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Home , Balaena, Bowhead whale, Cintra Bay, Gray whale, Right whale

The Right , glacialis

HOWARD W. BRAHAM and DALE W. RICE

Introduction waters (Fig. 1). Seasonally, cipally by European and Yankee it is a coastal ; however, impor­ whalers, but very little is known about The , Ba/aena g/acia/is tant feeding aggregations are reported the impact of on the number 1 Muller, 1776 , also known as the well out to sea, especially in the North and location of populations around black right whale, resembles the Pacific and South Atlantic. Like most the world. Nevertheless, several bowhead, B. mysticetus, in its robust other , they spend the discrete breeding populations are build, narrow arched rostrum, and summer on high-latitude feeding hypothesized. The reproductive cycles lack of a dorsal , but is readily grounds and migrate to more of in the Northern and recognized by the callosities on its temperate waters during the winter Southern Hemispheres are 6 months rostrum and its scalloped lower lips. calving and mating seasons. out of phase, and right whales from The right whale occurs in all the The species was overexploited prin- these regions, therefore, do not inter­ world's oceans from temperate to breed. This divides the species into at The authors are with the National Marine least three reproductively isolated Laboratory, Northwest and populations, one each in the North I Some authors place the species glacialis in a Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Ser­ separate , Eubalaena Gray, 1864 (e.g., vice, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Bin Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Rep. Int. Whaling Comm., Spec. Issue 9). CI5700, Seattle, WA 98115. Southern Hemisphere; other stocks

~-----~ 20'~ ~~~b-c:c_-' -.-----\,----- ,..,...,~.L..'~~-----:>,.,!,.-~;--':j.L.._/-~__-~__ _ ~~~ --"-

,SO" . 150'W ).~~30W '20'W 90w I 'V

Figure I. - Geographical distribution of the right whale. Simple hatching indicates the summerfeeding grounds. Stippling indicates distribution during autumn, winter, and spring; records are scarce dunng these seasons, and the distribution is to a large extent speculative.

