Methodology to assess post-harvest interventions Brong ,

MOFA G D TZ DE

SFSP

Presented by Schill Maurice on the 9-11 October at the University of Kassel-Witzenhausen Deutscher Tropentag 2002 What is Post-harvest Systems?

P.H.S Definition of the post- harvest systems?

It includes: ¾All activities e.g. harvesting, transport, storage, processing and marketing. ¾All stakeholders form the private and public sector and from farm level to consumers. ¾In addition, all activities and stakeholders are considered as a whole. Background of the research

¾ Currently, there is no widely recognised method to measure PHS returns. ¾ Lack of qualitative and quantitative information on the interaction of the post harvest activities and their link with production. ¾ Most of the international donor and research institutions are focusing on the development of the production sector, whereas post harvest investments are still at an initial stage. ¾ Isolated approach of intervention. ¾ Due to structural adjustment programs, the private sector has been encouraged to fill the gap left by the state agencies, even though little support has been given to it. Hypotheses of the system approach

1. An intervention in the PHS has an effect on the agriculture production 2. The intervention within one activity of the PHS has an effect on the other activities. 3. The proposed methodology presents with accuracy the global problems in the PHS, thus it permits to address divers economical and technical aspects. Consequently, it allows allocating resources with a better return of investment and finally, it assesses the impact of PHS interventions with exactitude. Effects of Intervention on the Post-harvest System

Intervention’s effect from one Intervention area operation (Identified bottleneck) to the other

Producer Processing Storage Transport Marketing Consumer

Effect on the production Objectives of the research

1. To accurately describe the production and post production of three different group of crops in three different ecological zones, and 2. to develop a methodology to measure economic impact of post harvest interventions in Ghana. Methodology

1. Establishment of the relationship between the production sector and PHS. 2. Limits and boundaries of the research and establishment of PHS structure 3. Country analysis related to PHS, presentation of the areas and crops selected for the research. 4. Stakeholders and institutions analysis and their interrelationships 5. Data collection 6. Description of the production and PHS of case study crops 7. Identification of constraints and bottlenecks. 8. Establishment of representative farms of the zones of production 9. Development of economical model and scenarios of interventions 10. Analysis of model outputs and discussion of appropriate interventions according to economical, technical and social context. Point 2: Structure of the PHS and limits

Stakeholder Pre Post harvest activities harvest Production Storage Processing Transport Marketing Consumption Producer 3 3 3 1 2 2 Trader/Retailer 3 3 3 3 3 Government 2 2 2 3 3 Loader 3 2 Carrier /Driver 3 1 Dist. 1 1 3 3 Assembly Dev. Agencies 3 2 2 3 2 1 Extension 3 2 1 1 Credit 2 1 1 1 institution Consumer 1 3 3

3: Strong influence 2: Medium influence 1:Low influence

Shadow area: Elements of the study Point 3: The Region of Brong Ahafo

Burkina Faso

Upper East Region Bolgatanga

Upper West Region

Wa

Northern Region

Tamale

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C Volta Brong Ahafo Region Region Atebubu

SunyaniSunyani Ashanti Region Kumasi Ho Eastern Region

Kofuridua

Greater Accra Western Region

Central Region Accra NN Cape Coast Secondi-Takoradi 0 50 100 kilometers Point 3: The districts of the B.A.R

NORTHERNNORTHERN REGIONREGION E NORTHERNNORTHERN REGIONREGION NORTHERNNORTHERN REGIONREGION

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C Kintampo Wenchi

Atebubu Jaman Sene Kete Krachi Wenchi Atebubu Nkoranza

Nkoranza Berekum Techiman 

 Sunyani Sene Dorma Berekum Ejura Sunyani  Doamaa- Tano Ahenkro

Asutifi ASHANTIASHANTI REGIONREGION Legend Tared Road  Tepa No 1 Motorable Road Town District border  Regional border Goaso Forest Reserves

Asunafo Kumasi 0 10 20 30 40 50 km

Bibiani WESTERNWESTERN REGIONREGION Point 4: Relationship

The main activities of the PHS

Production Processing Storage Transport Marketing Consumption

MoFA Banks NGO/ Dept. of District Money- Traders PHWG Donors cooperative Assembly lender Retailers

Main stakeholders of the public sector Main stakeholders of the private sector Key elements

Existing links Established links Weak links between between between stakeholder and stakeholders stakeholder and activity activity Point 5: Data collection

Primary data Secondary data

Main Cropping Case study Commodities Surveys Systems crops movement MoFA and public services survey

Stakeholders meetings

Interviewee Markets and Rural trader Home consumption survey location of Producer data Urban trader collection Checkpoints Market price monitoring

