November 4, 1985

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

Zhao's UN Speech: Strive for a Better World What Will Be Like in the Year 2000? Three Successful Joint Ventures

Rong Yiren (right), chairman of CITIC, discussing methods with workers from the Mid-fibre Textile Mill.

A section of the Mid-fibre Textile Mill, which is part of the Harbin Textile Printing and Dyeing Joint Co.

•ui employee at the Woollen Industry Joint Co. at work at the spinning wheel.

Three textile enterprises in northeast China run jointly by the China International Trust and Investment Corp. (CITIC) and Heilongjiang Province have greatly raised their productivity and markedly improved their product quality. The textile operations now turn out more than 40 kinds of fabrics, such A worker of the Lanxi Flax Textile Joint Co. controlling the dyeing machine. as woll serge and linen, The three enterprises arethe Lanxi FlaxTextile Joint Co., the wootlen Industry Joint Co. and the Harbin Textile Print• ing and Dyeing Joint Co.

SPOTLICHT HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 44 November 4, 1985 World Needs UN to Help Preserve Peace

CONTENTS Premier , addressing the 40th anniversary session of the United Nations, said the world body is irreplace• NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 able in the historical mission it shoulders and the impact it Imbalance Hinders China's Trade exerts despite its present weaknesses. He pledged China's sup• port for the UN drive for a "better world," a world of peace, LEnERS 5 development, equality and international co-operation (p. 15). EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 UN's 40th Birthday Marked in Rally Calls for Reunion of State Leader Calls for Reunification Economy Booms in First 9 Months Success Crowns Population Policy In marking the 40th anniversary of the recovery of Taiwan Legal Firms Spur Rural Economy Sino-Soviet Moves to Improve Ties from Japanese occupation, China's vice-president called on the Taiwan authorities to co-operate with the Communist Party of INTERNATIONAL 11-14 China to reunify the country (p. 6). United Nations: Within Its Walls, Peace Will Prevail Africa: Economic Horizons Be• come Clear China by the Year 2000 Nassau: Britain Compromises on Sanctions Highlights of a report given at a recent Beijing seminar on Albania: Expanding Foreign Trade China's prospects by. the year 2000. They present China's image Relations in 2000, its strategy for development as well as a comparison of Work Together for Better World 15 China's calculations with international forecasts (p. 18). China's Prospects for the Year 2000 18 Joint Venture: Success Speaks for Itself 21 Lowering China's Trade Deficits Mutual Trust is Crucial to Co• operation 25 While its trade volume is increasing annually, China's trade deficits also have multiplied steadily. To reverse this trend and FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 27-28 balance trade, China hopes its partners will implement trade agreements and lift unreasonable restrictions on the import of BUSINESS & TRADE 29-30 China's products (p. 4). CULTURE & SCIENCE 31-32

SPORTS 33 Joint Efforts Bring Success BOOKS 34 The story of the two-year-old Sino-American joint venture, COVER: Chinese and American techni• cians from the Beijing Jeep Corp. are the Beijing Jeep Corporation Ltd., tells of a success won through inspecting a new vehicle. patience, understanding and effective management reform Photo by Xue Chao (p. 21).

Published every Monday by Distributed by China International Book Subscription prices (1 yeor): BEIJING REVIEW Tradins Cofporotion (GUOJI SHUDIAN), Australia A.$ 2M)0 USA US$22.00 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China New Zealand... NZ.S3B.00 UK £12.00 The People's Republic of China Canada Can. $2t.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS imbalance Hinders China's Trade

It is a known ia:! that Cliina by WANG DACHENG ferential treatment to increase its Economic Editor has consistently followed a trade ability to pay in foreign currency. policy of equality and mutual bene• But in practice this principle fit, and of helping supply each It is gratifying to note tlnat has not been closely followed. other's needs. As a developing China's trade volume with devel• Some developed countries ha\'e socialist couriti}'. China needs a oped countries has increased an• built up strong tarrif barriers. The large amount of funds, especially nually along with the development United Slates, for example, has in foreign exchange. This explains of its foreign economic and tech• found varicHis excuses to cut back why it hopes to obtain a reason• nological co-operation. However, on the volume of China's textiles able balance between income and its trade deficits with many of and clothing exports, [apan has these countries have also multiplied done the same by decreasing its steadily. Unless this situation is import of raw silk and other changed, it will inevitably hinder To boost foreign trade, products. the development of China's trade China tiopes its trade with some of them. partners will earnestiy In the talks held between Aus• tralian Prime Minister Robert Among its trade deficits, China's implement trade Hawke and General Secretary Hu adverse balance of trade with Ja• agreements and lift Yaobang las! April on bilateral pan is the largest. In 1983, unreasonable restrictions economic relations. Hawke said his China registered a USSl-5 billion on the import of its country would adopt measures to deficit with Japan, the figure rose products. import more products from China to US$2 billion in 1984, and to ensure a stable development of skyrocketed to US$2.7 billion in trade between the two countries. the first seven m.onths of 1985. expenditure in order to facilitate its foreign trade, This was a sensible measure. Since opening up business with As for China, it will strive to the United States in 1972, China China's economy and technology ium out products of good quality, has conilnualiy found itself in the are rei&tively b^ck-vard. Its multifarious designs and tasteful red reaching an accumulative exports include ell. coai, rr.>::ci-<.U. packaging so as to increase its ex• total oi JS$I4.6 billion by now'. agricultural and sideline products, ports, China has welcomed for• Gloomy statistics mowed a US$0.6 textiles, handicrafts h.-nl'-vare and eign businessmen to co-operate billion deficit m 1983, USSl.5 bil• some mechanical and elctirical with its companies in exploiting lion in 1984, and USSl.l billion in products. To reduce its trade defi• oil, coal, nonferrous metals, miner• the first eight months of 1985. cit, China would like lo see -he de• als and other products needed on veloped counin(;s WAVOU. stsore of Trade between China and Aus• the international market,-, those products, ease :h„ir restric• tralia has been swelling in tions on imports from China and China needs to import large recent years, but China's deficit provide preferential treatment for amounts of advanced technology left in the wake cannot be ignored. its producls to -nu;,- their and equipment to boost its moder• In 1983, China fell into a US$399 domestic markets. .Actually, nization drive. Therefore, China million deficit, which doubled to China already has signed hopes that the developed countries US$725 million in 1984. The first various trade agreements with will earnestly implement the seven months of 1985 faced some developed tountrics giving it mutually beneficial trade agree• US$331 million in deficits. preferential treatment. An impor• ments and lift their unreasonable Large deficits also exist in tant principle in all these agree• restrictions on imports from China's trade with European Eco• ments is that in order to prompt China, so as to boost and bal• nomic Community, Canada and China's export, these countries ance trade. Both sides, of course, New Zealand. will provide China with pre• will benefit in the end.

4 Beijing Review. No. 44 LETTERS

Getting to Know China for So Many'and "Mathematician and Science." "Letters," "China" The study of China is an ex• Dies," interested me (in French edition), "Internation• tremely large subject. It encom• so much that I feel compelled to al" and ".Articles and Documents." passes economics, politics, current comment. First, may 1 say to those The articles in your magazine events, history, culture, science who helped bring those two arti• are both interesting and well-writ• and many other topics. Having cles to the attention of the world ten. I have a better understand• said this, I think Beijing Review congratulations and please keep it ing about China since reading your does extremely well in printing a up. articles. wide variety of information from Being one of those who like to 1 am especially interested in the many different fields, as well as learn about different people from articles from jian Kang Bao a view of the world through Chi• different walks of life, these two (Health Newspaper) about the re• nese eyes. articles really interested me. The forms of the scientific research cs- tablishmenis. Chinese medical I am 16 years old, and have been world has got so many things to science has drawn a great deal of reading Beijing Review for eight learn from our late comrades. attention from the whole world. months. 1 like your reports on the Rose Smith and Hua were hard provinces very much, particularly workers, and it was because of Advertising IL^ a good vehicle for the report on Guizhou in the Au• this that their names and their capturing more readers, "Recrea• gust 12 issue, i also enjoy your achievements shall endure. If all tion" and "Humour" columns •'From the Chinese Press" section. the people of the world were hard should be added to your magazine, [ note that the English and the workers like Rose and Hua, this Moussa Benyaeine Zoubir printing of the magazine are both world would be a wonderful place Algiers, Algeria to live in. excellent; there are far fewer spel• More Coverage on ling mistakes in it than in the Musonda Mwansa average English daily newspaper. Lusaka, Zambia Economic Zones It is very nice to see your series In general, the English are very About Retired Life of articles on China's special eco• ignorant about any subject con• nomic zones, i hope you can con• I enjoyed reading the article nected with China. The only ex• tinue to report these areas' new de• about the happy retired life (in ception to this is food; almost all velopments and changes. towns in England have least one issue No. 35) of Guangzhou's It is also very good that when Chinese restaurant (perhaps Bei- elderly. With 75 percent of their you introduce a city, you also tell jing Review could have a column pay as pension from their units, us about its subordinate counties. set aside about real Chinese food). these people have a guaranteed in• This helps the reader to find these People in Western countries are come for life. areas on a map. often prejudiced against the com• I admire Chinese retired life Ryoichi Arai munist system, because they know very much. Every morning the Kitakyushu, japan little about China. Recently, how• elderly do taijiquan (shadow-box• ever, the number of TV pro• Circulation Should Be ing) or other exercises before they grammes on China has increased, Expanded go to the teahouse for drinks and and people are slowly becoming conversation. I think it is good Beijing Review is good. My only enlightened. Perhaps you could in• for retired people to exercise and complaint is that very few people crease the distribution of your do some manual labour, which in England know about it. magazine by inviting a group of will enrich their remaining years foreign journalists to your pre• Soviet and .'Xrnciua.T publica• mises. and give them the sense of contri• tions are sold at ail m&M news• bution to their country. agents and at street newstands. But Oliver Wild Ryoici Arai Beijing Review is hard to find. Stockport, Britain Kitakyushu, Japan Reports on People You need your ov.'n professional Are Good Comment and Suggestion marketing organization in Eng• land. The two articles from issue Nos. I only read the articles that in• Ivor Kenna 32 and 33, "So Much Love terest me most. They are "Culture London, Britain

November 4. 1985 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS

UN's 40th Birthday Marked in Beijing

One thousand representives from issues of the preservation of peace all walks of life and foreign diplo• and nuclear disarmament remain mats gathered in Beijing on Oc• the main challenges for all peoples tober 24 to mark the 40th anniver• and governments of good will, not sary of the United Nations. in the least of which is the tremen• dous waste of human and material The gathering, which was pre• resources in a world spending more sided over by Foreign Minister Wu than 30 times more on arms than Xueqian, was sponsored by the on development. China Committee in Commemora• tion of the 40th Anniversary of the Other speakers at the rally were United Nations. Wang Bingnan, chairman of the China Organizing Committee of the In his address at the ceremony, International Year of Peace, and Acting Premier Wan Li, who Bi Jilong, president of the UN As• is now presiding over the sociation of China. day-to-day work of the State Meanwhile, Premier Zhao Zi- Council while Premier Zhao Zi- Acting Premier Wan Li delivering o speech at the rally in Beijing. yang made a special visit to the yang visits Latin America, said UN headquarters in New York the purposes and principles of the taining that people must demand to deliver a speech before the UN Charter have conformed to the changes. In particular, he said, on UN General Assembly on October historical trends of our times and the two fundamental questions of 24. He called on all the peace- to the people's aspirations for peace and development, which are loving countries to unite and work peace and development. They are of global and long-term impor• together to maintain world peace still of immediate significance for tance, the United Nations should and avert world war. Zhao reaf• the resolution of some major in• follow the historical trend and ef• firmed China's opposition to all ternational issues of the day. fectively fulfil the important ob• forms of nuclear arms race. (For ligations conferred on it by the However, Wan warned that the full text see p. 15.) Charter. purposes and principles of the To mark the occasion China has Charter are far from being realiz• Speaking at the rally, Manfred also issued a set of commemorative ed, and many resolutions of posi• Kulessa, resident co-ordinator of stamps, and opened a stamp and tive significance have not beeii the United Nations, said that al• picture exhibition in Beijing last implemented. Some well-intention• though another world war had week. ed UN decisions have even met been avoided and no nuclear weap• with unjustified boycotts and ob• ons used in the past 40 years, struction from a handful of coun• more than 150 civil and external Rally Calls for tries. wars had been waged since World War II, causing destruction and "Therefore," he continued, "on loss of lives in all parts of the Reunion of Taiwan fundamental questions of concern world. to the world, such as main• China's Vice-President taining peace, curbing aggression "We have counted more than called on the Taiwan authorities to and promoting development and 1,500 nuclear test explosions, and co-operate with the Communist co-operation, the United Nations the piling up and deployment of Party of China for the country's has often appeared weak and weapons with the most horrifying reunification at a Beijing rally that powerless and has failed to play capacity of overkill that has ever marked the 40th anniversary of its due role." threatened the survival of man• the recovery of Taiwan from Japa• kind," Kulessa said. nese occupation. The Acting Premier reviewed the work of the United Nations, main- He added that the unresolved Addressing the October 25 rally