38 Marine Fisheries Review within these regions are presumed. south , Canada (lWC, In whales were taken from off Cape These stocks may not interbreed, but press, a). Right whales apparently Farewell to (although this some overlap on their summer feeding spend the winter months (January­ may have been more a bowhead grounds. March) along the southeast coast of fishery); off North Cape, ; Although the right whale has been the United States from to and off the British Isles. Important protected from whaling under inter­ North Carolina, most beyond sight of winter hunting grounds, and thus national agreement since 1931, there land. They then move into coastal presumed calving areas, were in the is little evidence of recovery in most waters of , Maine, of northwest Spain and areas, unlike other baleen whales so southeast Nova Scotia, and western France, and (Jat. protected. This suggests that it might Labrador, traveling north from spring 23°N, long. 16° 15'W) off northwest be the most vulnerable to human in­ to early autumn (Winn and Price, In Africa. tervention of all great whales. For ex­ press). ample, their behavior of moving into Calving appears to occur in late North Pacific coastal habitats during the sensitive winter. On the basis of the size of Wintering areas for right whales in calving season probably makes them calves seen in the , the North Pacific are unknown. particularly vulnerable to nearshore Kraus and Prescott2 estimate that Migration patterns are also largely development. calving occurs from February to unknown, except that northward April. The peak numbers of right movements from temperate and sub­ Distribution and Migration whales seen in spring are off Cape waters occur in spring, with the Right whales are found in Cod in April, but few are seen there in species occurring on summer feeding temperate waters above lat. 25° dur­ summer (Schevill, et al., In press). grounds generally between lat. 50 0 N ing the late autumn to early spring Most summer sightings are from and 63°N (Omura, 1958). Some early calving and mating season, and in southeast Canadian waters (Reeves et whaling records reported by Maury higher latitudes, usually above lat. aI., 1978); many likely occur well off­ (1852) and Townsend (1935), as well 40° during the spring to autumn shore during summer and autumn as Japanese sighting data during the feeding season. No overlap in based on 19th-century whaling 1960's and 1970's, support the distribution occurs between Northern records (lWC, In press, a). hypothesis that right whales are and Southern Hemisphere popula­ The southward autumn migration distributed all across the North tions in tropical waters; hence the (from about October through Pacific north of lat. 35°N, with im­ stocks are geographically isolated. December) presumably occurs farther portant concentrations in the Gulf of Right whales rarely occur in the polar offshore than in spring, and the Alaska, eastern Aleutian Islands­ pack ice. period of migration is shorter (Winn southcentral , Okhotsk and Price, In press). This is consistent Sea, and coastal Japan. Although the North Atlantic with reports of the movement of right evidence is certainly not definitive, the The International Whaling Com­ whales off (Best, 1981). IWC (In press, a) has tentatively mission (IWC, In press, a) currently However, definitive information on divided the North Pacific into two recognizes three stock areas for right the movements is generally lacking stock areas for purposes of reporting whales in the North Atlantic: One and the available information is based statistics. each on either side of the 30 0 W meri­ on scattered historical whaling and Right whales in the western North dian from the southern tip of sightings records reviewed by Schevill Pacific occur from waters off Japan (Cape Farewell) south, and et al. (In press), and Winn and Price north into the Okhotsk Sea and the third area within lat. 6O-62°N, (In press). western Bering Sea. There is no clear long. 33-35°W from Greenland to Current records of right whales in data to support the idea that more Iceland. Some question remains as to the eastern North Atlantic are far than one stock occurs in this area, or whether this third unit might be con­ fewer, and their seasonal movements whether there is a continuum into the fused with a stock are not known. Whaling records back eastern North Pacific, but right area, since the data are primarily from to the 16th century indicate that right whales were formerly abundant from the early whale fishery for bowheads. Japan and the east Sea to the Current data support the Okhotsk Sea from late winter to sum­ hypothesis that right whales in the 'Kraus, S. D., and J. H. Prescott. 1982. The mer (Klumov, 1962; Omura, 1958). North Atlantic right whale (Euba/aena g/acia/is) western North Atlantic principally oc­ in the Bay of Fundy, 1981, with notes on distri­ The likely calving/mating area was cur in coastal waters from Florida to bution, abundance, biology and south and west of Japan and in the behavior. Unpubl. manuscr., 105 p. New Labrador. A few sightings have been England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, east China Sea and Formosa Strait, made in the Gulf of (Moore MA 02110. (Prepared for the World Wildlife predominantly from December to and Clark, 1963) and Bermuda to the Fund, , D.C., and the Northeast March (Omura, 1958). Right whales Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Ser­ south, and from early whaling records vice, NOAA, Woods Hole, Mass., under Con­ were taken off the Bonin Islands at they once occurred as as tract NA-81-FA-C-

46(4),1984 39 A right whale surfacing showing the arched lower lip and the rough, horny callosities on the head. Photo by G. Joyce.

