CanMEDS Role Element Name Expert Abdominal Distension Expert Abdominal Mass Expert Abdominal Mass ‐ Adrenal Mass Expert Abdominal Mass ‐ Hepatomegaly Expert Abdominal Mass ‐ Hernia, Abdominal Wall and Groin Expert Abdominal Mass ‐ Splenomegaly Expert Abdominal Pain, Acute Expert Abdominal Pain, Anorectal Expert Abdominal Pain, Children Expert Abdominal Pain, Chronic Expert Allergic Reactions/Food Allergies ‐ Intolerance/Atopy Expert Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)/Learning Disorder Expert Blood From Gastrointestinal Tract, Upper/Hematemesis Expert Blood From Gastrointestinal Tract, Lower/Hematochezia Expert Blood Pressure, Abnormal ‐ Hypertension Expert Blood Pressure, Abnormal ‐ Hypertension in Childhood Expert Blood Pressure, Abnormal ‐ Hypertension in the Elderly Expert Blood Pressure, Abnormal ‐ Malignant Hypertension Expert Blood Pressure, Abnormal ‐ Pregnancy Associated Hypertension Expert Blood Pressure, Abnormal ‐ Hypotension/Shock Expert Blood Pressure, Abnormal ‐ Hypotension/Shock ‐ Anaphylaxis Expert Blood in Sputum (Hemoptysis/Prevention of Lung Cancer) Expert Blood in Urine/Hematuria Expert Breast Disorders ‐ Breast Lump/Screening Expert Breast Disorders ‐ Galactorrhea/Discharge Expert Breast Disorders ‐ Gynecomastia Expert Burns Expert Calcium/Phosphate Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hypercalcemia Expert Calcium/Phosphate Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hyperphosphatemia Expert Calcium/Phosphate Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hypocalcemia Expert Calcium/Phosphate Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hypophosphatemia/Fanconi Syndrome Expert Cardiac Arrest Expert Chest Discomfort/Pain/Angina Pectoris Expert Coagulation Abnormalities ‐ Bleeding Tendency/Bruising Expert Coagulation Abnormalities ‐ Hypercoagulable State Expert Contraception Expert Constipation, Adult Expert Constipation, Pediatric Expert Cough Expert Cyanosis, Hypoxemia/Hypoxia Expert Cyanosis, Hypoxemia/Hypoxia in Children Expert Deformity/Limp/Pain in Lower Extremity, Child Expert Development Disorder/Developmental Delay Expert Diarrhea, Acute Expert Diarrhea, Chronic

Page 1 Expert Diarrhea, Pediatric Expert Diplopia Expert Dizziness/Vertigo Expert Dying Patient/Bereavement Expert Dysphagia/Difficulty Swallowing Expert Dyspnea Expert Dyspnea, Acute (minutes to hours Expert Dyspnea, Chronic (weeks to months) Expert Dyspnea, Pediatric, Respiratory Distress Expert Ear Pain Expert Edema/Anasarca/Ascites ‐ Generalized Edema Expert Edema/Anasarca/Ascites ‐ Unilateral/Local Edema Expert Eye Redness Expert Failure to Thrive, Elderly Expert Failure to Thrive, Infant/Child Expert Falls Expert Fatigue Expert Fractures/Dislocations Expert Gait Disturbances/Ataxia Expert Genetic Concerns ‐ Ambiguous Genitalia Expert Genetic Concerns/Dysmorphic Features Expert Glucose Abnormal, Serum/Diabetes Mellitus/Polydipsia ‐ Hyperglycemia/Diabetes Mellitus Expert Glucose Abnormal, Serum/Diabetes Mellitus/Polydipsia ‐ Hypoglycemia Expert Hair & Nail Complaints ‐ Alopecia Expert Hair & Nail Complaints ‐ Nail Complaints Expert Headache Expert Hearing Loss/Deafness Expert Hemiplegia/Hemisensor Loss +/‐ Aphasia/Prevention Expert Hemoglobin Serum, Abnormal ‐ Anemia Expert Hemoglobin Serum, Abnormal ‐ Polycythemia/Elevated Hemoglobin Expert Hirsutism/Virilization Expert Hoarseness/Dysphonia/Speech and Language Abnormalities Expert Hydrogen Ion Concentration Abnormal, Serum Expert Impotence/Erectile Dysfunction Expert Incontinence, Stool Expert Incontinence, Urine Expert Incontinence, Urine, Pediatric (Enuresis) Expert Infertility Expert Jaundice Expert Jaundice, Neonatal Expert Joint Pain, Mono‐Articular (Acute, Chronic) Expert Joint Pain, Poly‐Articular (Acute, Chronic) Expert Joint Pain ‐ Periarticular Pain/Soft Tissue Rheumatic Disorders Expert Lipids Abnormal, Serum Expert Liver Function Tests Abnormal, Serum Expert Lump/Mass, Musculoskeletal