6 Beijing Reviewf'No. 44 of more than 1,000 people, orga• of CPPCC and the Central Com• Since the beginning of the year, nized by the Chinese People's Po• mittee of the Revolutionary Com• the Chinese government has read• litical Consultative Conference mittee of the Chinese Kuomintang, justed the country's agricultural (CPPCC), the vice-president hoped said Taiwan could achieve great• production pattern by reducing the that the Taiwanese people would ness and stability only by reunify• acreage for grain crops and make joint contributions towards ing with the motherland. cotton, while increasing cash crops reunification with the motherland. by a big margin. As a result, this "I have been to Taiwan three year's output of grain and cotton times, and after making careful "We also hope all Chinese des- will be lower than that of last year studies. 1 came to the conclusion cendents, overseas as well as at — when a record harvest was that Taiwan's future is limited if home, will do their bit to promote brought in — according to initial it relies solely on processing im• the reunification of the mother• estimates. The output of cash ported raw materials," Qian said. land," Ulanhu said. crops, however, such as sugar, jute "The only way for Taiwan to Forty years to the day, China and bluish dogbane, tobacco, oil- achieve stability is to reunify with regained Taiwan from colonial rule bearing crops, meat, dairy prod• the motherland so that its strong by the Japanese. It had been ucts, and fish and sea products are points and those of the mainland ceded, together with Penghu all likely to increase. Therefore, can both be brought into full play Islands, to Japan in 1895 after the it is expected that the gross output and complement each other." armies of the Qing Dynasty lost of agriculture will still surpass last the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Li Chunqing, who had attended year's, according to Ma. which had been launched by the the signing ceremony of the sur• in the first nine months, light Japanese to annex Korea and in• render of Japan in Taiwan as a re• industry grew faster than heavy in• vade China. porter, recalled how the people in dustry. Ma said. The output value Taiwan had celebrated their return Recalling the great changes that of light industry totalled 306.1 bil• to the motherland 40 years ago. have taken place both in the lion yuan, an increase of 23.6 per• "Everyone cried instead of smiling. world and China during the cent over the corresponding period Everyone felt enormous pride past 40 years, Ulanhu expressed last year, while heavy industry out• to be back with the motherland," regret that Taiwan was still put was worth 308.1 billion yuan, Li said. separated from the mainland. He 18.7 percent more than the same said this went against the will of He hoped one day he would be period in 1984. all Chinese, including those in able to reunite with those people Output of heavy industrial prod• Taiwan. in Taiwan, whom he had met 40 ucts, especially machinery, fell, years ago. He called on the Taiwan au• while light industrial production, thorities to co-operate with the especially consumer durables, Communist Party of China once registered a fairly large increase. again to solve the Taiwan problem, Economy Booms The energy and raw materials in• as they did during the Anti- dustries developed steadily. From Japanese War, saying that such In First 9 Months January to September, primary co-operation would be beneficial energy production equalled 620.49 to both sides. China's economy has embarked mililon tons of coal, an increase of on a path of healthy development "Some Kuomintang people by slowing down its once over• 10.8 percent over the same period alleged that former co-operation heated growth since the third last year. The production of steel, between the two parties brought quarter of the year, a State Statis• cement, plate glass and soda ash losses to their party. This is tical Bureau official announced also showed steady growth. utterly untrue," Ulanhu said. recently in Beijing. Transportation capacity was also "What caused losses to the Kuo• on the rise. The volume of rail• mintang was its hostility to the Addressing a press conference, road freight increased by 5.3 per• Communist Party." bureau spokesman Ma An said cent, and the number of passengers that the rapid growth during the "The Kuomintang has stood was up by 3.6 percent compared early part of 1985 had given way hostile to the Communist Party for with the same period last year, to co-ordinated development of scores of years," he continued, but while the cargo-handling capacity production, capital construction it had gained nothing and only of the seaports increased by 12.8 and domestic market, and that the caused "harms to the motherland percent. economic situation in the first nine and itself." months of this year was en• Construction of key state proj• , vice-chairman couraging. ects accelerated as the general

November-4, 1985 7 scale of capita] construction was Wu said that a series of social News in Brief brought under control. More than factors accounted for the declining 70 percent of investment in the 169 birth rate. These include the de• China's 17tb sateUite was key state projects set for this year velopment of the economy, culture recovered on Ociobcr 2b. was made in the first nine months. and science, the rise of the educa• after its five-day movement tional level, urbanization, the im• Both urban and rural markets in orbit. This is China's 7th provement of living standards and were brisk in the first nine months, successful recovery of its the rise of women's status in with big increases in retail sales of satellites. The satellite was society. commodities, especially of con• launched by a two-stage sumer items. He pointed out that because of Long March-2 rocket, which these reasons, the Chinese, especial• was devcfopcd in the mid- The main task in developing the ly women, have found the family 70s. The >2-raetre-long economy today, the official point• planning a feasible policy for their rocket can carry a two-ton ed out, is continuing to control in• country. Out of China's one billion ; satellite into orbits near ihc vestment in fixed assets as well as people, 520 million people are be• earth. the growth of consumer fund, tween the ages of 15 and 49, some and increasing the production and * * 250 million being female. Since supply of textiles, and meat and October 1979 China has adopted By the end of this year, 80 vegetables to make way for the a one child per family policy in percent of China's 2,069 New Year and Spring Festival. counties will have their own order to curb the runaway growth public libraries. The remain• of a population that has doubled ing 413 counties in rcrnote in the last 30 years. areas will establish their first Success Crowns Wu's view was shared by some public libraries by 1990. other Chinese experts. Lin Fude, Last year, there were 2,217 Population Policy Associate Professor of the popula• public libraries run by au• tion theory institute at People's University, maintained that the thorities above the county China's family planning policy "educational level and fertility level with a combined col• is not compulsory, for no policy rate are correlated." Women at lection of 248 million books, can coerce several hundred million higher educational levels usually up 28 percent from 1980. people to do what they are not wil• want to spend more time on stu• This figure does not in- ling to do, a noted Chinese popula• dies, he said, and they are more i elude libraries run by uni• tion expert said recenlty. career-minded and have more em• versities, schools, govern• Wu Cangping, professor at ployment opportunities. Studies ment organizations, trade China People's University, made and work often prevent them from imions or military units. the remarks at a symposium on getting married early. What is * * * China's 1982 nationwide fertility more, educated women accept con• In the last two years, the survey that involved one million traception more readily. They tend overall i-'.nr.bev of crimes persons. The symposium, held in to seek interests other than confin• dropped 3' p:;:rent with Beijing from October 14 to 18, was ing themselves to raising a big felonies down 7.4 percent. attended by more than 60 demo• family. Lin added that today's The total number of crimes graphers and statisticians from educated women would rather in• was 730.000, of which Austrialia, China, India, Japan and vest in their children's education 100,000 were serious. This the United States. The symposium than scatter the money on the up• makes the nation's crime also reviewed China's population keep of a large family. rate one of the lowest in the policy, and the reasons behind its According to the survey, 60.6 world, said Ruan Chongwu, success. minister of Public Security. percent of China's 5.5 million il• According to the survey, the literate women had more than However, serious larceny average number of children born three children in 1981. And the rose in the first nine months in China had dropped to 2.6 per rate of illiterate women with three of this year, Ruan said. The family in 1981, from more than 6 children or more was 50 percent minister attributed the rising in the 1950s. The first-birth rate higher than that for women with ini-i: i-'c,;,;; i': ^..^jpfioies in rose to 46.6 percent in 1981, from a primary school education; three the management system and 20.7 percent in 1970, while the times than that of women with the free market. multiple-birth rate dropped to 28.1 junior middle school education; 11 percent from 62.2 percent. times that of senior middle school

S Beijing Review, No. 44 graduates; and 24 times higher than that of college graduates.

According to Xu Gang, an of• ficial of the State Statistical Bur• eau, income and the local econom• ic level affect the fertility rate be• cause the economy often deter• mines the employment and educa• tion level of women. The higher the per-capita industrial and agri• cultural output value, the lower the fertility rate, he said. Most provinces in underdeveloped north• west, southwest, central and south China have a higher birth rate. Most women living there bear four or more children, Xu said. In de• veloped areas in the north, north• east and east, an average family has two children.

Making a comparison between and Guizhou, Xu said that the per-capita industrial and agricultural output value in Shang• Haiiey's Comet Soars Near the Earth hai was 16 times that in Guizhou At 2:25 Q.m., October 14, Halley's Comet came into the focus on Province. The fertility rate in Gui• ,1 V\;nn:;n Observatory telescope one metre in diometer. At the time zhou was 2.3 times that of Shang• f.i p-c'o ACS taken with the aid of a CCD (coupled circuit) reception hai; its population, made up mostly dcyice, the Comet was moving through the Orion constellation, with ihe diameter of its visible port measuring 50,000 km. The comet is of ethnic minorities, had a birth r;^w-, ob..j* 2,j78,6 billion km trorri the earth, flying towards it at 55 km rate of 4.6 in 1981, the highest in China.

Deinographers believe that with of the S;atc f-amily Planning Com• These offices also act as legal China's economy and education mission, said the survey had proved advisers for 45 rural enterprises growing steadily, the prospects for thai Cairia 5 population policy has and families involved in specialized family planning are becoining been supported by the people and production. brighter. has achieved gc^od results because Economic disputes have in• .it was GrrvvTi up in light of the Doctor Lce-jay Cho. a popula• creased greatly with the rapid country'.- actual conditions. tion expert from the United States, growth of the rural economy. described the iurvey as "success• Many involve disagreements over ful and of high quality," saying the contracts. Local peasants and en• fertility data presented at the sym• Legal Firms Spur terprises are eager to get help from posium are valuable for demogra• legal experts when such disputes phers the world over in their stu• Rural Economy arise. dies of China's population policy. Legal advice centres iu rural A toy factory in Shunyi County Lee-Jay Cho said that some peo• Beijing are helping to promote under the jurisdiction of the Bei• ple in the United States and some commodity production by offering jing Municipality, for example, other countries have misunder• their services to local enterprises stopped production because of poor stood certain aspects of China's and households engaged in special• management. This resulted in an population policy, due to ignor• ized production. overstocking of carboard boxes at ance of China's current popula- a carton factory in neighbournig The 56 legal offices set up so far \. He r.-cs-'i the survcv Pinggu County, which had a con• ;;dve i.diiuicJ: ^I'^^i: man 4,000 would help clarify some of the mis• tract to supply boxes t o the toy lawsuits in the past six months, understandings. factory. said a Municipal Bureau of justice Peng Yu, vice-minister in charge official. Thanks to help from the Mafang

