: A Corporate Profile

The Story Behind the World’s Largest Producer

Critical Mass Energy and Environment Program Washington, D.C. June 2004 Smithfield Foods: A Corporate Profile

The Story Behind the World’s Largest Pork Producer

Critical Mass Energy and Environment Program Washington D.C. June 2004 This document can be viewed or downloaded at www.citizen.org/cmep

Public Citizen 215 Pennsylvania Ave., S.E. Washington, D.C. 20003 USA tel: (202) 546-4996 fax: (202) 547-7392 [email protected] www.citizen.org/cmep

© 2004 Public Citizen. All rights reserved.

Public Citizen, founded by Ralph Nader, is a non-profit research, lobbying and litigation organization based in Washington, D.C. Public Citizen advocates for consumer protection and for government and corporate accountability, and is supported by more than 150,000 members throughout the United States. Smithfield Foods: A Corporate Profile When it’s not violating U.S. water pollution and labor laws, Smithfield Foods, Inc. is gulping up its American and foreign competitors in the . Not content with being the world’s largest producer and seller of processed pork, Smithfield, as one newspaper described it, is the company that “still wants to be the biggest hog at the trough.”1 In the meantime, as its hunger to absorb smaller pork and other meat companies around the world continues, Smithfield has been charged with violating federal anti-trust laws over a four-year period.2 But to Smithfield executives, the company’s strategy of buying out vulnerable companies is simply taking a sow’s ear and making a nice silk purse. “Opportunistic acquisitions…are fundamentally part of how we do business,” Smithfield President and CEO C. Larry Pope recently told stock market analysts. “We buy them at the right price. We know how to integrate them into our organization. That integration does not include gutting the new purchases.”3

Tell that to the people who owned would be Pennexx’s undoing. In 2002, the Pennexx Foods, Inc., once a leading meat company suffered a net loss due to expenses processor in Pennsylvania that entered into a from its planned new, 145,000 square-foot joint venture with Smithfield, only to see its plant.4 meat plant seized by Smithfield when it got Smithfield, in the position to seize into financial trouble in 2003. Pennexx because the company had failed to Pennexx was founded in 1999 and meet a minimum net worth requirement in quickly became a leading meat provider – and the loan contract, agreed to hold off.5 But Smithfield competitor – to supermarkets in that didn’t last long. On June 11, 2003, the northeastern United States. Its deal in Pennexx, with foreclosure by Smithfield only 2001 to borrow money from Smithfield to days away, surrendered the deed to the plant expand its Philadelphia beef processing plant to Smithfield, which then sold Pennexx’s

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assets to itself.6 Luter’s senior year in college, the younger Rendered a penny stock with no prop- Luter took over the company. He then sold erty or assets, Pennexx filed suit against the firm in 1969 and opened a ski resort in Smithfield in December 2003, seeking $226 .10 When the company was failing in million in damages.7 In the suit, Pennexx the mid-1970s, the younger Luter, lured back alleged that after first loaning the company by management, seized the opportunity to $6 million in 2001, Smithfield engaged in a buy out other investors’ shares for a fraction “predatory strategy” to take over Pennexx. of their worth – according to one analyst, just Smithfield’s scheme, Pennexx charged, 10 cents on the dollar. He cut costs by firing involved delivering less meat than Pennexx managers and embarked on a growth plan ordered, charging higher prices to Pennexx centered on buying up other meat companies. than other Smithfield customers and allowing His big break came in 1981, when he operating problems to develop in Pennexx’s snatched up a top but troubled competitor, meat packing plant.8 Gwaltney Packing, for only 35 cents on the Smithfield had dollar. Luter also taken over Pennexx’s swooped in and got assets for a song – for Smithfield, a company fined other meat packers, like only the $13 million $12.6 million for violating federal Hancock’s Country that Pennexx had pollution standards, is known for . By 1987, borrowed over two Smithfield was raising years. Maurice Mitts, gobbling up competitors even as and slaughtering one of Pennexx’s attor- it faces anti-trust action by the and processing the meat neys, told the Philadel- U.S. Department of Justice. – into hot dogs, , phia Inquirer that and cold cuts – Smithfield “eliminated a for wholesale and retail competitor for a fraction of the value of the markets.11 company.”9 Luter’s blueprint for success was clear – Pennexx serves as the perfect example of acquire competing pork companies in order Smithfield’s carnivorous corporate policy of to buy more. Luter told a news reporter in taking over competing companies to elimi- 2001 that he focuses on the future, leaving nate competition – from North America and the operational stuff to underlings. “It’s more South America to Europe and Asia – in the fun building a business than running a multi-billion-dollar global processed meat business,” he said.12 market. In 1998, Smithfield branched out to buy companies outside the United States. From A History of Buying 1999 to 2003, when its sales reached $8 Weak Competitors billion, Smithfield spent more than $1 billion to buy all or portions of 17 companies. It now If left to its devices, Smithfield would owns or holds significant interests in meat become the world’s only provider of “pack- companies in , Spain, France, , aged protein.” That appears to be the Brazil, Mexico and Great Britain.13 In May motivation of Smithfield Chairman Joseph 2004, Smithfield was said to be interested in W. Luter III, whose father started the family’s buying Pick, a meat-processing firm in Hun- curing business in Smithfield, Virginia, gary.14 As of 2003, Smithfield’s foreign sales in 1936. totaled $1.3 billion.15 After his father died in 1966 during Smithfield easily takes the biggest bite

