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Wolfe Diss Final Master UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles ZU: The Life of a Sumerian Verb in Early Mesopotamia A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Jared Norris Wolfe 2015 © Copyright by Jared Norris Wolfe 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ZU: The Life of a Sumerian Verb in Early Mesopotamia by Jared Norris Wolfe Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Robert K. Englund, Chair The present dissertation investigates the root zu “to know” in the Sumerian texts of early Mesopotamia, ca. 2800-1600 B.C., with the aim of identifying its grammatical, syntactic and semantic characteristics. The root is treated across the Sumerian sources, but ultimately considered within the bilingual (Sumerian-Akkadian) situation of southern Mesopotamia. The adjectival and nominal forms of the root are also discussed, as well as their Akkadian counterparts. The analysis of the lexemes over a period stretching from ca. 2600-1600 BC offers interesting results in several categories (grammatical, literary, semantic), and contributes to discussions of the epistemological and practical implications associated with the concept of “knowing” in the Mesopotamian texts. While research into systems and categories of knowledge has been carried out in the field, no systematic lexical discussion of the verbal root meaning “to know” exists. This dissertation seeks to fill that lacuna. ii The methods employed in the dissertation lie within the well-established principles of philological and lexicographical investigation. Chapter 1 introduces the subject and reviews previous studies. Chapter 2 treats the Sumerian root zu, elucidating its formal and literary (idiomatic) characteristics. Appendices A and B document the corpus of examples consulted. Chapter 3 then discusses the derived adjectives from the root zu, likewise noting formal and literary (idiomatic) characteristics. Appendices C, D, E and F document their respective examples. Chapter 4 turns to the Akkadian root idû “to know” in bilingual and monolingual texts, in order to investigate (idiomatic) Semitic influence. It further takes up the Akkadian adjectives corresponding to those in Sumerian discussed in the third chapter. Chapter 5 enumerates personal names in Sumerian and Akkadian that employ the root “to know.” A concluding chapter sums up the evidence for the individual roots and lexemes and discusses their evolution, usage and correspondence within the scribal and linguistic settings of the different textual corpora and their historical period. iii The dissertation of Jared Norris Wolfe is approved. Giorgio Buccellati Amanda Podany Robert K. Englund, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2015 iv Dedicated to my mother, who taught me to love languages, and my father, who taught me to love words v Table of Contents List of Tables……………………………………………………………………….……………vii Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………viii Note on Translations……………………………………………………………………………...xi Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………….xii Vita…………………………………………………………………………………………...….xiv Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: The Verb ZU……………………………………………………………………………19 Chapter 3: Lexemes Derived from ZU…………………………………………………………...121 Chapter 4: Akkadian Equivalents…………………………………………………………………149 Chapter 5: Personal Names with ZU……………………………………………………………...182 Chapter 6: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..205 Appendix A - 3rd millennium Sumerian Occurrences of the Verb zu………...………...……....220 Appendix B - 2nd millennium Sumerian Occurrences of the Verb zu……………...……...…....226 Appendix C - 3rd millennium Sumerian Occurrences of gal-zu………...…….....………...…….281 Appendix D - 2nd millennium Sumerian Occurrences of gal-zu…………………………………284 rd nd Appendix E - 3 /2 millennium Sumerian Occurrences of ku3-zu……………………………...291 Appendix F - 2nd millennium Sumerian Occurrences of gal-an-zu………………...……...….....298 Appendix G - Grammatical Forms of zu...................................................................................301 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................369 vi List of Tables Table 1: Objects of Reduplicated zu with Deities as Agents ...................................................... 59 Table 2: Agents of igi--zu-zu ..................................................................................................... 62 Table 3: zu-expressions with Deities ......................................................................................... 95 Table 4: zu-expressions with Kings ........................................................................................... 