The First Gilgamesh Conjectures About the Earliest Epic
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The Akkadian Empire
RESTRICTED https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldcivilization/chapter/the-akkadian-empire/ The Akkadian Empire LEARNING OBJECTIVE • Describe the key political characteristics of the Akkadian Empire KEY POINTS • The Akkadian Empire was an ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia, which united all the indigenous Akkadian speaking Semites and the Sumerian speakers under one rule within a multilingual empire. • King Sargon, the founder of the empire, conquered several regions in Mesopotamia and consolidated his power by instating Akaddian officials in new territories. He extended trade across Mesopotamia and strengthened the economy through rain-fed agriculture in northern Mesopotamia. • The Akkadian Empire experienced a period of successful conquest under Naram-Sin due to benign climatic conditions, huge agricultural surpluses, and the confiscation of wealth. • The empire collapsed after the invasion of the Gutians. Changing climatic conditions also contributed to internal rivalries and fragmentation, and the empire eventually split into the Assyrian Empire in the north and the Babylonian empire in the south. TERMS Gutians A group of barbarians from the Zagros Mountains who invaded the Akkadian Empire and contributed to its collapse. Sargon The first king of the Akkadians. He conquered many of the surrounding regions to establish the massive multilingual empire. Akkadian Empire An ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region in ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform One of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, and made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. Semites RESTRICTED Today, the word “Semite” may be used to refer to any member of any of a number of peoples of ancient Southwest Asian descent, including the Akkadians, Phoenicians, Hebrews (Jews), Arabs, and their descendants. -
Idolatry in the Ancient Near East1
Idolatry in the Ancient Near East1 Ancient Near Eastern Pantheons Ammonite Pantheon The chief god was Moloch/Molech/Milcom. Assyrian Pantheon The chief god was Asshur. Babylonian Pantheon At Lagash - Anu, the god of heaven and his wife Antu. At Eridu - Enlil, god of earth who was later succeeded by Marduk, and his wife Damkina. Marduk was their son. Other gods included: Sin, the moon god; Ningal, wife of Sin; Ishtar, the fertility goddess and her husband Tammuz; Allatu, goddess of the underworld ocean; Nabu, the patron of science/learning and Nusku, god of fire. Canaanite Pantheon The Canaanites borrowed heavily from the Assyrians. According to Ugaritic literature, the Canaanite pantheon was headed by El, the creator god, whose wife was Asherah. Their offspring were Baal, Anath (The OT indicates that Ashtoreth, a.k.a. Ishtar, was Baal’s wife), Mot & Ashtoreth. Dagon, Resheph, Shulman and Koshar were other gods of this pantheon. The cultic practices included animal sacrifices at high places; sacred groves, trees or carved wooden images of Asherah. Divination, snake worship and ritual prostitution were practiced. Sexual rites were supposed to ensure fertility of people, animals and lands. Edomite Pantheon The primary Edomite deity was Qos (a.k.a. Quas). Many Edomite personal names included Qos in the suffix much like YHWH is used in Hebrew names. Egyptian Pantheon2 Egyptian religion was never unified. Typically deities were prominent by locale. Only priests worshipped in the temples of the great gods and only when the gods were on parade did the populace get to worship them. These 'great gods' were treated like human kings by the priesthood: awakened in the morning with song; washed and dressed the image; served breakfast, lunch and dinner. -
God Among the Gods: an Analysis of the Function of Yahweh in the Divine Council of Deuteronomy 32 and Psalm 82
LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND GRADUATE SCHOOL GOD AMONG THE GODS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTION OF YAHWEH IN THE DIVINE COUNCIL OF DEUTERONOMY 32 AND PSALM 82 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF RELIGION IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES BY DANIEL PORTER LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA MAY 2010 The views expressed in this thesis do not necessarily represent the views of the institution and/or of the thesis readers. Copyright © 2010 by Daniel Porter All Rights Reserved. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my wife, Mariel And My Parents, The Rev. Fred A. Porter and Drenda Porter Special thanks to Dr. Ed Hindson and Dr. Al Fuhr for their direction and advice through the course of this project. iii ABSTRACT The importance of the Ugaritic texts discovered in 1929 to ancient Near Eastern and Biblical Studies is one of constant debate. The Ugaritic texts offer a window into the cosmology that shaped the ancient Near East and Semitic religions. One of the profound concepts is the idea of a divine council and its function in maintaining order in the cosmos. Over this council sits a high god identified as El in the Ugaritic texts whose divine function is to maintain order in the divine realm as well on earth. Due to Ugarit‟s involvement in the ancient world and the text‟s representation of Canaanite cosmology, scholars have argued that the Ugaritic pantheon is evidenced in the Hebrew Bible where Yahweh appears in conjunction with other divine beings. Drawing on imagery from both the Ugaritic and Hebrew texts, scholars argue that Yahweh was not originally the high god of Israel, and the idea of “Yahweh alone” was a progression throughout the biblical record. -
The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms
McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms Edited by Norman Yoffee The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms Edited by Norman Yoffee with contributions from Tom D. Dillehay, Li Min, Patricia A. McAnany, Ellen Morris, Timothy R. Pauketat, Cameron A. Petrie, Peter Robertshaw, Andrea Seri, Miriam T. Stark, Steven A. Wernke & Norman Yoffee Published by: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge, UK CB2 3ER (0)(1223) 339327 [email protected] www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019 © 2019 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 (International) Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN: 978-1-902937-88-5 Cover design by Dora Kemp and Ben Plumridge. Typesetting and layout by Ben Plumridge. Cover image: Ta Prohm temple, Angkor. Photo: Dr Charlotte Minh Ha Pham. Used by permission. Edited for the Institute by James Barrett (Series Editor). Contents Contributors vii Figures viii Tables ix Acknowledgements x Chapter 1 Introducing the Conference: There Are No Innocent Terms 1 Norman Yoffee Mapping the chapters 3 The challenges of fragility 6 Chapter 2 Fragility of Vulnerable Social Institutions in Andean States 9 Tom D. Dillehay & Steven A. Wernke Vulnerability and the fragile state -
@' It T Ij1 Ict 11 Ria J Nstitutr
JOURNAL OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF @' It t ij1 i ct 11 ri a J ns t i t ut r, OR, Jgifosoµbirnl jodetu of ®rtat Jritain. VOL. LIIL LONDON: (\Bulilist.Jrlf lip fl)e :lfnititutr, 1, ~rntra:l J3uiUringi, eimeitminiter, ;t.m. 1.) ALL RIGHTS RESBRVliD, 19.21. THE 630TH ORDINARY GENERAL MEE'I.1ING, HELD IN COMMITTEE ROOM B, THE CENTRAL HALL, WESTMINSTER, S.W., ON MONDAY, APRIL 18TH, 1921, AT 4.30 P.M. MAJOR-GENERAL Sm GEORGE K. ScoTT-1\foNCRIEFF, K.C.B., IN THE CHAIR. The Minutes of the previous meeting were read, confirmed and signed, and the HoN. SECRETARY announced the Election of the following :-T. B. Hunter, Esq_., O.B.E., W. H. Pibel, Esq_., F.S.A., as Members, and Col. H. Biddulph, R.E., C.M.G., D.S.O., as an Associate. The CHAIRMAN then called on the Rev. Canon J. T. Parfit, M.A., to read his paper on "Religion in Mesopotamia, and its Relation to the Prospects of Eastern Christendom," which was profusely illustrated by lantern slides. RELIGION IN MESOPOTAMIA. By the Rev. Canon J. T. PARFIT, M.A. 7\ ;r-ESOPOTAMIA is a land of origins, and mankind is indebted .lll. to this cradle of the human race for many of its funda- mental religious beliefs. To the earliest inhabitants of Babylonia the world was a mountainous island surrounded by the great "Deep." Below were the vaults of the seven zones of Hades, and above was the firmament which supported the waters of the heavenly ocean above, which was the dwelling of the great gods. -