4 Public Citizen Smithfield: A Corporate Profile

out of the U.S. pork industry. The company ticking time bombs – if they overflow or grows and sells pieces of 27 million pigs each burst, the result can be an environmental year, a 27 percent share of the whole Ameri- disaster if the waste flows into rivers, streams, can hog market. About 41 percent of the pigs lakes or wetlands. Swine waste contains Smithfield butchers are reared on enormous, pathogens 10 to 100 times more concentrated company-controlled pig operations. than in human waste. 20 Further, Its most profitable products are ham and in the United States produce 130 bacon, which made up 51 percent of the times more waste than people.21 company’s revenues in 2003, and serve as the Pig and urine contain high focus of the company’s growth strategy along levels of the pollutants phosphorus and with buying beleaguered meat companies.16 nitrogen that contaminate drinking water and kill fish by removing oxygen from water. Polluting Facility Draws Hog manure also contains pathogens such as Record Clean Water Act Fine fecal coliform bacteria that lead to gastric illnesses in adults and even death in infants “Factory ” full of thousands of pigs and emits hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas that in generate tons of liquid and solid waste that one documented case caused dizziness, nausea, not only produce an overwhelming stench vomiting and other health problems to but a major potential health hazard to hu- people living near a hog farm in Renville mans and wildlife. On large industrial pig County, Minnesota. operations like those managed by Smithfield Another way that CAFO waste pollutes – known as confined animal feeding opera- is through the “sprayfield” system, which is tions (CAFOs) – thousands of pigs are supposedly meant to fertilize crops. The crammed together and are typically unable to untreated liquid manure is drawn from the see sunlight, breath fresh air, or move natu- lagoon and sprayed over cropland and pas- rally. tures using large sprinklers. But often too The rivers of swine feces and urine from much of the waste is sprayed, resulting in crop these CAFOs are maneuvered into open-air damage and contaminated soil and groundwa- “lagoons.” These lagoons are often enormous, ter.22 covering 6 to 7.5 acres, with as much as 20 to Meanwhile, the pork companies attempt 17 45 millions gallons of wastewater. In one to evade responsibility for the pollution their such farm in North Carolina, about 2,500 lagoons cause. They often sign contracts with pigs can annually produce 26 million gallons contractors who own the land and run the of liquid waste, plus a million gallons worth of facility, whereby the company owns the hogs, sludge and 21 million gallons of slurry, per and the contractor owns the waste product to year. All told, hogs send 27 billion gallons of be sold as , thus permitting the 18 water waste into U.S. lagoons each year. producers to point the finger at the contrac- The solid and liquid waste in these lake- tors if any pollution results from lagoon like lagoons contain massive quantities of leakage or overspraying.23 toxic bacteria that place adjacent cropland As the world’s leading hog producer, and groundwater at risk. The waste also through shoddy management and careless- releases malodorous hazardous gases that ness about the potential dangers of its waste, 19 pollute the air. Smithfield has been a leading polluter. One CAFOs, however, are legally permitted of its hog farms in North Carolina has to allow this waste to seep down and endan- polluted the Cape Fear River 40 times.24 ger groundwater. These lagoons can be In another case, in 1995, a lagoon run by