Page 2 Expert Lymphadenopathy Expert Lymphadenopathy ‐ Mediastinal Mass/Hilar Adenopathy Expert Magnesium Concentration Serum, Abnormal/Hypomagnesemia Expert Menopause Expert Menstrual Cycle, Abnormal ‐ Amenorrhea/Oligomenorrhea Expert Menstrual Cycle, Abnormal ‐ Dysmenorrhea Expert Menstrual Cycle, Abnormal ‐ Pre‐Menstrual Syndrome (PMS) Expert Mental Status, Altered ‐ Delirium/Confusion Expert Mental Status, Altered ‐ Dementia Expert Mental Status, Altered ‐ Coma Expert Mood Disorders Expert Mouth Problems Expert Movement Disorders, Involuntary/Tic Disorders Expert Murmur/Extra Heart Sounds ‐ Diastolic Murmur Expert Murmur/Extra Heart Sounds ‐ Heart Sounds, Pathological Expert Murmur/Extra Heart Sounds ‐ Systolic Murmur Expert Neck Mass/Goiter/Thyroid Disease Expert Newborn, Depressed (see also Cyanosis/Hypoxemia/Hypoxia in Children) Expert Non‐Reassuring Fetal Status (Fetal Distress) Expert Numbness/Tingling/Altered Sensation Expert Pain Expert Pain, Neuropathic ‐ Central/Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Expert Pain, Neuropathic ‐Sympathetic Pain/Complex Regional Pain Syndrome/Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Expert Pain, Nociceptive ‐ Pain, Somatic ‐ Generalized Pain Disorders Expert Pain, Nociceptive ‐ Pain, Somatic ‐ Local Pain, Hip/Knee/Ankle/Foot Expert Pain, Nociceptive ‐ Pain, Somatic ‐ Local Pain, Shoulder/Elbow/Wrist/Hand Expert Pain, Nociceptive ‐ Pain, Somatic ‐ Local Pain, Spinal Compression/Osteoporosis Expert Pain, Nociceptive ‐ Pain, Somatic ‐ Local Pain, Spine/Low Back Pain Expert Pain, Nociceptive ‐ Pain, Somatic ‐ Local Pain, Spine/Neck/Thoracic Expert Palpitations (Abnormal ECG ‐ Arrhythmia) Expert Panic and Anxiety Expert PAP Smears/Screening/Prevention Expert Pediatric Emergencies ‐ Acutely Ill Infant/Child Expert Pediatric Emergencies ‐ Crying/Fussing Child Expert Pediatric Emergencies ‐ Hypotonia/Floppy Infant/Child Expert Pelvic Mass Expert Pelvic Pain Expert Periodic Health Examination Expert Periodic Health Examination ‐ Infant and Child Immunization Expert Periodic Health Examination ‐ Newborn Assessment/Nutrition Expert Periodic Health Examination ‐ Pre‐Operative Medical Evaluation Expert Periodic Health Examination ‐ Work‐Related Health Issues Expert Personality Disorders Expert Pleural Effusion/Pleural Abnormalities Expert Poisoning Expert Population Health ‐ Administration of Effective Health Programs at the Population Level

