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Human Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Nitrogen Pollution in Jinghui Canal Irrigation Area of the Loess Region, Northwest China

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Human Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Nitrogen Pollution in Jinghui Canal Irrigation Area of the Loess Region, Northwest China Environmental Earth Sciences (2018) 77:273 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7456-9 THEMATIC ISSUE Human health risk assessment of groundwater nitrogen pollution in Jinghui canal irrigation area of the loess region, northwest China Yuting Zhang1,2 · Jianhua Wu1,2 · Bin Xu1,2 Received: 9 February 2018 / Accepted: 27 March 2018 / Published online: 3 April 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Nitrogen pollution of groundwater is becoming more and more serious due to intense and extensive industrial and agricultural activities. This may exert great infuence on human health. In this paper, human health risk due to groundwater nitrogen pollution in Jinghui canal irrigation area in Shaanxi Province of China where agricultural activities are intense was assessed. Forty-seven groundwater samples were collected from shallow wells and analyzed for physicochemical indices in the study area. Water samples were analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), major ions (Na­ +, ­K+, ­Ca2+, 2+ 3− 2− − 2− ­Mg , ­HCO , ­CO3 , ­Cl and SO­ 4 ), nitrate (NO­ 3–N), nitrite (NO­ 2–N) and ammonia nitrogen ­(NH4–N). General ground- water chemistry was described by statistical analysis and the Piper diagram. Water quality was quantifed via comprehensive water quality index (CWQI), and human health risk was assessed considering the age and exposure pathways of the consum- ers. The results show that the shallow groundwater is slightly alkaline and groundwater types are ­HCO3·SO4·Cl–Mg and ­HCO3·SO4·Cl–Na. Rock weathering and evaporation are main natural processes regulating the groundwater chemistry. The 2− − − CWQI indicates that groundwater in the study area is seriously polluted by TH, TDS, SO­ 4 , ­Cl and NO­ 3 . Human health risk is high because of high concentrations of nitrate in drinking water. The results also show that children are at higher risk than adults. The health risk through dermal contact is much lower than that through drinking water intake and can be ignored. Keywords Health risk assessment · Nitrogen pollution · Water quality · Human activity · Loess area Introduction by arid and semiarid climate, water resources are relatively scarce, accounting for only 22% of the national per capita Water resources are indispensable resources for human sur- water resources of China (Su 1996; Li and Qian 2018b; Shi vival (Li et al. 2012), but there are lots of water-related prob- and Shao 2000). This is a hidden threat to the sustainability lems such as water shortage and water pollution, threatening of the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China (Li et al. human health and afecting the sustainable development of 2015, 2017a). In addition to water shortage, water pollu- society (Li and Qian 2018a; Qian et al. 2012). In particular, tion in the loess areas is also a serious problem. For exam- in the loess regions of China where most parts are dominated ple, serious As and nitrogen pollution has been observed in Datong Basin and Guanzhong Basin (Guo and Wang 2005; Luo et al. 2014). Li et al. (2014a) reported high fuoride This article is a part of a Topical Collection in Environmental groundwater in and around a university campus situated near Earth Sciences on Water resources development and protection in loess areas of the world, edited by Drs. Peiyue Li and Hui Qian. the Weihe River, China, and the high fuoride groundwater may have adverse impacts on students’ health. Vegetable * Jianhua Wu production is also reported to be sufering from increasing [email protected]; [email protected] heavy metal contamination via various pollution sources, 1 School of Environmental Science and Engineering, such as agricultural, industrial and other activities in the Chang’an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710054, loess areas of China (Xu and Zhang 2017). All these studies Shaanxi, China signify that water pollution will essentially afect the safety 2 Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological of human health. Efects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Due to the importance of groundwater in arid and semi- Chang’an University, 126 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710054, arid regions, many interesting and comprehensive studies Shaanxi, China Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 273 Page 2 of 12 Environmental Earth Sciences (2018) 77:273 on groundwater pollution and associated health risk have water quality index, (2) to quantify the human health risk been carried out worldwide (e.g. Bempah and Ewusi 2016; considering age and diferent exposure pathways (drink- Golekar et al. 2013; Wu and Sun 2016; Li et al. 2017b). ing water intake and dermal contact), and (3) to compare Rasmussen (1996) argued that agricultural activity was one and analyze the human health risks in diferent irrigation of the main contributing factors to shallow groundwater con- areas. The study results can provide decision makers