Women in the Ancient Near East: a Sourcebook
WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Women in the Ancient Near East provides a collection of primary sources that further our understanding of women from Mesopotamian and Near Eastern civiliza- tions, from the earliest historical and literary texts in the third millennium BC to the end of Mesopotamian political autonomy in the sixth century BC. This book is a valuable resource for historians of the Near East and for those studying women in the ancient world. It moves beyond simply identifying women in the Near East to attempting to place them in historical and literary context, follow- ing the latest research. A number of literary genres are represented, including myths and epics, proverbs, medical texts, law collections, letters and treaties, as well as building, dedicatory, and funerary inscriptions. Mark W. Chavalas is Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, where he has taught since 1989. Among his publications are the edited Emar: The History, Religion, and Culture of a Syrian Town in the Late Bronze Age (1996), Mesopotamia and the Bible (2002), and The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation (2006), and he has had research fellowships at Yale, Harvard, Cornell, Cal-Berkeley, and a number of other universities. He has nine seasons of exca- vation at various Bronze Age sites in Syria, including Tell Ashara/Terqa and Tell Mozan/Urkesh. ROUTLEDGE SOURCEBOOKS FOR THE ANCIENT WORLD HISTORIANS OF ANCIENT ROME, THIRD EDITION Ronald Mellor TRIALS FROM CLASSICAL ATHENS, SECOND EDITION Christopher Carey ANCIENT GREECE, THIRD EDITION Matthew Dillon and Lynda Garland READINGS IN LATE ANTIQUITY, SECOND EDITION Michael Maas GREEK AND ROMAN EDUCATION Mark Joyal, J.C. -
Hadad-Bassagasteguy Flap in Skull Base Reconstruction – Current Reconstructive Techniques and Evaluation of Criteria Used for Qualification for Harvesting the Flap
Original paper Neurosurgery/ENT Videosurgery Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap in skull base reconstruction – current reconstructive techniques and evaluation of criteria used for qualification for harvesting the flap Piotr Wardas1,2, Michał Tymowski3, Agnieszka Piotrowska-Seweryn1, Jarosław Markowski1, Piotr Ładziński3 1Clinical Department of Laryngology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland 2Department of Laryngology and ENT Oncology, Regional Hospital No. 5, Sosnowiec, Poland 3Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Regional Hospital No. 5, Sosnowiec, Poland Videosurgery Miniinv 2019; 14 (2): 340–347 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/wiitm.2018.79633 Abstract Introduction: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a common consequence or complication in the operations of skull base tumors. The Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap (HBF) is the most common local flap used in the reconstruction of the meninges. It is a nasoseptal flap (NSF) vascularized by the sphenopalatine artery (SPA). Improvement of the already existing techniques is necessary. Aim: To present our experience in HBF and to evaluate the criteria used for qualification (relative and absolute indi- cations) for the NSF reconstructive technique. Material and methods: The retrospective study included 25 patients who underwent expanded endonasal approach (EEA) operations with the NSF. The correctness of qualification based on our own criteria was assessed. The most important modifications of the original HBF as well as the reasons for failures are discussed. Results: There were 12 relative and 13 absolute indications for NSF harvesting. In 2 cases no anticipated CSF leakage was observed. No complications were reported. Conclusions: Skull base reconstruction with HBF and its various modifications is a highly effective technique. -
Mesopotamian Culture