miles (500 km) southeast of Japan) in Pacific. Although coastal whaling for whales move north in late autumn February (Rowntree et al., 1980). This the , robustus, along coastal routes and south to may be the southern extent of their and , Megaptera pelagic feeding areas in spring. The distribution; the northern recent novaeangliae, was extensive along the movements of offshore groups of record (two animals) occurred in sum­ west coast of , only whales are also unknown, but based mer 1982 at about lat. 60048'N, long. about 45 records of right whales exist upon limited historical whaling 175° 18'W (Brueggeman 3 , U.S. below lat. 500N (Scarff, In press), records, they are likely similar to Department of the Interior4 ). lending support to the hypothesis that those of coastal animals: Seasonal The most important whaling right whales found on summer north-south movements. A survey of ground for right whales in the eastern grounds in the eastern North Pacific the current understanding of stock North Pacific was off Kodiak Island may either I) migrate from the identity is reviewed by the IWC (In in the . Right whales western North Pacific or 2) winter in press, a). were also taken in the eastern Aleu­ pelagic waters of the east and central Right whales occur seasonally in tians Islands area and off the coast of North Pacific (Maury (1852) showed pelagic waters of the southwest Atlan­ Canada and southeast Alaska, prin­ right whales well out to sea above lat. tic Ocean along the southeast coast of cipally in summer. Evidence of large 35°N and east of long. 180° in Febru­ from (e.g., calves seen in the Gulf of Alaska in ary and March). The southern record False and Brazil Banks) to southern summer supports the notion that par­ for right whales along the North , and east to the Falkland turition occurs in late winter-early American Pacific coast is off Baja Islands. This latter area was referred spring, presumably further south. at lat. 26°39'N, long. to as the Tristan and Pigeon grounds There is no evidence to date that right 113°4O'W where two whales were seen Oong. lO o W-300W) by early whalers. whales either gave in or occupied about 8 km (5 miles) offshore on 11 The whales' distribution continues coastal waters of the eastern North March 1965 (Rice and Fiscus, 1968). east to the southern coast of Africa where a distinct stock from those west Southern Hemisphere of long. 200E occurs. The area west 3J. J. Brueggeman, Envirosphere Company, 0 400 - 112th N.E., Bellevue, WA 98004, pers. Right whales range throughout the of long. 20 E is tentatively called the commun. southern oceans, particularly off Greenwich Stock area; that east of 'U.S. Department of the Interior. 1983. 0 Navarin Basin lease offering (March 1984). South Africa, the southeast coast of long. 20 E is called southeast African Final Environmental Impact Statement. Un­ South America, , Stock area. pub!. manuscr., Minerals Management Service, , and in the south Indian Right whales concentrate along the Alaska Outer Region, U.S. Department of the Interior, P.O. Box 101159, Ocean. Specific migration patterns southeast coast of Argentina (about Anchorage, AK 99510. are not well understood, but the lat. 43°S at Peninsula Valdes) in