5 Public Citizen Smithfield: A Corporate Profile

a Smithfield subsidiary in North Carolina environmentalists, , and citizens over poured two million gallons of waste into a the ecological hazards posed by the company’s tributary of the Cape Fear River. In 1996, a lakes of pig waste. Concerns over how pig million gallons of hog waste from a waste can ruin the environment have all but Smithfield plant spilled into the Trent River halted Smithfield’s ability to acquire new hog in North Carolina.25 farms in the United States.30 But Smithfield really distinguished itself Objections to its waste-filled factory at its slaughterhouse in Smithfield, Virginia, farms forced the company to turn more in 1997. That year, Smithfield and its toward consumer marketing. Now, 52 per- Gwaltney subsidiary – charged by regulators cent of its sales come from supermarket with sending waste into the Pagan River – chains, led by Wal-Mart, and others such as were slapped with the largest U.S. civil penalty Food Lion and Kroger. After that, 24 percent ever levied for violating the Clean Water Act, of its sales go to restaurant giants a fine of $12.6 million.26 McDonald’s, Wendy’s and Applebee’s Overall, the U.S. government found that . With U.S. anti-trust officials breathing Smithfield’s failure to install decent pollution down its neck over expanding its control of control equipment and treat its waste resulted the pork market in stores, Smithfield has in 5,000 violations of the company’s permit- expanded by buying companies that control 6 ted limits for phosphorous, fecal coliform and percent of the American beef market and other pollutants over more than five years. other firms with 11 percent of the turkey Smithfield for years allowed its dangerous market.31 pollution to flow into Virginia’s Pagan River, Meanwhile, Smithfield, in its foray into James River and the Chesapeake Bay. the foreign pork market, has been exporting The federal judge in the case ruled that its pollution problems. In 2003, in Byszkowo, Smithfield’s “violations of the effluent limits Poland, a frozen lagoon full of pig waste from were extremely serious.” The Environmental a Smithfield subsidiary melted and made its Protection Agency had “found serious chronic way into the local water supply. The water violations of discharge limits for several took on a brown color, one child developed pollutants, including phosphorous, ammonia, an eye infection and rashes while swimming cyanide, oil, grease, and fecal in contaminated lake water, and villagers coliform...Sampling of the Pagan River endured the terrible stench that pervaded revealed excess fecal coliform levels, an the air. indicator of the presence of intestinal wastes Smithfield’s response, from company from warm-blooded animals…that is often vice president Dennis Treacy, was conde- associated with bacteria known to cause scending: “We are obeying Polish law and safe serious illness in humans.”27 farming practices.” 32 But that’s not all – Smithfield also engaged in a cover-up to avoid detection in Federal Regulators Can’t Virginia. The federal government determined Stomach Smithfield’s Antics that Smithfield “had falsified documents and destroyed water quality records.”28 Meanwhile, In March 2003, a paralegal named officials in Virginia ordered Smithfield to pay Michael J. Forquer was sent by the U.S. a separate fine of $3.8 million for 22,000 Department of Justice to five supermarkets in pollution law violations.29 Washington, D.C., to shop for pork products. After its Virginia debacle, Smithfield What he found on the shelves served as found itself the target of protests from angry evidence in the DOJ’s anti-trust case against

