DOCSLIB.ORG

Amanda Leighanne Davis [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Amanda Leighanne Davis Amandadavis@Alumni.Wfu.Edu ACETYL COA CARBOXYLASE 1 IN PROSTATE CANCER AS A CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC TARGET BY AMANDA L. DAVIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Cancer Biology December, 2017 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Steven Kridel, Ph.D., Advisor W. Todd Lowther, Ph.D., Chair Timothy Pardee, M.D., Ph.D. Ravi Singh, Ph.D. Ann Tallant, Ph.D. DEDICATION This work is dedicated in loving memory of my grandmother, Peggy Ann Cribbs. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables ......................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations .................................................................................. ix Abstract .................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Prostate cancer ................................................................................2 1.1.1 Current epidemiology ..............................................................2 1.1.2 Evolution of prostate cancer treatment ...................................3 1.2 Cellular metabolism .........................................................................8 1.2.1 Glycolysis ................................................................................9 1.2.2 Pentose phosphate pathway ................................................. 12 1.2.3 Glutaminolysis....................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Tricarboxylic acid cycle ......................................................... 15 1.3 Fatty acid metabolism .................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Sources of fatty acids ............................................................ 16 1.3.1.1 Dietary derived fatty acids ....................................... 16 1.3.1.2 De novo fatty acid synthesis .................................... 20 1.3.2 Fatty acid oxidation ............................................................... 23 1.3.3 Storage and release of fatty acids......................................... 27 1.4 The acetyl-CoA carboxylases ........................................................ 29 1.4.1 ACC1 and ACC2 ................................................................... 30 1.4.2 Regulation of ACC ................................................................ 32 iii 1.4.3 Biotin dependence ................................................................ 35 1.4.4 Sources of acetyl-CoA .......................................................... 37 1.4.5 Fates of malonyl-CoA ........................................................... 41 1.4.6 Fates of de novo derived fatty acids ..................................... 42 1.4.7 ACC in cancer ....................................................................... 44 1.4.8 ACC inhibitors ....................................................................... 48 1.5 Metabolism and chemoresistance ................................................. 51 1.5.1 Current research ................................................................... 52 1.5.2 Metabolism and chemoresistance in prostate cancer ........... 53 1.6 Overview ........................................................................................ 54 1.7 References .................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER II ACETYL COA CARBOXYLASE 1 INHIBITION DISRUPTS PROSTATE CANCER METABOLISM AND REDUCES TUMOR BURDEN IN A MURINE PROSTATE CANCER MODEL 2.1 Abstract .......................................................................................... 93 2.2 Introduction .................................................................................... 95 2.3 Materials and Methods................................................................... 97 2.4 Results ......................................................................................... 106 2.5 Discussion ................................................................................... 114 2.6 Figures ......................................................................................... 122 2.7 References .................................................................................. 142 iv CHAPTER III COMBINATION TREATMENTWITH SMALL MOLECULE ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE INHIBITOR CP-640186 AND PACLITAXEL IS SYNERGISTIC AND DISRUPTS METABOLIC FUNCTION IN TAXANE-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER CELLS 3.1 Abstract ........................................................................................ 151 3.2 Introduction .................................................................................. 152 3.3 Materials and Methods................................................................. 154 3.4 Results ......................................................................................... 159 3.5 Discussion ................................................................................... 164 3.6 Figures ......................................................................................... 167 3.7 References .................................................................................. 179 CHAPTER IV GENERAL DISCUSSION 4.1 Targeting fatty acid metabolism in cancer .................................... 