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Insomnia (3) (1).Pdf Question 2 Insomnia (3) (1).Pdf Question 3 Insomnia (6) (2).Pdf Question 5 Insomnia (3).Pdf From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Subject: Condition Petition for Thomas Rosenberger Date: Tuesday, December 31, 2019 5:41:25 PM Attachments: Question 1 Insomnia (3) (1).pdf Question 2 Insomnia (3) (1).pdf Question 3 Insomnia (6) (2).pdf Question 5 Insomnia (3).pdf This message was sent from the Condition page on medicalmarijuana.ohio.gov. Box was check regarding file size being too large to upload. Action needed! Name: Thomas Rosenberger Address: 815 Grandview Ave Suite 400, Columbus, OH, 43215 Phone: (614) 706-3782 Email: [email protected] Specific Disease or Condition: Insomnia Information from experts who specialize in the disease or condition. See attached file Question 1 Insomnia (3) (1).pdf Relevant medical or scientific evidence pertaining to the disease or condition. See attached file Question 2 Insomnia (3) (1).pdf Consideration of whether conventional medical therapies are insufficient to treat or alleviate the disease or condition. See attached file Question 3 Insomnia (6) (2).pdf Evidence supporting the use of medical marijuana to treat or alleviate the disease or condition, including journal articles, peer-reviewed studies, and other types of medical or scientific documentation. File larger than 3MB Letters of support provided by physicians with knowledge of the disease or condition. This may include a letter provided by the physician treating the petitioner, if applicable. See attached file Question 5 Insomnia (3).pdf Question 1 Information from experts who specialize in the disease or condition Contents Overview – 3 Clinical Pharmacology in Sleep Medicine – 4 Overview Insomnia is a difficult condition to treat in part because it both a condition in and of itself and a symptom of other conditions. This makes it difficult for physicians to determine the correct treatment options. Choosing the correct treatment option is complicated by the myriad of severe side effects pharmaceuticals intended to help a patient sleep can cause. Seizure, depression and memory issues are just a few. “Clinical Pharmacology in Sleep Medicine” attempts to clarify the risks of various medications intended to help with insomnia and other sleep disorders. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Pharmacology Volume 2012, Article ID 914168, 14 pages doi:10.5402/2012/914168 Review Article Clinical Pharmacology in Sleep Medicine Ashley Proctor and Matt T. Bianchi Sleep Division, Neurology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Wang 720, Boston, MA 02114, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Matt T. Bianchi, [email protected] Received 30 April 2012; Accepted 7 June 2012 Academic Editors: T. Kumai, M. van den Buuse, and R. Villalobos-Molina Copyright © 2012 A. Proctor and M. T. Bianchi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The basic treatment goals of pharmacological therapies in sleep medicine are to improve waking function by either improving sleep or by increasing energy during wakefulness. Stimulants to improve waking function include amphetamine derivatives, modafinil, and caffeine. Sleep aids encompass several classes, from benzodiazepine hypnotics to over-the-counter antihistamines. Other medications used in sleep medicine include those initially used in other disorders, such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and psychiatric disorders. As these medications are prescribed or encountered by providers in diverse fields of medicine, it is important to recognize the distribution of adverse effects, drug interaction profiles, metabolism, and cytochrome substrate activity. In this paper, we review the pharmacological armamentarium in the field of sleep medicine to provide a framework for risk-benefit considerations in clinical practice. 1. Introduction and idiopathic hypersomnia are also treated primarily with stimulants. Given the high prevalence of sleep complaints in the general Insomnia can be considered a constellation of symptoms population and in patients with a variety of comorbid dis- with a variety of underlying causes [6]. As a symptom, it orders, the pharmacological treatment options for sleep dis- can be secondary to disorders of mood, pain, or a variety of orders are common considerations for sleep specialists and other neurological and general medical disorders. It can be nonspecialists alike [1–4]. Clinical pharmacology in sleep primary in the sense that it exists in the absence of other medicine can be loosely classified into drugs aimed at treat- identifiable causes, such as insomnia from psychophysio- ing sleepiness, sleeplessness, and sleep-related movements. logical associations, or secondary to a number of