Plots monitoring

Output Farm types Description of crops from data development production to market

PHS Model development

Analyses & Scenarios Point 5: Data collection Main field of data • Cropping systems (568 farmers) • Survey of case study crops (450 farmers) • Marketing (460 traders in production zones urban marketing centers) • Commodities mvt. (3,266 records over the research period) Second field

•Meetings (28 meetings over the research period)

•Surveys on credit information and service providers •Monthly prices at rural & urban markets

•Consumers (822 households in the 3 Districts)

•Informal interviews with private sector. •International institutions Point 6: Surveys results Point 6: Production at farmer level (Example with cassava)

Activity/Item Amount (¢) Contribution to C.o.P (%) Sunyani Asunafo Atebubu Sunyani Asunafo Atebubu N 50 50 50 Rent of land 14,345 26,450 3,100 7.3 11.7 2.4 Clearing 19,400 31,652 19,858 9.9 14.1 15.3 Mounding/Planting 0 0 29,716 0 0 22.7 Weeding 13,940 19,050 15,710 7.1 8.5 12 Harvesting 5,045 0 3,672 2.6 0 2.8 Transporting 143,430 147,900 58,500 73.1 65.7 44.8 TOTAL 196,210 225,102 130,606 100 100 100

Income

Sunyani Asunafo Atebubu Harvested bag (90kg) per acre 105 116 150 Cost of production in ¢ per acre 196,210 225,102 130,606 Cost of production in ¢ per bag 1,868 1,940 870 Mean farm gate price in ¢ per bag 9,475 7,063 5,672 Income in ¢ per bag 7,607 5,123 4,802 Income in ¢ per acre 798,735 594,268 720,300

Point 6: Post production at farmer level (example: cassava by-product)

District Sunyani Asunafo Atebubu Product Gari KKT Gari KKT Gari KKT Labour FL* HL* FL HL FL HL FL HL FL HL FL HL Transport 1 0.25 1 0.25 0.25 Peeling 1 0.75 1 0.75 1 0.25 0.3 Grinding 3 1 3 1 3 Slicing 0.25 0.25 0.25 Drying 3 2.5 2 Fermenting 0.25 0.25 0.25 Pressing 0.25 0.5 0.5 Frying 2 2 2 Sieving 0.25 0.25 0.25 Total 6.75 2 4 0.25 7 2 3.5 0.25 7 2.25 0.8 Grand total 8.75 4.25 9 3.75 7 3.05

•FL: Family Labour; HL: Hired Labour •KKT: Kokonte Point 6: Post production cost of Cassava and by- products at trader level

Accra Fresh Gari Kokonte cassava N 9 8 13 Tax for D.A. N.A N.A N.A Tax at market 700 400 354 Trans. to A.P.* 1,125 666 0 Trans. to Dest. 8,000 4,750 2,800 Packing 855 983 161 Loading 1,875 1,500 375 Unloading 1,083 900 416 Transaction costs 481 760 620 Storage 0 0 0 Agent 50 133 39 Total 14,169 10,092 4,765

Point 6: Description of the case study crop

Cassava farmers from Asunafo Dist.

21.7% 38% 40.3% 29.5% 8.1% 15.2%

Gari Kokonte Fresh cassava

10.8% 22.8%

13.6% Rural Trader Processor/Trad er

Weekly/ Daily markets within the district Gari Kokonte

Private consumer Urban Trader and collective group Retailer Urban Markets (i.e. Kumasi, Accra) Product Consumer / Trader Main flow Producer Secondary flow Home consumption Market Wa

Main destination of maize

Tamale

4.1%

NORTHERNNORTHERN REGIONREGION

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C Atebubu 10.4%

9.4% Techiman

Sunyani 32%

ASHANTIASHANTIASHANTI REGIONREGIONREGION

3.8%

Asunafo Kumasi 48.9% Ho 15.7% 4.4%

Obuase 9 Kofuridua 2. 7% 28% 20%

8.2%  Accra

Tarkwa 54.1% Cape Coast

Secondi-Takoradi 0 50 100 kilomet Point 6: Destination of eggplant from Atebubu District

Takoradi 6.6% Accra Nkawkaw Obuase Tarkwa 38.8% 0.3% 4.2% 0.6% Atebubu 0.3% Takwa 1.3% Manpong Ejura 0.3% Other0.s 7% 4.7% Amanten 0.3%

Half Assin 0.9% Koforidua 1.3% Kumasi 44.5% Post harvest technologies

Maize storage

Gari pressing and grating

Transport assessment Point 7: Problems and bottlenecks

Private sector (producers & Traders) FProcessing (Transformation rate & labour used for processing activity) FHired labour availability per season FStorage (Cost of storage and losses)

