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A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer, January 1982, BYTE

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A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer, January 1982, BYTE A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer Gregg Williams Senior Editor What microcomputer has color number of interesting features and a left, and miscellaneous other keys to graphics like the Apple II, an few flaws, but it is easily the best­ bring the total number to 83. It is con­ 80-column display like the TRS-80 designed microcomputer to date. In nected by a coiled cable to the System Model II, a redefinable character set this article, I will take a closer look at Unit, which houses the Intel 8088 like the Atari 800, a 16-bit micro­ the IBM Personal Computer, inside microprocessor, the 40 K-byte ex­ processor like the Texas Instruments and outside. tended Microsoft BASIC in ROM TI 99/4, an expanded memory space (read-only memory), up to 64 K like the Apple III, a full-function An Overview bytes of dynamic memory, up to two uppercase and lowercase keyboard The IBM Personal Computer disk drives, a cassette interface, a like the TRS-80 Model III, and BASIC (photos 1 and 2) is housed in two built-in speaker, and five expansion color graphics like the TRS-80 Color units, the keyboard and the System slots. (Extra dynamic memory cards Computer? Answer: the IBM Per­ Unit. The keyboard (photo 3) has a placed in expansion slots can bring sonal Computer, which is a synthesis standard typewriter layout with the the total up to 256 K bytes.) of the best the microcomputer in­ addition of a numeric keypad to the Other peripherals include the IBM dustry has offered to date. It has a right, a set of function keys to the Monochrome Display (shown in photo 2) and the IBM 80 CPS Photo 1: The IBM Personal Computer System with a non-IBM color monitor. (characters per second) Matrix Printer (shown with the optional printer stand in photo 1). What's It Going to Cost? The IBM Personal Computer is an impressive unit. But how much is it going to cost? Although the compo­ nent prices in the "At a Glance" text­ box look reasonable (the System Unit and keyboard are only $1265), the price of a usable configuration is somewhat higher. The higher cost is due to a marketing technique called unbundling, which is common in the computer industry and a trademark of IBM in particular. When a system is unbundled, components that usual­ ly are priced as one are priced sepa­ rately. In the case of the IBM Per­ sonal Computer, the main unit needs one of two video-display adapter cards, a monitor or television set, a cable, and perhaps an external radio­ frequency (RF) modulator. Table 1a shows several sample con­ figurations of the IBM Personal Com­ puter, and tables 1b and 1c show the list prices of comparable Apple II and Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III units with 48 K bytes of memory and one disk drive. The IBM unit is somewhat more expensive than the standard configurations (note that the Apple II Plus is less expensive if you want only 40-column uppercase output). Still, you get a lot more for your money. Video-Display Options One thing not commonly under- Photo 2: The IBM Personal Computer System with the IBM Monochrome Display. stood about the IBM Personal Com- puter is that you must choose be­ tween two separate ways of getting video output. The Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter gives high-quality black-and-white output only, while the Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter can produce color ·- graphics or text. Each takes one of the - --- - five expansion slots available on the IBM motherboard (called the System Board by IBM). While you could have both kinds of output by using both adapter cards, most people will not want to tie up the extra slot (more on that later). The monochrome adapter card is most suited to IBM machines that wiil be used in an office environment only. The adapter card gives you a Photo 3: The IBM Personal Computer keyboard unit. January 1982 © BYrE Publications Inc 37 One final advantage of the mono­ chrome adapter card is that it in­ cludes an interface to the IBM 80 CPS Matrix Printer, which saves you the expense of an IBM Printer Adapter card (around $150) and one expan­ sion slot. Of course, the main disadvantage of the monochrome adapter card is that it does not produce color graphics. As you can see from photos Sa through Sd, this is some disadvan­ tage. The graphics available through the color I graphics adapter card are very good-slightly better than color graphics on existing microcomputers, and they are more versatile and easier to use. Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter Residing in one of the five expan­ sion slots in the System Unit, the Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter has Photo 4: The 256 characters available on the IBM Personal Computer video display. 16 K bytes of on-board memory, can display two kinds of text and two sharp 25-line by 80-column display cards. In addition, due to the (actually, three) kinds of graphics, with well-formed characters. A 9 by architecture of the 8088 and allows you to connect to a black­ 14 dot matrix is used, and characters microprocessor, the on-board and-white monitor or to a color are displayed within a 7 by 9 dot memory itself does not reduce the monitor with composite or RGB (red­ matrix; this makes for an extremely main memory address space available green-blue) input, or to a color tele­ readable screen, an important factor to the IBM microcomputer; in con­ vision. The color pictures accom­ if you are using the computer for long trast, the memory taken by the video panying this article were made with a periods of time. display of an 8-bit microcomputer $1000 RGB color monitor, so don't Among the 256 characters always reduces its 64 K-byte work­ expect such stunning graphics to available are miscellaneous graphics space. come from your composite monitor characters (musical note, male and or an ordinary color television. (RGB female symbols), all standard upper­ monitors are more expensive and pro­ case and lowercase letters, numbers, The manuals will set duce better images because they have punctuation, some familiar foreign­ the standard for separate red, green, and blue inputs language, Greek, and mathematics all microcomputer to get a more detailed image. For an symbols, and a set of rectangular documentation in RGB monitor to work properly with shapes that can be combined to create the color I graphics adapter card, it rectangles and lined tables. A display the future. must accept the following signals: of the full 256-character set is shown red, green, blue, intensity, horizontal in photo 4. Twenty-five lines of 80 characters drive, vertical drive, and ground. Although you can use a suitable each amounts to only 2000 RGB monitors that do not have an in­ monitor if you want, the IBM Mono­ characters, yet the on-board display · tensity signal can display only 8 of chrome Display is also available. The memory has 4096 bytes. The reason the possible 16 colors.) IBM monitor has a green-phosphor for this is that the IBM Personal Com­ Let's consider graphics first. The tube and matches the appearance of puter always uses two bytes per IBM color/graphics adapter card has the rest of the system. stored character, regardless of the three color-graphics resolutions, only The monochrome adapter card adapter card used. When the mono­ two of which are supported by the contains 4 K bytes of on-board chrome adapter card is used, in­ system software in ROM. The first memory. (In this article, 8 bits will be dividual characters can have any of mode, the IBM low-resolution mode, referred to as a "byte," as opposed to the following characteristics: invisible is unsupported by IBM. It gives you a a 16-bit "word.") The on-board (white-on-white, black-on-black), display of 100 rows and 160 pixels display memory prevents the blinking, high-intensity, or underline. (picture elements), each of which can available system memory from being The permissible combinations of be any of the standard 16 colors (for steadily decreased by peripheral these are shown in figure 1. the color list, see table 2). IBM 38 January1982 © BYrE Publications Inc CHARACTER CODE­ EVEN ADDRESS (Ml Sa I I I BACKGROUND DATA L------------ BLINK BIT BACKGROUND FOREGROUND RESULTlN G B2 B1 BO F2 F1 FO CHARACTER 0 0 0 .0 0 0 NON DISPLAY (BLACK ON BLACK) 0 0 0 0 0 1 NORMAL UNDERLINED CHARACTER Sb 0 0 0 1 1 1 NORMAL CHARACTER 1 1 1 0 0 0 REVERSE CHARACTER (BLACK ON WHITE l 1 1 1 1 1 1 NON DISPLAY (WHITE ON WHITE ) Figure 1: Character storage within the monochrome adapter board. representatives told me that the only and the mode must be supported by way to use this mode is to directly user-supplied software.) In the IBM address the Motorola 6845 CRT Con­ high-resolution mode, the mapping of troller, which is at the heart of both graphics bytes to video scan lines is the monochrome and color/graphics the same as for medium-resolution adapter cards. (For both units, the graphics, but each byte represents 8 6845 device is addressed through two pixels. ports: hexadecimal 3D4 and 3D5; Photos 6a and 6b show one edge of Sc more information on this is given in the screen to highlight the differences Technical Reference, the IBM Per­ between IBM medium-resolution and sonal Computer manual.) high-resolution graphics.
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