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Home , Asherah pole, Chemosh, Dagon, Hadad

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Ancient Near Eastern Deities and the

Asherah Molek (Molech)

Canaanite female deity identified as the consort of the chief National deity of . Canaanite , E1, and as the mother of the . Child sacrif,ce influenced this deity's disposition and action, deity's Mentioned frequently in the Old Testament in parallel with a detestable practice mentioned repeatedly with the worship of . name (Lev. 18:21; 20:2-4). on the Mount of Olives just The pole was a wooden device associated with worship built a sanctuary of Molek the division of Asherah. The were to remove them from the east of the 's temple, act that precipitated land but instead added to their number by building their ofhis kingdom (1 Kings ll;5,7 ,33). own (Exod. 34:13;2 Kings 17:10). (Dagan) (, lshtar) Ashtoreth \ational cleitr. of the adopted upon their arrival in The chief temale dein- oi Tr-re and . ti-re beautitul daueh- C ana;1r1. prime ter of the chiei Car-raanite deitr. . and the sensual. iemale li..';ght :rr in:l,rence the lLeaith of the grain harvest in the consort of Baa1. srrin-qro\iLns lar-id oi the Philistine plair-r. lvas enslaved Thought to intluence a r-arietr- oi dimensiolts oilife, including Perceir-ed to htrr-e bested the Lord t'hen serualitr, tertilitr, ireather. and it-ar. (Judg. l6:23) and when the Philistines put the captured ark of Dagon (1 Sarn. 5:2), notions Israelite allection lbr this deitr- came rrith alliance with of the covenant in the temple Phoenrcia one oithe abuses tl-rat precipitated the division quickly dispelled. of 1.ris kingdom (1 Kings i1:33). ()

Baal As the creator god, Marduk was identified as the chief god of N{ale deitl'rvorshiped throughout the biblical region under a the Babylonian pantheon. r.ariety of subregional names incir.rding Baal-Berith, Baal While the Israelite exile to Babylon made Marduk appear supe- destruc- F- Peor, Baal Zaphon, and . rior to the Lord, |eremiah announced that Babylon's E ()er. 50:2)' Expressed himself in the thunder, tightning, rain, and dervfall tion would reveal Bel's true worth that made agriculture and pastoralism possible in . E- Baal is mentioned more often than any other deity in the Old Nebo Testament, and the Israelites learned to worship him as they - learned hon,to farm the land fiom their Canaanite neighbors. Son of the chief Babyloniar.r god, Marduk. and r'r'riting II Because both the Lord and Baal claimed to control the rain and Thought to influence'r,visdom -- (Isa. describes the iali deu., conflict betrveen the tt'o r-raturirllr- lbllov'ed (e.g., Deut. Mentioned once by name 46:1) as Isaiah

as his acll.rerer-it' ' -t=-, 11:10-171 [udg.6:-36 '10; 1Kines 18:16--16). of Babvlon; tl-ris deitl'tvould be as humbled I

Chemosh (Kemosh) Tammuz I_ The ofN{oab tl-rought to control its rr e1l-beinq and Sumenan dettv associated ltith fertilitl'. - destinv, particularl,v ir-r rvar (Judg. i1:241 Ier. -18:"16). The death of this deitf is associated ri-ith the int'ertiiitv Lri :: : piace for on the \'lount of Olives land that mourns his passing. His restoratiorl is as:ot---' - I- Solomon built a high I just east of the Lord's tenple, an act that precipitated the r.itl-r the return of fertilitri division ofhis kingdom (:1,33). Acll-rerents practice ritual w'eeping to encouraee his reti":: -: " I- 8:14). I

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