188 4.1.1 Inhibiting ACC to target fatty acid synthesis ........................ 188 4.1.2 Other methods of targeting fatty acid synthesis .................. 190 4.2 Concluding remarks and future directions.................................... 191 4.3 References .................................................................................. 194 Curriculum Vitae ..................................................................................... 196 v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Chapter I Figure 1. Development and treatment of PCa............................................4 Figure 2. Major cellular metabolic pathways ............................................ 10 Table 1. Enzymatic reactions of cellular metabolic pathways .................. 11 Table 2. Names, abbreviations, and structures of select fatty acids ......... 17 Chapter II Figure 1: Elevated ACACA expression is associated with decreased survival in several cancers. ..................................................................................... 122 Figure 2: ACACA expression is correlated with advanced PCa and ACC1 is required for survival and proliferation in PCa cell lines. .......................... 123 Figure 3: Pharmacological inhibition of ACC activity alters fatty acid profile in PCa cells. ............................................................................................... 125 Figure 4: Mice with prostate-specific genetic inactivation of ACC1 (ACC1L/L) are phenotypically normal. ............................................................................ 126 Figure 5: Prostate-specific genetic inactivation of ACC1 reduces tumor burden in 12 week old C57BL/6J mice. .............................................................. 127 Figure 6: Gross anatomy and morphology of 12-week-old murine prostates. ............................................................................................................... 128 Figure 7: Fatty acid profile of the anterior prostate lobes collected from 12-week old mice. ................................................................................................. 129 vi Figure 8: Prostate-specific genetic inactivation of ACC1 does not reduce tumor burden in 24 week old C57BL/6J mice. .................................................. 130 Figure 9: Gross anatomy and morphology of 24-week-old murine prostates. ............................................................................................................... 131 Figure 10: Fatty acid profile of the anterior prostate lobes collected from 24- week old mice. ........................................................................................ 132 Figure 11: Pharmacological inhibition of ACC does not reduce glycolytic function of PC3 cells. .............................................................................. 133 Figure 12: siRNA mediated knockdown of ACC1 impairs mitochondrial function in PCa cells............................................................................................. 135 Figure 13: Pharmacological inhibition of ACC reduces mitochondrial function in PCa cells ................................................................................................ 137 Figure 14: PCa cells utilize both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids for mitochondrial function. ............................................................................ 138 Figure 15: Pharmacological inhibition of ACC prevents PCa cells from utilizing endogenous and/or exogenous fatty acids for fatty acid oxidation. ........ 140 Chapter III Figure 1: EC50 concentrations of CP-640186 and paclitaxel in parental and taxane-resistant PCa cells ...................................................................... 167 Figure 2: Paclitaxel resistant (TxR) PCa cell lines show enhanced sensitivity to CP-640186 ............................................................................................. 168 vii Figure 3: CP-640186 treatment reduces proliferation and increases cell death in taxane resistant PCa cells ...................................................................... 169 Figure 4: Combination treatment with paclitaxel and CP-640186
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lipid Deposition and Metabolism in Local and Modern Pig Breeds: a Review
    animals Review Lipid Deposition and Metabolism in Local and Modern Pig Breeds: A Review Klavdija Poklukar 1 , Marjeta Candek-Potokarˇ 1,2 , Nina Batorek Lukaˇc 1 , Urška Tomažin 1 and Martin Škrlep 1,* 1 Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; [email protected] (K.P.); [email protected] (M.C.