Page 3 Expert Population Health ‐ Assessing and Measuring Health Status at the Population Level Expert Population Health ‐ Concepts of Health and Its Determinants Expert Population Health ‐ Environment Expert Population Health ‐ Health of Special Populations Expert Population Health ‐ Interventions at the Population Level Expert Population Health ‐ Outbreak Management Expert Potassium Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hyperkalemia Expert Potassium Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hypokalemia Expert Pregnancy ‐ Antepartum Care Expert Pregnancy ‐ Intrapartum Care/Postpartum Care Expert Pregnancy ‐ Obstetrical Complications Expert Pregnancy Loss Expert Prematurity Expert Prolapse/Pelvic Relaxation Expert Proteinuria Expert Pruritus Expert Psychotic Patient/Disordered Thought Expert Pulse Abnormalities/Diminished/Absent/Bruits Expert Pupil Abnormalities Expert Renal Failure, Acute Expert Renal Failure, Chronic Expert Scrotal Mass Expert Scrotal Pain Expert Seizures (Epilepsy) Expert Sexual Maturation, Abnormal Expert Sexually Concerned Patient/Gender Identity Disorder Expert Skin Rash, Macules Expert Skin Rash, Papules Expert Skin Rash, Papules ‐ Childhood Communicable Diseases Expert Skin Rash, Papules ‐ Urticaria/Angioedema/Anaphylaxis Expert Skin Ulcers/Skin Tumors (Benign and Malignant) Expert Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders/Sleep Apnea Syndrome/Insomnia Expert Sodium Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hypernatremia Expert Sodium Concentration Abnormal, Serum ‐ Hyponatremia Expert Sore Throat (Rhinorrhea) Expert Sore Throat (Rhinorrhea) ‐ Smell/Taste Dysfunction Expert Stature Abnormal (Tall Stature/Short Stature) Expert Strabismus and/or Amblyopia Expert Substance Abuse/Drug Addiction/Withdrawal Expert Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS)/Acute Life Threatening Event (ALTE) Expert Suicidal Behavior Expert Syncope/Pre‐syncope/Loss of Consciousness (Fainting) Expert Temperature Abnormal/Fever and/or Chills ‐ Fever in a Child/Fever in a Child Less than Three Weeks Expert Temperature Abnormal/Fever and/or Chills ‐ Fever in the Immune Compromised Host/Recurrent Fever Expert Temperature Abnormal/Fever and/or Chills ‐ Fever of Unknown Origin Expert Temperature Abnormal/Fever and/or Chills ‐ Hyperthermia

Page 4 Expert Temperature Abnormal/Fever and/or Chills ‐ Hypothermia Expert Tinnitus Expert Trauma/Accidents Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Abdominal Injuries Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Bites, Animal/Insects Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Bone/Joint Injury Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Chest Injuries Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Bone Injuries Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Drowning (Near Drowning) Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Facial Injuries Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Hand/Wrist Injuries Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Head Trauma/Brain Death/Transplant Donation Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Nerve Injuries Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Skin Wounds/Regional Anaesthesia Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Spinal Trauma Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Urinary Tract Injuries Expert Trauma/Accidents ‐ Vascular Injury Expert Urinary Frequency ‐ Dysuria and/or Pyuria Expert Urinary Frequency ‐ Polyuria/Polydipsia Expert Urinary Obstruction/Hesitancy/Prostatic Cancer Expert Vaginal Bleeding, Excessive/Irregular/Abnormal Expert Vaginal Discharge/Vulvar Itch/STD Expert Violence, Family Expert Violence, Family ‐ Adult Abuse/Spouse Abuse Expert Violence, Family ‐ Child Abuse/Physical/Emotional/Sexual/Neglect/Self‐Inflicted Expert Violence, Family ‐ Elderly Abuse Expert Visual Disturbance/Loss ‐ Acute Visual Disturbance/Loss Expert Visual Disturbance/Loss ‐ Chronic Visual Disturbance/Loss Expert Vomiting/Nausea Expert Weakness/Paralysis/Paresis/Loss of Motion Expert Weight, Abnormal ‐ Low at Birth (Intrauterine Growth Retardation) Expert Weight Gain/Obesity Expert Weight Loss/Eating Disorders/Anorexia Expert Wheezing/Respiratory Difficulty (Asthma) ‐ Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders Expert Wheezing/Respiratory Difficulty (Asthma) ‐ Upper Respiratory Tract Disorders Expert White Blood Cells, Abnormalities of