November 4. 1985 9 Township Legal Office in Pinggu port of the Vietnamese occupation County, the carton factory won "a of Kampuchea; the Soviet inva• lawsuit, and received more than sion of Afghanistan; and the pres• China & the World 10,000 yuan in compensation from ence of large numbers of Soviet Zhao Ziyang Meets the toy factory. troops along the Sino-Soviet bord• Rajiv Gandhi ers and in Mongolia. Most of the offices were set up The Chinese government this year. More than a third of the "Normalization of relations are hopes to improve its rela• 270 rural townships in Beijing will out of question without the re• tionship with India, Premier moval of these obstacles," said Ma. Zhao Ziyang said recently. have their own law offices by the On a more upbeat note, a So• end of this year. Office staff come viet delegation accepted an invita• ^During a meeting with In• from legal departments or are tion by the Chinese National Peo• dian Prime Minister Rajiv trained local officials. ple's Congress (NPC) and visited Gandhi in New York, Zhao This year, they have helped me• Beijing last week. Both sides ex• said the people of the two diate in 1,525 civil disputes and pressed pleasure at the resumption countries had fostered pro• many of these were solved at the of relations between their two par• found traditional friendship peasants' homes. liaments after a 20-year suspen• through mutual exchanges over the past 2,000 years. To disseminate knowledge of sion. They exchanged views on law, they give lectures, and often legislative work, international is• China and India will hold visit villages to offer legal advices. sues and bilateral relations. "substantive discussions" on At a banquet in the honour of their boundary disputes in To reduce the number of eco• his Soviet guests, , vice- New Delhi from November nomic disputes, these firms also chairman of the NPC Standing 4 to 10, according to the examine and notarize contracts for Committee, told the head of the Chmese Foreign Ministry. local enterprises and households. Soviet delegation that China will China Denies 'Nuke continue to pursue an independent Co-op' Allegation and peaceful foreign policy and re• Si no-Soviet Moves mains willing to establish friendly A Chinese Foreign Mini• relations with all countries on the stry spokesman recently des• To Improve Ties basis of the five Principles of cribed as "completely Peaceful Coexistence. groundless" an allegation by Although the 7th round of Sino- US Senator Alan Cranston Soviet consultations earlier this "The peoples of the two neigh• that China was involved in month held on to a long-standing bouring countries of China and the nuclear co-operation with deadlock on several major issues, Soviet Union have a traditional Iran and South Africa. last month saw some progress friendship. To strengthen and ex• when both sides agreed to increase pand this friendship is the common ;;j,;jft|ii;na neither : advocates contacts and to step up visits by desire of the two peoples," he said. nor practises nuclear proli• feration, still less will it help non-government representatives of In reply, the Soviet delegation both countries. other countries develop nu• head, Lev Nikolayevich Tolkunov, clear weapons, he said. Talks held between special en• described the resumption of rela• voys of the Chinese and Soviet tions between the two countries' Li Peng Visits Korea governments in Beijing from Octo• parliaments as an indication of Chinese Vice-Premier Li ber 4 to 18 did not resolve any of positive improvement in Sino- Peng headed a Chinese Party the major conflicts between the Soviet relations. and govemnicnt delegation two countries. He said increased ties in pfiji'^tolir of Korea from "The Chinese side maintains that various fields would encourage October 24 to 27. There it is an objective fact that there are both countries to share their ex• they participated in celebra• obstacles in Sino-Soviet relations," periences in building socialism. tions of the 35th anniver• sary of the entry of the Chi• said Ma Yuzhen, a Foreign Mini• During their visit in Beijing, stry spokesman, at a weekly news nese People's Volunteers which was a return visit to the one into the Korean War. briefing. paid by a Chinese NPC delegation Ma said the Soviets refused to to the Soviet Union last March, the budge from their stand on three Soviets met with President Li major obstacles that stand between Xiannian and. NPC Chairman Beijing and Moscow: Soviet sup• .

10 Beijing Review.-No. 44 INTERNATIONAL

tion for the anniversary, but there were objections from certain United Nations Western countries about clauses af• firming the right to the self-deter• mination of Palestine, and clauses Within Its Walls, Peace Will Prevail regarding the establishment of a new world economic order. Thus, the member states failed to reach On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the United Na• an agreement on a draft, and there tions, more than 150 heads of state, special envoys and was notable disappointment among representatives attended the celebrations in New York. most of the delegations.

Meanwhile, outside the walls of 44 other countries. The proclama• the UN, more than 5,000 children by REN VAN tion calls on all nations to join held demonstrations to express with the United Nations "in re• their desire for peace. EGINNING October 14, the solute efforts to safeguard peace B United Nations held cele• and the future of humanity." UN Secretary-General Perez de brations on the occasion of Cuellar in his speech said that no its 40th anniversary. The at• The UN General Assembly had single national viewpoint could mosphere at the UN head• planned to adopt a special declara• dominate or exclude another at the quarters in New York was strong and solemn, yet there was an undercurrent of warmth and mu• tual respect. Representatives from 120 countries, including about 65 heads of state and government and 43 special envoys, joined the celebrations. The attendance and worldwide interest indicated that the United Nations is far more re• presentative today than it was when its Charter came into force 40 years ago.

During the anniversary celebra• tions, speeches or statements were delivered by Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang, President Ronald Reagan of the United States, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India, Prime Minister David Lange of New Zealand, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, French Minister for External Relations Roland Dumas, and many others. The assembly adopted by acclama• tion a proclamation that next year would be the International Year of Peace, a proposal submitted by Costa Rica, China, Pakistan and

November 4, 1985 forum. The challenge was to ham• United Nations, there are today been fully carried out. This has mer but agreements from differ• 40 subordinate organizations in in turn aroused international dis• ences, he said, and to harmonize various countries, with 26,500 em• satisfaction and much criticism of actions in the attainment of com• ployees, more than 6,000 of whom the United Nations and its power. mon goals. The United Nations' are at the New York headquarters. work throughout the past 40 years Just as the peace proclamation has made it a unique instrument However, the United Nations is pointed out, to promote peace and in the hands of all member states, not the "world government." It security, the people of the world he noted. He added that the affir• cannot force its members to imple• must stand together and take mation of commitment to the UN ment its resolutions. Many impor• energetic action against the pos• Charter made during this session, tant resolutions — especially ones sibility of a third world war. And and the designation of 1986 as the concerning Afghanistan, Kampu• what better place to start than "Year of Peace," must be backed chea, South Africa, the Middle among the international corridors up by negotiations towards resolv• East and disarmament — have not of the United Nations. ing major disputes, curbing the arms race and overcoming the crisis of slow development in the Africa' third world. . Jaime de Pinies, the current Economic Horizons Become Clear president of the general assembly, African countries are making economic reforms, hoping in his address appealed to the member states to "marshal the to invigorate deteriorated economies. political will to commit ourselves To survive the crisis, African to resolving existing conflicts, but by CHEN HEGAO countries have begun to revitalize to prevent the emergence of new farm production. Agriculture has ones." GLIMMER of hope has ap• been largely ignored in Africa be• To accomplish the task, he said, A peared on the poverty-striken cause of the devotion to in• they must make full use of the African horizon. Many African dustrialization after independence. provisions in the UN Charter. "If nations have launched major eco• Agricultural investment in some we do this," he said, "we will have nomic reforms in the past few countries was less than 10 percent taken a first step, a step of para• years, in a bid to turn around their of the total for national develop• mount importance, a step towards failing economies. The reforms ment, while in others food price the revitalization of our organiza• involve their economic structures, hikes were limited for fear of af• tion as a genuine instrument for agricultural and industrial policies fecting urban living conditions, re• the effective maintenance of inter• and financial systems. sulting in massive food shortages. national peace and security." During the last few years, the The gloomy economy alarmed drought that swept more than 10 African governments, forcing them Recent history has shown that African nations, the worst in his• to make farm production a priori• the United Nations is an important tory, and a grey world economic ty. In recent years, agricultural international arena for internation• climate have combined to destroy investment has been expanded, al diplomatic activities, providing the African economy. Millions of technicians have been trained and equal rights and opportunities to people have died of hunger and income taxes on farmers have been big and small countries to expound 150 million are threatened by the cut. Last year, Togo reaped a their policies and positions. It is danger of starvation. The devastat• record harvest, and food shortages also a place of mutual co-operation ed African economy has re• in the Ivory Coast, Benin and and bilateral contacts. Because it sulted in an enormous increase of Sierra Leone have become less has been committed to solving in• refugees: 5 million, up from acute. Cameroon also grew enough ternational disputes and easing 400,000 in the early 1960s. food despite its intensive drought. tension, it has helped to prevent the outbreak of another world war. Africa's economy has developed Along with the agricultural push, at a slow pace, with the annual African countries simultaneously Back then, after the close of growth rate of its least developed began to transform their industrial World War II, the United Nations countries being only 0.8 percent structures. They have closed many held 51 signatories. Today, there between 1981 and 1984. Overall, state enterprises, expanded private are 159 member states. With the the continent's foreign debt has business and have begun to co• expansion and development of the amounted to US$i70 billion. operate with European countries

12 Beijing Review, No. 44 in training technicians, managers but have opened channels to in• Due to the atrocities perpetrated and workers, in an attempt to up• crease government revenue. Co• by the South African authorities, grade their backward industries. operation with the West also has a wave of condemnation and de• The Nigerian government has helped East African countries drill mand for sanctions against it has closed down those enterprises that more oil wells, thus easing the spread throughout the world. A proved unbeneficial, leaving only financial burden of total depen• United Nations Security Council those that have an impact on the dence on oil imports. resolution of sanction was adopted national economy and standard of last July. Nordic countries, France, living. In Benin, most of the state African governments also have Canada, Australia and New Zea• enterprises have been turned over brought their reforms to finance, land, as well as many third world to private operations. an important factor behind any countries, have announced their healthy economy. Currencies were punitive actions. Even the United "Open-door" policies have been devalued in Ghana, the Ivory States, whose government has ad• adopted in some countries to en• vocated a policy of "constructive courage foreign investment and Coast, Kenya, Morocco, Senegal engagement" with Pretoria, finally inspire joint ventures. In Africa, and Zimbabwe last year, and Zam• took some limited measures to pun• the governments have pooled suf• bia this year. African heads of ish it last October under pressure ficient foreign funds to explore state are in the process of estab• both at home and abroad. forestry resources and establish lishing an African monetary fund, joint ventures, which not only have which so far has been authorized South Africa is a thorny created employment opportunities US$2 billion. problem for Whitehall. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is convinced an economic embargo would hurt South African blacks the most, increase racial hatred and stiffen the white government's Nassau resistance to change. During the summit meeting, it was reported that Thatcher crossed out all para• Britain Compromises on Sanctions graphs referring to South Africa in her speech, thus avoiding a con• frontation with the hard-liner The Commonwealth summit leaders agreed on a compro• states from the beginning. mise to render sanctions against Pretoria, which will put Britain has a direct investment the racist regime in further isolation. However, the sanc• of US$14 billion in South Africa, tions fell short of hoped-for mandatory measures. making up half of the total foreign investment in that country. Bri• tain has already banned the sale by Yl MING issue, with most leaders launching of oil, arms and computers to Pre• Beijing Review News Analyst a long-expected drive for tougher toria, but Abdul Minty, honorary sanctions against Pretoria, while secretary of Britain's anti-apar• Britain insisting on its opposition theid movement, charged that the N the final communique issued to any sanctions in the first five arms and oil embargoes are fre• I October 22 by the leaders of 44 days of the meeting. The accord quently violated through oil swaps Commonwealth states at the bien• reached at the final session was and inter-locking firms in the arms nial summit meeting 'in Nassau, a product of compromise. Al• trade. the Bahamas, the South African though it fell far short of the com• government was given six months prehensive mandatory sanctions Minty presented to the Nassau to start dismantling its apartheid wanted by some member states, summit a declaration favouring policies of racial separation, or it nevertheless was welcomed by sanctions, signed by 160 British face further sanctions. This was and large. organizations claiming to represent timely warning to the Pretoria re• more than 18 million people in the gime, as news about killings of As Kenneth Kaunda, President United Kingdom. In his opinion innocent people has come from of Zambia, said the Common• the South African government that country almost every day. wealth had sent a signal to Pretoria would not be open to persuasion The week-long summit was dom• that the member states were united unless it were subjected to power• inated by the South African in condemining it. ful sanctions.

November 4, 1985 13 However, Thatcher put particu• If Botha persists in his intran• US$40 million in 1984 from US$23 lar stress on the section of the sigence for another six months, ac• million in 1983. summit accord that called on South cording to the Commonwealth Albania also has increased trade Africa to initiate a process of dia• plan, a number of further sanc• with Greece, Austria, Switzerland logue, crossing lines of colour, tions, including a ban of airlines and other Western European coun• politics and religion, with a goal and a ban on new investment and tries. Its business with the West to establish a non-racial and re• agricultural imports will be put accounted for 40 percent of its presentative government. into effect by the group's member total foreign trade last year. states. But the accord is a pro• In response to the call, P. W. gramme of voluntary sanctions, Yugoslavia has remained Alba• Botha, president of South Africa, and Thatcher has said she will not nia's largest trade partner despite has made it clear that he will not take further action. long-standing ideological dif• accept any proposal of negotiation Still, many Commonwealth ferences between Tirana and Bel• to be held within six months. He states believe that when the time grade. About 12 percent (US$88 also continues to refuse a repre• is ripe London will act along with million) of Albania's overseas sentative government of one man, them, and that the accord is just trade was done with Yugoslavia one vote, in a unitary state. the beginning. last year. Recently a railway from Alba• nia's northern city of Shkoder to the Yugoslav city of Titograd was completed and will soon be open Albania to traffic. As it is the first railway linking Albania to an international Expanding Foreign Trade Relations railway network, it is expected to further develop Albania's economic ties with Yugoslavia and other Recent months witnessed increased efforts by Albania to European countries. expand trade relations with other countries in a bid to Albania has no trade relations boost its economic development. with the Soviet Union, but it has continued business with the East Italy has been one of Albania's Eijiropean members of the Council by WANG XIANJU leading trade partners. Their two- oij Mutual Economic Assistance, way trade totalled US$60 million \Vhich was estimated at US$300 LBANIAN Foreign Trade Min• last year and is expected to in• njillion, or 40 percent of Albania's A ister Shane Korbeci recently crease by 5 percent in 1985. t6tal foreign trade in 1984. wrapped up a visit to Italy, during Under a trade agreement signed which he signed a 1985-86 trade Prior to Korbeci's trip to Italy, \v'ith Prague on October 10, Tirana agreement with his Italian counter• French Secretary of State for Ex• ill barter iron, nickel and chrome part Nicola Capria. ternal Relations Jean-Michel Baylet re, asphalt, leather, tobacco, visited Tirana as the head of a 76- Under the provisions of the doc• oranges and tomatoes in exchange member delegation. His talks with ument, Albania will sell Italy for Czechoslovakian lorries, diesel Albania's foreign and foreign trade minerals, confectionary, textiles, /generators, machine tools, bearings, ministers centred on further eco• foodstuffs, light industry products tyres and steel-rolling machinery. nomic and trade relations between and fuels. At the same time, it the two countries. will buy raw materials, chemicals Progress has been reported in and machinery from Italy. Albania's efforts to introduce Albania has maintained good re• advanced technology and equip• lations with France since the end The two ministers also discussed ment from abroad to boost its in• the possibility of building an oil of World War II. Paris has dustrial production and ease do• platform in the Adriatic Sea, with supplied Tirana with advanced mestic economic difficulties. But Italian aid, and linking Albania to machinery such as equipment for it is believed that the prospects for the Italian-Greek power network. chemical industry and generating wider trade with the outside world The two projects, if completed, units for the Koman Hydropower are limited, as the country has rel• would be a great help to Albania's Station, the biggest of its kind atively little export potential and efforts to explore its oil resources under construction in Albania. still follows a policy of "refusing and export its electric power. Their trade volume was up to foreign loans."