-P.);ˇ [email protected] (N.B.L.); [email protected] (U.T.) 2 University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, HoˇceSI-2311, Slovenia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +386-(0)1-280-52-34 Received: 17 February 2020; Accepted: 29 February 2020; Published: 3 March 2020 Simple Summary: Intensive selective breeding and genetic improvement of relatively few pig breeds led to the abandonment of many low productive local pig breeds. However, local pig breeds are more highly adapted to their specific environmental conditions and feeding resources, and therefore present a valuable genetic resource. They are able to deposit more fat and have a distinct lipogenic capacity, along with a better fatty acid composition than modern breeds. Physiological, biochemical and genetic mechanisms responsible for the differences between fatty and lean breeds are still not fully clarified. The present paper highlights important associations to better understand the underlying mechanisms of lipid deposition in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat between fatty and lean breeds. Abstract: Modern pig breeds, which have been genetically improved to achieve fast growth and a lean meat deposition, differ from local pig breeds with respect to fat deposition, fat specific metabolic characteristics and various other properties. The present review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences between fatty local and modern lean pig breeds in adipose tissue deposition and lipid metabolism, taking into consideration morphological, cellular, biochemical, transcriptomic and proteomic perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting Demyelination and Virtual Hypoxia with High-Dose Biotin As a Treatment for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Neuropharmacology 110 (2016) 644e653 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropharm Invited review Targeting demyelination and virtual hypoxia with high-dose biotin as a treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis * Fred eric Sedel a, , Delphine Bernard a, Donald M. Mock b, c, Ayman Tourbah d a MedDay Pharmaceuticals, ICM-Brain and Spine Institute-IPEPs, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie Salp^etriere, 47 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France b Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA c Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA d Department of Neurology and FacultedeMedecine de Reims, CHU de Reims, URCA, 45 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France article info abstract Article history: Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severely disabling neurological condition, and an effective Received 7 April 2015 treatment is urgently needed. Recently, high-dose biotin has emerged as a promising therapy for affected Received in revised form individuals. Initial clinical data have shown that daily doses of biotin of up to 300 mg can improve 24 July 2015 objective measures of MS-related disability. In this article, we review the biology of biotin and explore Accepted 18 August 2015 the properties of this ubiquitous coenzyme that may explain the encouraging responses seen in patients Available online 5 September 2015 with progressive MS. The gradual worsening of neurological disability in patients with progressive MS is caused by progressive axonal loss or damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Enzyme Expression Highlights a Key Role for MTHFD2 and the Mitochondrial Folate Pathway in Cancer
    ARTICLE Received 1 Nov 2013 | Accepted 17 Dec 2013 | Published 23 Jan 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4128 Metabolic enzyme expression highlights a key role for MTHFD2 and the mitochondrial folate pathway in cancer Roland Nilsson1,2,*, Mohit Jain3,4,5,6,*,w, Nikhil Madhusudhan3,4,5, Nina Gustafsson Sheppard1,2, Laura Strittmatter3,4,5, Caroline Kampf7, Jenny Huang8, Anna Asplund7 & Vamsi K. Mootha3,4,5 Metabolic remodeling is now widely regarded as a hallmark of cancer, but it is not clear whether individual metabolic strategies are frequently exploited by many tumours. Here we compare messenger RNA profiles of 1,454 metabolic enzymes across 1,981 tumours spanning 19 cancer types to identify enzymes that are consistently differentially expressed. Our meta- analysis recovers established targets of some of the most widely used chemotherapeutics, including dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase and ribonucleotide reductase, while also spotlighting new enzymes, such as the mitochondrial proline biosynthetic enzyme PYCR1. The highest scoring pathway is mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and is centred on MTHFD2. MTHFD2 RNA and protein are markedly elevated in many cancers and correlated with poor survival in breast cancer. MTHFD2 is expressed in the developing embryo, but is absent in most healthy adult tissues, even those that are proliferating. Our study highlights the importance of mitochondrial compartmentalization of one-carbon metabolism in cancer and raises important therapeutic hypotheses. 1 Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. 2 Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. 3 Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. 4 Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • ACACB Knockout 293T Cell Lysate