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CanMEDS Role Element Name Health ● Identify the important determinants of health, the risk factors for illness, the interaction between the population and their physical, Advocate biological and social environments, and personal attributes, including: employment, income, social status, culture, social support systems, education, housing, diet and exercise, lifestyle issues, gender, genetics Includes: ◊ Assess and respond to the specific determinants of health relevant to the individual, the community, and/or the population ◊ Identify, respond to, and resolve conflicts between ethical, legal, and professional issues, including economic constraints and commercialization of health care and scientific advances. ◦ Identify and propose fair means of resolving issues within the context of available resources ● Identify public policies and trends that affect health locally, nationally, and globally, and barriers to access for populations including persons with disabilities, the underserved, and the marginalized ● Know and understand the key issues in the Canadian health system and any relevant laws and legislation. Includes: ◊ Assess and respond to issues in the Canadian health care system and advocate for patients at all levels Collaborator ● Collaborate effectively within the health care system Includes: ◊ Work effectively within the health care system, both in an institutional environment and in the community ◊ Explain how the organization, policies, and financing of the health care system impact collaborative patient care ● Consult effectively with physicians and other health care professionals to provide care for individuals, communities, and populations Includes: ◊ Explain how personal values, biases, and professional limitations impact the consultation process ◊ Recognize that the clinical situation requires expertise beyond one's own, and determine the urgency ◊ Identify an individual or service with the required skill or expertise ◊ Communicate well in writing and/or orally with the consultant ◊ Ensure that the consultation takes place at an appropriate time and place ◊ Ensure that the consultant's oral or written report is received ◊ Carry out recommendations as appropriate and/or ensure that transfer of care takes place ◊ Act responsibly and expeditiously when other health professionals request assistance

Page 6 ● Participate effectively on health care teams Includes: ◊ Explain the scope of practice and demonstrate respect for the expertise of each member of the team ◊ Describe and adapt to differences in team organization and function ◦ Agree on and implement team members' responsibilities and roles, including leadership ◦ Implement protocols to ensure effective communication and accountabilities among team members, especially at times of patient care transition ◊ Demonstrate respect for team members without bias (e.g., bias related to gender, ethnicity, cultural background or health care role) ◊ Include the patient and family as part of the care team with the goal of appropriate degrees of shared decision‐making ◦ Share patient information appropriately, while respecting confidentiality ◦ Contribute to intra‐ and inter‐disciplinary teams related to institutional or other activities (e.g., equality assurance, educational committees) ● Manage conflict effectively Includes: ◊ Recognize and prevent tensions that may lead to conflict ◊ Use strategies to deal with conflict through negotiation and collaboration, while respecting the views and positions of others ◊ Seek help and advice when necessary, recognizing personal limitations in conflict resolution Manager ● Effectively manage practice and career Includes: ◊ Describe the obligations and responsibilities in the administration and management of an office practice, including finances and human resources ◊ Abide by the regulatory requirements for medical office practice (maintenance of patient records, guidelines concerning prescriptions, especially narcotics) ◊ Communicate to patients and/or families information regarding professional practice, such as contact information, staffing, limitations of service, etc. ◊ Avoid conflict of interest by maintaining ethical relations with industry, suppliers, and other medically‐relevant groups ◊ Employ information technology as appropriate for patient care and practice management ◊ Describe strategies to balance professional and personal life and to access available support services if professional competence is compromised ◊ Set in place strategies for self‐improvement and maintenance of competence ◊ Set priorities and manage time effectively ● Allocate health care resources effectively Includes: ◊ Utilize all health resources (human, diagnostic, and therapeutic) prudently ◊ Utilize all health resources equitably and without bias or discrimination ◊ Manage scarce health care resources in an ethical and informed manner, balancing individual and societal needs