97 Table 5: nu-zu-expressions with Deities .................................................. ................................101 Table 6: nu-zu-expressions with other divine entities .............................................................. 101 Table 7: Agents who claim nig2-nam(-ma/-e) zu "omniscience" .............................................. 102 Table 8: gal-zu ......................................................................................................................... 140 Table 9: GAL.AN.ZU...............................................................................................................142 Table 10: ku3-zu………............................................................................................................145 Table 11: Akkadian Lexemes and their Agents…….................................................................179 vii Abbreviations abl. - ablative infix com. - comitative infix con. – conjunctive or connecting particle cop. - copula CI - connecting indicators (after Edzard 2003) CH - Codex Hammurapi (Roth 1997) CP - conjugation prefix LP - locative (conjugation) prefix dat. - dative infix DAT - dative case DIR - directive case DN - deity name DULAT - Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (HdO LXVII) equ. - equative case ES - Emesal fig. - figuratively GEN - genitive irr.part. - irrealis particle IA - inanimate (used to mark inanimate pronouns in verbal chains, if absent, assume animate) loc. - locative infix LOC - locative case MP - Modal Prefix NA - not applicable NOM - nominalizing -a morpheme o. - obverse obj. - object obl. - oblique case/pronoun PN - personal name pastptcpl. - past participle poss.prn. - possessive pronoun ptcpl. - participle r. - reverse Rtredup. - Root reduplication Rt - (verbal) root viii Ar§1 - Aradmu to §ulgi 1 Ar§1a - Aradmu to §ulgi 1a Ar§2 - Aradmu to §ulgi 2 Ar§3 - Aradmu to §ulgi 3 CA - Curse of Agade CoW - Counsels of Wisdom DBF - Debate between Bird and Fish DD - Dumuzi’s Dream DoG - Death of Gilgame$ DWS - Debate between Winter and Summer D-G - Dumuzi and Ge$tinanna Eb A - Enlil-bani Hymn A ELA - Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enlil A - Enlil Hymn A EnlNam - Enlil and Namzitarra GBH - Gilgame$ and the Bull of Heaven GH A - Gilgame$ and Huwawa A Gud. CA - Gudea Cylinder A Gud. CB - Gudea Cylinder B Gud. StE - Gudea Statue E IbPu1 - Ibbi-Sin to Puzur-Numu$da 1 Inanaka-Nintinuga - Letter from Inanaka to Nintinugga Inanna B - Inanna Hymn B Inanna C - Inanna Hymn C Inanna I - Inanna Hymn I InimI-Enlilm - Letter of Inim-Inanna to Enlil-massu ID A- Iddin-Dagan Hymn A ID D - Iddin-Dagan Hymn D I-E - Inanna and Ebih I-§ - Inanna and §u-kale-tuda I-D C - Inanna-Dumuzi C I-D R- Inanna-Dumuzi R IDesc. - Inanna’s Descent InimE-King - Letter of Inim-Enlila to the King Inst.UrN - Instructions of Ur-Ninurta Inst.§ - Instructions of §uruppak I$D A+V - I$me-Dagan Hymn A+V I$E – I$bi-Erra Hymn I$Ib1 - I$bi-Erra to Ibbi-Sin 1 Ke$ Hymn - Ke$ Temple Hymn Ku3-Nanna-Nin$ubur - Letter of Ku3-Nanna to Nin$ubur LE$ B - Lipit-E$tar Hymn B Letter B 11 - Letter from a Governor and Sanga to the King LN - Lament for Nippur LSUr - Lament for Sumer and Ur Ludingira - Ludingira to his Mother Letter ix Lugalnesage-Moon - Letter of Lugal-nesage to a King radiant as Moonlight Lugalnesage-Sun - Letter of Lugal-nesage to a King radiant as the Sun ManGod - A Man and His god Nanna C - Nanna Hymn C Nannaman$um-Ninisina - Letter of the scribe Nanna-man$um to Ninisina Nan$e A - Nan$e Hymn A Ningi$zida A - Ningi$zida Hymn A Ningi$zida B - Ningi$zida Hymn B Ningi$zida C - Ningi$zida Hymn C Ninisina A - Ninisina Hymn A Ninurta D - Ninurta Hymn D NSJN - Nanna-Suen’s Journey to Nippur Nungal A - Nungal Hymn A Proverb Coll. - Proverb Collection PuIb1 - Puzur-Numu$da to Ibbi-Sin 1 Pu§1 - Puzur-§ulgi to §ulgi 1 SiID - Sin-illat to Iddin-Dagan SinUtu - Sin-iddinam to Utu SIq A - Sîn-iq‰$am Hymn A § B - §ulgi Hymn B § C - §ulgi Hymn C § N - §ulgi Hymn N §Ar1 - §ulgi to Aradmu §a§u1 - §arrum-bani to §u-Suen 1 §Pu1 - §ulgi to Puzur-§ulgi 1 §S B - §u-Suen Hymn B §S D - §u-Suen Hymn D S-UrZ - Sargon and Ur-Zababa TA& - Tell Abu-&ªlab‰kh TmpHym - Temple Hymns TOxd - Three Ox-drovers Ud§1 - Ur-dun to §ulgi 1 UN A - Ur-Namma Hymn A UN B - Ur-Namma Hymn B UrN A - Ur-Ninurta Hymn A UrN C - Ur-Ninurta Hymn C Ursaga-King - Letter of Ur-saga to a King x Note on the Translations I have translated all Sumerian and Akkadian sentences myself in order to render more literal translations that highlight the body parts (e.g. igi, ge$tu) and grammatical constructions (e.g. -a LOC, -e DIR) with which zu occurs. These are not meant to invalidate other translations in the field, but to highlight the function of zu. I include
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