6 Public Citizen Smithfield: A Corporate Profile

Smithfield, filed in February 2003. The dent producers. [The government] has a company’s more than dominant position in responsibility to understand the ramifications the pork market was clear as day – one of any further concentration in to Safeway store in northwest Washington ensure competition for the independent stocked 47 different brands of meats pro- producers who get caught in the middle.”36 duced by Smithfield; a Giant market in the In the merger, Smithfield lost out in its same area stocked 41 Smithfield-owned bid for IBP to , which paid $3.2 brands. 33 billion (plus $1.5 billion of IBP’s debt) making The government’s case charges Tyson the biggest meat producer and packer Smithfield with two counts of violating the in the world.37 Hart-Scott-Rodino anti-trust law in relation to But the anti-trust case based on the company’s scheme in 1998 to buy a Smithfield’s interest in IBP continues. minority position in IBP, Inc. – then the Smithfield’s lawyers lost several attempts to second largest U.S. processor of pork after throw the case out on procedural grounds. Smithfield – with the intent not to just invest From 2000 to 2002, Smithfield contributed in IBP but to buy the company entirely. The $650,000 in soft money to the Republican DOJ charged that Smithfield violated the Party committees in Washington, D.C., anti-trust law in 1998 and from 1999-2001 by including $365,000 to the Republican Na- failing to report its “pre-merger” investments tional Committee and $25,000 to the in IBP as required by law, and asked the court President’s Dinner Committee.38 to fine the company $5.47 million.34 But clearly, Smithfield’s pork juice in In November 2000, Smithfield, trying to Washington only goes so far, and the DOJ prevent an investment group from acquiring thought it was time to rein in the company’s IBP, made a counter offer of $4.1 billion for quest for ownership of meat counters every- IBP. The attempt drew immediate criticism where. from farm groups and was well as both Republicans and Democrats in Congress. The Threats, Intimidation, National Farmers Union called on the DOJ Labor Laws Violated to reject the merger because it would encour- age concentration in the pork market. Less than half of Smithfield’s 44,100 The National Farmers Organization also employees are covered by union labor con- 39 opposed it, saying that it would close down tracts. But Smithfield has steadfastly resisted independent hog producers. The American organizing efforts by unions, even resorting to Farm Bureau Federation called for a “thor- threatening and intimidating employees to ough investigation” by federal officials on vote “no” in union elections. The National how it might impact U.S. pork farmers.35 Labor Relations Board in 2001 ruled that Sen. Charles Grassley (R-IA) sent letters Smithfield committed numerous unfair labor to Attorney General Janet Reno and Federal practices during a 1997 election held by the Trade Commission Chairman Robert United Food & Commercial Workers at the 40 Pitofsky calling for “vigorous scrutiny” of the firm’s plant in Tar Heel, N.C. proposed merger. Grassley said that since Yet more unfair practices, described as Smithfield controlled 18.4 percent of the “repeated and pervasive,” were attributed to nation’s pork slaughter capacity and IBP Smithfield by another NLRB judge, over controlled 17.7 percent, combining the two organizing activities at a plant in Wilson, 41 “would reduce the already limited number of N.C. And in 2002, a federal jury in Raleigh, buyers for the commodities of small, indepen- N.C., awarded $755,000 to a pair of union

7 Public Citizen Smithfield: A Corporate Profile

organizers who claimed a Smithfield security Campofrio,48 and acquired 100 percent of the guard – doubling as a deputy sheriff – used British meat firms Norwich Food and excessive force and falsely arrested them Ridpath Pek.49 during the Tar Heel election, although an In Europe, Smithfield’s expansion appeals court later reversed the judgment on strategy is wedded to the expanding European the grounds that the company was not Union, which brought in 10 new countries in responsible for his actions while he was acting May 2004, including Poland. Poland’s vast as the deputy sheriff.42 agricultural land may serve as the food bowl of the EU, and Smithfield doesn’t want to Broadening the Trough Abroad miss out on that opportunity. With its name sullied by pollution back The company began sniffing around home, and many states enacting moratoriums Poland back in 1999 when it bought its on new CAFOs, Smithfield looked overseas. ownership stake in Animex. Two years later, The company embarked on an aggressive two businessmen from Poland, representing a hunt for foreign pork butchers and packers company called Prima Foods, started buying in 1998, which since has evolved into $1.3 out hog farms in northwestern Poland and billion in annual sales. Smithfield bought signing deals with small-scale farmers. Societe Bretonne de Salaisons, one of the Soon, Polish authorities would learn that largest private pork processors in France, in Smithfield was using Prima as a kind of front 1998, and a year later bought Animex, a company, providing the funds for buying the leading meat processor in Poland. farms. This cozy relationship permitted Prima It took over Schneider Corp., of to grab the land without violating a Polish law Ontario, Canada, in November 1998. The that restricted foreign companies from buying next year the Mexican pork-packing firm, more farmland. 50 Agroindustrial del Noroeste, agreed to sell 50 Marek Kryda, spokesman for the Animal percent and become a partner. Two other Welfare Institute in Poland that is trying to Canadian companies fell under its spell in put a halt to Smithfield’s growth there, told 2001. Smithfield entered a joint venture with The Washington Post in February 2004: a Chinese firm in 2002.43 “Smithfield doesn’t play by the rules. They Smithfield’s holdings in Poland are basically are saying, ‘Don’t mess with us, particularly extensive. Its Animex operator, because we’re too big.’”51 which took in $338 million in 2003, sells With its huge investments in Animex nine brands of meats to Poles, operates six and Prima, Smithfield unfortunately has had subsidiary companies and seven processing its way in Poland. After environmental activ- plants, and has a payroll of 5,300 people.44 ists complained about pollution from In addition, one of Smithfield’s main Ameri- Smithfield’s pig farms, political backers of can subsidiaries, John Morrell & Co., with 11 Smithfield successfully changed Polish rules brands of meats, exports its wares for sale in governing fertilizer by classifying liquid pig Poland.45 manure as an “agricultural product” instead of In Canada in 2003, Schneider had sales a waste product. of $770 million.46 Smithfield’s SBS company One independent pig in in France (2003 sales: $208 million) churns Czaplinek, Poland, complained that the $8 out four brands of wrapped meats from three billion U.S. company was trying to drive him production plants employing 1,250 people.47 out of business by increasing its production of In 2004, Smithfield bought a 15 percent pigs when the local market already had more stake in Spain-based meat packer

