THE RECEPTION OF JESUS IN
THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES
VOLUME ONE
FROM PAUL TO JOSEPHUS: LITERARY RECEPTIONS OF JESUS
IN THE FIRST CENTURY CE
Volume Editor Helen K. Bond
t&tclark
LONDON • M.W YORK • OXtORD • NL\S DtLHl • bVDNLY CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XII
Introduction to The Reception ofJesus in the First Three Centuries xv Chris Keith, Helen K. Bond, Christine Jacobi, and Jens Schroter
Volume One
From Paul to Josephus: Literary Receptions of Jesus in the First Century CE Ed. Helen K. Bond
Introduction to Volume One xxix Helen K. Bond
Earliest Pauline Literature 1 1 Pauline Epistles 3 Christine Jacobi
Gospel Literature and Additions to Gospel Literature 39 2 Gospel of Mark 41 Sandra Huebenthal
3 Q 73 Alan Kirk
4 Gospel of Matthew 107 Matthias Konradt
5 Gospel of Luke 139 Michal Beth Dinkier
6 Gospel of John 165 Helen K. Bond
1 Longer Ending of Mark 187 Anne Moore
8 Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) 197 Chris Keith CONTENTS vi
209 9 John 21 Andrew T. Lincoln
223 Other Literature of Early Followers of Jesus 225 10 Acts of the Apostles Jens Schroter
243 11 Hebrews Harold W. Attridge
259 12 James Karl-Wilhelm Niebuhr
277 13 Petrine Epistles and Jude Travis B. Williams
14 Johannine Epistles 297 Tom Thatcher
15 Revelation 309 Michelle Fletcher
16 First Clement 325 Andrew Gregory
17 Didache 337 Joseph Verheyden
Josephus 363 18 Testimonium Flavianum 365
Jan Willem van Henten
INDEX 371 THE RECEPTION OF JESUS IN THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES
VOLUME TWO
FROM THOMAS TO TERTULLIAN:
CHRISTIAN LITERARY RECEPTIONS
OF JESUS IN THE SECOND AND
THIRD CENTURIES CE
Volume Editors Jens Scbroter and Christine Jacobi
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LONDON • M \\ YORK • OX1 ORD • NEW DLLH1 • SYDNEY Volume Two
From Thomas to Tertullian: Christian Literary Receptions of Jesus in the Second and Third Centuries CE Eds. Jens Schroter and Christine Jacobi
Introduction to Volume Two xxix Jens Schroter and Christine Jacobi
Epistolary Literature 1 19 Colossians 3 Andreas Dettwiler CONTENTS vii
20 Ephesians 11 Andreas Dettwiler
21 Pastoral Epistles 19 Andreas Dettwiler
22 Epistle of Barnabas 27 J. Christopher Edwards
23 Ignatius 41 Paul Foster
24 Polycarp, To the Philippians 59 Paul Parvis
25 Apology of Quadratus and Epistle to Diognetus 73 Andreas Lindemann
Gospel Literature 91 Gospels Narrating Parts of Jesus's Earthly Life 91 26 Protevangelium Iacobi 93 Eric M. Vanden Eykel
21 Infancy Gospel of Thomas 107 Tony Burke
28 Gospel of Peter 123 Alan Kirk
29 Diatessaron 141
Nicholas Perrin
Jewish-Christian Gospels 161 30 Gospel of the Nazarenes 163 Jorg Frey
31 Gospel of the Ebionites 173 Jorg Frey
32 Gospel of the Hebrews 183 Jorg Frey
Other Gospels (Listed in Alphabetical Order) 193 33 Egerton Gospel (P.Egerton 2) 195 Tobias Nicklas CONTENTS
207 34 Epistida Apostolorum Paul Parvis 217 35 Fayum Gospel (P.Vindob.G 2325) Thomas J. Kraus 111 36 Gospel of Judas Lome R. Zelyck 237 37 Gospel of Mary Judith Hartenstein 247 38 Gospel of Philip Todd Brewer
255 39 Gospel of the Savior (P.Oxy. 840) Jens Schroter 265 40 Gospel of Thomas Konrad Schwarz
281 41 Gospel of Truth Katrine Brix
42 Marcion's Gospel Dieter T Roth
303 Gospel Additions 43 Scribal Alterations to the "Canonical" Gospels in Second- and 305 Third-century Manuscripts Tommy Wasserman
Apocalypses 329 44 Apocalypse of Peter 331 Tobias Nicklas
45 Second Esdras 341 Lillia Milbach-Schirr
46 Shepherd of Hermas 353 Mark Grundeken
Other Early Christian Writings (Listed in Alphabetical Order) 361 47 Acts of John, Acts of Peter, Acts of Thekla, Third Corinthians, and Martyrdom of Paul 363 Julia A. Snyder CONTENTS ix