14 Beijing Review, No. 44 Work Together for Better World

unremitting efforts, and the Unit• ed Nations has done a great deal of work under complicated and difficult conditions in order to realize these lofty objectives.

Over the past four decades, tremendous changes have taken place in the world, but they fall far short of our expected goals. Though no new world war has broken out, regional hot wars and the East-West cold war have been on and off. The colonial system has disintegrated, but there have been repeated encroachments upon others' sovereignty and armed conquests. All countries, big or small, should be treated as equals, yet power politics remains opera• tive in international relations. I Ills is a statement made by ing its functions in the hope that Though the system of apartheid Premier Zhao Ziyang at the UN it will better play its due role. has been universally condemned, General Assembly for the com• It is the common aspiration of the perverse acts by the South Af• memoration of the 40th anniver• mankind to build a world of rican authorities are being intensi• sary of the founding of the United peace and security, prosperity and fied. While the wealth created by Nations in New York on October mankind has multiplied, there is a 24, 1985 —Ed. widening gap of wealth between Forty years have passed since the North and the South. The the birth of the United Nations. A 'fundamental change has arms race has swallowed up an taken place in the pattern enormous amount of wealth and In world history it is rare for a of the postwar international resources, whereas millions upon political international organization millions of pen, women and chil• to have such enduring vitality like relations owing to the rise dren in some developing countries that of fhe United Nations whose of the third world and the are suffering from starvation and universality and importance grow development of the Non- diseases and struggling for their with the passage of time. Despite aligned Movement. The very existence. In a word, our twists and turns and its present days when a few big present world is still fraught with weaknesses, the United Nations is powers could dominate contradictions, confrontations, tur• irreplaceable in the historical mis• the world are gone bulence and conflicts. There are sion it shoulders and the impact once and for all. many factors of insecurity and it exerts on the world. Today, we causes for anxiety. may say that the world needs the presence of the United Nations as The decision of the United Na• much as the United Nations needs development, and equality and co• tions to take "United Nations for the support of the world. We are operation. The purposes and prin• a better world" as the theme of holding this august session to ciples of the Charter of the United the commemoration of the 40th celebrate its birthday for the very Nations are the very reflection of anniversary of its founding ac• aim of reaffirming the purposes of this aspiration. All peace-loving cords with the aspiration and the United Nations and strengthen• countries and peoples have made desire of the people of all countries,

November 4, 1985 irrespective of their colours. There countries and peoples are faced inequitable international economic are bound to be different explana• with a common task, namely, to order, most developing countries tions as to what kind of world can check the arms race. We are op• have yet to lift themselves from be regarded as a better world. Ac• posed to the arms race, be it con• poverty and backwardness. Re• cording to the purposes of the UN ventional, nuclear, on ground or vitalizing the economy of the Charter, a better world cannot in outer space. Neither "deterrent developing countries and tapping be built without peace and devel• force" nor "balance of terror" can the potentials in these vast areas opment, and it calls for equality ensure peace. On the contrary, with three quarters of the world's and co-operation among nations. they are bound to give rise to population will contribute signifi• These are its fundamental require• spiralling intensification of the cantly to the growth and prosper• ments. arms race. There is every reason ity of the world economy as a to ask the two superpowers that The Charter of the United Na• whole. This not only requires possess the largest nuclear arsenals tions has made it clear in its very arduous efforts on the part of the to take the lead in drastically re• first sentence: "We the peoples of developing countries to vigorously ducing their nuclear armaments the United Nations" are "deter• develop their national economies so as to create necessary condi• mined to save succeeding genera• and actively strengthen South- tions for the complete prohibition tions from the scourge of war, South co-operation, but also calls and thorough destruction of nu• which twice in our lifetime has for the restructuring of the interna• clear weapons. Like many other brought untold sorrow to man• tional economic order and the countries, China pays close atten• kind. . . ." Regrettably, how• promotion of North-South dia• tion to the forthcoming summit ever, the four postwar dec• logue and co-operation. In spite of meeting between the United States ades are years of East-West the exploratory efforts made at and the Soviet Union. It is hoped confrontation and spiralling escala• the Cancun Conference four years, that in conformity with the de• tion of the arms race. The interna• ago, no global North-South dia• mands of the people of the world, tional situation remains turbulent logue has been launched up to now, they will really abandon their at• and the danger of war lingers on. and no significant change has tempt to seek military superiority In order to safeguard international taken place in the current North- and reach agreement through ne• security and prevent war, the East South relations. The United Na• gotiations which is conducive to and the West should remove con• tions should address this important world peace and, furthermore, frontation, ease the atmosphere question seriously and take effec• translate it into action. and develop their relations. All tive measures in regard to finance, countries, whether different or money, trade, debt and assistance A fundamental change has taken similar in social system, should so as to promote better North- place in the pattern of the post• coexist peacefully. Every country South relations. This will be most war international relations owing should recognize the right of the helpful to the economic growth of to the rise of the third world and people of any other country to both the North and the South and the development of the Non-align• choose a social system as they to the maintenance of world peace. ed Movement. The days when a think fit. No country should harm We hope that more developed few big powers could dominate the the security of any other country countries will join the developing world are gone once and for all. on the excuse of safeguarding its countries in making their due con• The peace forces have outgrown own. In international relations, tributions to this end. the factors making for war. So no country should resort to the long as all the peace-loving coun• Equal rights of nations, large threat or use of force as a means tries and peoples unite and work and small, constitute the funda• to push its own policies. Interna• together, world peace can be mental principle of the UN Char• tional disputes which are likely to maintained and a new world war ter as well as the cornerstone of lead to conflicts constitute a hid• averted. the United Nations Organization. den danger for world peace and These equal rights should not be are sources of turbulence. The Another important problem and interpreted merely as the rights to parties concerned should seek just rnaior historical challenge facing speak and to vote in the United and reasonable solutions by nego r-r.nkind is whether or not com- Nations. They should include the tiations or other peaceful means rnoii development and prosperity right of every nation to inviolabil• As an organization for maintain• can be attained throughout the ity of its sovereignty and indepen• ing world peace and safeguarding v/orld. just like whether or not dence, and to non-interference in international security, the United another world war can be averted. its internal affairs. In this regard, Nations ought to play an acsive As a result of the heavy burden the present state of the world is role in this respect. left over from the prolonged not satisfactory. There are still At present, all the peace-lovmg colonial rule and of the existing attempts to impose one's will on

16 Beijing Review, No. 44 small states in disregard of their initiative in cutting the size of its and partner to all countries that rights. What ii worse, acts of in• military force by one million has work for world peace and pro• vading and occupying others' ter• once again demonstrated its firm mote international economic ritories and trampling upon their stand against the arms race. China growth. sovereignty have not yet ceased. does not set up military bases or The United Nations has travers• The universality and efficacy of station troops abroad, nor does it ed a long course, but it is still fac• the United Nations lie in the seek hegemony or interfere in the ed with arduous tasks. All the equality of all its members. Only internal affairs of other countries. when the weak are free from being It steadfastly pursues a policy of member states and the peoples of bullied by the strong and the opening to the outside world and all countries must continue their small nations are respected by the engages in reciprocal and mutual• tremendous efforts to build a bet• big powers can the United Na• ly beneficial economic and techno• ter world of peace, development, tions play its full role and world logical exchanges with countries equality and co-operation. Let us peace and stability be maintained. in the north and the south, the work together in compliance with the purposes and principles of the As one of the founding members west and the east in the interest UN Charter to attain this lofty of the United Nations and a of common progress. China will goal. • permanent member of the Secu• always remain a reliable friend rity Council, China is clearly aware of its responsibility and obliga• tions. We have always abided by Facts & Figures the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, Collective and Private Economies supported its activities in maintain• The collective economy, and the from 19.2 percent to 25 percent. ing world peace and promoting in• individual economy which is an The private sector made up ternational co-operation and stood essential and useful supplement to 0.2 percent and other types of in• for the strengthening of its func• the public economy, have develop• dustry accounted for 1.2 percent tions and status in world affairs. ed rapidly during the Sixth Five- (including enterprises jointly run China is a developing socialist Year Plan period. by the state and collectives, state country belonging to the third and individual, Chinese and for• world. We have always supported According to the data provided eign joint ventures, and enterprises the people of all countries in their by the State Statistical Bureau, 99 run by overseas Chinese or entre• just struggles to maintain peace percent of the peasant households preneurs from Hongkong and and safeguard their sovereignty carried out the production respon• Macao). and independence and to oppose sibility system — a forrii of collec• imperialism, colonialism, hegemo- tive economy — by the end of During this period, commercial nism and racism. We will, as 1984. The total number of urban departments opened up many always, make unremitting efforts residents who work in collective channels for circulation while for the just cause of peace, devel• operations increased from 20.5 grass-roots supply and marketing opment, equality and international million in 1978 to 32.2 million in co-ops returned to a collective na• co-operation. 1984; the total number of urban ture. The collective and private economies in commerce, catering China loves peace and needs residents who were self-employed and service trades have expanded peace. It is essential to have an increased from 150,000 to 3.4 fast. By the end of last year, 2,248 international environment of dur• million during the same period. trade centres of various kinds had able peace and stability in which The proportion of the two sectors been established in urban areas to eradicate its prolonged back• in the total urban workforce has and there were 56,000 trade fairs wardness and turn it into a mod• increased from 21.7 percent to 29.1 throughout the country. ernized socialist country with percent. Chinese characteristics where there Rural and urban collective-run The proportion of retail sales will be prosperity for all. Pursuing enterprises have mushroomed in provided by the state-run economy an independent foreign policy of the past few years, as well as the dropped from 90 percent of the peace, China considers itself duty- private handicraft industry. The country's total in 1978 to 45.6 bound to oppose hegemonism and proportion of industrial output percent in 1984, while its collec• safeguard world peace. China value turned out by state-run en• tive counterparts rose from 7.4 hopes to live in harmony with its terprises decreased from 80.8 per• percent to 39.6 percent and the neighbours and all other countries cent of the country's total in 1978 individual and rural sectors sales and wishes to see peaceful coexist• to 73.6 percent in 1984, while the to ruban residents increased from ence among all countries. China's collective proportion increased 2.1 percent to 14.6 percent.