other Although most of these are available by prescription only, the medical and psychiatric issues [7–13]. One of the most stimulant caffeine and the antihistamine diphenhydramine intriguing yet poorly understood aspects of insomnia is the are common over-the-counter options for sleepiness and misperception phenotype, in which patients underestimate sleeplessness, respectively. their sleep times compared to objective measurements [14]. The primary hypersomnias are uncommon compared to Insomnia can also be the presenting feature of circadian disorders that include sleepiness as a secondary symptom to phase disorders—most commonly delayed circadian phase sleep disruption [5]. When presented with the patient report- [15]. The primary challenge in regards to the diagnosis and ing sleepiness, it is critical to investigate potential primary treatment of insomnia is that both depend entirely on the causes, such as sleep apnea or insomnia. Pain syndromes, clinical history, with no basis in objective testing. mood disorders, and general medical problems may be Restless leg syndrome and periodic limb movements of comorbid with sleep apnea and/or disrupted sleep. However, sleep are the most common movement disorders resulting in residual daytime symptoms persist in some patients despite sleep disturbance [16, 17]. The former is a strictly clinical optimized management of potential primary causes, leading diagnosis, while the latter is a polysomnographic finding. to consideration of stimulant agents in the appropriate Both are treated similarly, often beginning with interrogation clinical setting. Primary hypersomnias such as narcolepsy of iron stores and oral repletion when needed, followed by 2 ISRN Pharmacology dopaminergic medications, as well as off-label use of other which include UpToDate and Micromedex. Interested read- classes. REM behavior disorder is most commonly treated ers seeking further detail are directed to these sources. with hypnotic benzodiazepines [18]. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the 2. Insomnia medications most commonly encountered in sleep medicine. It is not intended as a clinical guideline and prescription Multiple drug treatments exist for the treatment of insomnia, decisions should be undertaken with appropriate expertise, ranging from dedicated hypnotics, such as zolpidem, to consultation, and consideration of available information multifunctional benzodiazepines [3, 22]. Other drugs have about adverse effects, interactions, and safety issues. The been used for insomnia on account of drowsiness as a organization of tables and figures includes basic information prominent side effect such as antihistamines and trazodone, abouteachdrugsuchashalf-life,excretion(renalorhepatic), as well as over-the-counter use of the hormone melatonin pregnancy class and lactation considerations, and inter- [23]. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration actions with food, herbals, and smoking (Tables 1–4). In has approved the nonbenzodiazepine ligands (zolpidem, Table 1, the generic names of a variety of sleeping pills are eszopiclone, and zaleplon), ramelteon, doxepin, and certain shown along with the biological half-life, primary mode benzodiazepines. Other sleep aids shown in this paper of excretion, pregnancy class, presence in breast milk, and are considered off-label. The use of drug treatments is interactions with food, herbs, and smoking tobacco. The recommended only in the short term, meaning usually 7– FDA defines pregnancy categories as follows: (A) adequate 10 nights. Long-term pharmacological treatment is not and well-controlled studies failed to demonstrate fetal risk suggested, and only the newer agents such as zolpidem have in the first trimester (and there is no evidence of risk in even been studied in clinical trials lasting more than a few later trimesters); (B) animal reproduction studies have failed weeks. Despite this practice recommendation, patients with to demonstrate fetal risk and there are no adequate and chronic insomnia may not achieve spontaneous, behavioral well-controlled studies in pregnant women, or human data modification, or drug-assisted remission, and appropriate reassuring despite animal studies showing risk; (C) animal treatment in these cases remains uncertain. reproduction studies are either not available or have shown The main nonpharmacological approaches span the gen- adverse fetal effects and there are no adequate and well- eral categories of (1) treating the underlying contributors controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may (such as pain or mood disorders), (2) optimizing sleep hy- warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential giene, and (3) cognitive behavioral therapy. Although the risks;
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