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Militär Historisk Tidskrift MILITÄR­ HISTORISK TIDSKRIFT MILITÄRHISTORISK TIDSKRIFT utges av MILITÄRHISTORISKA AVDELNINGEN VID KUNGL MILITÄRHÖGSKOLAN i samarbete med KUNGLIGA KRIGSVETENSKAPSAKADEMIEN Redaktion: Överste Bo Hugemark Docent Klaus-Richard Böhme Överstelöjtnant Bo Kjellander (formgivning och redigering) Adress: Box 80007, 104 50 STOCKHOLM Tidskriftenkan erhållas genom att betalningen insätts på postgirokonto 3132 37-0 (MHS Kameralenheten). Pris: 40 kr. Äldre årgångar: 1981 1985: 10 kr, 1986: 40 kr. Prenumeration sker genom Kungl Krigsvetenskapsakademien (se ne­ dan). KUNGL KRIGSVETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS HANDLINGAR OCH TIDSKRIFT (" Gula tidskriften") belyser säkerhetspolitik och totalförsvar Redaktör och ansvarig utgivare: Kommendör Stig Strömbäck För frågor angående prenumeration, distribution och kassaärenden: Avdelningsdirektör Reine Johansson: telefon 08-788 88 59 (bostaden 08-716 44 2 7) Postgirokonto nr 19 58 70-1 Prenumerationspris (inkl mervärdeskatt och porto): • häfte 1-6 plus Militärhistorisk Tidskrift (häfte 7) kr 100:- • häfte 1-6 plus Militärhistorisk Tidskriftoch Military Balance (häfte8) kr 150:- • endast Militärhistorisk Tidskriftkr 40: - • endast Military Balance kr 50:- •• MILITARHISTORISK TIDSKRIFT 1987 MILITÄRHISTORISKA AVDELNINGEN VID KUNGL MILITÄRHÖGSKOLAN © 1987 Militärhistoriska avdelningen och resp författare. Omslagsbilden komponerad av Bo Kjellander. Stridsvagnar l 03 (foto Lasse Sjögren, Försvarets Läromedelscentral) och häst från slaget vid Breitenfeld (KB, Kart- o Bildarkivet) Militärhögskolan Stockholm ISSN-0283-8400 Norstedts Tryckeri 1987 Innehåll Udviklingen i Danmarks forsvarsdoktrin fra 1945 til 1969. Rap­ port til det XX nordiske historikerm0de i Reykjavik 1987. 7 Michael H Clemmesen lntroduction of steam in the Royal Swedish Navy. Paper present­ ed at the international Colloquium on N aval History in Athens 25 August 1987 83 Stellan Bojerud Forskning kring det yngre militära indelningsverket igår - idag - imorgon 101 Lars Ericson Tungt vägande kritik? En granskning av kritik mot teorin om nordisk balans 131 Robert Dalsjö Ny militärhistorisk litteratur 186 Föefattarna Major Stellan Bojerud, Stockholm Överstelöjtn cand phil Michael H Clemmensen, K0benhavn Fil kand Robert Dalsjö, Uppsala Arkivarie fil kand Lars Ericson, Stockholm Udviklingen i Danmarks forsvars­ doktrin fra 1945 til 1969 Rapport til det XX. nordiske historikerm0de i Reykjavik 1987 Michael H Clemmesen I majdagene 194 5 var tavlen vasket ren. Efter afslutningenaf den . tyske besrettelse brnd man med den opgivende holdning til forsvarssp0rgsmålet, som havde prregetdet meste af århundredet. I årene efter 1945 blev et egentligt militrert forsvar af Danmark opbygget og gradvis en fuldt integreret del af NA TOs militrere styrkestruktur med en forsvarsdoktrinstyret af alliancens strategi. Sådan kan dansk forsvarspolitik fra 1945 til 1969 prresenteres. Men allerede denne unders0gelses meget forel0bige gennemgang af idegrundlaget bag udviklingen viser, at denne langt fra var så entydig. Det er i 0vrigt kun i meget begrrenset omfang og i enkelte situationer inden for perioden, at man kan tale om et bevidst fors0g på at opstille en egentlig forsvarsdoktrin, dvs et fuldstren­ digt idegrundlag, som skulle vrere frelles forvrernene, som skulle godkendes af politikerne, og som derefter skulle styre styrkeop­ bygning, uddannelsesaktiviteter og planlregning. Som oftest var det mere begrrensede fa:lles grundlag, som eksisterede mellem vrernene, underforstået. Politikernes formulering af doktrinele­ menter og anvendelsen af disse til at forklare forsvarspolitiske beslutninger blev i denne periode ikke baseret på de brede ag systematiske analyser, som forelå. Når det alligevel er hensigtsma::ssigt at tale om udviklingen af "forsvarsdoktrinen" i perioden ag ikke blot beskrive forsvarets udvikling, skyldes det, at der i en betydelig grad eksisterede den nrevnte underforståede enighed om forudsretningerne for dansk forsvar. Der var således nogenlunde enighed om karakteren af 7 truslen. Der var heller ikke den store forskel i opfattelserne af mulighederne for st0tte udefra. Og inden for det frelles billede af de ydre vilkår var man også nogenlunde på linie i forståelsen af, hvilke muligheder det danske forsvar havde. Disse muligheder varierede inden for perioden og forståelsen fordem dannede en overordnet ramme for holdningerne til, hvad dansk forsvar skulle s0ge at g0re. Og på dette mere generelle niveau er det rimeligt at tale om udviklingen i forsvarsdoktrinen. På dette niveau er det endvidere rimeligt at tale om nogle bryd­ ninger mellem elementer af alternative doktriner. Begreberne I en tidligere unders0gelse af dansk forsvarspolitikhar jeg anvendt begreberne brohovedforsvar, eksistensforsvar, periferiforsvar og kyst- og gnensebevogtning til at strukturere beskrivelsen af udvik­ lingen med hensyn til det grundl�ggende element i forsvarsdok­ trinen, målet for forsvaretsindsats. 