with tamination. This argument applies to many arid and semiarid meaningful support for local and regional decision making areas of China. For instance, the pollution of nitrogen, Mn, in terms of groundwater quality protection and groundwater Cr and other pollutants in groundwater of the Weining Plain, resources management. northwest China, are largely due to intensive and extensive agricultural and industrial activities (Li et al. 2014b, 2016a, b). These fndings enable us to better understand the sources Study area of pollution, thus seeking suitable measures to control the pollution. Location and climate Many scholars have also carried out human health risk assessment of groundwater pollution in diferent regions, The Jinghui canal irrigation area, a typical loess area which provide useful insight into safeguarding human in China, is located at the center of Guanzhong Plain of health. Batayneh (2012) suggested that heavy metals pollu- Shaanxi Province. The total area is about 1180 km2, and tion in the Yarmouk basin would afect human health, and elevation ranges between 350 and 450 m above the mean sea the human health risk in wet season was higher than that in level (Lei et al. 2015). The Jinghui canal irrigation area is dry season. Wongsasuluk et al. (2014) believed that people administratively divided into four counties and two districts, living in warmer climates were more susceptible to ground- i.e., Jingyang County, Sanyuan County, Gaoling County water contamination because of their increased daily drink- and Fuping County, Lintong District and Yanliang District ing water intake. Han et al. (2006) found that volatile organic (Fig. 1). The area is characterized by convenient transporta- compounds such as tetrachlorethylene and trichlorethylene tion and is one of the important grain production bases in could be reduced by 85% after the water was boiled, thus northwest China. Due to heavy groundwater abstraction for reducing its health risk. agricultural purposes, groundwater level in Jinghui canal The Jinghui canal irrigation area is a part of the Loess irrigation area has been dropped signifcantly in recently Plateau, China. Like many other irrigation areas of the Loess years (Tao et al. 2015). Plateau, the Jinghui canal irrigation area sufers water short- The study area belongs to a continental semi-humid to age, unreasonable irrigation pattern, over exploitation of semiarid climate zone, characterized by hot summer with groundwater, groundwater contamination and soil saliniza- strong evaporation and heavy rainfall, cold and dry winter, tion induced by irrational water resources management (Li and cool but short autumn and spring (Li et al. 2014a). The et al. 2018a). Many studies have shown that such issues are average annual precipitation in the area is about 512.5 mm, likely to deteriorate water quality and threaten human health and its spatial and temporal distribution is uneven. Precipita- (Li et al. 2017c). Particularly, agricultural activities and tion in July to September accounts for 50–60% of the total industrial development will lead to groundwater nitrogen annual precipitation, and the rainfall decreases from south to contamination and trace metal pollution, which will seri- north. The annual average temperature is 13.1–13.4 °C, and ously threaten human health (Hayashi et al. 2009; Wu and the highest and lowest temperatures are usually recorded in Sun 2016). The Jinghui canal irrigation area has been expe- July and January, respectively. riencing water quality deterioration since the late twentieth century because of intensive agricultural activities (Liu and Geology and hydrogeology Zhu 2011). According to the investigation in 2008, ground- water in this area was contaminated seriously by nitrogen, The irrigation area can be divided into two main geomor- high total hardness and high trace metal concentrations, phological types: alluvial terraces and loess tablelands. The although the situation was slightly improved in 2009 (Han alluvial terraces with sand layers are rich in groundwater, 2010). However, health risks due to water pollution have while the loess tablelands composed of silty clay and loam never been assessed in this area. are weak in water yielding capacity. Therefore, groundwater quality in the Jinghui canal irri- Due to strong movements of the earth crust in the Ceno- gation area and associated human health risk through expo- zoic era, thick Quaternary sediment is deposited on the sure pathways of drinking water intake and dermal contact ground surface. Geomorphologically, the sediment consti- were evaluated in this paper. The results were compared with tutes the frst and second level loess tablelands and the allu- other irrigation areas. The main objectives of this article are vial terraces. The second level loess tableland is mainly dis- (1) to evaluate the groundwater quality in the area through tributed to the north of the Qingyu River, with an elevation 1 3 Environmental Earth Sciences (2018) 77:273 Page 3 of 12 273 Fig. 1 Study area and sampling locations of about 450 m. The frst level loess tableland is mainly fows from northwest to southeast. However, fow direction located to the south of the Qingyu River and to the north of varies in local areas due to groundwater exploitation, micro- the Jingyang and Sanyuan.
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