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Tidal Interactions with Local Topography Above a Sponge Reef Tidal Interactions with Local Topography Above a Sponge Reef by Jeannette Bedard BSc, Royal Roads Military College, 1994 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the School of Earth and Ocean Science Jeannette Bedard, 2011 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-82452-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-82452-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ii Supervisory Committee Tidal Interactions with Local Topography Above a Sponge Reef by Jeannette Bedard Bsc., Royal Roads Military College, 1994 Supervisory Committee Dr. Eric Kunze (School of Earth and Ocean Science) Supervisor Dr. Richard Dewey (School of Earth and Ocean Science) Co-Supervisor Dr. Jody Klymak (School of Earth and Ocean Science) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Eric Kunze (Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences) Supervisor Dr. Richard Dewey (Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences) Co-Supervisor Dr. Jody Klymak (Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences) Departmental Member The interaction of tidal currents with Fraser Ridge in the Strait of Georgia, B.C., generates an internal lee-wave on each strong flood but, due to the ridge's asymmetry, not during ebbs. Just prior to lee-wave formation, a strong accelerated bottom jet forms with magnitudes up to 0.7 m s-1 forms during barotropic tidal flows reaching 0.2 m s-1. On the steepest slope, this jet forms directly above a rare glass sponge reef, and may prevent the sponges from being smothered in sediment by periodically resuspending and carrying it away. Both the accelerated jet and lee-wave remove tidal energy. At peak flood tide, the lee-wave has energy dissipation rates reaching 10-5 W kg-1 that removes energy at a rate of ~611 W m-1, while the bottom boundary layer at the time of the accelerated jet has energy dissipation rates reaching 10-4 W kg-1 that removes energy at a rate of ~525 W m-1. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee.......................................................................................................ii Abstract...............................................................................................................................iii Table of Contents................................................................................................................iv List of Figures.....................................................................................................................vi Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................vii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 1.1 Glass Sponge Reefs................................................................................................2 1.2 Study Location.......................................................................................................3 2. Theory and Field Studies..............................................................................................6 2.1 Two-Dimensional Flow-Topography Interaction..................................................7 2.2 Three-Dimensional Effects....................................................................................9 2.3 Expectations at Fraser Ridge...............................................................................10 3. Methods.........................................................................................................................12 3.1 16-27 November 2007 Field Program.................................................................12 3.2 June to August 2010 Mooring..............................................................................13 4. Observations.................................................................................................................16 4.1 General Flow Characteristics Around Fraser Ridge............................................16 4.1.1 Horizontal Flow Structure.............................................................................16 4.1.2 Cross-Ridge Evolution of the Flow..............................................................20 4.1.2.1 Weak Flood Tide....................................................................................20 4.1.2.2 Strong Ebb Tide.....................................................................................20 4.1.2.3 Strong Flood Tide..................................................................................24 4.1.2.4 Weak Ebb Tide......................................................................................27 4.1.3 Along-Ridge Evolution of the Flow.............................................................27 4.2 Flow Directly Above Sponge Reef .....................................................................30 4.2.1 Accelerated Jet..............................................................................................30 4.2.2 Bottom Turbulence and Mixing....................................................................34 4.3 Energy Budget.....................................................................................................35 4.3.1 Local Energy Dissipation .............................................................................36 4.3.2 Time-Varying Term .....................................................................................37 v 4.3.3 Bernoulli Drop .............................................................................................39 4.3.4 Energy Budget Summary..............................................................................41 5. Discussion......................................................................................................................42 5.1 Ridge-Scale Flow.................................................................................................42 5.2 Flow at the Sponge-Reef Scale............................................................................43 6. Conclusions...................................................................................................................48 7. Bibliography.................................................................................................................50 vi List of Figures 1. Map and Tides at Fraser Ridge........................................................................................5 2. Parameter Definition Sketch............................................................................................6 3. Fraser Ridge Topography and Transects.......................................................................11 4. Energy Dissipation Rate Calculation Examples............................................................15 5a. Depth and Time Average of Horizontal Velocity 0 – 25 m.........................................18 5b. Depth and Time Average of Horizontal Velocity 25 – 100 m.....................................19 5c. Depth and Time Average of Horizontal Velocity 100 m – bottom..............................19 6a. Time Series of Section B03 - B10................................................................................22 6b. Time Series of Section B10 - B19...............................................................................23 7. Cross-Ridge Section B13...............................................................................................25 8. Cross-Ridge Section E06...............................................................................................25 9. Histograms of North Velocity for Tracks B13 and
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