Page 7 ● Participate appropriately in the health care system Includes: ◊ Know the fundamental principles of the Canada Health Act ◊ Describe the structure, function, and financing of the Canadian health care system at the federal, provincial/territorial, and local levels ◊ Describe the roles of physicians in developing and supporting the health care system (advocacy groups, regulatory bodies, professional associations) Scholar ● Develop a plan for personal continued education Includes: ◊ Describe the principles of maintaining competence ◊ Use self‐awareness in assessing competence, including reflection on personal practice ◊ Evaluate personal learning outcomes (seek feedback from teachers, other health professionals, and other sources) ◊ Document the personal learning process ● Apply principles of research and information management to learning and practice Includes: ◊ Describe the principles of evidence‐based medicine ◊ Retrieve information from appropriate sources ◊ Assess the quality of information, using principles of critical appraisal: ◦ its relevance and importance ◦ the appropriateness of its methodology ◦ its conformity to ethical standards ◊ Integrate retrieved information into clinical practice ◊ Accept complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity as part of medical practice ● Facilitate the learning of others as part of professional responsibility (patients, health professionals, society) Includes: ◊ Disseminate new information as it becomes available Communicator ● Appropriately develop and maintain ethical relationships, rapport and trust with patients and families Includes: ◊ Initiate an interview with the patient by greeting with respect, attending to comfort and to the need for an interpreter if applicable, orienting to the interview, and consulting with the patient to establish the reason for the visit ◊ Use appropriate non‐verbal communication (positioning, posture, facial expression) ◊ Tailor the interview to the clinical context (Emergency Department, clinic) ◊ Seek consent from competent patients before involving family members ◊ When appropriate, facilitate collaboration among families and patients, while maintaining patient wishes as the priority, ensuring confidentiality, and respecting patient autonomy ◊ Determine an appropriate substitute decision‐maker, as required, and document appropriately

Page 8 ● Accurately elicit relevant information and perspectives from patients and families, colleagues and other professionals Includes: ◊ Elicit patient information through active listening and the appropriate use of open and closed questions, as well as using clear language appropriate to the patient's understanding ◊ Appropriately use interviewing skills such as clarifying, bridging, and summarizing ◊ Gather information about the patient's concerns, beliefs, expectations, and illness experience ◊ Receive relevant information from other sources such as the patient's family, caregivers, and other professionals and, with the patient's permission, seek out additional information ● Accurately convey relevant information and explanations to patients and families Includes: ◊ Respect patients' rights to be given complete and truthful information ◊ Identify the personal and cultural context of the patient, and the manner in which it may influence the patient's choices ◊ Provide information using clear language appropriate to the patient's understanding, checking for understanding, and clarifying if necessary ◊ Adhere to requirements for obtaining informed consent ◊ Effectively communicate in challenging situations (delivering bad news, addressing anger, confusion, medical error, and misunderstanding) ◊ In disclosing error and adverse events, do so in a prompt and truthful manner ◊ Disclose to the patient personal values or beliefs that may limit professional involvement ● Develop a shared plan of care with patients, their families, and other professionals ● Effectively convey oral and written information associated with a medical encounter Includes: ◊ Effectively present information about clinical encounters and management plans to patients and their families ◊ Maintain comprehensive, legible, and up‐to‐date medical records, forms and reports, and retain those as required ◊ Allow patients access to their medical records and disclose to others only with the patient's consent or with appropriate legal authority (to family members, physicians or other health care providers, and to third parties) ◊ Maintain confidentiality of written and electronic records ◊ Write prescriptions correctly and legibly ◦ Adhere to legal requirements for writing narcotic prescriptions ● Communicate effectively with third parties other than health professionals Includes: ◊ Disclose patient information only when legally permitted ◊ Adhere to provincial or territorial requirements for obligatory disclosure of patient information (child abuse or abandonment, reportable communicable diseases, duty to warn threatened individuals) ◊ Transmit information to third parties (insurance companies, government agencies) truthfully and in a timely manner

