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A Microeconometric Analysis HEALTH CARE UTILISATION IN KEDAH : A MICROECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS Shamzaeffa Samsudin a, Norzita Jamil b, Nur Hikmah Zulhaid c a, b, c College of Business, School of Economics, Finance and Banking Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia. a Corresponding author: [email protected] ©Ontario International Development Agency ISSN: 1923-6654 (print) ISSN 1923-6662 (online). Available at http://www.ssrn.com/link/OIDA-Intl-Journal-Sustainable-Dev.html Abstract: While the government has made various to achieve a sustainable economic and social efforts to upgrade health care facilities in Malaysia, development, the government believes that more these advances will only benefit the people if the attention should be given to improve the quality of facilities or services are utilised by those in need. life of the rakya t (people). One of the efforts to This issue has highlighted the importance of the improve the people’s quality of life is to upgrade the equity concept in health care utilisation. This study overall standard of health services, so that the aims to identify the existence of income-related benefits can be enjoyed by all levels of society, inequity and determine the effect of the availability of whether from urban or rural areas. Better health health facilities in determining health care utilisation services will improve access to health facilities, in the state of Kedah. A microeconometric analysis hence improve the health status. While the is used in this study, specifically the probit and count government has made various efforts to upgrade data models. We use multistage cluster sampling in health care services in Malaysia, these advances will selecting the sample for the study. All individuals only benefit the country as a whole if the services aged 18 and above from selected households are have been utilised by those in need. This emphasises interviewed. From the analysis it suggests that, the importance of the concept of equity in health care beside health status, some socioeconomic factors are utilisation. The government has continually sought to significant in determining health care use. However, improve the standard of health services in Malaysia there is no evidence of income-related inequity in as one of the measures to increase the welfare of the health care utilisation in the area of study. The rakyat . For example, as to increase the health services results also suggests that those live in the less coverage, a total of RM637 billion has been allocated developed district are less likely to utilise health care to build new health centres like rural clinics, compared to those from developed district. This community health clinics and clinics 1Malaysia under indicates that the availability of health facilities may the 10 th Malaysia Plan. These are among the somewhat induce the likelihood or frequency of measures taken by the government to improve health health care use. Findings from this study may provide state of the people, but the question now is that, do some information for policy analyst in designing an the current services have been utilised by the right equitable health and health care policy for the well- person?, or are there any other factors, other than being of the rakyat (people). health conditions, that have affected health care consumption? Ideally, health care should be Keywords: income-related inequity; count data consumed based on ‘need’, not other socio-economic model, health care; microeconometric; well-being factors [2,3]. The health system must not be INTRODUCTION exploited by the healthy ‘well-off’ or educated group, especially for public health care. n achieving a high-income nation status, Malaysia has underlined new policy directions and As in other sectors, the health care sector faces the Istrategies in the 10 th Malaysia Plan [1]. In order economic problem of scarce resources. Therefore, 46 Samsudin et al. / OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 04: 05 (2012) determining the determinants of health care demand Data by the population is essential in distributing these This study concentrates on health care utilisation in scarce resources based on the objectives of health the state of Kedah. The multistage cluster sampling policies. These determinants might also have technique is employed in selecting the sample for the different impacts depending on which health care study. All districts in Kedah were first divided into system is in place in the country under consideration two clusters – developed and less developed. The [4-6]. Health systems vary between publicly division is based on economic activities of the financed national health services, national health population. If the majority of the people in that insurance systems and private insurance systems. particular district engage in industrial and service Thus, the determinants of health care demand might sectors, the district is classified as developed while if also vary between countries which mean they require a majority of the population depends on agriculture, it country-specific analysis to determine them. is categorised as less-developed. Then, one district Therefore, studies on factors that affect health care was randomly selected from each cluster, which gives utilisation in Malaysia are vital in order to examine us Kubang Pasu (developed) and Padang Terap (less the issue of equity in health care system. The main developed). The survey is conducted between the purpose of this study is to enhance understanding on month of May and June 2011. A total of 205 issues concerning the equity of health care utilisation households are surveyed. All household members within the context of Malaysia. The specific aged 18 and above are interviewed using an objectives of this study are to (1) identify the administered questionnaire. From the 205 existence of income-related inequity in health care households, a total of 502 individuals were utilisation, and (2) establish the effect of health care successfully interviewed. However, due to missing availability on health care use, specifically in the values in variables used in the analysis, only 497 state of Kedah. individuals are left in the sample. RESEARCH METHODS Selection of variables Research framework In this study, the utilisation of doctor services The Grossman model (GM) for health care demand is (outpatient services) is used as a proxy of demand. used as a foundation of our empirical analysis (see The exploratory variables are divided into three main [7] for detail discussion). Within the household categories based on Aday & Anderson framework production framework, GM treats an individual as a [12]. These three categories are known as sole decision-maker in determining the amount of predisposing , enabling and need factors. The health care used. Ones derive utility based on the selection of variables is also based on the systematic intertemporal utility function which depends on the review done by Shamzaeffa [13]. Predisposing total consumption of healthy time and total factors consist of inherent factors that exist within consumption of other goods. Health in this model is individuals and other socioeconomic factors that we discussed in the light of human capital theory where assume exist prior to illness. In this study, the health capital is subject to depreciation overtime. predisposing factors are age, gender, education level The stock of health, however, can be improved via and economic activity. The engagement in exercise investment activities such as consuming medical care activities and smoking behaviour are also included in and healthy food, engaging in healthy lifestyle and this category as a proxy of individual attitude towards avoiding health-damaging activities such as drinking health care seeking behaviour. They measure, (alcohol) and smoking that can decrease the capital. controlling for other factors, the direct effect of Many studies on health and health care demand have individuals’ attitudes toward health care. Those who referred to GM as a foundation to their development exercise are presumed to be among those with of theoretical or empirical investigations [7-11] . For positive attitudes towards health and health care, and the empirical work in this study, the health care those who smoke are the opposite. utilisation framework by Aday and Andersen [12] Other factors, which include individual, family and will be employed. The framework provides a useful community resources that are able to influence health guide in understanding the important variables in care use are categorised as enabling factors. Marital utilisation process. The utilisation of care that will be status, income, medical insurance, district and over- focused in this study is doctor visit (for outpatient the-counter (OTC) market for health services are care). Independent variables are divided into three included in this category. The marital status are main groups that we will discuss later in this section. considered as an enabling factor here rather than a In identifying the influence of these variables on predisposing factor because of its ability to explain health care use, microeconometric methods will be the role of partners as a source of alternative care to employed. The empirical specification will be formal care; or it can be treated as a source of moral presented in section 3. support to individual to seek care. Samsudin et al. / OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 04: 05 (2012) 47 Table 1 : Summary statistics of Dependent Variables
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