    Leader in Biomolecular Solutions for Life Science ACACB Knockout 293T Cell Lysate Catalog No.: RM02031 Basic Information Background Catalog No. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin- RM02031 containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate- limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. ACC-beta is thought to control fatty acid oxidation by Category means of the ability of malonyl-CoA to inhibit carnitine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase I, the rate- Cell Lysate limiting step in fatty acid uptake and oxidation by mitochondria. ACC-beta may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, rather than fatty acid biosynthesis. There is evidence for the presence of two ACC-beta isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] Description ACACB Knockout 293T Cell Line is engineered from 293T cell line with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Allele-1:1bp insertion in exon1 Allele-2:94bp deletion in exon1 Gene Information Product Information Gene Symbol Parental Cell line Amount Genotype ACACB 293T 50μL, 2μg/μL. Homozygous knockout Species Packaging Human 1 vial parental cell Lysate and 1 vial knockout cell Lysate Gene ID Shipping Conditions 32 4℃ Swiss Prot Application O00763 Western Blot Synonyms Storage ACC2, ACCB, HACC275 Lysate is stable for 12 months when stored at -20℃. Minimizing freeze-thaw cycles. Protocol Contact To be used as WB control. Lysate is supplied in 1× SDS sample buffer (2% SDS, 60 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 10% Glycerol, 0.02% Bromophenol blue, 60 mM beta-mercaptoethanol). 400-999-6126 Lysate should be boiled for 3 - 5 minutes before loading onto gel.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Silencing of Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase Beta (ACACB) Gene Reduces Cholesterol Synthesis in Knockdown Chicken Myoblast Cells
    In vitro Silencing of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase beta (ACACB) Gene Reduces Cholesterol Synthesis in Knockdown Chicken Myoblast Cells G. Sushma College of veterinary Science, Hyderabad, India P. Jaya Laxmi PV Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University: Sri PV Narasimha Rao Telangana State Veterinary University S.T. Viroji Rao PV Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University: Sri PV Narasimha Rao Telangana State Veterinary University R.M.V. Prasad PV Narasimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University: Sri PV Narasimha Rao Telangana State Veterinary University M. Kanakachari Directorate of Poultry Research Ch. Shiva Prasad College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Telangana, India A. Rajendra Prasad Directorate of Poultry Research D. Divya Directorate of Poultry Research Tarun Kumar Bhattacharya ( [email protected] ) Directorate of Poultry Research https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4502-1852 Research Article Keywords: Chicken, fatty acid metabolism, ACACB, shRNA, myoblast cell culture, gene silencing. Posted Date: June 18th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-502942/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/22 Abstract The poultry industry provides cost-effective, healthy, and protein-enriched food for the growing population and achieving the nutritional security to the country. Excessive abdominal and subcutaneous fat deposition is one of the major setbacks to the poultry industry that reduces carcass yield and feed eciency. In chicken abdominal fat constitutes 20% of total body fat which make up 2–3% of live weight of the bird. In fatty acid metabolism, acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) is one of the key enzymes with two isoforms i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Network Construction Based on the Genome of The
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Fall 2013 Metabolic Network Construction Based on the Genome of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana and the Analysis of Genome-wide Transcriptome Data to Investigate Triacylglyceride Accumulation Karen Parker San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Parker, Karen, "Metabolic Network Construction Based on the Genome of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira Pseudonana and the Analysis of Genome-wide Transcriptome Data to Investigate Triacylglyceride Accumulation" (2013). Master's Theses. 4400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.mved-nx78 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4400 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. METABOLIC NETWORK CONSTRUCTION BASED ON THE GENOME OF THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA AND THE ANALYSIS OF GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTOME DATA TO INVESTIGATE TRIACYLGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Moss Landing Marine Labs San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Karen R. Parker December 2013 © 2013 Karen R. Parker ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled METABOLIC NETWORK CONSTRUCTION BASED ON THE GENOME OF THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA AND THE ANALYSIS OF GENOME-WIDE TRANSCRIPTOME DATA TO INVESTIGATE TRIACYLGLYCERIDE ACCUMULATION By Karen R. Parker APPPROVED FOR MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY December 2013 Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Loss of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase MKRN1 Represses Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Through AMPK Activation
