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Arvicola Sapidus) En Doñana Estación Biológica de Doñana (C.S.I.C.) Facultad de Ciencias Dpto. Biología de la Conservación Dpto. Ecología TESIS DOCTORAL Historia Natural de la Rata de Agua (Arvicola sapidus) en Doñana Memoria presentada por Jacinto Román Sancho Para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias VºBº de los directores Dr. Miguel Delibes de Castro Dr. Eloy Revilla Sánchez VºBº del tutor Dr. Francisco Suárez Cardona I II Contenidos 1. Introducción..................................................................................................................- 1 - 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN...................................................................................................................... - 3 - Historia Natural…..........................................................................................................- 3 - …de la Rata de Agua….................................................................................................- 4 - …en Doñana.................................................................................................................- 5 - 1.2. ESTRUTURA Y OBJETIVOS ....................................................................................................... - 7 - 1.3. LA ESPECIE: ARVICOLA SAPIDUS MILLER, 1908....................................................................... - 11 - Origen .........................................................................................................................- 11 - Descripción y características......................................................................................... - 11 - Distribución ................................................................................................................. - 14 - 2. Área de Estudio......................................................................................................... - 15 - 2.1. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO................................................................................................................ - 17 - 2.1.1. SITUACIÓN................................................................................................................... - 17 - 2.1.2. CLIMA ......................................................................................................................... - 17 - 2.1.3. HISTORIA GEOMORFOLÓGICA........................................................................................ - 19 - 2.1.4. VEGETACIÓN Y PRINCIPALES ECOSISTEMAS .................................................................... - 22 - 2.1.5. DELIMITACIÓN DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO: DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA RATA DE AGUA EN DOÑANA ... - 23 - 2.1.6. LAGUNAS DE TRAMPEO ESTACIONAL.............................................................................. - 25 - 2.1.7. PARCELA PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LA DISPERSIÓN................................................................ - 26 - 3. Material y Métodos.................................................................................................. - 29 - 3.1. EVALUACIÓN DE LOS MÉTODOS DE ESTUDIO .......................................................................... - 31 - 3.1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ - 31 - 3.1.2. TRAMPEO .................................................................................................................... - 31 - 3.1.2.1. DISEÑO DE LA TRAMPA .......................................................................................... - 32 - Sherman LFA vs. nueva trampa .................................................................................. - 32 - 3.1.2.2. SITUACIÓN DE LAS TRAMPAS .................................................................................. - 32 - 3.1.2.3. ELECCIÓN DEL CEBO............................................................................................. - 34 - 3.1.2.4. PRECEBADO ......................................................................................................... - 35 - 3.1.2.5. HABITUACIÓN AL CEBO ......................................................................................... - 35 - 3.1.2.6. REDUCCIÓN DE SESGOS EN LAS CAPTURAS ............................................................. - 37 - 3.1.2.7. PRECISIÓN DE LAS COORDENADAS.......................................................................... - 38 - 3.1.2.8. ASUNCIONES DEL ESTUDIO DE CAPTURA-RECAPTURA .............................................. - 38 - 3.1.3. ANESTESIA................................................................................................................... - 40 - 3.1.3.1. EVOLUCIÓN DE LA ANESTESIA ................................................................................ - 41 - III 3.1.3.2. EFECTO DE LA ANESTESIA EN LA SUPERVIVENCIA DE LOS ANIMALES...........................- 42 - 3.1.4. ASIGNACIÓN DE EDAD RELATIVA A LAS RATAS DE AGUA DE DOÑANA ................................- 42 - 3.1.4.1. CRITERIOS DE EDAD RELATIVA ...............................................................................- 43 - 3.1.4.2.- ASIGNACIÓN DE EDAD RELATIVA EN FUNCIÓN DEL PESO .........................................- 44 - 3.2. PROTOCOLOS DE ESTUDIO.................................................................................................... - 47 - 3.2.1. PROTOCOLO DE TRAMPEO.............................................................................................- 47 - 3.2.2. MANIPULACIÓN ............................................................................................................- 49 - 3.2.2.1. FICHAS Y TOMA DE DATOS EN EL CAMPO ................................................................- 49 - 3.2.2.2. FICHAS Y TOMA DE DATOS EN EL LABORATORIO ......................................................- 50 - 3.2.2.3. PROTOCOLO DE ANESTESIA....................................................................................- 53 - 4. Alimentación...............................................................................................................- 55 - 4.1. LA ALIMENTACIÓN DE LA RATA DE AGUA EN DOÑANA ............................................................. - 57 - 4.1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................- 57 - 4.1.2. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS..................................................................................................- 58 - 4.1.3. RESULTADOS ...............................................................................................................- 59 - 4.1.4. DISCUSIÓN...................................................................................................................- 61 - 5. Hábitat ...........................................................................................................................- 65 - 5.1. EL HÁBITAT DE LA RATA DE AGUA EN DOÑANA ...................................................................... - 67 - 5.1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................- 67 - 5.1.2. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS..................................................................................................- 68 - 5.1.3. RESULTADOS ...............................................................................................................- 71 - 5.1.4. DISCUSIÓN...................................................................................................................- 73 - Identificación de parches de hábitat potencial ..............................................................- 73 - Efecto del alimento dentro del parche ..........................................................................- 74 - Efecto de la estructura de la vegetación........................................................................- 74 - El hábitat a nivel de individuo......................................................................................- 76 - Escapar de la depredación...........................................................................................- 77 - 5.2. EL EFECTO DE LA PÉRDIDA DE CALIDAD DE HÁBITAT SOBRE LAS RATAS DE AGUA EN DOÑANA ... - 81 - 5.2.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................- 81 - 5.2.2. ESTUDIO DE CASOS ......................................................................................................- 83 - Caso 1: Efecto de la carga ganadera diferencial en la vera sobre las ratas de agua .......- 83 - Caso 2: Efecto de la introducción de ganado ...............................................................- 86 - Caso 3: Efecto de la apertura de un abrevadero para el ganado...................................- 87 - Caso 4: Efecto de la actividad de los jabalíes................................................................- 88 - 5.2.3. DISCUSIÓN...................................................................................................................- 89 - El efecto del Ganado ...................................................................................................- 89 - El efecto de los jabalíes ................................................................................................- 89 - El efecto del pastoreo en Doñana sobre las ratas de agua.............................................- 90 - Los “experimentos naturales” confirman las inferencias de los modelos de hábitat.......- 91 - 6. Reproducción .............................................................................................................-
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