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Fishing, the Stocks of L Comparison Gastrointestinal Parasite Species Richness in Peruvian Black Headed Night Monkeys Sam Eller Will Helenbrook, School for Field Studies Michel Boudrias, Environmental and Ocean Sciences Introduction Methods Table 1. Previously observed gastrointestinal Discussion •Zoonotic transmission of parasites and other parasites in the Aotus genus The parasites Enterobius sp. and This was the first, preliminary study of diseases between primates and humans has Dicrocoelium sp. were potentially positively parasites in Aotus nigriceps. been fairly common. There is evidence that identified in Group D, this is the first time it has been responsible for the introduction Fecal samples were collected and analyzed these have been seen in the Aotus monkey. of HIV and the Ebola outbreak. in the Pillcopata medical center using The importance of the presence of •This is relevant in areas that have a high sedimentation techniques. Samples were Dicrocoelium sp. appears when we know that level of contact with primates through shaken into a solution, strained, and run it is primarily transmitted through infected hunting bush-meat, a common practice in through a centrifuge. The remaining sediment ants and one of the primary eating sites impoverished areas of the Amazon. was examined under a compound observed for Group A was the Cecropia sp. microscope. tree, a host for ant colonies. •Several studies have been done on parasites in other primate species All parasites seen were photographed and correlating the effects of habitat disturbance measured for identification through and fragmentation with parasite abundance comparison to a textbook on parasitology. (Gillespie 2006; Gillespie and Chapman 2008; Young et al. 2013). •Aotus nigriceps, the Black Headed Night Fig 10. Findings from another primate study monkey, has been used extensively for malaria study. It is naturally resistant to show a normal trend that would be directly malaria but can also be infected with the opposite to my findings. human strain when directly exposed Map 1. Nesting sites for collection (Herrera et al. 2002). •Aotus nigriceps has not been part of any Distance to Distance to Results Further Study Monkey human Road extensive study of gastrointestinal parasites disturbance The initial findings of this study provided an previously. Group A 0.2 km 0.91 km interesting basis for further study. Since the Gro results of my study seem to be inverted from Group B 0.19 km 0.8 km the others, a more thorough analysis of a larger sample size could demonstrate Methods Group C 0.69 km 1.45 km possible explanations to other factors like reduced competition or simply temporal The studies were conducted on a section of fluctuations. the Peruvian Lowland Rainforest in the Group D 1.13 km 1.75 km Group A Group D Additionally, I would like to examine the link Kosnipata Valley of the Amazon Basin as part Fig 2. Chart of parasite abundance of the two groups of the Amazon Conservation Association. to dietary composition, including the use of Fig 1. Table of Disturbance distances at the disturbance distance extremes. medicinal herbs to reduce parasite infection, Initially 4 A. nigriceps groups were located Parasites Group A Group D which has been seen in other primate and followed using GPS. During the course of Strongyloides sp. X X species. the study those either groups changed Trypanoxiuris sp. X Enterobius sp. X location or did not yield usable fecal samples. Ucinaria sp. X Samples were collected using large nets Dicrocoelium sp. X Trematode #1 X Fig 4. Trypanoxiuris sp. Fig 6. Dicrocoelium sp. which were played under nesting sites at Trematode #2 X Fig 7. Enterobius sp. night while the monkeys were out feeding. Trematode #3 X Fig 5. Strongyloides sp. Hookworm #1 X Fig 3. Parasites found in two groups An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Climate Change Education Programs and Applicability to the Climate Change Partners Christopher J. Waite Jr. Environmental and Ocean Sciences—Environmental Studies DUE-1239797 Introduction Results Discussion The City of San Diego is taking great strides to General Overview: prepare for the major problems that the City faces Geographical Reach Primary Audience Educational Space* • Multiple variables played significant roles in in regards to climate change (Fig. 1). The University determining success and reach of each program of San Diego was one of six programs nationwide Organization • Majority programs focus on scientist to leader granted funding for climate change education Curriculum Analysis education (Fig. 2A) research and strives to prepare our decision makers Classification* • Lack of explicit expression of Leader to Leader with the knowledge necessary from scientific, collaboration in large proportion of sample behavioral and