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05721-4 OPEN Loss of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MKRN1 represses diet-induced metabolic syndrome through AMPK activation Min-Sik Lee1, Hyun-Ji Han2, Su Yeon Han2, Il Young Kim3,4, Sehyun Chae5, Choong-Sil Lee2, Sung Eun Kim2, Seul Gi Yoon4, Jun-Won Park4, Jung-Hoon Kim2, Soyeon Shin2, Manhyung Jeong2, Aram Ko2, Ho-Young Lee6, Kyoung-Jin Oh 7, Yun-Hee Lee 8, Kwang-Hee Bae7, Seung-Hoi Koo9, Jea-woo Kim10, Je Kyung Seong3,4, Daehee Hwang5 & Jaewhan Song 2 1234567890():,; AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a key role in controlling energy metabolism in response to physiological and nutritional status. Although AMPK activation has been pro- posed as a promising molecular target for treating obesity and its related comorbidities, the use of pharmacological AMPK activators has been met with contradictory therapeutic challenges. Here we show a regulatory mechanism for AMPK through its ubiquitination and degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase makorin ring finger protein 1 (MKRN1). MKRN1 depletion promotes glucose consumption and suppresses lipid accumulation due to AMPK stabilisation and activation. Accordingly, MKRN1-null mice show chronic AMPK activation in both liver and adipose tissue, resulting in significant suppression of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. We demonstrate also its therapeutic effect by administering shRNA targeting MKRN1 into obese mice that reverses non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We suggest that ubiquitin-dependent AMPK degradation represents a target therapeutic strategy for meta- bolic disorders. 1 Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS-16060.2, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 2 Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of PRKA-Mediated Stimulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Regulation of Meiotic Maturation in Mouse Oocytes Deepa Valsangkar Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects The Role of PRKA-Mediated Stimulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Regulation of Meiotic Maturation in Mouse Oocytes Deepa Valsangkar Marquette University Recommended Citation Valsangkar, Deepa, "The Role of PRKA-Mediated Stimulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in the Regulation of Meiotic Maturation in Mouse Oocytes" (2014). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 372. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/372 THE ROLE OF PRKA-MEDIATED STIMULATION OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION IN THE MEIOTIC MATURATION OF MOUSE OOCYTES by Deepa Valsangkar, B.Sc., M.Sc. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2014 ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF PRKA-MEDIATED STIMULATION OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION IN THE MEIOTIC MATURATION OF MOUSE OOCYTES Deepa Valsangkar, B.Sc., M.Sc. Marquette University, 2014. Meiosis is a defining aspect of sexual reproduction and its outcome often determines reproductive success. In mammalian females, oocytes initiate meiosis in early embryonic stages but arrest in the late prophase of meiosis-I around the time of birth. They remain arrested until hormonal induction during reproductive cycles after puberty, and then resume meiosis until a second arrest at metaphase-II. The process of oocyte meiosis from the release of prophase arrest till the metaphase-II arrest is known as oocyte maturation. Meiotic arrest is a result of maintenance of elevated cAMP levels within the oocyte by its continuous production as well as by the inhibition of its breakdown. A mid- cycle surge of luteinizing hormone culminates in a dramatic increase in cAMP breakdown that eventually results in the activation of MPF (maturation-promoting factor), a cyclin-dependent kinase that orchestrates the downstream events of meiotic resumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Basis of Irritant Susceptibility in Health Care Workers
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author J Occup Manuscript Author Environ Med. Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 August 01. Published in final edited form as: J Occup Environ Med. 2016 August ; 58(8): 753–759. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000784. Genetic basis of irritant susceptibility in health care workers Berran Yucesoy, PhD, Yerkebulan Talzhanov, PhD, M. Michael Barmada, PhD, Victor J. Johnson, PhD, Michael L. Kashon, PhD, Elma Baron, MD, Nevin W. Wilson, MD, Bonnie Frye, BS, Wei Wang, MS, Kara Fluharty, BS, Rola Gharib, MD, Jean Meade, MD, PhD, Dori Germolec, PhD, Michael I. Luster, PhD, and Susan Nedorost, MD Health Effects Laboratory Division (Drs. Yucesoy, Kashon, Frye, Wang, Fluharty, Meade), CDC/ NIOSH, Morgantown, WV; Department of Human Genetics (Drs. Talzhanov and Barmada), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; BRT-Burleson Research Technologies (Dr. Johnson), Morrisville, NC; University Hospitals Case Medical Center (Drs. Baron and Nedorost), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (Dr. Wilson), University of Nevada, Reno, NV; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine (Dr. Gharib), West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Toxicology Branch, DNTP/NIEHS (Dr. Germolec), Research Triangle Park, NC; School of Public Health (Dr. Luster), West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV Abstract Objective—To investigate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes involved in inflammation, skin barrier integrity, signaling/pattern recognition and antioxidant defense with irritant susceptibility in a group of health care workers. Materials and Methods—The 536 volunteer subjects were genotyped for selected SNPs and patch tested with three model irritants: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and benzalkonium chloride (BKC).