Public sector (D.A & Min. of Transport.) FTransport (Cost from production areas to markets) FTax for the district assembly FTax for market Point 8: Representative farms

Criteria Sunyani Asunafo Atebubu Farm model Farm model Farm model Household member involved Male: 1.5 Male: 1.4 Male: 2.5 regularly on farm Female: 1.1 Female: 1.2 Female: 2.4 Total: 2.6 Total: 2.6 Total: 4.9 Hired labour requirement Man- 160 130 154 Day Family labour available per year 543 431 1,080 Total labour in Man-Day per year 703 561 1,234 Ownership of plot Rented: 35% Rented: 19% Rented: 16% Owned: 65% Owned: 81% Owned: 84% Total acreage under cultivation 4 5 12 Avg. no of cultivated plots/farmer 2.5 2.5 3 Avg. acreage per plot (acre) 1.6 2 4 Distance from farm to homestead 1.9 4.2 6 (Km) Labour in Man-Day per acre 193 126 116.5 available per year Wages for Hired labour per day ¢ 4,000 ¢ 4,000 ¢ 4,000 % of Root & Tubers produced 58 67 36 % of Cereals produced 32 27 44 % of Vegetable produced 10 6 20 Yield per acre Yield of Cassava (Tons) 9,645 10,575 13,672 Yield of Maize (Bag of 125 kg) 5.7 5.3 8.5 Yield of Garden Eggs (Bag of 40 kg) 59 72 139

Point 9: Model

Regional The Brong Ahafo Region (BAR) level (Three ecological zones)

District level/ Asunafo District Sunyani District Atebubu District Ecological zone (Forest zone) (Transition zone) (Savannah zone)

One representative Farm level farm per zone

Resources endowments Land Labour

Production Crops Systems

Vegetable group Cereals group Roots&Tubers group (Eggplant) (Maize) (Cassava)

Post harvest activities Storage Processing on-farm (Kokonte&Gari)

Bagging / Grading Post harvest activities off-farm Loading Transport Unloading

Storage

Wholesale Local wholesale market Urban wholesale market markets Point 9: Model General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS)

The model is made of: 9 8 groups of sets (Market, crops, season…), 9 29 parameters (Losses, yield, costs,…), 9 3 scalars (interest rate, wage…), 9 42 variables, including 5 endogenous variables (Acres, Qt transported, Qt processed, Qt stored….). 9 54 equations including 6 aggregated equations

9 9 restrictions (balance market, storage capacity, acreage limit, labour availability,…) Point 10: Preliminary Model results Fresh cassava transported from Atebubu District with transport cost scenario

VR . 1 100.0% VR . 9 95.3% VR . 2

VR . 8 80.0% VR . 3

60.0% VR . 7 VR . 4 44.0% 40.0%

VR . 6 44.0% 20.0% VR . 5

50.6% 0.0% 3.6%

VR . 5 VR . 6

VR . 4 93.5%VR . 7 58.3% VR . 3 VR . 8 93.1% VR . 2 VR . 9 ACC KSI HoVR . m1 e cons Other Maize flows according to processing labour scenario

From ATB From SUN 60.0% 80.0%

60.0% Ra

30.0% in 40.0% y seaso

20.0%

0.0% 0.0% n Dry season

ACC KSI SUN Other Home cons KSI ATB Home cons Other

From ASU

VR.1 VR.9 VR.2 60.0% VR.8 VR.3

VR.7 40.0% VR.4 20.0% VR.6 VR.5 0.0% VR.5 VR.6

VR.4 VR.7

VR.3 VR.8 VR.2 VR.9 VR.1 Other ASU ACC KSI Home cons Surfaces cultivated in Atebubu District with Processing scenario

14 1,800,000 1,600,000 12

1,400,000 dis 10 e 1,200,000 in C 8 1,000,000 ue l a Acre 6 800,000

600,000 nl v 4 ia g 400,000 r a

2 M 200,000

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...... VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR VR Rainy season Dry season

Maize Eggplant Cassava Marginal value Objective functions according to various scenarios

60 s n o lli i 50 M

40 s i

d 30 Ce

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10

0 Sc. 1 Sc. 2 Sc. 3 Sc. 4 Sc. 5 Sc. 6 Sc. 7 Sc. 8 Sc. 9 Variation of coefficiient

Transport Processing ratio Processing labour Storage Traders' costs First conclusions

½ Long preliminary research. ½ Inter-disciplinary team needed. ½ Include elasticity survey on commodities.

»The system approach is relevant to assess the post harvest systems. »Give a better picture to the donor’s agencies before implementation. »Reduction of the risk investment and enhance adoption rate of post harvest technologies. Thank you for your attention