November 4, 1985 17 China's Prospects for the Year 2000

"China by 2000," a key scientific and technological research project, population will be about 6.3 bil• was completed early this year by a group oj Chinese experts and scholars. lion. China, with 1.248 billion, Research Fellow Wang Huijiong of the State Council Technological and will account for 19.8 percent of Economic Research Centre outlined their reports at a recent Beijing that figure. seminar. "The Mainland and Taiwan." By 2000, the report predicts that Following are excerpts of Wang's speech — Ed. China's infant mortality rate will drop to 20 per thousand, from 35 per thousand in 1981, while the natural resources and the environ• average life span will rise to about ment by the end of this century as 72 years from 68 in 1982. As for a preliminary for a long-term re• age structures, China's current search plan. Their report was call• young population would then be• ed "Global 2000." come stable. The 0-14, 15-64 and China began to research on over-65 age groups would be China by 2000 in late 1982. Its 24.3%, 68.8% and 6.9% of the main report and 12 sub-reports population respectively. Therefore, were ready by early 1985. China's populafion structure out• look may be bright by the year China's Image by 2000 2000, and many of its old-age prob• lems could be avoided. Population. The report predicts that, from 1983 to 2000, if China Education, Science and Tech• keeps its annual population in• nology. At the end of this century, by WANG HUIJIONG crease rate at 0.95 percent, the primary schooling will be popularized in the country's coun• FTER World War II, a world total will be expected to reach 1.2 tryside, secondary schooling will economic growth began. But, billion. If the annual increase rate A be universal in towns and cities while people were rejoicing in climbs to 1.15 percent, the total and senior middle school educa• their optimism, the Club of Rome population will be held within 1.25 tion will spread in the big cities. sent a warning in 1972: "If the billion; but if the increase rate It is predicted that from 1983 current increase in world popula• soars to 1.34 percent, the number through 2000, the number of post• tion, industry, pollution and grain will really be 1.28 billion. graduate students and college grad• production and the decrease in uates will rise to more than 10 natural resources continue, the Statistics for 1949-82 show million. It is also predicted that globe will reach its developriient that, except for the three years the number of scientists and tech• limits, and this will result in a from 1959-61, the lowest increase nicians will reach about 9.3 mil• possible sharp change and the de• rate was 1.16 percent in 1979. lion, up from 6.85 million in 1983, control of population and industry Rates also varied from 1.2 percent and that they will be younger than some time within the next cen• to 1.26 percent from 1976-78, ever before. tury." while the other 26 years all reg• istered increases far higher than China has much scientific poten• 1.34 percent. Besides, between This warning captured world• tial —in 1964 its first atomic bomb wide attention. A world futurism 1950-57, and from 1962-73, the increase rate surpassed 2 per• test succeeded, and 15 space satel• association cropped up in 1973. lites have been put into orbit since The European Economic Com• cent. Even worse, people who 1970. China's other successes in• munity organized a special "future- were born in those two periods clude the launching of a long-range oriented" group, specializing in ex• will reach child-bearing age by carrier rocket and an experimental ploring the co-ordinated develop• the end of the century. Therefore, communications satellite. With re• ment of the developed industrial it will be hard for China to achieve forms now in progress in its scien• societies and the developing coun• its population goal of 1.2 billion, tific and technological structure, tries. In 1977, former US President although good work has been done China's scientific and technological Jimmy Carter called the US Con• in recent years. The total might potential will be fully tapped. gress to spend a full year studying be kept to 1.25 billion if every the changes in world population. means is tried. By 2000, the world A Better Life. By the year 2000,

18 Beijing Review, No. 44 China will aiiisin or burpass the annual per-capita gross output Europe—-will maintain, while the goal of "meeting the basic needs" value will be 1,600 yuan. Its na• developing countries will step up in living standards set for the tional income will be 1,450 billion their economic co-operation. The developing countries. The basic yuan, 3.9 times the 1980 figures economy of Asian-Pacific countries needs of its people in most part of and an average increase rate of 7.1 around China has been developing, the country will not only be percent, with per-capita income rather rapidly in these years, and satisfied, but there will also be rising to 1,160 yuan. its importance is growing. In a signs of affluence. National con• word, the changes in the world sumption levels will be a little If these possibilities are realized economic pattern will be beneficial higher than today's middle-class by the end of the century, China's to China's open policy and its so• urban standards, and annual per- economy would rank fifth or sixth cialist construction. capita consumption will surpass in the world, although its per- 700 yuan — four times more than capita output value will still be Ecology and Environment. Since 1980's 227 yuan. Urban per-capita low. According to statistics gather• the 1970s, the interrelation of the consumption will reach more than ed by the World Bank in 1980, environment and the development 1,200 yuan, while the figure in China's per-capita output value of human society has been the rural areas and towns will be was US$2g0, placing it 133rd on a focus of world attention. It is pre• more than 600 yuan. Durable list of 159 countries. It will be dicted that the problems of natural consumer goods such as TV sets, difficult for China to rise into the resources damage, acid rain, rising cassette recorders, refrigerators and top 80 nations by 2000. Its hope density of carboti dioxide and the washing machines will be popular is pinned on reaching the goal of city population explosion will be• in cities and towns. being a developed country by 2050. come even more serious. Forests now cover 31.3 percent of the By the end of this century, the Industrial Set-Up. All through world's land, but the figure is only living-standard gap between urban 1980-2000, the development of Chi• 12 percent in China. China's and rural areas will be narrowed, na's infrastruttural construction, annual per-capita hydraulic re• from 2.7:1 in 1980 to 1.8-2:1. But building materials, manufacturing sources is 2,700 cubic metres per regional differences will still re• and service industries will speed years, far below international main quite large, especially be• up. Agriculture and mining, on standards. China has 130 million tween the developed coastal the other hand, will slow down. hectares of arable land, and 220 regions and the more remote, in• Agriculture's share of the country's million hectares of pastures. But land areas. gross output value will drop to 20 China's soil erodes at a rate of percent, while that of the service about 5 billion tons every year. However, the regional dif• trades will rise to about 26 percent from 16 percent in 1980. ferences are natural, and compare If enough attention is paid to well with the developmental his• International Environment. To these problems, and all the Chinese tory of other countries. The dif• people are mobilized to plant trees ference in per-capita income be• reach its economic goals by 2000, China needs a peaceful environ• and grass, China's forest coverage tween Connecticut and Mississippi, rate might possibly reach about 18 for example, was US$4,871 to ment. In the meanwhile, world political and economic changes will percent by 2000. Losses of natural US$2,547 in 1970, but rose to influence China's construction. pastureland may be stopped and US$13,748 to US$7,778 ten years The report says that the current the grasslands used more effic- later. Taking all factors into con• three-world pattern will continue; iendy. Soil erosion might be sideration, China will try to avoid the superpowers' race for hegem• allayed, and the ecological environ• creating large regional gaps. ony will not stop; and the posi• ment may gradually be able to gain tion of third world countries in a good recycle. Anyhow, monitor• Economy Strengthened. In world affairs will be strengthened. ing on changes in environment, soil 1980, China's total output value The political situation in the areas alkalization and desiccation must reached US$280 billion, ranking it around China is becoming more be strengthened. eighth-highest in the world. Ac• and more favourable. With the cording to our calculations, China's three-world pattern in existence, Strategy and Policy national output value will reach the world economy will be further US$1,200 billion by 2000, 4.2 polarized and more economic blocs To reach its goals, China should times the 1980 figure, with an an• will appear. The tripartite con• make detailed analyses of its nual average increase of 7.4 per• frontation of the three economic reality, restrictions and changes in cent. If China's population ex• powers in capitalist world — the the development process. Correct pands to 1.25 billion then, its United States, Japan and Western strategies and policies will be "November 4, 1985 19 formed with an eye on the long- tween the scale of investment in hinterland, from the laboratory to term and overall interests. The education and that for economic the production line. question is to co-ordinate well the construction. Third, though the restrictive factors among the coastal areas may profit quickly Comparison various stages in the long process with little investment, construction Both the American futurist book and between the partiial and the in the hinterlands must be given Global 2000 and the EEC's whole so as to achieve the set goal. serious consideration. Into Future contain predic• tions of China's population, na• China's long-term policies should The report concludes that when tional gross output value, energy aim for simultaneous development the economy becomes powerful production and grain output by the of the economy, society, science and living standards improve, end of the century. Some of their and technology, and ecological China should pay close attention to statistics are quite different from balance. Ecological and environ• energy, transportation and com• ours. For example, China's grain mental problems won't have much munications. China has rich nat• output last year already surpassed negative influence on the develop• ural resources, but its per-capita the amount predicted in Global ing countries in the short run, but averages of these resources are 2000. But its projection of Chi• attention should be pajd then in pitifully low. Besides, these re• na's GNP in relation to the rest long-term planning. At present, for sources are not evenly distributed of the world approximates that example, pollution is becoming throughout the country. China, ^iven in our research report. more expensive to deal with, although China's urbanization has the report points out, should make The World Bank posits three not been very fast at all. There• scientific, economical use of its possibilities for China's economic fore, economic development should natural resources through compre• development by the year 2000. be put higher on the agenda than hensive utilization of advanced First, China could reach its goal of environment protection for the science and technology. quadrupling annual industrial and near future. However, ecological agricultural output value after a environment must be taken into Today, China boasts 400,000 in• very intensive study of investment account from a long-term strategic dustrial enterprises. Formerly they efficiency, economical use of point of view. The research report relied mainly on increased invest• energy and changes in consumption suggests that China adopt policies ment, more equipment and more structures. To accomplish this, the to "control the spread of pollution labour to raise production while increase rates of China's GNP, na• and give priority to improving en• little progress was made in improv• tional income and industrial and agricultural gross output value vironment." In their first 10 years, ing the quality, technology and must respectively be 6.6 percent, these policies would stop the management. In the ne^r future, 5.3 percent and 7.2 percent. In spread of pollution and environ• China's economic development will the second scenario, China cannot mental damage, and help solve focus on updating the technology urgent environmental problems; in quadruple its annual industrial and of its existing enterprises to im• agricultural output value, but its their second decade of implementa• prove the quality of their products tion, China would employ advanc• gross national product, national in• and boost their economic results. ed technologies to protect and im• come and industrial and agricul• prove the environment inj a tural gross output value increase The service trades now play the planned, step-by-step programme. at average annual rates of 5.4 per• same role as manufacturing once cent, 5.1 percent and 6 percent did in relation to agriculture. respectively. According to the On the social development, the Therefore, the development of the third scenario, China speeds up report makes three major observa• service trades is especially under• development of its service trades tions. First, as to the interaction lined in the report. in order to achieve the same per- between China's economic struc• capita GNP figure that would have ture and its development, the Party The development of science and been reached if industry and agri• Central Committee announced its technology is also stressed. The culture quadrupled their output decision on economic str'irtural report suggests that in light of ac• value. In this view, the average reform last year. Another decision tual conditions, China combine annual increase rates for GNP, na• on the reform of science and tech• new technology with traditional tional income and industrial and nology management system came industries, speed up the import of agricultural output value would March 1985. Second, talented peo• advanced technology and the shift respectively be 6.6 percent, 6.2 per• ple are very important to social of military technologies to civilian cent and 6.4 percent by the year development, yet in the near future, use, and spread the use of tech• 2000. These figures coincide with contradiction will still exist be• nology from the coastal areas to the our research report. •

20 Beijing Review, No. 44 Joint Venture: Success Speaks for Itse

Joint venture in China is still a trial. In the wake of economic- show patience, understanding and reform, the promulgation of the foreign economic legislation and the sincerity. improvement of China's overall investment climate, co-operative efforts here are by degrees becoming less troublesome. Presently, there are Marathon Talks 1,614 joint ventures, in various stages of development, in China. In The Chinese partner — the 1983, there were only 188. Through the continued efforts of the Chi• former Beijing M vifi nese and their foreign partners, most of these enterprises have chalked Plant— was ihe cnh ^ > ^ i „ t up sound economic progress. This article, and another on p. 25 of this that produces ligh issue highlight the problems, progress and development of two of these vehicles. Since it went .if ^ ventures. — Ed. tion in 1965, Beijing iv^oio. p 1 ucts have generally Ken j i i^-i to the level of 5.18 one year after by JIAN CHUAN in China. The type of car pro• it went into business. Meanwhile, Our Correspondent duced by the plant, however, '."as the investment recovery rate has getting to be seen as technically also proven to be favourable at HE Beijing Jeep Corporation out-of-date and stylistically dull, 22.9 percent in terms of RMB and T Ltd. — a Sino-American joint and was therefore not competitive 16.3 percent in terms of US dollars. venture and one of China's largest on international market. In an joint ventures — began operating The dramatic progress of Beijing effort to reverse the plant's slide in January 1984 after four and a feep is testament to the fact that into obsolescence, its management half years of negotiations and has opening to the outside world and was anxious to look for funds and proved to be unexpectedly effic• domestic reform can go hand in techniques to update its equipment ient. The average number of jeeps hand, with each helping promote and improve its products made by each worker at the Beijing the other. In order to effect co• China's open policy, effective Jeep Corporation jumped from 1.7 operation both parties need to since 1979, provided the man.^gers with an opportunity to fulfil their hope. The group contacted car President of the board of directors Wu Zhongliang (sefcond from right) and State Councillor Clien Muhuo (first from right) visiting the jeep plant. manufacturers in Japan, Great Britain, France and the Unued States, and only after companog bids from companies from each of these countries did they choose the American Motors Corporation (AMC) as their partner in a joint venture.

At that time, however, there were still people involved with the Beijing company \9ho had mis• givings about entering into a joirU venture with foreigners — a result of the mental shackles imposed by years of "leftist" ideas. Arguments on the potentially destructive effects of dealing with a capitalist country were debated on all sides before Beijing Motor began one on one discussions with AMC.

