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Method for Seismic Microzonation with Geotechnical Aspects Anbazhagan P Disaster Advances Vol. 6 (4) April 2013 Review Paper: Method for Seismic Microzonation with Geotechnical Aspects Anbazhagan P. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-12, INDIA [email protected] Abstract used for microzonation rather than geotechnical This study presents an overview of seismic parameters. But studies show that the hazard index microzonation and existing methodologies with a values are based on site specific geotechnical newly proposed methodology covering all aspects. parameters. Earlier seismic microzonation methods focused on parameters that affect the structure or foundation Keywords: Microzonation, hazard, site characterization, related problems. But seismic microzonation has site response study, liquefaction. generally been recognized as an important component of urban planning and disaster management. So Introduction seismic microzonation should evaluate all possible In the last three decades, large earthquakes have caused massive loss of lives and extensive physical destruction hazards due to earthquake and represent the same by throughout the world (Armenia, 1988; Iran, 1990; US, spatial distribution. This paper presents a new 1994; Japan, 1995; Turkey, 1999; Taiwan, 1999, India methodology for seismic microzonation which has 2001, Sumatra 2004, Pakistan 2005, China 2008, Haiti been generated based on location of study area and 2010 and Japan 2011). India has been facing threat from possible associated hazards. earthquakes since ancient times. In India, the recent destructive earthquakes are Killari (1993), Jabalpur (1997), This new method consists of seven important steps Bhuj (2001), Sumatra (2004) and Indo-Pakistan (2005). with defined output for each step and these steps are Many earthquakes in the past have left many lessons that linked with each other. Addressing one step and still have to be learnt which are very essential to plan respective result may not be seismic microzonation, infrastructure and even to mitigate such calamities in future. Very preliminary process of reducing the effects of which is practiced widely. This paper also presents earthquake is by assessing the hazard itself. Seismic hazard importance of geotechnical aspects in seismic of the region has been represented in the form of zonation microzonation and how geotechnical aspects affect map. Seismic zonation is usually carried out in two parts, the final map. For the case study, seismic hazard one at macro level and another at micro level. For a larger values at rock level are estimated considering the area like zonation of country or continent macro level is seismotectonic parameters of the region using adopted. deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Surface level hazard values are estimated Macrozonation is carried out considering the seismicity, considering site specific study and local site effects geology in lager scales without considering geotechnical based on site classification/ characterization. aspects. But microzonation is carried out in smaller scale by considering regional seismicity, geology and local site conditions. Micro level zonations are becoming important The liquefaction hazard is estimated using standard for the cities and urban centers due to increasing population penetration test data. These hazard parameters are agglomeration in the cities, which result in rapid and integrated in Geographical Information System (GIS) unplanned constructions. The cities are more hazardous and using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and used to high risk areas even for the moderate earthquakes. Seismic estimate hazard index. Hazard index is arrived by Microzonation is the first step to minimize seismic related following a multi-criteria evaluation technique - AHP, loss of lives and damages. Microzonation has generally in which each theme and features have been assigned been recognized as the most accepted tool in seismic weights and then ranked respectively according to a hazard assessment and risk evaluation and it is defined as the zonation with respect to ground motion characteristics consensus opinion about their relative significance to 81 the seismic hazard. taking into account the source and site conditions . Making improvements on the conventional macrozonation The hazard values are integrated through spatial maps and regional hazard maps, microzonation of a region union to obtain the deterministic microzonation map generate detailed maps that predict the hazard at much and probabilistic microzonation map for a specific smaller scales. Seismic microzonation is the generic name return period. Seismological parameters are widely for subdividing a region into individual areas having (66) Disaster Advances Vol. 6 (4) April 2013 different potentials, hazardous earthquake effects, defining Recent study by USGS revealed that among deadly their specific seismic behavior for engineering design, land- earthquakes reported in the last 40 years, loss of lives and use and urban planning. damages caused by ground shaking hazard was more than 80% of the total damages55. Subsurface soil layers play a The basic steps of seismic microzonation are to model the very important role in modifying ground shaking. Most of rupture mechanism at the source of an earthquake, evaluate the earthquake geotechnical engineers are working on how the propagation of waves through the earth to the top of the to estimate accurately ground shaking hazards by bedrock, determine the effects of local soil profile and thus incorporating geotechnical aspects to minimize damages develop a surface hazard map indicating the vulnerability and loss of lives. The geotechnical engineers are of the area to potential seismic hazards. Essentially responsible for providing the appropriate site-specific microzonation is required to compile three essential design ground motions for earthquake resistant design of components of seismology, geotechnical and structural structures to the structural engineers. Many of seismic engineering. Each component has to be dealt separately in microzonation studies have given emphasis to this detail and represent variation of the essential parameters geotechnical aspect, but one should remember that and then compile in fashion to give final map for land use, improper assessment of seismic hazard will lead to wrong city planning, disaster management and planning and post geotechnical hazard parameters in seismic microzonation. earthquake relief work. Seismic Microzonation falls into the category of “applied research”. That is why it has to be Any seismic microzonation study neglecting the probable upgraded and revised based on the latest information. earthquake characteristics and the effect of the incoming seismic wave would be incomplete.1,29 In most general Seismology component involves understating seismicity of terms, seismic microzonation is the process of estimating region and compiling available geology data, deep the response of soil layers under earthquake excitations and geophysical data and earthquake data. Seismotectonic map thus the variation of earthquake induced effects on the has to be prepared to show seismic sources and with past ground surface. However, it is also very important to select earthquakes to depict seismology component. This is the appropriate ground motion parameters for microzonation base for seismic hazard analysis, where rock level hazard that correlate with the observed structural damage.42 parameters in the form of spectral or peak ground acceleration are mapped. Second component consists of The first attempt of seismic microzonation of urban area understanding geotechnical character of study area, i.e. an industrial as well as population center was carried estimating the modification of seismic waves and its out in city of Yokohama, Japan in 1954 considering various induced effects. Basically this involves assessment of zones, corresponding soil conditions and design seismic different effects due to seismic hazard identified in the coefficients for different types of structures located in seismology component. different zones. Subsequently, in the view of immense usefulness, microzonation studies were conducted in few These two components will be dealt in detail and discussed earthquake prone areas of the World.2,22,34,39,40,54,56 Slob et with respect to the seismic zonation mapping. Third al80 have presented a technique for microzonation for the component involves assessment of damage potential of city of Armenia in Columbia. In this study, they used a 3D buildings in the region and cost assessment which are layer model in GIS, combined with a 1D seismic response called as seismic vulnerability and risk assessment. using SHAKE to get the spatial variation in seismic response which was checked with the damage assessment 83 Seismic Microzonation of Armenia. Topal et al have considered various Many countries have initiated seismic microzonation parameters for microzonation such as geological, studies with emphasis on site effects around the world, geotechnical, seismotectonic and hydrogeological because of the increasing earthquake damages due to conditions and on the basis of these, four different zones were proposed for the Yeneshir an urban area in Turkey. ground motion/site effects. Researchers are trying to 22 develop regional level hazard maps considering different Ansal et al adopted a probabilistic approach in a microzonation study for the city of Siliviri, Turkey. Ansal earthquake effects. Damages of buildings during an 20 earthquake
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