Published in Applied Geochemistry, 12, Issue 4, 411-427, 1997 Which
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Published in Applied Geochemistry, 12, issue 4, 411-427, 1997 1 which should be used for any reference to this work 2 412 H. Pauwels et al. This identification should help in determining the Fluids from drill-holes and natural springs in the composition of which tluids should be used for Mont-Dore region (Fig. 1) were sampled from 1974 to estimating deep temperatures, using chemical and 1986. Seventeen springs and drill-holes were sampled isotope geothermometers. along the Dordogne valley from the town of Le Mont- Dore to La Bourboule; 8 of these sites are located in GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND SAMPLING the town of Le Mont-Dore. This valley closely follows LOCATIONS the northeastern border fault of the caldera. Eighteen springs emerging S and E of the caldera were also The Massif Central of France is formed by a sampled; 8 of these are located in the Chaudefour basement consisting of granite and Hercynian meta- River valley. Finally, this study also concerns 17 fluid morphic-rock, which according to Brousse (1984) is samples from springs and shallow drill-holes at Saint- largely granitic, under the Mont-Dore volcanic com- Nectaire, which emerge from the granite. plex. This basement was intruded by Late Tertiary and Chemical and isotopic data of samples collected Quaternary volcanics that generally become younger before 1982 were obtained from the Analysis Depart- from S to N. The petrology and volcanology of the ment of BRGM, and have in part been reported earlier region were studied and discussed by Brousse (1971, (Fouillac et al., 1975; Baubron et al., 1979; Bosch et 1984), Brousse et al. (1989), Jung and Brousse (1962) al., 1980; Michard et al., 1981; Fouillac, 1983). and Lavina (1985). During the first period of volcanism Sampling and analytical techniques were described in the Mont-Dore region (between 4.7 and 3.1 Ma) by Fouillac (1983). Samples collected in 1986 were basalt flows were dominant. Renewed Mont-Dore analyzed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory volcanic activity began 2.5 Ma ago with the eruption (USA), and the analytical techniques are those of a large ash and pumice rhyolitic flow, which was described by Goff et al. (1985). Details of the responsible for the Haute-Dordogne caldera forma- analytical methods used by both laboratories are tion. During the post-caldera period, until 1.5 Ma, summarized in Table 1. rhyolite, phonolite and basalt were formed. Between 1 Ma and0.25 Ma, volcanic activity was focused on the BASIC CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC DATA E and S border of the caldera, with the formation of the Sancy volcano. This volcano consists mainly of trachy- The chemical and isotopic composition of the fluids andesite and basalt. The granite basement is exposed in discharging from natural springs or shallow drill- the valleys outside the caldera and locally along the holes, is reported in Tables 2-5. Composition of the caldera walls. free gases discharged with such water is reported in Fig. 1. Map of the study area showing CO2 rich thermal springs and shallow boreholes. Chronologic map of the Mont-Dore (from Mossand et al., 1982): 1) granite and gneiss basement; 2) ante-caldera basalts (6-3 Ma); 3) undifferentiated Mont-Dore basalt; 4) trachy-andesite, rhyolite, and pumice; 5) hawaiite and tephrite; 6) comendite, quartz trachyte, phonolite; 7) Sancy volcanism: trachy-andesite and pumice. Dotted lines indicate limits of the Haute-Dordogne caldera and outlines of the Sancy ‘Structure’. White line indicates the outer limit for differentiated lavas of the central area. 3 Thermal waters in the Mont-Dore region (Massif-Central, France) 413 Table 1. Details of analytical methods used by BRGM and Los Alamos Laboratories Na, K, Ca, Mg, Li, Sr Cl, so, SiOs Br B Method ?? Atomic absorption ?? ion chromatography ?? Atomic absorption 9 Selective electrode ?? calorimetry ?? ICP ?? ion chromatography RSD (%) 5 5to 10 5 5tc.15 5to10 Detection limit (mol/l) lo-‘to 1.5 10-s 0.5 10-s 1.5 lo-’ IO-’ 10-l cl”0 (HsO) 6D (HsG) 6’8o (SOa) S”S(SO3 8’/86Sr Precision *0.1%0 &0.8?