8 Public Citizen Smithfield: A Corporate Profile hogs than it could bear, causing pork prices to Mexico, where the minimum wage for work- decline. “If this continues, we won’t be here ers is $1 an hour. Smithfield is now Mexico’s in five years,” the farmer told The Washington third largest pork producer, with 18,000 hogs Post.52 in Sonora and 14,500 in Vera Cruz as of In France, Smithfield, through its 2001.56 company SBS, bought out French cold meat In talking about Smithfield’s venture in producer Jean Caby in May 2004, which a Mexico specifically, Luter himself summed up news report said “is expected to create the his company’s craze for consuming as many biggest group in the (cold meat) sector in meat companies as possible, indefinitely. France,” producing 95,000 tons a year.53 “This alliance with a well-established and In Brazil, Smithfield made a commit- well-run pork processor in Mexico is another ment in 2001 to invest $100 million in pig step in Smithfield Foods’ strategic plan to production in the state of Mato Grosso, after become a global pork processor by acquiring the state’s government provided tax incen- or forming alliances with companies whose tives.54 As of 2004, Smithfield was operating products, facilities and cost structures give a new farm with 15,000 hogs 150 miles west them significant marketing advantages.”57 of Cuiaba in Mato Grosso.55 Flush with cash, Smithfield’s march Smithfield also is a growing player in the toward a United Nations of pork appears to pork business in Central and South America. go on unabated, anti-trust violations or no Smithfield shelled out $24 million for its anti-trust violations on the home front. share in Agroindustrial del Noroeste in

13 Ibid; Flores; “Smithfield Foods Plans to Expand More in Notes the Future,” USAgNet, May 17,2004, Wisconsin 1 Chris Flores, “Company still wants to be biggest hog at the AgConnection, http://www.wisconsinagconnection.com/ trough,” Daily Press, May 15, 2004. story-national.cfm?Id=531&yr=2004. 2 Michael Davis, “Justice Department Sues Meat Giant 14 “Hungary/USA: Smithfield may invest in Hungary’s Pick Smithfield Over Stock Purchase,” The Virginian Pilot, March – Report,” www.just-food.com, May 6, 2004. 1, 2003. 15 Smithfield Foods, Inc., 10-K filing, Securities and 3 Michael Davis, “Smithfield says acquisitions need Exchange Commission, July 23, 2003, p.3. nurturing not gutting,” The Virginian Pilot, May 15, 2004. 16 USAgNet. 4 “Pennexx Foods, Inc. Reports 10.1% Increase in Revenue; 17 Robbin Marks, “Cesspools of Shame: How Factory Farm Covenant Wavier Extended,” Business Wire, November 1, Lagoons and Sprayfields Threaten Environment and Public 2002. Health,” National Resources Defense Council and the 5 Ibid. Clean Water Network, July 2001, http://www.nrdc.org/ 6 Pennexx Foods, Inc., 8K Filing, Securities and Exchange water/pollution/cesspools/cesspools.pdf, p. 3-4. Commission, Item 2., “Acquisition or Disposition of 18 Ibid. Assets,” June 12, 2003. 19 GRACE Factory Farm Project, “Is Your Meat Fit to Eat?” 7 “Update on Pennexx Foods, Inc, $226,000,000 Fraud www.factoryfarm.org/whatis/1.php, 2003, p. 3. Claim against Smithfield Foods, Inc.; Pennexx Seeks Court 20 “America’s Animal Factories: How States Fail to Prevent Order to Begin Discovery,” Business Wire, May 17, 2004. Pollution from Waste,” Natural Resources 8 Harold Brubaker, “Pennexx Sues, Blames Rival for Defense Council, 1998, www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/ Closing,” Philadelphia Inquirer, December 4, 2003. factor/aafinx.asp. 9 Ibid. 21 Marks, p. 3. 10 Scott Kilman, “Restrictive Laws Damp Competition, 22 Marks, p. 4. Leave Acquisition as Best Path to Expansion,” The Wall Street 23 Marks, p. 7. Journal, August, 31, 2001. 24 Ibid. 11 International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 43, St. 25 Marks, p.8. James Press, 2002, p. 1-3, via Business & Company Resource 26 “Smithfield Foods Fined $12.6 Million, Largest Clean Center database. Water Act Fine Ever,” U.S. Department of Justice, news 12 Kilman. release, August 8, 1997. 27 Ibid.