40 Marine Fisheries Review September and October (calving separate stocks. Right whales occur Reproduction season), but are seen as early as June throughout waters of south Australia, Few data are available on and as late as February. During this especially in southeast and southwest reproduction in right whales (Best, northward movement or migration, Australia and Tasmania, principally 1981; Klumov, 1962; Matthews, 1938; some individuals apparently continue from midwinter (July) to early spring Omura et al., 1969; Whitehead and north into Brazilian waters (Payne5). (September) (Bannister, In press). It is Payne, 1981). As with other baleen These animals are closely associated thought that they migrate to the north whales, their reproductive cycle is syn­ with coastal areas, such as bays and from Antarctic waters, with the south chronized with their feeding cycle and estuaries, as are those located off coast of Australia being the north end annual migration. South Africa. The southward spring of their range. Based on early whaling The gestation period is probably migration probably begins in about records, the western extent of this about 1 . Females enter shallow November, off Brazil and Argentina. right whale stock area designation is coastal bays to give birth to their Along the south coast of South about long. 90 0 E in the . single calves. The calving season is Africa (at about lat. 34OS), right The stock areas and movements of during the winter-January to April whales occur primarily between June right whales in the southern Indian in the Northern Hemisphere and July and November, having moved north Ocean (Central Indian group(s» are to October in the Southern from presumably subantarctic feeding known only from early whaling Hemisphere. Calves average 5.5-6.0 areas, but are greatest in number dur­ records. These suggest that perhaps m (18-20 feet) long at birth. They are ing August and September (Best, up to three possible stocks occur probably weaned by the time they are 1981; Rice et aI., In press). This in­ within the area bounded by lat. 12 months old, when they are about shore component may represent only 50oS-40oS and long. 50oE-80oE, near 8.0 m (26 feet) long, but may remain one segment of the population, prin­ the Crozet, Kerguelen, and Amster­ with their mother through the winter cipally cows with calves and unac­ dam island groups. following their year of birth. Right companied adults (Best, In press). As whales apparently do not attain sexual with the South American coast, right Life History and Ecology maturity until they are at least 8 whales are essentially absent during old. Body length of females at sexual the summer months when they are Feeding maturity is 12.5-15.5 m (41-51 feet), thought to be feeding in subantarctic and that of males is probably about 1 waters. Based on 13 records, Japanese During the summer, right whales m less (there may be geographical sighting surveys report right whales in inhabit cool temperate waters where variation in this feature). Mature Antarctic waters between lat. they feed primarily on calanoid females usually bear a calf only once o 60 S-65°S in January (Kasamatsu, In , called "brit" by whalers. every 3 years (lWC, In press, a). press). Right whales are specialized as "skim­ Best (1981) and R. S. Payne (foot­ There are at least five putative mers" that feed by swimming slowly note 5) state that based on some 10 stock areas in the South Pacific and with their mouths wide open through years of study of right whales off Indian Ocean: Off , New the swarms of copepods. They usually South Africa and Argentina, respec­ Zealand, Campbell Island, Australia feed below the surface, but sometimes tively, these right whale stocks appear (southwest and southeast possible feed at the surface, raising their to be growing at a rate of about 7 per­ subdivisions), and central Indian rostrum above water (Watkins and cent per year. This suggests a high rate Ocean-southeast Africa (possibly 2-3 Schevill, 1976). The main species of of reproduction, with the ratio of subdivisions) (lWC, In press, a). The copepods on which they feed are calves to adults in the neighborhood Chilean stock is considered provi­ Calanus cristatus and C. plumchrus in of 15-25 percent. However, as Best sional as there is a lack of sightings the North Pacific, and C. finmar­ and Payne point out (lWC, In press, between New Zealand and Chile be­ chicus in the North Atlantic (Collett, a), few juveniles are seen, indicating 0 o tween long. 90 W and 130 W. Based 1909; Klumov, 1962; Omura et aI., that they are studying only a portion on separate catch histories and the 1969). Food habits have been little of the population. In addition, most distribution of right whales at about studied in the Southern Hemisphere, mature females (as well as adult the same time of year (mid-May to but in addition to species of Calanus males) are not seen every year, but September), right whales off the east they sometimes consume "Iobster­ may return with a calf every 2 or 3 coast of New Zealand (Cawthorn, In ," the pelagic postlarval stage of years. As the reproductive cycle be­ press) and around Campbell Island the Munida gregaria (Mat­ tween presumed successive is at (about 300-500 n.mi. south of New thews, 1932). Euphausiids, or "krill," least 3 years (estimated to average Zealand) are tentatively considered are also eaten sometimes, including 3.26 years, (lWC, In press, a», the net Euphausia pacifica in the North recruitment is probably much lower Pacific, Thysanoessa inermis in the than 7 percent. ~Payne, Center for Long Term Studies, Weston Road, Lincoln, MA 01773, pers. North Atlantic, and E. superba in the The IWC (In press, a) attempted to commun. Southern Hemisphere. resolve this issue, and through a series

