identificeren is met Bēl-re’û-šunu, zoon van Marduk-šuma-iddin, die als šatammu (“hogepriester”) van Esagila in tabletten uit de periode 258-253 v.C. is geattesteerd. Deze identificatie is af te wijzen. Eenzelfde persoonsnaam wil niet ‘automatisch’ zeggen dat het om één en dezelfde persoon gaat. Bovendien lijkt deze identificatie om chronologische gronden onwaarschijnlijk, als Berossos onder Alexander de Grote “floreerde”. Op grond van de Babyloniaca staat vast dat Berossos tot het geleerdenmilieu van de tempel behoorde. Uit het werk blijkt dat hij toegang had tot spijkerschriftteksten, Sumerisch en Akkadisch kende en kon bogen op een gedegen kennis van de Babylonische cultuur en literatuur. Leefde ten tijde van Alexander (κατ᾽ ᾽Αλέξανδρον γεγονώς): Met Alexander wordt Alexander de Grote bedoeld, zoals uit GDB T 1a-c op te maken is. De vorm γεγονώς is dubbelzinnig. Hij kan “geboren” betekenen, zoals WhittAkEr4 en VErbrugghE & WickErshAm5 hem interpreteren. De andere betekenis “levend” kan echter niet worden uitgesloten. De variante lezing bij Eusebius γενόμενος heeft dezelfde dubbelzinnigheid6. Hoewel we hier de vorm als “leefde” vertalen, is een vertaling “werd geboren” dus evenzeer mogelijk. 3 In: mArzAhn & nEumAnn, Assyriologica, p. 439. 4 Tatian, p. 67. 5 Berossos, p. 38 (“born and raised”). 6 DEs plAcEs (Eusèbe, Préparation Évangélique, VIII-IX-X, p. 439) interpreteert dit participium als “geleefd hebbend”. 278 testimonia (t1-11) Voor Antiochus, de derde na hem (᾽Αντιόχῳ τῷ μετ᾽ αὐτὸν τρίτῳ): Deze formulering is problematisch. De derde opvolger van Alexander de Grote was Seleucus I Nicator. Na Alexander de Grote en vóór Seleucus regeerden resp. Philippus III Arrhidaeus en Alexander IV. De eerste Antiochus die over Mesopotamië regeerde, was Seleucus’ zoon en opvolger, Antiochus I (281-261). De formulering zou dus kloppen, als de periode tussen Alexander de Grote en Seleucus I aan slechts één koning zou zijn toegeschreven. Hoewel er voor de vroeg-hellenistische periode verschillende chronografische tradities geattesteerd zijn, is er geen enkele die dat doet7. Eusebius geeft in zijn Praeparatio Evangelica een alternatieve lezing. Hij spreekt over “Antiochus, de derde na Seleucus”. Ook deze omschrijving is problematisch. De derde opvolger van Seleucus I was Seleucus II (246-225). Met “Antiochus, de derde na Seleucus” moet Antiochus II (261-246) bedoeld zijn. Het is niet geheel onmogelijk dat Berossos zijn werk, zoals glAssnEr8 meent, voor Antiochus II schreef. In dat geval was hij wel op gevorderde leeftijd (minstens ca. 65 jaar). Om chronologische en historische redenen ligt Antiochus I meer voor de hand. Van deze Seleucide is geweten dat hij in Babylonië geweest is. Antiochus I was van 295-294 v.C.9 tot zijn troonsbestijging mederegent van zijn vader Seleucus I. Hij had de specifieke bevoegdheid over de oostelijke satrapieën, waartoe ook Babylonië werd gerekend. In die functie verbleef Antiochus ongetwijfeld regelmatig in Seleucia-aan-de-Tigris, de door zijn vader gestichte stad op ca. 60 km van Babylon, die een van de oostelijke rijkshoofdsteden was. Spijkerschriftteksten bevestigen dat Antiochus in Babylonië is geweest. In een zeer beschadigde kroniek is opgetekend dat Antiochus, toen hij nog kroonprins was, Babylon aandeed10. Hij bracht er offers aan de maangod Sîn en bezocht diens tempels Egišnugal en Enitenne. Volgens de interpretatie van VAn DEr spEk11 zou Antiochus toen ook de Macedonische soldaten die in Babylon woonden, naar Seleucia-aan-de-Tigris hebben overgebracht. De passage is echter zeer beschadigd en VAn DEr spEks interpretatie is daarom zeer onzeker. Het precieze jaartal waarin de in de kroniek beschreven gebeurtenissen plaatsvonden, is onzeker. Het enige jaartal dat op het tablet bewaard is gebleven, is moeilijk te lezen12. Een getal met 20 is vrij goed zichtbaar, maar verdere precisering is niet mogelijk13. Dit betekent 7 Cf. boiy, Between High and Low. In de meeste gevallen wordt Alexander de Grote eerst door zijn broer Philippus III en daarna door zijn zoon Alexander IV opgevolgd. In de Koningslijst van Uruk (grAyson, RlA, 6, p. 98-100) wordt Philippus III opgevolgd door Antigonus. 8 Chronicles, p. 28, n. 3. De Franse geleerde legt echter niet uit hoe hij tot deze keuze komt. 9 Op basis van dateringsformules in spijkerschrifttabletten staat vast dat Antiochus ergens tussen mei 295 v.C. en november 294 v.C. medeheerser is geworden; cf. boiy, Late Achaemenid Babylon, p. 138-139. 10 BCHP 5 (= glAssnEr, Chronicles, nr. 32). 11 BCPH 5, rev. 6’-9’; zie ook commentaar ad rev. 6’-11’. 12 BCHP 5, obv. 1. 13 Op het tablet zijn 2 winkelhaken (= het getal 20) vrij goed zichtbaar. Na de winkelhaken 279 commentaar dat Antiochus ergens in de twintiger jaren van de Seleucidische Era (292/1-283/2) in Babylon vertoefde. Een andere kroniek noteert dat een kroonprins in Esagila offerde en zijn leger en olifanten inzette om het puin van de tempel te ruimen14.
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