November 4, 1985 21 Among the management ai when the Chinese formed a five- the Beijing Jeep Corporation Ltd. AMC, skeptics also tried to dis• member group of department heads went into business. Problems, suade the corporation from co- which complete negotiating and however, did not end when the operadng with China, saying Chi• decision-making authority in the negotiating table was abandoned, na's political situation could prove talks with AMC. The adjustment for in Beijing Jeep's early stages, to be unstable. Others, however, simplified the procedures and ac• the company met one difficulty saw the opportunity to co-operate celerated the pace of the negotia• after another. with the Chinese as a prime way tions, leading finally to a contract One early problem was the re• to step up AMC's competition with signed on May 5, 1983. duction in work force imposed the Japanese. According to the contract, the after the joint venture was estab• By the time two sides had term of the joint venture is 20 lished. Beijing Jeep's labour force decided to begin negotiating in years. The Beijing Jeep is one of was to be fixed at 4,000, which earnest, doubts and misgivings still China's largest, with 101.75 mil• meant 20 percent less of Beijing' cast a dark shadow over the nego• lion yuan in registered capital, of Jeep's production workers. The tiating table. Obstacles also came which the Chinese side invests reduction in labour was compound• from China's old economic man• 68.65 percent and the American ed by the requirement that the agement system. Feng Xiantang, side 31.35 percent. Vice-President factory's 1984 output and output the vice-president of the board of Feng Xiantang said: "Now that value were supposed to exceed directors of Beijing Jeep, said the more people understand China's 1983's by 30 percent respectively. then Beijing Motor had more than open policy and now that China The idea of increasing'production ten government sections overseeing has reformed its management and by 30 percent while reducing the its operation and interfering with economic systems, there will be no number of workers confounded the its work. When it came time to more marathon talks like the ones Chinese, who had previously approve a feasibility report, how• we experienced with AMC." followed the "more workers, more ever, no one in these ten agencies production" maxim. Although the would take the responsibility of Feng was right. In the first half Chinese managers proposed a com• approving the plan until more than of this year, China established promise plan to hire 300- more a year after the report was sub• about 600 joint ventures — 40 per• workers to see the factory through mitted. From 1979 to May 1983, cent of China's total. Most of the transition period, the board of the factory reported to its leaders these 600 took less than a year to directors balked at it. on the situation of their talks with get the contracts signed. AMC more than 300 times, averag• This prompted the factory to ing one every five days, but heard overhaul its management. With little in response. Management Reform the help of the American general manager and eight managers, the A turning point in what loomed On lanuary 15, 1984, eight corporation instituted a series of as a stalemate emerged in 1982, months after signing the contract, reforms. The following are the American and Chinese managers discussing plans in one of the workshops. bases of those reforms.

Management. With reference to the advanced management ex• perience of AMC, Beijing Jeep re• grouped its more than 30 depart• ments into six that would oversee business management, production, finances, marketing, quahty and technology and one office under the general manager. With only one manager heading each depart• ment, the new structure established direct management lines with clear responsibilities for each manager, and eliminated the previously vague management distinctions that occasionally adversely affected production.

22 Beijing Review, No. 44 Finance. The corporation then streamhned its accounting and 1983 1984 financial operations under the single management of the finance staff labour productivity 28,720 yuan 70,843 yuan department, where previously each department had been responsible annual per-capita jeep output 1.7 jeeps 3.18 jeeps for its own accounting. The new system has resulted in the company average per-capita profit 7,100 yuan" 9,100 yuan decreasing its reserve and saving capital turn-over rate money. In 1983, Beijing Motor 87.5 days 38.7 days needed 70 million yuan a year in utility rate of work hours 70 percent 82 percent loans. In 1984, however, Beijing Jeep borrowed only 30 million attendance rate 92 percent 96 percent yuan. Information. Using AMC's quality control methods as an example, all contributions. Those who work ting its total output at 263.172 mil• of Beijing Jeep's department now harder are paid for it. lion yuan for the year thus far. make daily reports of their produc• All these reforms have brought 1985 production will exceed the tion statistics, finances and quality tangible results. In its first year planned amount, and the in• checks. The daily reports make of operation, Beijing Jeep reached vestment recovery rate will exceed feedback from management and the planned 30 percent production the planned rate by some 30 per• other departments a more integral increase, while the number of pro• cent in terms of RMB and over part of the factory routine and has duction workers and management 20 percent in terms of US dollars. also improved quality control, had been reduced 60 percent from The Americans involved in the while raising the utility rate of 10,000 to 4,000. Last year the fac• venture have noted their satisfac• each work hour. In addition, com• tory's output value reached 263.18 tion with Beijing Jeep's progress, puters have stepped up the com• million yuan and it produced saying they think the operation is pany's filing of product data and 22,418 jeeps. Other economic in• sure to get the automobile world's finances, bringing the corporation's dexes are as those listed in the attention. network planning and management above chart. programme up to the level of the Eliminating American corporation's. The 1985 annual plan for the jeep plant's industrial output value Misunderstandings Labour, wages. Both the com• is 334.2 million yuan. Jeep output According to the joint venture's pany's wage and bonus systems for the year is scheduled at 31,000. contract, for the first five years were reformed along the lines of By the end of September 1985, the of operation, the corporation will the merit; incomes changing with plant produced 23,830 jeeps, put- continue to manufacture current products, while in the meantime, the two sides will collaborate on Beijlng Jeep's board of directors discussing plans at a recent meeting. the design of new jeeps. In June 1984, the board decided that the new jeep would be based on AMC's YJ type, and that the general body design would be ac- cordihg to the demands of the Chinese side. After several months of work by both Chinese and American en• gineers, however, it was found that the vehicle designed, according to the decision of the board of directors, was defective in such areas as its exhaust system, noise, visibility and speed, none of which could match international stan• dards. Because of the failure of the collaborative effort, AMC sug-

November 4, 1985 25 tinuous. It is expected that after 1986, the XJ which is a four-wheel- drive, long-axle minitruck, and its variations will be produced by Bei• jing Jeep. Within the 20 years of the joint venture, AMC will provide its Chinese partners with its techniques, with the aim that by 1988, more than 80 percent of the XJ's parts will be manufactur• ed in Beijing, and that by 1990, the factory will be producing 40,000 XJs a year, 25 percent of which will be exported. Despite the problems and thV setbacks that plagued the partner• ship in its early stages, the two sides were able to find a way Employees at work on a production line. around them. A former general nianager, R. Chatterton, said that gested that the idea of joint design Assistant General Manager Zhao such problems are inevitable in. be postponed until after Beijing Nail in said the series of comprom• such a novel undertaking. But he Jeep could perfect its production ises at Beijing leep attests to the said, at Beijing Jeep, the Chinese of the AMC jeep XJ model, which Chinese and American desire to and Americans have been able to had been under production in the see their partnership succeed. "The surmount their differences and get United States since September readjustment of the product design down to the business of making 1983. was a rational move that showed jeeps that perform. the sincerity of the two sides," The Chinese, however, took Zhao said. "The Americans show• AMC's suggestion as a symbol of ed their sincerity by letting the Making a Bet the Americans' unwillingness to co• Chinese come up with a new In early 1985 the board of direc• operate oiv a jointly designed vehi• design, a move that also demon• tors set an eight-month deadline on cle, and as evidence of AMC's strated their faith in China's busi• the manufacture, installation and desire to control China's market. ness management and technical testing of the equipment for the The proposal was, therefore, skills," he added. painting, welding and general pigeonholed. assembly lines. The eight-month Although the necessary steps The change in plans to manufac• date loomed as an near-impossible were hard to take, both sides were ture the AMC XJ benefits both target. But the Chinese were un• sides. To the Chinese, it means daunted. committed to seeing their venture that not only are they producing work. Persuaded by their Ameri- their new vehicle three years ahead Of the three production lines, caii partners, the Chinese recon• of schedule, but that they are also the painting line is imported from sidered the proposal and solicited making a vehicle that is technically the British Haden Drysys Limited. opinions from potential clients in advanced and dependable, and Outside China, the manufacture, China. To their surprise, the Chi• whose manufacture saves time and installation and testing of the nese found the X} provoked a" posi• money, propelling a portion of equipment for a painting line takes tive response from the surveyed China's automobile industry out of at least ten months. When Sten customers, and soon orders for the the 1950s into the 80s. For the McEvoy, a British expert who XI poured in from across the coun• Americans, the arrangement means came to China to give technical try. The encouraging response, lower production costs, an increase advice for the line, heard of the along with some needling from the in output and the beginnings of a construction period (from late Feb• Americans, prompted the board of competitive edge in Southeast ruary to April 15) the Chinese directors in October to revise their Asian car market and Asian market had imposed on themselves, shook June decision and to manufacture as a whole. his head and said it was "impos• the XI type four-wheel-drive vehi• sible, impossible." cle, with the intention of replacing According to the contract, the the American parts with Chinese American's investment in the "You don't'believe it?" asked Li products later on. plant's technology will be con• Huan, the Chinese manager of the

24 Beijing Review, No. 44 Fresh off the line, some of Beijing Jeep's latest products ready for sole. technology department, 'How work was whipping along, chang• him new insight into the Chinese about a bet?" ing in appearance daily. When it workers' enthusiasm and talent. was finally completed on April 15, "Alright," McEvoy said. "It's a McEvoy was of course astonished. By mid-July, 1985, the work on bet." He admitted his defeat, saying that the welding and general assembly D. H. Lowry, the American such efficiency was unimaginable lines was finished; by early Sep• manager of the corporation's tech• in Great Britain. The Chinese peo• tember, they had been installed; nology department, volunteered to ple, he said, both kept their word and on September 26, the first act as the judge. He marked the and worked at above average vehicle with American parts left date —April 15, 1985 —on his levels of efficiency. the assembly line. desk calender with a red circle. The former general manager Since arranging the bet, when• The speedy completion also Chatterton has said he has been ever McEvoy met Li, he would ex• changed Lowry's impression of the very satisfied with the corpora• press his confidence in winning. Chinese. In the past, he used to tion's work. "I think (Beijing "I still don't think you'll finish the doubt the capabilities of his Chi• Jeep) will become a highly effi• line on time." nese partners. Those doubts have cient company," he said. "With since dissipated. Lowry commend• no strikes and dedicated workers," "April 15 hasn't come yet. Just ed the Chinese for making the pro• Chatterton added, "Beijing leep wait," Li would retort. duction line appear as if out of can be as good as any American By early April, the engineering nowhere. He said the feat gave autorhobile operation."

Mutual Trust Is Crucial to Co-operation

investment of USf990,000, the competitive, albeit less so, at a cost by HAN BAOCHENG Hubei Parker Co., as one of the of 26 percent more than the other Our Correspondent first joint ventures in central seal rings on the international China's Hubei Province, be• market. Consequently, this major ITH a little co-operation and gan manufacturing its rubber seals, a dash of ingenuity, even section of Hubei Parker began to W 85 percent of which were slated lose money. companies lodged deep in barrels for export, mainly to the United of red ink can pull themselves out States and Canada. of the mire far enough to see the Disturbed by these losses, light of day and some profits. The Early in the course of its opera• the Chinese management de• Hubei Parker Seal Co., a joint ven• tion, Hubei Parker's prospects be• vised a plan. They suggest• ture set up by the Hubei Auto gan to look grim. In 1983, the ed to the partnership's board Industrial Co. and the Parker company's high production costs of directors that in order to offset Hannifin Co. of the United States, for Hubei Parker's rings were the losses, Hubei Parker raise its is one such industry that was able about 100 percent higher than the prices for its rings even further to find its way out of the red. international market prices for the and that the Americans finance same products. By the end of 1984, the remaining portion of the In October 1983, with an initial the company's rings were still non• deficit.

November 4, 1985 25 Not surprisingly, the Americans operative effort made by the com• vetoed the proposal &nd countered pany's partners in trying to turn it with another plan. That plan, around its financial situation con• which was later approved by the tributes to successful joint ven• board of directors, suggested that tures. "As long as both sides con• the price for the seals remain the sider each other's needs and same, that output increase 30 per• wishes, a solution to a problem cent in 1986, that wage, construc• can always be found," Cai said. tion and equipnient funds all freeze Mutual trust, he said, is the joint at the original levels, and that the venture's most reliable guarantee company reduce its shipping costs of success. by importing materials from Japan As illustrated by the plan to rather that from the United States pump new life into Hubei Parker's as it had been doing previously. ailing export market, such trust is With this plan, the Americans es• routine at Hubei Parker, Cai said. timated that by the end of 1986, The Americans and the Chinese at Hubei Parker would have turned the company make a point of a profit large enough to compen• taking one another's suggestions sate for its past losses. seriously. When, for example, the company learnt it was going to So far the plan has been success• need to import 16 vulcanizing ma• ful, if only mildly so. The factory chines to stiffen their rubber seals, is expected to chalk up about the Chinese suggested that they 30,000 yuan (US$9,804) in per- import only three, and the other capita output value by the end of 13 be produced in Hubei. The 1985. Furthermore, the plant's plan was approved, and to date A worker of the Hubei Parker Seal utilization ratio, which under the the company has used seven China- Co. polishing the rubber seal rings. American plan was supposed to made machines, all of which are reach 75 percent, is expected to now operational. industry needed a particular type reach 84 percent by the last quar• of seal ring that had to be import• ter of 1985. Another example of such trust ed from the United States. Al• and co-operation came recently, though the formula for the rings According to Hubei Parker's when the C|iinese at Hubei Parker was protected by patent laws that Deputy Director Cai Guoning, co• discovered that China's petroleum prevented it from being copied, the Chen Weizhen (left), director and chief engineer of the Hubei Parker SeoT Chinese asked their American Co., checking the quality of the rubber seal rings. partners if they would entrust them with the secret of the special rings, so they might make the rings in China. The Americans agreed to the request on the basis that the Chinese would not divulge the con• tents of the formula to any other potential manufacturers.