& *0.3?& *0.39&n *o.OccO30 Table 2. Chemical composition of springs and well discharges used in this study: major and minor elements. All concentrations are in mol.l-‘, except total alkalinity which is in meq.l-’ Sampling Description Temp Field Na (E-3) K Ca Mg Ale Cl So4 SiOs Li Sr Br B date (“c) @H) (E-3) (E-3) (E-3) (mq/l) (E-3) (E-3) (E-S) (E-5) (E-7) (E-5) (E-5) Dordogne Valley Mont-Dore Chazerat Now74 spring 41 5.93 14.3 1.37 2.15 1.39 16.0 6.47 0.42 300 20.0 - - - Mont-Dare Madeleine Now74 spring 43.5 5.82 14.3 1.32 2.12 1.36 15.8 6.27 0.42 305 19.2 - - - Mont-Dore Chanteurs Now74 spring 39.5 5.82 14.3 1.20 2.10 1.36 15.6 6.23 0.44 307 18.8 - - - Get-79 44.2 6.18 14.7 1.08 2.05 1.46 15.0 5.70 0.37 308 17.0 - - - May-86 43.9 6.14 14.8 0.92 1.99 1.33 15.3 6.56 0.38 271 20.0 1.51 0.63 24.6 Mont-Dore Ramond Now74 spring 39.5 5.84 14.3 1.23 2.07 1.34 15.6 6.15 0.43 305 19.0 - - - Mont-Dore Pantheon Now74 spring 39.5 5.86 14.5 1.30 2.08 1.36 15.5 6.20 0.44 305 19.0 - - - Mont-Dore Rigny Nov-74 spring 43 6.21 14.5 1.23 2.11 1.34 15.8 6.31 0.42 305 19.4 - - - Mont-Dore St Jean Nov-74 spring 40 - 14.5 1.23 2.15 1.34 15.9 6.27 0.42 307 19.4 - - - Jun-78 42 5.90 14.2 1.09 2.03 1.29 15.5 6.30 0.38 292 19.0 1.43 - - Get-79 40 6.18 14.7 1.08 2.05 1.46 15.0 5.70 0.37 308 17.0 - - - Mont-Dore Cesar Now74 spring 39 5.80 13.5 1.23 1.94 1.26 14.5 5.76 0.42 290 17.6 - - - La Bourboule-Choussy Now74 well 53 6.50 74.0 2.55 0.96 0.31 27.4 49.5 1.14 198 66.4 - - - Get-79 53.2 6.48 76.2 2.42 0.87 0.37 27.3 48.5 1.33 191 84.0 - - - May-86 54.8 6.47 73.4 2.19 0.82 0.31 26.8 48.2 1.28 180 96.4 3.69 4.50 107 Clemence Get-79 spring 18.5 5.87 37.2 2.03 2.09 1.31 22. I 25.6 1.08 170 36.0 - - - May-86 18.5 5.82 37.3 2.66 2.00 1.11 17.1 24.8 1.00 162 43.0 2.86 2.88 - La Verniere Get-79 spring 12.5 5.64 35.7 1.71 1.26 0.98 15.3 16.2 1.08 175 40.0 - - - May-86 11.9 6.10 35.3 2.08 1.24 0.86 22.2 17.2 1.14 173 47.1 1.38 1.75 - Fenestre Now74 spring 16 - 4.80 0.34 0.16 0.15 3.0 2.33 0.38 130 6.70 - - - Get-79 16 6.36 4.80 0.31 0.15 0.18 3.1 2.64 0.25 125 6.30 - - - Felix Nov-74 30 6.02 61.5 2.32 2.84 1.93 28.2 44.8 2.08 218 85.0 - - - Get-79 30.4 6.32 64.7 2.22 2.72 2.11 27.6 45.0 - 206 79.0 - - - May-86 29.5 6.15 63.5 1.95 2.67 1.85 27.7 41.9 1.83 213 88.9 4.60 4.08 101 Felix 2 May-86 16.2 6.27 43.9 1.51 1.93 1.26 21.2 31.0 1.19 172 57.8 3.12 2.63 70.6 Gabriel Nov-74 12 5.82 61.0 2.05 2.60 1.98 28.0 42.4 1.00 192 72.8 - - - Croizat Nov-74 37.3 6.81 112 3.77 3.78 1.10 34.2 87.5 2.66 182 192 - - - Get-79 39 6.52 114 3.75 3.67 1.32 33.7 85.5 2.25 173 180 - - - Jun-78 - 6.49 115 3.65 3.77 1.30 34.3 85.3 2.83 167 192 - - - May-86 39.1 6.56 108 3.54 3.57 1.14 34.2 84.8 2.76 168 198 9.38 7.38 183 Moneyron Get-79 spring IS.5 5.86 66.9 1.75 2.39 1.25 14.8 58.0 0.92 147 89.0 - - - May-86 14.9 5.87 65.2 1.50 2.40 1.1s 14.0 57.7 0.97 135 102.9 5.93 5.38 106 South and east of Haute-Dordognc : ealdera Chaudefour Valley Chaudefour 1 Get-79 spring 10.2 5.02 0.65 0.21 0.52 0.21 2.52 0.10 0.10 170 0.2 0.21 - - May-86 11 5.12 0.65 0.20 0.53 0.19 2.31 0.05 0.11 IS0 - 0.24 - - Chaudefour 2 Nov-74 spring 11.3 4.65 0.68 0.23 0.55 0.17 2.25 _ _ 155 - 0.01 0.01 Got-79 11.5 5.08 0.68 0.20 0.52 0.20 2.62 0.10 0.10 160 0.3 - - - May-86 II 5.04 0.67 0.20 0.53 0.20 2.42 0.05 0.11 150 - - _ _ Chaudefour 3 Get-79 spring 22.7 5.74 12.4 0.91 4.13 1.67 18.4 0.30 2.81 203 5.5 4.66 0.07 - May-86 22.3 6.00 12.6 0.92 4.17 1.50 19.