MESOPOTAMIAN CULTURE WORK DONE BY MANUEL D. N. 1ºA MESOPOTAMIAN GODS The Sumerians practiced a polytheistic religion , with anthropomorphic monotheistic and some gods representing forces or presences in the world , as he would later Greek civilization. In their beliefs state that the gods originally created humans so that they serve them servants , but when they were released too , because they thought they could become dominated by their large number . Many stories in Sumerian religion appear homologous to stories in other religions of the Middle East. For example , the biblical account of the creation of man , the culture of The Elamites , and the narrative of the flood and Noah's ark closely resembles the Assyrian stories. The Sumerian gods have distinctly similar representations in Akkadian , Canaanite religions and other cultures . Some of the stories and deities have their Greek parallels , such as the descent of Inanna to the underworld ( Irkalla ) resembles the story of Persephone. COSMOGONY Cosmogony Cosmology sumeria. The universe first appeared when Nammu , formless abyss was opened itself and in an act of self- procreation gave birth to An ( Anu ) ( sky god ) and Ki ( goddess of the Earth ), commonly referred to as Ninhursag . Binding of Anu (An) and Ki produced Enlil , Mr. Wind , who eventually became the leader of the gods. Then Enlil was banished from Dilmun (the home of the gods) because of the violation of Ninlil , of which he had a son , Sin ( moon god ) , also known as Nanna . No Ningal and gave birth to Inanna ( goddess of love and war ) and Utu or Shamash ( the sun god ) . -
Yahweh Among the Baals: Israel and the Storm Gods
Chapter 9 Yahweh among the Baals: Israel and the Storm Gods Daniel E. Fleming What would Baal do without Mark Stratton Smith to preserve and respect his memory in a monotheistic world determined to exclude and excoriate him? The very name evokes idolatry, and an alternative to the true God aptly called pagan. Yet Baal is “The Lord,” a perfectly serviceable monotheistic title when rendered by the Hebrew ʾādôn or the Greek kurios. Biblical writers managed to let Yahweh and El “converge” into one, with Elohim (God) the common ex- pression, but Baal could not join the convergence, even if Psalm 29 could have Yahweh thunder as storm god. Mark has had much to say about the religion of Israel and its world, and we need not assume Baal to be his favorite, but per- haps Mark’s deep familiarity with Baal suits an analysis of Israel that embraces what the Bible treats as taboo. For this occasion, it is a privilege to contribute a reflection on God’s “early history” in his footsteps, to honor his work, in ap- preciation of our friendship. In the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, a text so familiar to Mark that visitors may per- haps need his letter of reference for entry, Baal is the special title of Hadad, the young warrior god of rain and tempest (Smith 1994; Smith and Pitard 2009). Although El could converge with Yahweh and Baal could never name him, gen- erations of scholars have identified Yahweh first of all with the storm (van der Toorn 1999; Müller 2008). Yahweh and Haddu, or Hadad, were never one, but where Yahweh could be understood to originate in the lands south of Israel, as in Seir and Edom of Judges 5:4–5, he could be a storm god nonetheless: (4) Yahweh, when you went out from Seir, when you walked from the open country of Edom, the earth quivered, as the heavens dripped, as the clouds dripped water. -
The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict 9
CHAPTER I Introduction: Early Civilization and Political Organization in Babylonia' The earliest large urban agglomoration in Mesopotamia was the city known as Uruk in later texts. There, around 3000 B.C., certain distinctive features of historic Mesopotamian civilization emerged: the cylinder seal, a system of writing that soon became cuneiform, a repertoire of religious symbolism, and various artistic and architectural motifs and conven- tions.' Another feature of Mesopotamian civilization in the early historic periods, the con- stellation of more or less independent city-states resistant to the establishment of a strong central political force, was probably characteristic of this proto-historic period as well. Uruk, by virtue of its size, must have played a dominant