46(4),1984 41 based whaling for right whales in the early 1600's at many places along the Atlantic seaboard - notably in the vicinity of Massachusetts and . This fishery persisted until the early years of the 20th century. In the early 1600's, commercial whale fisheries were also instituted in Japan. Right whales were an impor­ tant component of their catches. This shore fishery has persisted to the pres­ ent day, although right whales are no longer killed. The American high-seas whale fishery was inaugurated in 1712 (Star­ buck, 1878). This fishery was directed primarily toward sperm whales, The whaling station which operated at Kyuquot, , from 1919 until World War II. Source: Historical Photography Collection, University of Physeter macrocephalus, but right Washington Libraries, Seattle. whales were also an important species. At first the fishery was con­ fined to the , and voyages usually lasted only a few months. Following the American of modeling exercises at the special Natural mortality rates have been Revolution, the high-seas whale workshop on right whales, concluded estimated to be about 4.0 percent per fishery expanded rapidly. U.S. vessels that to achieve population growth year in adults, and are probably began regular voyages to the Pacific rates greater than 5 percent, survivor­ greater in immature animals. How­ Ocean in 1791, and to the Indian ship would have to be much higher ever, current estimates of mortality Ocean in 1830. These voyages than thought by the scientists present. rates in large baleen whales are in routinely lasted 3 or 4 years. Several This exercise pointed out that while question (lWC, In press, b). other nations - notably France and there are many inconsistencies in the England - also engaged in the high­ available data, as well as in using cer­ Exploitation and Population Size seas whale fishery, but to a lesser ex­ tain assumed but contested param­ History of Exploitation tent than the United States. Between eters (e.g., survivorship and annual 1804 and 1876, U.S. whalers killed an calf proportion), recruitment rates in Right whales are large and slow­ estimated 193,522 right whales world­ right whales are probably lower than swimming, often congregate in near­ wide (this figure includes an suggested by the apparent growth of shore waters, have a thick layer of unknown, but small, proportion of the South African and Argentine , and float when killed. These bowhead whales). U.S. whaling populations, and that indeed net attributes make them easy and profit­ reached its zenith in 1840, when 735 recruitment is likely among the lowest able prey for whalers (hence their vessels were engaged in the fishery. of the large baleen whales. Empirical­ name, the "right" whale). Thus they The highest annual catch of right ly, this seems to be supported by the were the first species of great whale to whales was reported in 1846, when apparent low rate of recovery of all become the object of a commercial U.S. vessels delivered to port the oil right whales (including bowheads) in fishery. of an estimated 6,134 animals. During this century. The living on the shores of the latter half of the 19th century, the the Bay of Biscay in northern Spain pelagic whale fishery rapidly declined Natural Mortality and southwestern France began a owing to the severe depletion of right Important natural mortality factors right whale fishery as early as the year whale populations and to the substitu­ are unknown. Barnacles and three 1059. This fishery flourished until the tion of petroleum for sperm oil. species of cyamids or "whale-lice" early 1600's. The Basque whalers During the heyday of the pelagic often grow on the skin, and three subsequently ventured farther afield, fishery, numerous shore whaling sta­ kinds of parasitic worms have been and after 1528 they regularly voyaged tions were established in Australia, found in the intestines (Delyamure, to the Grand Banks off New­ New Zealand, and South Africa, and 1955), but all of these appear to be foundland, and later, the Gulf of their prime target was the right whale. nonpathogenic. Predation on right Saint Lawrence, Canada (Jenkins, By the time the modern whale whales by killer whales, Orcinus orca, 1921). fishery with its cannons and appears to be quite rare. American colonists began shore- steam-powered catcher boats com-

42 Marine Fisheries Review A large right whale (lying on its back) on the flensing platform of the former whaling station at Akutan in the Aleutian Islands. Some of the 8-foot long baleen plates are protruding from the left side of the mouth. Source: Historical Photography Collection, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle.

menced in the late 1800's, right whales which about two-thirds were in the Management were so rare worldwide that they were Southern Hemisphere, and the re­ The chief management problem is almost never encountered. The mainder in the North Atlantic and the usurpation of the right whales' modern fishery concentrated on blue, North Pacific. nearshore calving grounds by coastal Ba/aenoptera musculus; fin, B. Current population size is also development and concomitant vessel physa/us; and humpback, Megaptera poorly known. There are roughly traffic, pollution, and oil spills. The novaeang/iae, whales which the old­ 3,000 right whales left in the Southern most significant present concern is for style hand-harpoon fishery had large­ Hemisphere, 100-200 in the North habitat protection and the potential ly ignored. Pacific, and a few hundred in the problems associated with oil and gas North Atlantic, for a world total of development on the outer continental Current and Initial perhaps 3,000 to 4,000 (Gambell, shelf along the east coast of the Stock Sizes 1976). The world population of right United States (Cetacean and Turtle No one has attempted to estimate whales appears to have been reduced Assessment Program6), in particular original population sizes, and there by at least 95 percent, and perhaps by are perhaps too few data to do this as much as 99 percent during the first ·Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program. with any precision. Based on the several centuries of exploitation. 1982. A characterization of marine recorded catch figures for right There are indications that some local and turtles in the mid- and north Atlantic areas of the U.S. outer continental shelf. Unpub!. whales, and on original population stocks are beginning to increase slight­ manuscr., 450 p. plus appendices. Graduate density estimates of other baleen ly (see the section on Reproduction), School of Oceanography, University of Rhode whales, we suggest that the original but even with complete protection, Island, Kingston, RI 02881. (Prepared for the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of population size of the right whale was recovery (if any) has been exceedingly Land Management under Contract AA551­ on the order of 100,000 to 300,000, of slow and may take at least a century. CT8-48.)