In May 1985, Hubei Parker's board of directors met in Wuhan. At the meeting, George Stephens, vice-chairman of the board of directors, said now both Hubei Parker's management and produc• tion teams were on track. The seal rings being manufactured at the Wuhan plant were as good as those made in the United States, he said. Stephens said overall, he was optimistic about Hubei Parker's future.

Beijing Review, No. 4/t FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

forward in front of others when Veteran Revolutionaries on Retirement you were young. You have never been afraid of death, and you have proposed by . The twodevote d your lives to the revolu• from "LIAO WANG events are not much for people tionary cause. Now you have set (Outlook Weekly) who have worked together for the example of leaving your lead• nearly half a century. The two ing positions." EMBERS of the Standing events, however, are not without Committee of the Political After expressing her best wishes M profound meaning." Bureau of the Party Central .Com• to all the participants, Deng Ying• mittee Hu Yaobang, Deng Xiao• With unabashed humility, guest chao said, "1 would like to say a few words. First, we had a suc• ping and Li Xiannian invited 21 Yuan Renyuan, 87, also commend• cessful meeting that will further retired Party members to lunch on ed the elimination of life tenure. the Party's work. Second, we have September 23. Peng Zhen, Deng "The waves in Yangtze River retired only our positions, not our Yingchao and Bo Yibo were also create new waves," he said. "Our aspirations for and confidence in present. successors will improve on what communism," she said. "We work• we have done. It is natural for Following a reception by Chi• ed together for the Party when we the old to step down from their nese leader , the were young, and we may com• posts to make way for the young. guests, whose average age is 82 pete with each other when we are We do not merit praise." years, were toasted by Hu, who old. We will keep the genuine lifted his glass and said, "Long Hu Yaobang, however, did not qualities of Party members and live the veterans, a long, long life agree. "Why shouldn't you be devote our whole lives to the to you." praised?" Hu asked. "You charged Party's cause."

On behalf of the guests, returned the toast, say• ing "To the health and long life A Victim's Personal Account of you standing committee mem• bers. May you live to be 100 off the train, 1 heard a caring voice from "RENMIN RIBAO" years old." During the lunch, He over the loudspeaker: "Comrades, (People's. Doily) Changgong, who joined the Com• friends, you have suffered so much. munist Party in 1922, said, "I'll IV/'HEN Liaoning Province in We have been very worried since be 85 years old this December, and W northeast China was struck by hearing about the floods. Now we I am fully in favour of abolishing serious flooding in August, many are here to help and care for you." life tenure for leading cadres. This area residents suffered huge losses. I was so moved, I could no longer should be established as a rule People all over the country held hold my tears. from our generation. We must set out their helping hands. The By dawn we moved in with Wei a good example for our descen• following are excerpts from Liao• Shaobo's family in Yudong village. dants." ning resident Li Jie's diary, written Wei had vacated three rooms for during the disaster. Holding his glass, he toasted us, including a "couple's room" out Deng, Hu and Li and said, "To August 25 of consideration for my wife's poor your good leadership." At 10 pm, the neighbourhood health. committee gave us the evacuation At 7 am, Wei's wife brought us Bo Yibo, vice-chairman of the notice. Ten members of my four- clean clothes and took all the Central Advisory Committee, said, generation family took the special dirty ones away to wash. "The standing committee members train and left Panshan for Jinxian of Political Bureau and the retired County. How will the county treat For dinner we had boiled corn, leaders of the Central Advisory us? I am really not sure. prepared especially for us. Committee have held two activities August 26 together. The first was a photo ses• August 27 sion advocated by Deng Xiaoping. At 3:10 am the train arrived at In the morning, Wei brought his The second was this luncheon. the Jinxian train station. On. getting television and cassette tape recor-

Novemb'er-4, 1985 27 der to our rooms, thinking we might be bored. lie brougnt his electric fan to our rootns, because he thought we might be hot. He gave us mosquito-repellent incense, fearing we might be bothered by the insects. . . .

After breakfast, Wei took my family to Tianchi Lake on Beishan Mountain for sightseeing, and then to visit a fishing pool and lotus pond.

In the evening, wc found Wei's wife had changed our covers and sheets. A Toiling Tenor. August 28 Cartoon by Ah Hua My children returned to school. (Reprinted from ''Hurnorists") They got new text books and stationery. your house, don't hesitate to tell Yang said social sciences, na• tural sciences and technological We had a rich dinner. Wei pour• us what you need — labour or sciences should be available in one ed me a cup of wine and said. money. From now on, we are real school so students and teachers "Don't worry. You can rebuild brothers. Bottoms up." 1 drank a from the various disciplines can in• your home. While there is life, little. My fears began roiling teract and learn from one another. there is hope. When you set up down Yang also said such a network of univcrsilies -AOuiJ prcvKlc an out• let for creaiisc energy, while also Adapting China*s Higher Education providing the proper atmosphere for research on politics, economics, from "SHIJ^E llNGif countries in its ability tc tra'n science and technology of the DAOBAO" professionals. While moic than country concerned. (World Econorn^c Herald) 100 out of 10.000 people are re• ceiving higher education in lapan, Yang said his plan could be im• ANG Shouzhen, the former the Federal Republic ol Germany, plemented by adjusting current Y Chinese ambassador to the the United States and the Soviet universities: No new facilities need Soviet Union, proposed recently Union, only more than 10 out of be built. He siad. for example. Har• that China establish five univer• every 10,000 do so in China. bin Industrial University, viiere sities, four of which v'ould be China should emphasize the lessons were given in Rttssian be• modelled somev/hat after univer- development of these five univer• fore liberalio;!. couid expand into a sites in the United Spates, she sities, Yang said, in an attempt to Soviet Union-oriented comprehen• Soviet Union, Japan and the meet its growing need for special• sive university with English being Federal Republic of Germany ized personnel. (FRG). The fifth one, according taught there as a second language. "If the five schools have 100,000 to Yang's plan, would incorporate r3alian Industrial, Qinghua and students, they have to employ the good points of the four coun• Tongji Universities, Yang said, 3,000 professors with doctoral tries with those of a Chinese could be enlarged into Japan-, degree, including 200 to 300 for• university American- and FRG-on;.:::cd un'- eign and visiting professors, and versities. While either Chinese By the year 2050, Yang said, 13,000 teachers with master's de• there will be five strong nations; gree," Yang said. "By the People's University or Beijing Uni• China, Japan, the United States, end of this century as a re• versity, and the University of FRG and the Soviet Union. It is sult of the programmes, a large Science and Technology could be nov/ '\':'r\:. .ci number of icachirs, r es;;ai ciiiri modeiied aitjr V'.C:;£;T; ;:^-\^j0.i about emulating these countries' and inanagers will have mastered with an emphasis on Chinese strengths, he said. two foreign languages and be lec• schools of thought and research cetitre with Chinese characteristics. China lags behind the sdvancod turing in those languages. •

28 Beijing, Review^'No. 44 BUSINESS AND TRADE

of the International Association for China Expands Overseas Air Service the Protection of Industrial Prop• erty sponsored the Beijing In• China's national airline, the Gen• air service in the next three years. dustrial Property Symposium from eral Administration of Civil Avia• While expanding its passenger October 30 to November 2. tion of China (CAAC), is planning transport, China also plans to de• to expand in the next few About 200 members of AlPPI velop its air freight transport opera• years, to include air service to Ar• from 27 countries and regions, in• tion. At present, transport routes gentina, Brazil, Canada, the Ger• cluding the United States, the scheduled for expansion are the man Democratic Republic, Italy Federal Republic of Germany, Sino-Burmese, Sino-Philippine, and other countries. [apan, the Soviet Union, Britain, Sino-Singapore, Sino-Australian France, India and Argentina attend• Since 1979 when China just and Sino-Ethiopian routes, which ed the symposium. Mr. Vincent, began to open to the outside are the least travelled of the routes. executive president of 48.3 AlPPI, world, CAAC has increased its in• In the first seven months of this and Mr. Briner, secretary-gencrai ternational routes from the origin• year, the freight volume on China's of AlPPI, also were present at the al 12 to the present 26 lines. In other international air routes and symposium along with lOG Chinese addition, CAAC has signed air on the Hongkong line was up 48.3 representatives. agreements with 46 countries and percent and 36.4 percent respective• established business relations with ly over the same period last year. In addition to discussing the pro• airlines in 180 countries and re• It is expected that the total air tection of industrial property, sym• gions. transport volume this year will be posium delegates also received n 40 percent bigger than that of last briefing by the Chinese depari- To meet the needs of expanding year. ments concerned on the country's its international service, CAAC has new patent and trademark laws, bought advanced navigation equip• patent litigation and trademark ment and more than 40 planes of agent work. the latest models from the United AlPPI Symposium States, Britain and the Soviet The Patent Agency of the China Union this year. CAAC has replac• Held in Beijing Council for the Promotion of In• ed its Boeing 707s and Tridents With the help and support of ternational Trade, established in with Boeing 747s, IVlD-82s and A- the International Association for June 1984, processes patent ap• 310s and has planned to bring in the Protection of Industrial Prop• plications for foreigners, foreign more modern planes to update its erty (AlPPI), the Chinese Group enterprises and organizations. The agency also files patent applica• tions abroad for Chinese units and individuals for inventions made in China.

Since the implementation of the Chinese Patent Law in 1984, the Patent Agency of the China Council for the Promotion of In• ternational Trade has handled more than 2,000 patent applica• tions.

Beijing Seeks Foreign Funds

Although Beijing does not en• joy the preferential treatment of the special economic zones and 14

29 of China's coastal cities, its favour• able investment climate has kindle^ the interest of some foreign busi• ness people. In the first nine months of this year, Beijing signed 58 contracts valued at US$790 mil• lion on co-operative enterprises and joint ventures with foreign in• vestors, almost doubling the total number for the past six years.

Yu Xiaosong, director of the Bjei- jing's Economic Relations and Foreign Trade Committee, said that regarding the use of foreign capital, priority will be given to Beijing's tourist facilities. Foreign business people are welcome to invest in medium-sized hotels and their ac• cessory facilities, such as amuse• ment centres and golf courses. Yu said. Foreign investors also are welcome to build tourist facilities near the sites of cuhural and his• torical relics, he said.

According to the committee On September 28, during the Mid-Autumn Festival, an attendant of the director, priority also will be given catering department of the Great Wall Sheraton Hotel-Beijing, In the at^re to food industry, including the pro• of a maid from the imperial palace, seating foreign guests at the hotel's festival banquet. cessing and preservation of agricul• tural and sideline products: the of these projects already have been Poland this year. import of improved varieties of put into production. From |anuary In the 1950s, China exported plants and fine breeds of animals, to August this year, the city signed only a small amount of cotton to the import and updating of tech• contracts for importing another 155 the country. Later, because do• nologies for the electronics, light projects worth USS150 million. mestic production fell short of de• and textile industries, and the This, plus those used in the pre• mand, China became a cotton im• building materials industry. In ad• vious six years, brought the value porter for a fairly long period and dition, foreign businessmen of Beijing's total foreign investment its exports to Poland were thus are also welcome to invest in to USS2.25 billion. the construction of the city's in• suspended. Recently, however, China reaped bumper cotton har• frastructure facilities, including While absorbing foreign capital vests for years running, and its telecommunications, sewage treat• and importing technologies and cotton output in 1984 totalled 6.08 ment projects, subway technolo• equipment, Beijing has set up 11 million tons, a 31.1 percent in• gies and all necessary equipment. ventures and six Chinese- crease over the previous year. Con• owned enterprises in lapan, the Beijing was among the first cit• sequently China is now one of the United States, Nigeria and Hong• ies designated for to open up to the world's major cotton exporters. kong. Five other ventures will be• outside world in 1979. By the end gin operating later this year. of 1984, Beijing had signed con• A trade official from Poland said tracts worth USS1.3 billion with the Chinese cotton was strong and foreign investors for importing 900 with fewer impurities than cotton projects. Beijing has absorbed from many countries. Poland in• foreign capital and imported tech- Cotton Export to tends to import 20,000 to 30,000 tiologies and equipment from 30 tons of cotton from China each countries and regions around the Poland Resumed year. Apart from the medium- world, with )apan ranking first, length fibre and long fibre cotton, followed by Hongkong, the United After a 30-year hiatus, China Poland also will import a consider• States and the European Economic resumed exporting cotton (an es• able amount of cotton yarn and Community. At present, 30 percent timated amount of 17,000 tons) to cotton grey cloth, he said..