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Function of Biotin-Dependent Carboxylases
    Cell. Mol. Life Sci. (2013) 70:863–891 DOI 10.1007/s00018-012-1096-0 Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences REVIEW Structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases Liang Tong Received: 22 May 2012 / Revised: 7 July 2012 / Accepted: 9 July 2012 / Published online: 7 August 2012 Ó Springer Basel AG 2012 Abstract Biotin-dependent carboxylases include acetyl- Metabolic syndrome Á Obesity Á Diabetes Á Cancer Á CoA carboxylase (ACC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase Drug discovery Á Antibiotics Á Propionic acidemia Á (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), gera- 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria Á Lactic acidemia nyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and urea carboxylase (UC). They contain biotin carboxylase (BC), Abbreviations carboxyltransferase (CT), and biotin-carboxyl carrier pro- ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylase tein components. These enzymes are widely distributed in BC Biotin carboxylase nature and have important functions in fatty acid metabo- BCCP Biotin carboxyl carrier protein lism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, BT BC-CT interaction polyketide biosynthesis, urea utilization, and other cellular CT Carboxyltransferase processes. ACCs are also attractive targets for drug dis- GCC Geranyl-CoA carboxylase covery against type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer, microbial GCD Glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase infections, and other diseases, and the plastid ACC of HCS Holocarboxylase synthase grasses is the target of action of three classes of commer- MCC 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase cial herbicides. Deficiencies in the activities of PCC, MCC, MCG 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria or PC are linked to serious diseases in humans. Our PA Propionic acidemia understanding of these enzymes has been greatly enhanced PC Pyruvate carboxylase over the past few years by the crystal structures of the PCC Propionyl-CoA carboxylase holoenzymes of PCC, MCC, PC, and UC.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Obesity in Children
    EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 14: 1065-1073, 2017 Identification of key genes and pathways associated with obesity in children LING LI1*, GUANGYU WANG1*, NING LI1, HAIYAN YU2, JIANPING SI3 and JIWEN WANG4-6 1Department of Paediatrics, Jinan Children's Hospital; 2Department of Paediatrics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022; 3Department of Pediatrics, The People's Hospital of Guangrao, Dongying, Shandong 257300; 4Department of Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; 5Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012; 6Department of Neurology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China Received March 16, 2016; Accepted February 24, 2017 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4597 Abstract. The present study aimed to identify potential key study indicated that MMP9, ACACB and immune system genes and pathways in obese children in order to explore pathways may have a significant role in child obesity. possible molecular mechanisms associated with child obesity. The array dataset GSE29718 was downloaded from the Gene Introduction Expression Omnibus database. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples derived from 7 obese children and 8 lean children Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has were selected for the analysis. Differentially expressed genes accumulated to a certain degree, and affected individuals (DEGs) in samples from obese children compared with those may have a reduced life expectancy and increased health from lean children were analyzed by the limma package. Gene problems (1). Child obesity is becoming a health problem in ontology (GO) annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and developed and developing countries (2,3).
    [Show full text]
  • ACACB Knockout 293T Cell Line, Homozygous
    Leader in Biomolecular Solutions for Life Science ACACB Knockout 293T Cell Line, Homozygous Catalog No.: RM01904 Basic Information Background Catalog No. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a complex multifunctional enzyme system. ACC is a biotin- RM01904 containing enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, the rate- limiting step in fatty acid synthesis. ACC-beta is thought to control fatty acid oxidation by Category means of the ability of malonyl-CoA to inhibit carnitine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase I, the rate- Cell Line limiting step in fatty acid uptake and oxidation by mitochondria. ACC-beta may be involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, rather than fatty acid biosynthesis. There is evidence for the presence of two ACC-beta isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] Description ACACB Knockout 293T Cell Line is engineered from HeLa cell line with Gene-Editing Technology. Allele-1:1bp insertion in exon1 Allele-2:94bp deletion in exon1 Gene Information Product Information Gene Symbol Parental Cell line Amount Genotype ACACB 293T 1~5x106 cells/vial Homozygous knockout Species Packaging Human 1 vial parental cell line and 1 vial knockout cell line Gene ID Shipping Conditions 32 Dry ice Swiss Prot Storage O00763 Stored in liquid nitrogen for a long time less than -130℃. Minimizing freeze-thaw cycles. Synonyms Protocol ACC2, ACCB, HACC275 Upon arrival, it should be maintained in DMEM medium with 10%(v/v) fetal bovine serum and 100U penicillin-streptomycin, at 37℃ with 5% CO2 condition. 1. Thaw the vial in 37℃ water bath ,and shake it to melt as soon as possible.
    [Show full text]