1 Målet for brohovedforsvaret er at sikre de bedst mulige betingel­ ser for modtagelse af hj�lp udefra eller de bedste muligheder for selv at udnytte en forventelig bedring i situationen. Målet for eksistensforsvaret er at holde ud l�ngst muligt og derigennem trodsigt at demonstrere nationens eksistensvilje over for historien og omverdenen. Selv om nederlaget er sikkert, skal angriberen påtvinges respekt, og kampen skal skaffe en interna­ tional good-will, som kan fremkalde hensyntagen til nationen ved fredsforhandlingerne. Målet for periferiforsvaret er at kunne m0de ethvert angreb, hvor det finder sted, og g0re det så effektivt, at der er mulighed for at forebygge fors0g på at anvende landets territorium. Målet forkyst- og gramsebevogtningen er at gennemfore en mili­ t�r markering af det nationale territorium ved en rent symbolsk kamp. Som ved eksistensforsvaret betragtes et gunstigt udfald af modstand som usandsynligt. Men man er her ikke parat til at gennemforeen håbl0s kamp, der muligvis vil bringe international respekt, men som med sikkerhed vil medfore lidelse og 0del�g­ gelse. For beskrivelse af forsvarets udvikling i alliancesammenh�ng er det hensigtsm�ssigt at justere indholdet i disse måls�tninger 8 noget. Brohovedforsvaret er dog stadig egnet som beskrivelse af et muligt mål for forsvaret. På grund af muligheden af luftlandsret­ ninger som en angrebsform, har det forekommet hensigtsmressigt af af10se betegnelsen periferiforsvar med tmrskelforsvar. Som ved det oprindelige begreb er målsretningen at forebygge mere be­ grrensede handlinger end et angreb på landets eksistens. En spe­ ciel type trerskelforsvar, som ses i perioden, er kupforsvaret, som skal forebygge, at en indre eller ydre fjende uden varsel sretter sig i besiddelse af landet med begrrensede styrker. Hvor udfaldet af kampen med sikkerhed var et nederlag, kunne man forsat vrelge at gennemfore et sejt eksistensforsvar, der ville skabe stor sikker­ hed for solidarisk handling fra alliancepartnerne, eller man kunne vrelge kun at gennemfore en markerende kamp, som i denne unders0gelse vil blive betegnet som et ,rymbolforsvar. En sidste målsretning, som det her er relevant at medtage, er at yde et så integreret bidrag til alliancens forsvar som muligt. Det danske forsvar skulle - uden hensyn til behovet for en afbalanceret national styrke - indrettes som bidrag til drekning af alliancens frellesforsvarsbehov i vart område. Et forsvar bygget ud fra denne overnationale målsretning vil herefter blive betegnet som et bi­ dragsforsvar. Som ved den tidligere beskrivelse er dette ikke begreber, der blev anvendt på samme måde i samtiden. Heller ikke i denne periode optrreder sådanne målsretninger i klar form. Der var tale om et samlet mål for forsvaret, der på forskellig vis var sam­ mensat af flere af disse målsretninger. De skal endvidere alle ses inden for rammen af alliancens krigs- og angrebsforebyggende hovedmål. Formålet med anvendelsen af begreberne er således udelukkende at g0re det lettere at folgetendenserne i udviklingen i perioden. De danner referencerammerne forbeskrivelsen. 1945-1948: Mod genopbygningen af det nationale forsvar "Når vi bygger et försvar op, er det, fordi vi har erfaring for, at et forsvarsberedskab, om også det koster penge, dog er billigere end en besrettelse. Vi har fra 1940-45 en ubetalt regning på 11 milliarder 9 liggende, og det er endda kun den ene af regningerne frabesa:ttelsesti­ den; der er også det, en besrettelsekan komme til at betyde på anden vis, og som ikke kan vurderes alene i klingende m"mt." (Forsvarsminister Harald Petersen i Folketinget, den 13. juni 1951). Freden og Påskekrisen Arbejdet med at genopbygge försvaret blev indledt umiddelbart efter befrielsen. Dette skete samtidig med, at man måtte gå i gang med at l0se opgaver, der var knyttet til oprydningen opfattet i bredeste forstand - efterden lige afsluttede krig. Gnensen og de tyske flygtninge skulle bevogtes. Landminefelter skulle ryddes. Det omfattende arbejde med at rydde farvandene for s0miner blev indledt. Danmark skulle snart med en ret betydelig styrke deltage i besrettelsen af Tyskland. Og man skulle finde en styrke til af10sning af de sovjetiske styrker på Bornholm. Det politiske arbejde med at skabe rammerne for vrernenes fremtid kom kun langsomt ud over en indledende fase. Nok blev der nedsat en forsvarskommissioni april-maj 1946, der indledte sine m0der mod slutningen af juni, og nok forelå vrernenes opg0- relse af deres situation i juli-august, men derefter gik det lang­ somt. I perioden fra november 1946 til april 1947 blev der på kom­ missionens direktiv udarbejdet förslag til en forel0big opbygning af
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