role in southern Babylonia, and the city of Kish probably played a similar role in the north. From the period that archaeologists call Early Dynastic I1 (ED 11), beginning about 2700 B.c.,~the appearance of walls around Babylonian cities suggests that inter-city warfare had become institutionalized. The earliest royal inscriptions, which date to this period, belong to kings of Kish, a northern Babylonian city, but were found in the Diyala region, at Nippur, at Adab and at Girsu. Those at Adab and Girsu are from the later part of ED I1 and are in the name of Mesalim, king of Kish, accompanied by the names of the respective local ruler^.^ The king of Kish thus exercised hegemony far beyond the walls of his own city, and the memory of this particular king survived in native historical traditions for centuries: the Lagash-Umma border was represented in the inscriptions from Lagash as having been determined by the god Enlil, but actually drawn by Mesalim, king of Kish (IV.1). -
The Royal Palace at Urkesh and the Daughter of Naram-Sin
THE ROYAL PALACE AT URKESH AND THE DAUGHTER OF NARAM-SIN Giorgio BUCCELLATI & Marilyn KELLY-BUCCELLATI UCLA, USA Abstract A gauge of how significant were the results of the 121h season of excavations at Tell Mozan may easily be found inta comparison between what can now be said about Urkesh and what could be said before our excavations. It was common opinion that Urkesh was a petty, peripheral kingdom that emerged following the fall of the dynasty of Akkad. This common opinion must now be radically revised: Urkesh was a major political center at least by the time ofNaram-Sin, so much so that his daughter waspresent in Urkesh, most likely as its queen. She also postdates the royal building of king Tupkish and queen Uqnitum, which we know now to have been a full-fledged palace, one of the largest and best preserved in ancient Syro- Mesopotamia. It appears then that Urkesh was a leading player in the geo-political scene of third millennium Syria, perhaps allied through a dynastic marriage with the vely king who boasts to have destroyed Ebla; and that even before that time the local endan had suficient political and economic power to build a palace of major proportions. The seal of Tar'am-Agade, the daughter of serve as priestesses have other scenes. This is a Naram-Sin, was impressed on a number of door strong element in support of the conclusion that sealings that had been discarded and were found Tar'am-Agade was not in Urkesh as a priestess, but together with other door sealings, a total of about as a political figure, hence most likely as queen 200. -
Old Kingdom Compared to New Kingdom
Living in Truth: Archaeology & the Patriarchs Copyright © 1999-2006 by Charles N. Pope Old Kingdom www.DomainOfMan.com Chart 14c Compared With Old Kingdom period names in black. New Kingdom (Egyptian: bold, Mesoptoamian: regular) “Great Flood” New Kingdom period names in brown. Libyan dynastic names in blue 1st / 2nd Dynasty Nubian dynastic names in red (Ham) (Noah) Greek dynastic names in green Ny-netjer / Nutjeren Aye-Sheshonq (Japheth/Put) Hotep-sekhemwy Assyrian names in gold. Utnapishtim Yuya + Iuput A Lugalbanda Plus sign shows a reassigned role Amenhotep III Menehpet? (Shem) Iri-netjer - Biblical names in parentheses (Mizraim) (Cush) Semerkhet Queen Neith-hotep (Canaan) Takelot I - Merymose + Osorkon I - Kheruef + Etana Queen Karamat A - Tiye Nebka? Osorkon II - Horemheb Takelot II - Ramses Nymaat-hap Horus-Aha / Scorpion Djoser / Zeser “Great of Scepter” Meskiag-gasher Agga / Zukakip Queen 3rd / 4th Dynasty Labasher (Nimrod/Havilah) Meresankh Sheshonq II - Aye B + (Seba) Sekhemkhet Tutankhamun + Queen Snofru Harsiese A + Sheshonq III - Seti Hetep-heres (Ra-amah) Sheshonq IV Narmer / Huni Mamagal? Khu-bau/baba? Djet / Lugal-anne-mundu Djedefre / Queen (Sheba) (Sabtah) Ra-hotep Akhenaten + Henutsen Amenhotep son of Hapu / Queen Melamanna Pedubastet - Nakhtmin + Meri-Re/Ptah-Aanen + Meryet-yotes Pimay - Ramses II Nimlot B/C (Dedan) “Great of Scepter” Khufu Hemiun / Imhotep Tutankhamun Puzer-Sin? (Sabtecah) Mashda Den / Chephron Smenkhare + Queen/Pharaoh Khentkaues [”Ahura-Mazda”] Udulkalamma Sheshonq V - Khaemwaset Sheshet/Sheseshet?