48 Christianized Texts 387 Thomas J. Kraus
49 Irenaeus 401 Rolf Noormann
50 Justin Martyr 433 Winrich Lohr
51 Martyrdom of Polycarp 449 Sara Parvis
52 Odes of Solomon 465 Majella Franzmann
53 Origen 473 Alfons Fiirst
54 Papian Fragments 493 David P. Moessner
55 Second Clement 513 James A. Kelhoffer
56 Tertullian 531
Dieter T. Roth
57 Traditio Apostolica 539 Markus Vinzent
58 Valentinian Gnosticism 555 Johanna Brankaer
index 569 THE RECEPTION OF JESUS IN
THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES
VOLUME THREE
FROM CELSUS TO THE CATACOMBS:
VISUAL, LITURGICAL, AND
NON-CHRISTIAN RECEPTIONS OF
JESUS IN THE SECOND AND
THIRD CENTURIES CE
Volume Editor Chris Keith
t&tclark
• LONDON • NLW YORK • ONtORD • NLW DhLHI bYDNLN CONTENTS ix
48 Christianized Texts 387 Thomas J. Kraus
49 Irenaeus 401 RolfNoormann
50 Justin Martyr 433 Winrich Lohr
51 Martyrdom of Polycarp 449 Sara Parvis
52 Odes of Solomon 465 Majella Franzmann
53 Origen 473 Alfons Furst
54 Papian Fragments 493 David P. Moessner
55 Second Clement 513 James A. Kelhoffer
56 Tertullian 531
Dieter T. Roth
57 Traditio Apostolica 539 Markus Vinzent
58 Valentinian Gnosticism 555 Johanna Brankaer
index 569
Volume Three
From Celsus to the Catacombs: Non-Christian, Visual, and Liturgical Receptions of Jesus Ed. Chris Keith
Introduction to Volume Three xxxiii Chris Keith
Non-Christian Literary Receptions of Jesus in the Second and Third Centuries CE 1 59 Celsus 3 John Granger Cook CONTENTS xi
75 Petrogram 301 Thomas J. Kraus
76 Sarcophagi 307 Catherine C. Taylor
77 Sculptural Images of Jesus 337 Joan E. Taylor
78 Staurogram 349 Dieter T. Roth
Liturgical Receptions of Jesus 359 79 Baptism 361 Rafael Rodriguez
80 The Eucharist 393 Andrew McGowan
81 Prayer 419 Heather M. Gorman
82 Public Reading of the Gospels 445 Chris Keith
index 471 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 66
66.1 Graffito depicting Alexamenos worshipping his god. Roman, late second to early third century. 106
66.2 "Map of Ancient and Modern Divisions of the Palatine," published by Rodolfo Lanciani, indicating the location of the Paedagogium. 107
66.3 Floor plan of the Palatine Paedagogium, showing the location of Room 7, in which the graffito was discovered. 108
66.4 The southeast wall of Room 7 as it is preserved today. 109
66.5 Line drawing of the Alexamenos graffito as first published by Raffaele Garrucci. 110
66.6 Alexamenos graffito, detail. Ill
66.7 Graffito depicting a donkey in a harness, yoked at the neck to the grinding wheel of a grain mill. Rome, late second to early third century CE. 116
66.8 Bloodstone amulet engraved with the crucifixion, Christian invocation, and magical words. Late second century to early third century CE. 119
66.9 Graffito of a crucified person. Roman, late second to early third century CE. 120
66.10 Gemstone engraved with a representation of Jesus crucified among the twelve apostles. Carnelian, Syria (?), mid-fourth century CE. 122
66.11 Bronze finial of a magistrate with horse's head: Roman, ca. first to second century CE. 128
66.12 Terra-cotta lamp with caricature of a teacher and pupils. Hellenistic-Roman, first century BCE to first century CE, Egypt. 130
66.13 Terra-cotta figurine, first century BCE, Egypt. 130
66.14 Painted parody of Aeneas, Ascanius, and Anchises. From the zone of Masseria di Cuomo, Pompeii, ca. 14-79 CE. 133
CHAPTER 68
68.1 Model of the Jerusalem Temple, first century CE. 154 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii
68.2 The bouleuterion in Priene, second century BCE. 155
68.3 The Gamla synagogue, the Golan Heights, looking southwest. 156
68.4 Reconstruction of a first-century courtyard house in Capernaum. 158