communicative backgrounds to Sector Focus* programs (Fig. 2B) efficiently address climate change. • Virtually no explicit emphasis on Leader to Due to the need and capacity Constituent education, although implied (Fig. 2C) for the Climate Education Partners to expand its resources Extensive Analysis: into other educational • Sub-sample (n=9) programs indicated greatest programs, such research was viability warranted in order to identify • Each exerted significant value on climate science replicable and viable programs content for climate change education. • Each exerted focus in communication and Figure 1: 2050 report behavioral sciences however, prose areas for Methods expansion Quantitative Capture: • Curriculum emphasis—# of courses offered with science or communication related material • 1=Low, 2-3=Moderate, 4=High • Total hours dedicated to multi-day workshop/ conference/forum etc. • 1-4 hours=low, 4-8=moderate, 8-12=high Communication Qualification: • Time dedicated to presentations/ discussions • Capacity of formal and informal peer networking • Utilization of social media networks • Was the majority of content grounded in communication efforts Scientific Qualification: • Analysis of online videos, webinars, pamphlets, Figure 2: Breakdown of education source and permeability in decision makers. Conclusion speakers, and scientific article content The majority of programs exert a high emphasis • Time spent discussing science in of scientific content and harbor the capacity to presentations/discussions expand communicative and behavioral approaches. • Availability of all resources regarding science In order to access real time effectiveness of content vs. exclusive availability of content education, further policy investigation as a direct Partnership Qualification: result of partaking or becoming certified through • Adequate overall curriculum these programs must take place. • Emphasis identified in communication and ACCO, ClimateKIC, CCE, Climate Reality Project science content and EcoAmerica were suggested for potential • Representative sampling of program diversity partnership with CEP due to successful • Related space for CEP to work with and into infrastructure and established networks. *Term Definitions: Acknowledgments Educational Space—The format in which programs provided there education (i.e. online, formal meetings) Special thanks to Dr. Michel Boudrais for allowing Organization Classification—The type of group heading educational me to partake in San Diego’s climate initiative and to programs (i.e. NGO, academic) Christiana DeBenedict and CEP who supervised and Sector Focus—The sectors in which a program may have given Figure 3: Specific categorization of content who are developed enough to potentially pair with special attention (i.e. private, public, health) the Climate Education Partners. mentored my research. Calibrating an XRF for In-Field Metals Detection By Vita Rice and Eric Cathcart, P.G. Department of Environmental and Ocean Sciences Environmental Studies Background Methods Discussion • 49 samples collected from the Scripps Formation, Torrey • X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry • As, Cu, Pb, and Zn had the best Sandstone, Penasquitos Formation, Friar’s Formation, and San relationship between XRF and Lab values has been widely used to determine Diego Formation the elemental compositions of rocks • The most soluble metals tend to have and dry soils • Samples analyzed by XRF for total metals concentrations the highest r2 values • Little preparation of samples required, • Samples analyzed by a California Certified Analytical Laboratory • The XRF values tend to be XRF reduces the cost of sample by EPA Method 6010 (Partial Digestion) conservatively high for all metals transportation and storage (Parsons • XRF and Lab results for each sample analyzed by linear • Silty Sand (SM) had higher r2 values et. al.. 2013) regression Figure 2. Innov-X Systems X-50 • Torrey Sandstone had the lowest r2 • XRF analysis is sensitive to interstitial • Half of the Method Detection Limit value was used when non- Mobile XRF used in study values and coarsest sediments moisture, soil texture (sand, silt, clay), detect values occurred • XRF was ineffective for Ba and Cr and elemental interference. (Weindorf et. al., 2012) (Zhu et. Al., 2011) • XRF values are conservatively high (Parsons et. al.. 2013) • Soil characterization requires an 80% • Studies have examined the use of a Results UCL for the contaminant of concern portable XRF to determine total Table 1. r2 values listed by formation: yellow highlighted a. metals concentrations by TCLP and values represent >50% r2 value, red (blue) outline AAS Analyses (Stark et. al., 2008) indicates the highest (lowest) r2 value per formation (Radu and Diamond, 2009) Conclusion Formation
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