Downloaded from Brill.Com09/23/2021 10:21:27AM Via Free Access Chapter 4 Pilgrimage
Ruben Suykerbuyk - 9789004433106 Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 10:21:27AM via free access Chapter 4 Pilgrimage The Public Debate on Images, Miracles and Pilgrims The direct causes of the 1566 Beeldenstorm were diverse and cannot possibly be reduced to a single factor, but the acts themselves were a physical and material expression of a body of critiques that had become common ground among Protestants all over Europe. One of the most controversial subjects was the veneration of saints, relics and images, which, in turn, were the driving force behind the pil- grimage phenomenon. Harking back to the ban on the making and adoration (adorare in the Vulgate, latreia in the Septuagint) of imag- es (resp. sculptile or eidolon) in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20, 1–17; Deuteronomy 5, 4–21), Protestant reformers judged their use and paying honor to them to be idolatrous, distracting the attention of the people from the genuine devotion to God. Luther, Zwingli and Calvin all fulminated against such Catholic practices, although their individual standpoints significantly differed, varying from rather tolerant in Luther’s case to virtually encouraging iconoclasm in the case of Zwingli.1 Protestant Critiques After his initial fierce criticism, Luther developed an increasingly moderate attitude. In the series of sermons he held in Wittenberg in early March 1522 to end the disorderly course of the Unruhen, he presented images as adiaphora, things that in themselves are neither good nor bad. His key distinction was between exterior idolatry, di- rected to images, and the much more dangerous interior cult of idols ‘which every person [has] in his or heart’, such as money.2 Inasmuch as images could help believers to worship God, they were certainly to be allowed in Luther’s view.
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