Page 9 Professional ● Accountability to self Includes: ◊ Maintenance of competence ◦ Evaluate personal professional competence ◦ Recognize personal limitations of competence ◦ Conduct ongoing personal education to maintain competence, based on personal evaluation and/or peer review ◊ Personal health ◦ Recognize that a balance between personal and professional life is necessary ◦ Recognize that self‐respect is part of respect for others ◦ Practice without impairment from substance, ill health or other incapacity ● Accountability to patients and their families Includes: ◊ Provide care that meets or exceeds expected professional standards ◊ Accept responsibility for ensuring continuity of care ◦ Recognize that the complexity of the health care system requires attention to follow‐up in the interests of good patient care (lab results, consultations) ◦ Understand the circumstances in which relief of continuity of care can occur (transfer of care) ◊ Maintain patient confidentiality ◦ Negotiate between patient and family, respecting patient wishes as primary ◦ Know and communicate to patients the limits of professional confidentiality (reportable conditions, duty to warn) ◦ Recognize that attitudes to confidentiality may vary (aboriginal peoples, minors) ◊ Know, and appropriately implement, current ethical and legal aspects of the consent and capacity process. These include: ◦ situations requiring written consent ◦ situations in which verbal or implied consent are acceptable ◦ determination of capacity for differing contexts of consent ◦ principles of the "reasonable person" standard ◦ principles of full disclosure ◊ Medical error and patient safety ◦ Know and demonstrate the professional behaviours to ensure patient safety ◦ In situations where error or adverse event occurs, make timely, full, and honest disclosure to the patient and/or family ◦ Encourage and assist others in the prevention of and disclosure of errors or adverse events ◊ Organization of practice ◦ Communicate to patients and/or families information regarding professional practice such as contact information, staffing, limitations of service, etc

Page 10 ● Accountability to society Includes: ◊ Maintain required credentials and licensure ◊ Maintain competence according to the requirements of one's specialty ◊ Maintain the highest personal, professional, and legal standards at all times ◊ Advocate for the health of individuals, communities, and populations ◊ Act in a leadership capacity to improve the health system ◊ Practice the profession with due regard for basic human rights (the right to privacy, freedom from discrimination, autonomy) ● Accountability to the profession Includes: ◊ Abide by the profession's rules, regulations, and ethical codes ◊ Assume responsibility for one's own actions ◊ Be respectful of colleagues ◊ Report a colleague's actions or behaviours as required or appropriate, using the applicable reporting mechanism ◊ Maintain a professional relationship with third parties and avoid situations in which there may be conflict of interest (drug company interactions, business interests) ◊ Maintain confidentiality of professional documents (test materials, student evaluations) ◊ Acknowledge the contributions of colleagues ● Accountability to other health professionals and the health care system Includes: ◊ Recognize the interdependence of health professionals in today's complex health care system ◊ Recognize personal limitations and respect the expertise of others ◊ Determine the scope of practice of the health care professionals with whom one works ◊ Communicate with other health care professionals clearly, in a timely manner, and with due regard to their point of view ◊ Be a collegial team member, acting non‐judgmentally, with respect and without bias (e.g., racial or gender) ◊ Know, and be able to implement, the principles of conflict resolution, maintaining composure in instances of collegial conflict ◊ Support members of the team in reaching consensual goals ◊ Be responsive to feedback from colleagues and other team members ◊ Facilitate communication among team members ◊ Acknowledge the contributions of other health care professionals to patient care and/or other professional work

Page 11 ● Integrity Includes: ◊ Behave according to the highest standards of integrity, including ethical conduct, honesty, compassion and dedication to the welfare of patients and society ◊ Demonstrate expert skill in communication with patients, families, other health professionals, and the community. This includes self‐awareness, knowledge of context, sensitivity to other points of view, and responsiveness to feedback ◦ Be aware of the potential for unconscious bias influencing judgment ◦ Show tolerance for the views of others ◊ Observe appropriate and/or legal boundaries in relationships with patients and health professionals ◊ Be sensitive to, and do not abuse, the power relationships within the health care system ◊ Show respect for others in complex situations ◦ by observing organizational rules ◦ by attending scheduled activities on time whenever possible ◦ by being supportive and constructive in situations of unexpected additional duties ◊ Serve as a source of knowledge and/or skill, supporting and teaching others whenever appropriate ◊ Recognize, understand, and act appropriately with respect to complex ethical issues including: ◦ Euthanasia ◦ Physician‐Assisted Suicide ◦ Maternal‐Fetal Conflict ◦ Abortion ◦ Advanced Reproductive technology ◦ Genetic Testing And Manipulation ● Altruism Includes: ◊ Put the needs of others before one's own as the foundation of professional behaviour ◊ Serve, when necessary, beyond normal duty or expectations, keeping in mind essential personal/professional balance

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