30 Beijing Revie^^K,<^No. 44 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

Women's Literature — A Creative Force

A notable phenomenon in con• tell of the wounds and losses while Dai Jing, a middle-school temporary Chinese literature is the wrought on society by the excesses teacher, describes the life of ascendance of women writers to of the "." The middle-aged intellectuals in her its foreground. music of the Forest, by Zhang Jie, story Longing, which caused who worked in an industrial min• strong reaction among intellectuals Because of the abundance and istry, tells of a musician forced to and garnered the attention of the popularity of the material publish• work in a forest zone even though policy-making department for in• ed by China's women writers, a he is suffering from cancer. Des• tellectuals. number of periodicals and maga• pite his illness, the musician uses These middle-aged women writ• zines devoted to female authors his limited time to teach a work• ers are joined by a group of have emerged. Publications such er's son how to play an instrument. younger writers, who also have as Female Writers, a quarterly put The musician dies, but the boy achieved a degree of literary ac• out by the Ningxia People's Pub• goes on to study music in a Bei• claim with less conventional ideas lishing House, and Women's Lit• jing conservatory. and more detachment. These au• erature, a monthly from the Shi- Zong Pu, a writer criticized for thors, whose works are generally jiazhuang Publishing House, carry a love story she wrote in 1957, creative and full of vitality, ex• stories and articles that portray recently wrote Melody in Dreams, plore diverse themes and charact• the special problems and concerns a tale of two intellectuals suffering ers in both realistic and abstract of contemporary Chinese women. from the ultra-left policies. Vet• genres. In their novels, authors At their best, these pieces often eran Writer Ru Zhijuan's A Badly Ye Wenling and Tie Ning ex• demonstrate the unique ability of Edited Story and Liu Zhen's Black plain the great changes in peas• China's women to observe and Banner tell of how the relation• ants' lives and the thinking that learn from their own lives and ships between leaders and the arose after the implementation of those of the people around them. masses changed after liberation. new rural policies in 1979. In The stories, with their distinct and meticulous writing, help readers better understand Chinese women Author Ru 'Zhiiuan (right) exchanging views on writing with another author,' and writers in general. Wang Xiyan.

Women's literature has flourish• ed in the last few years as have the rest of China's arts and litera• ture. During the 10-year "cultural revolution," many forms of litera• ture and art were criticized. As a consequence, writers — men and women — were obligated to aban• don their craft. Since 1978, how• ever, with the resumption of po• litical democracy and freedom, women's literature has become an important component in China's literary circles.

From 1978 to 1979 women's lit• erature developed at a feverish pace, with a group of middle-aged women writers taking the lead. Most of the works by these women

November. 4,- 1985 31 young writers describe the travails of young people who once worked Altitude Affects as rural labourers and who, after returning to the cities, had a hard Memory Efficiency time finding work and spouses. The shortage of oxygen in areas These works include The Wasted of high elevation negatively affects Years by Zhang Kangkang, Lije memory, says a group of Qinghai in a Small Courtyard and The scientists who recently completed Stage, a Miniature World by Wang a three-year survey on an altitude Anyi. and recall. Many of the works publish• The survey, begun in 1982, was ed by women writers today conducted in Qinghai Province in are love stories. Zong Pu, northwest China and confirms the who has written several love widely recognized, but as yet un• stories about women intellec• tested, hypothesis that the higher tuals, in The Walnut Tree the altitude the quicker the average tells the story of a woman so ded• memory fails. icated to her job and helping others that her love life suffers The scientists surveyed 1,613 under the strain. In Rain, Wang people who live in areas from Anyi tells of a naive young wom• 2,200 metres to 4,000 metres above Tie Ning, 28, author of the novel an's search for happiness and true sea level. Their study showed that "Xiangxue" about the life of a oxygen in these areas was 21 per• country girl after 1979. love. Northern Lights by Zhang Kangkang looks at love from a cent to 32 percent less than oxygen Xiao Jin, another young author, different angle and describes the in areas at or slightly above sea Kang Ying, describes the life of a worries of young women before level, and that the less oxygen shopgirl, and that of a blind girl they marry. Love Must Not Be available, the less an average per• in Sparkling Eyes. In Evening in Forgotten, by Zhang Jie, is about son is able to recall. a Maple Forest, Hang explores a widow who, after the man she The scientists also compared how the elderly find companions, loves marries his benefactor's the memories of 25- to 45-year-olds while Zhang Xinxin in her piece daughter, is iorced to bury her from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Junzilan criticizes greed sparked love deep in her heart. with those in coastal cities, by the new economic policies. and discovered that high al• Zhang also co-operated with a Many of these women authors titude residents' memories failed male writer in recording the lives dare to deal with difficult social on the average 10 years earlier of a group of ordinary people problems. In most of these works, than their counterparts in low- during the 1980s in the capital in the women writers combine a lying areas. Beijing Profiles. breadth of vision with exacting The survey was conducted by Among the most prominent fea• writing and poignancy to make the Qinghai Teachers' University tures of women literature is their for not only good reads, but and a hospital attached to the varied themes and the depth of valuable ones as well. Qinghai Medical College. their thought. These women writ• ers are recognized not only for Their publications in particular their portrayal of women, but for show how Chinese literature is their portrayal of society in gen• flourishing these days and how eral. Zhang Jie for example, in women intellectuals are develop• Leaden Wings, illuminates the ing with the rest of the nation. current struggle between two These women have found a voice schools of thought in industry — within them that says they want one for reform and the other much the same things as many against — while At Middle Age, men — to express themselves free• by Shen Rong, describes the dif• ly and to be their own masters. ficulties intellectuals face even Should they persist in publicizing after the downfall of the gang of these views, women's literature in four. China will undoubtedly unfold to In addition to social problems. reveal a gem of unlimited value. 32 Beijing Review, No. 44 SPORTS

packages into the rivals' baskets. The Rejuvenation of Ethnic Sports It is supposed to train the athlete in ac.uracy and judgment. Six traditional ethnic sports were about sports in the Qing Dynasty Wooden ball" is a popular listed as competitor events, and (1644-1911), during which the game among the Hui people, the another several dozen as per• Manchurians were in power. second most prominent minority formance sports, at the first ethnic To get first-hand information they group in Beijing, with a popula• sports meeting of Beijing this also visited elderly men from dif• tion of 110,000. Two five-mem.ber September. ferent minorities, minority-inhabit• teams take part in the competition ed districts and schools. Dozens Zhao Zongqi, secertary of the and each team has a goalkeeper. of events were finally categorized Beijirt'g Ethnic Sports Federation, Each team tries to score higher by with new competition regulations. said the rejuvenation of these hitting the ball into the other's Today, some of them are practised ethnic sports was important to Bei• gate with a wooden board. Hui in about 20 units and schools. jing's sports history and indicated people believe this pa-iicular sport the government encouragement to Zhao said these events were trains one's spirit of co-operatiorf. ethnic sports activities.. He stated, simple to perform since they didn't Another interesting Manchu however, that all participants must require special grounds or facilities. game is "on-land boat racing." be residents of Beijing. The sports themselves are charac• Manchu has a boat-racing festival terized by a sense of game play Since many ethnic minorities every July 15 of the lunar calender. and cultural tradition, rather than have made Beijing their capital — After the Manchus migrated to fierce competition. such as the Mongolians and the areas where there was no river, Manchurians — Beijing has be• they began to celebrate the festival "Hunting," is one example of a come the most important city for on land. Five people compose a game that evolved from a form of ethnic populations. "boat," each side with bamboo Manchu hunting when hunters poles. The curious thing about it To ensure the existence of ethnic would throw rocks at animals to is thai while the "helmsman" runs sports, a special sports federation capture them. Two teams, each backwards, the other four must was established in Beijing in Oc• with three people carrying small run forwards, which requires per• tober 1984. It began collecting and baskets on their backs with white fect co-ordination of the whole studying ethnic sports and its staff caps on their heads, chase each team. members read reference books other trying to throw small sand The "double-flying" running race, another Manchu game, is A "hunting" gome is played. similar to the on-iand boating. The Qing Dynasty Emperor Qian Long (1736-95) watched an an• nual skating performance of his guards in the middle of lunar Oc• tober ill Beihai Park — formerly a courr garden. The performance included speed skating, figure skat• ing and football on ice. "Double- flying" requires two people to skate together side by side with their two inside legs bound to• gether. Later on it developed int."; J; rumwig race.

It is expected that the games will become popular enough to join other performances in the Third National Ethnic Sports Meet• ing scheduled for next year.

Nbvember 4, 1985 33 BOOKS

Out of Obscurity - the Works of Zhang Wentian

"leftism," they also reflect major time, criticises the "left" error of policy differences between Zhang the "Great Leap Forward" and "and the then leaders of the cen• resulted in Zhang's dismissal tral authority. from all of his leading posts. Only after the Third Plenary Session of The selection also contains the the 11th Central Committee in resolution Zhang drafted for the 1978, was Zhang's name reha• Party's Zunyi Meeting held in bilitated. January 1935. The meeting criti• cized "left" errors and established For the period of 1961-64 the 's leadership of the selection contains seven articles Party's central authority and the on the development law of Red Army. socialist society. In these arti• The selection also includes 32 cles, Zhang says after the documents, reports, letters and establishment of socialist mode of telegrams as well as articles production, the contradiction be• Zhang wrote when he was tween production forces artd rela• in charge of the day-to-day work tions of production is reflected in of the Party Central Committee the contradiction between produc• after the Zunyi Meeting. It is tion and the demands of society. during this period that Zhang It is wrong, Zhang says, to regard drafted the resolution for the the struggles between two classes Central Committee on the strate• and two lines as the key contradic• Zhang Wentian and his wife in 1976. gies and policies of the establish• tions of society. ment of the national united front The Selected Works oj Zhang against the Japanese invaders and Wentidn (in Chinese) was pub• The last five articles of the wrote "At the Front of the Na• lished by the People's Publishing selection are chosen from those tional War of Self-Defence," which House in August 1985. Recogniz• Zhang wrote while under house details the two lines adopted by ed as a "great Marxist" and "out• arrest during the "cultural revolu• the Communist Party of China standing revolutionary," Zhang tion." Ai the time when the er• and the Kuomingtang in the War (1900-76), a major leader of the roneous theory of "the continuous of Resistance Against japan. Communist Party of China, con• revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" prevailed, tributed much to China's revolu• The selection also includes 20 Zhang, however, said the main tion and consequent construction. articles Zhang wrote between task of the proletarian political This selection of Zhang's works 1941 and 1959. After he finished power was to cqnduct socialist includes 70 articles written be• his investigation in the countryside economic construction. tween 1931 and 1974. Fifty-one in 1943 Zhang wrote "Return of these articles have never before From My Journey," advocating the He also wrote that suppres• been published. pursuit of truth. In 1956, when sion should not be employed in he was the First Vice-Foreign Mi• Between 1931 and 1935 the handling contradictions within the nister, Zhang wrote "Some Ques• Party lost serious ground in its Party and that leaders should tions on the Implementation of revolutionary cause. Zhang's five tolerate criticism and not only China's Peaceful Foreign Policies." articles from that period include listen to flattery. The main points "The Closed Door in Literature Also included here is Zhang's of these articles have been proven and Art," "On Our Propaganda" speech delivered at the Lushan sound by the test of history. and "On the 'Declaration' of the Meeting, the Eighth Plenary Ses• Zhang's bravery and foresight are Soviet Government and the Fight sion of the Eighth Party Central commendable for having written Against Opportunism." Although Committee held in 1959. The such articles at a time when such these articles bear some marks of speech, published here for tbf' first thoughts were out of favour.

34 Beijing Revi^\v, No. 44 On a Threshing Ground. by He Yun

Mountain Path. by Weng Guangxing

All the follwing works were engraved by peasant artists in Qijiang County, Sichuan Province. With their primitive designs and exaggerating way of presentation, the engravings effectively convey aspects of the Miao People's life, labour and love. Woodcuts by Peasants

ART PACE Oxen for Sale. by Chuan Longquan

Playing the Leaf As an Expression of Love. Miao People at a Traditional Celebration. by Xiong Yongzhen by Xiong Lianping BLUE SKY

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