46(4),1984 43 Georges Bank, and along the west nearshore development actIvItIes oc­ 1938. Notes on the south­ coast of the United States where right cur, could create potential obstacles ern right whale, Eubafaena australis. Discovery Rep. 17:169-182. whales are likely to occur in or adja­ to recovery. Maury, M. F. 1852. Whale chart of the cent to at least six petroleum lease world. [The wind and current charts], Ser. F, areas, primarily in Alaska (Braham et Literature Cited Wash., D.C. Moore, J. c., and E. Clark. 1963. aI., 1982; Morris et aI., 1983; U.S. Bannister, J. L. In press. Southern right Discovery of right whales in the Gulf of Mex­ Department of the Interior, footnotes whales: Current status off Australia from ico. Science (Wash., D.C.) 141(3577):269. 4 and 7). 20th century sightings. Rep. Int. Whaling Morris, B. F., M. S. Alton, and H. W. Braham. Comm., Spec. Issue 9. 1983. Living marine resources of the Gulf Because of their low population Best, P. B. 1981. The status of right whales of Alaska, a resource assessment for the Gulf numbers, their habit of using coastal (Eubafaena gfaciafis) off South Africa, of Alaska/Cook Inlet proposed oil and gas 1969-1979. S. Afr. Dep. Agric. Fish., In­ Lease Sale 88. U.S. Dep. Commer., waters, and apparent low reproduc­ vest. Rep. 123, 44 p. NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA Tech. tion, right whales are likely the most _---,----,-----_. In press. Current status of right Memo. NMFS F/AKR-5, 232 p. vulnerable of all the great whales to whales off South Africa. Rep. Int. Whaling Omura, H. 1958. North Pacific right Comm., Spec. Issue 9. whales. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo habitat incursion and deterioration. Braham, H. W., G. W. Oliver, C. Fowler, 13:1-12. Removal (death resulting from colli­ K. Frost, F. Fay, C. Cowles, D. Costa, _-----,----,---_, S. Ohsumi, T. Nemoto, K. Nasu, sion with tankers, oil spills, etc.) of K. Schneider, and D. Calkins. 1982. and T. Kasuya. 1969. Black right whales Marine mammals. In M. J. Hameedi (editor), in the North Pacific. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. just a few individuals from depressed Proceedings of a synthesis meeting: The St. Inst., Tokyo 21: 1-78. populations would have a significant George Basin environment and possible con­ Reeves, R., J. Mead, and S. Katona. 1978. sequences of planned offshore oil and gas The right whale, Eubafaena gfaciafis in the effect on recovery. Concern for other development, p. 55-81. U.S. Dep. Com­ Western North Atlantic. Rep. Int. Whaling results of coastal developmental ac­ mer., NOAA, Off. Mar. Pollut. Assess., Comm. 28:303-311. tivities, such as pollution, is justified Outer Cont. Shelf Environ. Assess. Program, Rice, D. W., and C. H. Fiscus. 1968. Right Juneau, Alaska. whales in the southeastern North as well, since right whales migrate into Cawthorn, M. W. In press. Current status Pacific. Nor. Hvalfangst-Tidende coastal waters at least in the western of right whales off New Zealand - 20th Cen­ 57(5): 105-107. Atlantic to feed on abundant prey, tury sightings and trends. Rep. Int. Whal­ Rice, F. H., L. A. Carter, and G. S. Saayman. ing Comm., Spec. Issue 9. In press. The behavior and movements of often nearshore (e.g., and Collett, R. 1909. A few notes on the whale right whales (Eubafaena australis) off the Bay of Fundy). Bafaena gfaciafis and its capture in recent coast of South Africa, 1977-1982. Rep.lnt. years in the North Atlantic by Norwegian Whaling Comm., Spec. Issue 9. Conclusions whalers. Proc. ZooI. Soc. Lond. Rowntree, V., J. Darling, G. Silber and 1909:91-98. M. Ferrari. 