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Principles and Practices of Seismic Microzonation: Case Studies in India Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine International Conferences on Recent Advances 2010 - Fifth International Conference on Recent in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Soil Dynamics Engineering and Soil Dynamics 28 May 2010, 8:00 am - 8:30 am Principles and Practices of Seismic Microzonation: Case Studies in India T. G. Sitharam Indian Institute of Science, India P. Anbazhagan Indian Institute of Science, India K. S. Vipin Indian Institute of Science, India Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Sitharam, T. G.; Anbazhagan, P.; and Vipin, K. S., "Principles and Practices of Seismic Microzonation: Case Studies in India" (2010). International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. 7. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd/05icrageesd/session12/7 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article - Conference proceedings is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF SEISMIC MICROZONATION: CASE STUDIES IN INDIA P. Anbazhagan, K.S. Vipin, T.G. Sitharam, Professor, Lecturer, Research scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Dept of Civil Engg, Dept of Civil Engg, Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institute of Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 560012. Bangalore, India, 560012. Bangalore, India, 560012. email - [email protected] email - [email protected] email - [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview of the principles and practices of seismic microzonation with some case studies in India. India has experienced major damages and loss of life due to earthquakes. Macrozonation map in Indian seismic code IS-1893 is frequently revised soon after a major earthquake in the country. New revision which was published in 2002 after Bhuj earthquake in 2001 contains four macro zones. These zones are based on geology and limited seismology input without considering geotechnical aspects such as site effects and liquefaction. In order to understand the earthquake vulnerability of major urban centers and prepare new zonation map, the Govt. of India has initiated microzonation of 63 cities in India after 2001 earthquake. Many microzonation studies are under progress and few of them have been completed. This paper presents an overview of these studies. Seismic microzonation of Jabalpur urban area is the first work in India towards seismic microzonation of Indian cities. Jabalpur study has provided many learning lessons to other studies. Preliminary microzonation of Delhi has been completed and detailed one is under progress. Seismic Hazard and Microzonation Atlas of the Sikkim Himalaya has been published with geological and seismological background. Microzonation of Guwahati was done based on geology, geomorphology, seismotectonics, soil characteristics, pre-dominant frequencies, peak ground acceleration, seismic hazard and demography. Seismic Microzonation of Dehradun has been prepared based on shear wave velocity with site response. First order Microzonation of Haldia has been developed based on peak ground acceleration, predominant frequency and elevation map. Different maps and results were presented for Gujarat microzonation based on noise survey and after shock data. None of these studies included the geotechnical aspects. The geotechnical aspects were fully incorporated in the recently completed Microzonation work of Bangalore and the ongoing study of Chennai microzonation. An overview of seismic microzonation studies in India is presented in this paper. INTRODUCTION Microzonation has generally been recognized as the most accepted tool in seismic hazard assessment and risk evaluation In the last three decades, large earthquakes have caused and it is defined as the zonation with respect to ground motion massive loss of lives and extensive physical destruction characteristics taking into account source and site conditions throughout the world (Armenia, 1988; Iran, 1990; US, 1994; [TC4-ISSMGE, 1999]. Making improvements on the Japan, 1995; Turkey, 1999; Taiwan, 1999, India 2001, conventional macrozonation maps and regional hazard maps, Sumatra 2004, Pakistan, 2005). India has been facing threat microzonation of a region generates detailed maps that predict from earthquakes since ancient times. In India, the recent the hazard at much smaller scales. Seismic microzonation is destructive earthquakes are Killari (1993), Jabalpur (1997), the generic name for subdividing a region into individual areas Bhuj (2001), Sumatra (2004) and Indo-Pakistan (2005). Very having different potentials, hazardous earthquake effects, preliminary process of reducing the effects of earthquake is by defining their specific seismic behavior for engineering design assessing the hazard itself. Seismic microzonation is first and and land-use planning. The role of geological and geotechnical fore most steps to minimize seismic related damages and loss data is becoming very important in the microzonation in of lives. particular to plan city urban infrastructure, which can recognize, control and prevent geological hazards (Bell et al., Paper No. OSP 10 1 1987; Legget, 1987; Hake, 1987; Rau, 1994; Dai et al., 1994, First seismic macrozonation map was prepared by Geological 2001; Van Rooy and Stiff, 2001). The basis of microzonation Survey of India (GSI) in 1935 after the 1934 Bihar-Nepal is to model the rupture mechanism at the source of an earthquake. After Indian Standards Institution (ISI) established earthquake, evaluate the propagation of waves through the in 1947 and renamed as Bureau of Indian Standards in 1986, it earth to the top of bed rock, determine the effect of local soil is the agency responsible for producing and publishing the profile and thus develop a hazard map indicating the seismic hazard maps and codes in India. BIS published the vulnerability of the area to potential seismic hazard. Seismic seismic macrozonation map of India in 1962 (BIS-1893, 1962) microzonation will also help in designing buried lifelines such based on earthquake epicenters and the isoseismal map as tunnels, water and sewage lines, gas and oil lines, and published by the GSI in 1935. The macro zoning was power and communication lines. reviewed and included additional information of geology and tectonic features. Revised macrozonation map was published This paper summarizes the seismic microzonation studies in in 1966 (BIS-1893, 1966), this map developed with more India. This is a revised version of Sitharam and Anbazhagan weightage to the tectonic maps, that delineated the fault (2008) and more details of the study can be found in that systems (Tandon, 1992; Walling and Mohanty, 2009). Soon paper. As part of the national level microzonation programme, after 1967 Koyna earthquake, the zonation map underwent Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India has major revision in 1970 by including both geological and initiated microzonation of 63 cities in India (Bansal and geophysical data (BIS-1893, 1970). In 1984 the regions of Vandana, 2007). As an initial experiment, seismic hazard different seismogenic potential were identified on the basis of analysis and microzonation was taken up for Jabalpur city in past earthquakes and the regional tectonic features, which was Madhya Pradesh. Further, for many other cities such as incorporated in zonation map and published in 1984 (BIS- Sikkim, Mumbai, Delhi, North East India, Guwahati, 1893, 1984). None of these macrozonation maps have Ahmedabad, Bhuj, Dehradun, Haldia and Chennai, an attempt considered the seismic hazard at different locations the return has been made to carryout microzonation considering periods of the required design seismic coefficients. The geomorphological features and detailed geotechnical studies. occurrence of the 1993 Latur earthquake (mb: 6.3), 1997 Among the above Jabalpur, Sikkim, Guwahati and Bangalore Jabalpur (mb: 6.0) and 2001 Bhuj (Mw: 7.6) in the lower microzonation works have been completed. seismic zone (according to old zonation) raised questions on the validity of the seismic zonation map of Peninsular India (Walling and Mohanty, 2009). This further forced to revise the MACROZONATION AND CODAL PROVISIONS IN seismic macrozonation map and in 2002. The new INDIA macrozonation map was developed with four seismic zones by assigned peak ground acceleration (PGA) values ranging from India has two types of earthquakes distribution, irregular 0.1 g to 0.4 g (Walling and Mohanty, 2009). Besides the PGA, occurrence of earthquakes in Peninsular India and regular the expected maximum intensity of shaking in each zone was occurrence of earthquake in northern, northeastern, and the also estimated based on the Comprehensive Intensity Scale northwestern part of India. Earthquake in Peninsular India are (CIS-64) (BIS-1893, 2002). But still the modifications in the intraplate earthquake and earthquakes in other parts are zonation
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