68.5 Aerial view of Capernaum Franciscan site. 166
68.6 The Kefar 'Othnay Christaeum; mosaic floor and inscriptions. 176
68.7 City plan of Dura-Europos. 184
68.8 Plan of the private house and the renovated assembly house. 186-187
68.9 The depiction of women and a building in Room 6. 191
68.10 Depictions of Jesus healing a paralyzed man, Jesus walking on water with Peter, and Jesus as shepherd, all found in Room 6. 192
68.11 Depiction of a woman at a well, Room 6. 193
CHAPTER 69
69.1 The good shepherd. 206
69.2 Ritual dining. 210
69.3 Jonah Cycle. 212
69.4 Noah. 214
69.5 Abraham and Isaac. 215
69.6 Lazarus. 217
CHAPTER 70
70.1 Coin (RIC VII 19) with Constantine on one side and a labarum crowned by a chi-rho spearing a serpent on the other. 232
CHAPTER 71
71.1 Ossuary cross. 238
71.2 The wall-cross in a Pompeii bakery. 240
71.3 Graffito of vivit cross. 240
71.4 Staurogram. 241
71.5 Cross in wreath. 242 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiv
71.6 Rufina inscription 243
245 71.7 Becatti's line drawings.
the name lesus. 246 71.8 Intersecting patterns of arrangements containing
71.9 Patterns 3 and 4. 246
CHAPTER 72
72.1 The bomos-shaped remains of Abercius's tomb. 252
72.2 The bomos-shaped remains of Alexander's tomb. 252
72.3 Decoration of garland-wreath, side panel of Abercius's bomos. 258
72.4 Attis and Cybele and their thiasos. 259
72.5 Licinia Amias epitaph. 266
CHAPTER 73
73.1 Fishing scene, Roman mosaic from the pavement of a funerary chamber in the Necropolis of Hermes, Sousse. 272
73.2 Detail, sarcophagus of Mas D'Aire, St. Quitterie. 272
73.3 Detail, fourth-century Christian sarcophagus from Musee departemental Aries antique. 273
73.4 Detail from the late third-century sarcophagus of Sta. Maria Antiqua, Rome. 273
73.5 Copy of wall painting from the Catacomb of Callixtus. 274
73.6 Early Christian ring with gem. 277
73.7 Grave stele of Licinia Amias. 278
73.8 Engraved carnelian gem showing the crucifixion found at Constanza (Romania). 280
73.9 Sant'Apollinare Classe, apse mosaic, ca. 549 CE. 280
73.10 Diners with fish. 285
73.11 Tripod table. 285
73.12 Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, mosaic panel with Last Supper. 286
73.13 Headstone with anchor cross and two fish, Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome. 288
73.14 Funerary mosaic from the Catacombs of Sousse. 288 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CHAPTER 76
76.1 Santa Muria Santa A/Iaria Antiqua Sarcophagus, Antiqua, Rome, ca. 270 CE. 311
76.2 Bassus Vatican Junius Sarcophagus, Museum, Rome, 359 CE. 314
Basilica of 76.3 Sarcophagus lid, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Maximin la Sainte Baume, fourth CE. France, century ^16
76.4a and b Sarcophagus right and left sides, from the Musee departemental Aries fourth antique, Aries, France, century CE. 317
76.5 from the Sarcophagus Catacombs of Callixtus, Vatican Museum, Rome, second of the fourth quarter century CE. 31g
76.6 Passion from the sarcophagus hypogeum of S. Paolo fuori la mura, Vatican second Museum, Rome, quarter of the fourth century CE. 319
76.7 Vatican Sarcophagus fragment, Museum, Rome, second quarter of the 4th CE. century 320
76.8 Sarcophagus fragment, formerly in the Vatican Museum, Rome, early fifth CE. century 321
76.9 Sarcophagus fragment, Vatican Museum, Rome, last third of the fourth CE. century 322
76.10 Pignatta sarcophagus, left side, Quadrarco of Braccioforte, Ravenna, ca. 400-420 CE. Italy, 32g
CHAPTER 77
77.1 The Good Shepherd (fourth century), from a sarcophagus found in the Catacomb of Domitilla, Pio Cristiano Museum, Rome. 344
77.2 Fourth-century statue of Christ, Pio Cristiano Museum, Rome. 346