1980. Rare sighting of a right It is clear that all stocks of the right Delyamure, S. L. 1955. Gel'mintofauna whale (Eubafaena gfaciafis) in Hawaii. Can. morskikh mlekopitayushchikh v svete ikh J. Zool. 58:309-312. whale were severely depleted as a ekologii i filogenii (Helminthofauna of Scarff, J. E. In press. Historic and present result of commercial whaling. Some, marine mammals (ecology and distribution of the right whale (Eubafaena phylogeny)). Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, gfaciafis) in the eastern North Pacific south of like the northeast Pacific stock, if an 0 Moscow, 517 p. [In Russ., Transl. by (sr. 50 N and east of 180°. Rep. [nt. Whaling identifiable breeding unit, have not Program Sci. Transl., 1968, 522 p. Avail. Comm., Spec. Issue 9. recovered and may be nearing extinc­ U.S. Dep. Commer., Nat!' Tech. Inf. Serv., Schevill, W. E., W. A. Watkins, and K. E. Springfield, Va., as TT67-51202.] Moore. In press. Status of (Eubafaena tion, similar to that of the fate of the Gambell, R. 1976. World whale stocks. gfaciafis), off Cape Cod. Rep. Int. Whaling western Pacific gray whale and the Mammal Rev. 6(1):41-53. Comm., Spec. Issue 9. stock of bowhead whales. IWC. In press, a. Report of workshop on Starbuck, A. 1878. History of the American the status of right whales. Rep. Int. Whal­ whale fishery from its earliest inception to the Other populations, such as those off ing Comm., Spec. Issue 9. year 1876. U.S. Comm. Fish Fish., Part 4, Argentina and South Africa, have _=-_,-' In press, b. Report of the Sub­ Rep. Comm. 1875-1876, Append. A., 779 p. recently increased. But generally, in­ Committee on Other Protected Species and Townsend, C. H. 1935. The distribution of Aboriginal Whaling. Rep. Int. Whaling certain whales as shown by logbook records sufficient data exist to give a precise Comm., Vol. 35. of American whaleships. Zoologica (N.Y.) determination of future growth for Jenkins, J. T. 1921. A history of the whale 19(1):1-50. fisheries. H. F. and G. Witherby, Lond., Watkins, W. A., and W. A. Schevill. 1976. any stock. In addition, this species' 373 p. Right whale feeding and baleen rattle. J. penchant for coastal habitats, such as Kasamatsu, F. In press. Sightings and Mammal. 57:58-66. the eastern seaboard of the United natural markings of three southern right Whitehead, H., and R. Payne. 1981. New whales in the waters south of 60 0 S near An­ techniques for assessing populations of right States, where industrial and other tarctic Peninsula in 1982 and 1983. Rep. whales without killing them. In Mammals Int. Whaling Comm., Spec. Issue 9. in the seas, Vol. 3, General papers and large Klumov, S. K. 1962. Gladkie (Yaponskie) cetaceans, p. 189-209. Food Agric. Organ. 'U.S. Department of the Interior. 1982. St. kity Tikhogo Okeana (The right whales in the U.N., Rome, FAO Fish. Ser. 5, Vol. 3. George Basin. Final Environmental Impact Pacific Ocean). Tr. Inst. Okeanol. Akad. Winn, H. E. and C. A. Price. In press. A Statement. Unpubl. manuscr., Minerals Nauk SSSR 58:202-297. [In Russ.) model (scheme) of the annual activities of the Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Matthews, L. H. 1932. Lobster-krill, northern right whales in the western North Shelf Region, U.S. Department of the Interior, anomuran crustacea that are food of whales. Atlantic. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm., Spec. P.O. Box 101159, Anchorage, AK 99510. Discovery Rep. 5:467-484. Issue 9.

44 Marine Fisheries Review