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28 Ibid. 44 Smithfield Foods, Inc., 10-K filing, Securities and 29 International Directory of Company Histories, p. 4. Exchange Commission, July 23, 2003; http:// 30 Ibid. www.smithfieldfoods.com/Understand/Family/Animex.asp 31 Flores. 45 Smithfield Foods, Inc., 10-K filing, Securities and 32 Glenn Frankel, “Polish Farmers Raise a Stick Over U.S. Exchange Commission, July 23, 2003; http:// Giant,” Washington Post, February 2, 2004. www.smithfieldfoods.com/Brands/Where/ 33 U.S. v. Smithfield Foods, Inc., Civil Action No. 1:03-CV- 46 Smithfield Foods, Inc., 10-K filing, Securities and 00434, 2003. Exchange Commission, July 23, 2003; http:// 34 U.S. v. Smithfield Foods, Inc., Civil Action No. 1:03-CV- www.smithfieldfoods.com/Investor/Press/ 00434, 2003http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/f200800/ press_view.asp?ID=204 200813.htm 47 Smithfield Foods, Inc., 10-K filing, Securities and 35 Joe Vansickle, “Smithfield’s Bid for IBP Raises Exchange Commission, July 23, 2003; http:// Concerns,” National Hog Farmer, December 2000. www.smithfieldfoods.com/Understand/Family/ 36 “Grassley Pushes for Scrutiny of Smithfield Offer to Buy bretonne.asp IBP,” press release, office of Sen. Charles Grassley, 48 “Smithfield Foods Moves Into Spain,” Successful Farming, November 15, 2000. March, 2004. 37 “Top of the News: Men of Meat,” www.Forbes.com, 49 “Smithfield Foods Completes U.K. Acquisitions Forming January, 2, 2001. Smithfield Foods Ltd.” press release, www.smithfield.com, 38 www.opensecrets.org February 9, 2004. 39 Smithfield Foods, Inc., 10-K filing, Securities and 50 Frankel. Exchange Commission, July 23, 2003, p. 11. 51 Ibid. 40 “ALJ Says Pork Processor Committed ULP’s, 52 Ibid. Recommends Rehire of Fire Employees,” BNA Labor 53 “Smithfield Expands in France,” www.just-food.com, May Relations Week, January 11, 2001. 24, 2004, www.ellinghuysen.com/news/companies.html. 41 “ALJ Says Meatpacker’s ULPs Warrant Bargaining Order 54 Allen Cummins, “Day 11 – Cuiaba, Brazil,” The Corn and at North Carolina Plant,” BNA Labor Relations Week, Soybean Digest, April 2, 2001. February 8, 2001. 55 Greg Lamp, “Brazil Up Close and Personal,” The Corn and 42 “Jury Awards $755,000 to Union Activists Alleging Soybean Digest, March 1, 2004. Excessive Force Used by Smithfield,” BNA Labor Relations 56 Betsy Freese, “Making Moves in Mexico – Pork Industry’s Week, March 14, 2002; “Smithfield Not State Actor, Not Foreign Operations,” Successful Farming, October 2001. Liable in Union Activists’ Excessive Force Claims,” August 57 Rebecca Gants, “Smithfield Foods: Expanding a Global 7, 2003. Presence by Acquisition,” Meat & Poultry, August 1, 1999. 43 Smithfield Foods, Inc., 10-K filing, Securities and Exchange Commission, July 23, 2003, p.4-5.

Critical Mass Energy and Environment Program 215 Pennsylvania Ave., S.E. Washington, D.C. 20003 USA tel: (202) 546-4996 fax: (202) 547-7392 [email protected] www.citizen.org/cmep

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