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Towards the Use of Private Military Companies

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Towards the Use of Private Military Companies TOWARDS THE USE OF THE PRIVATE MILITARY COmpANIES IN THE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS BY Sebastian Deschamps A THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL COMPLETION OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF The Certificate-of-Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations Towards the use of the Private Military Companies in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations By Sebastian Deschamps COTIPSO Programme UNITAR POCI Towards the use of the Private Military Companies in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Towards the use of the Private Military Companies in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations A Thesis by Mr. Sebastian Deschamps presented in partial completion of the requirements of The Certificate-of-Training in United Nations Peace Support Operations. Submitted: Date: Signature of Student Forwarded Recommending Approval: Date: Signature of Thesis Adviser Approved: Date: Signature of Thesis Coordinator Sebastian Deschamps Page 2 15/01/05 Towards the use of the Private Military Companies in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Table of Contents I.INTRODUCTION TO THE RISE OF PRIVATE USE OF FORCE IN THE XXI CENTURY...................................10 PMC AROUND THE AGES................................................................................................................................................................12 Ancient Heroes and the formation of mercenary bands......................................................................................................12 Condottieri or the development of a private military brand................................................................................................13 India’s Companies, the rise and at least the fall, of Private Military Companies..............................................................13 Filibusters and the breach in international security...........................................................................................................15 Middle East, the history start anew.....................................................................................................................................16 DIFFERENT BRANDS, DIFFERENT USES!...............................................................................................................................................17 Definitions............................................................................................................................................................................17 “The combat art” Concept..................................................................................................................................................19 The free market break the state monopoly of the use of force.............................................................................................21 The Current Market.........................................................................................................................................................22 New Markets and “new” threats......................................................................................................................................24 II.INTERACTION BETWEEN PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES AND UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS.............................................................................................................................................................................26 CONGO........................................................................................................................................................................................27 CROATIA & BOSNIA.......................................................................................................................................................................27 Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI). (Operation Oluja (Storm))..........................................................27 KOSOVO.......................................................................................................................................................................................29 SIERRA LEONE..............................................................................................................................................................................30 Ghurkha Security Guards (G.S.G.) (1994)..........................................................................................................................30 Executive Outcomes (E.O). (1995).....................................................................................................................................30 Sandline Intl. (1996)............................................................................................................................................................31 III. THE CURRENT USE OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN UNITED NATIONS OPERATIONS..........33 UNITED NATIONS...........................................................................................................................................................................34 Somalia (UNOSOM I, II).....................................................................................................................................................35 Kosovo (UNMIK).................................................................................................................................................................35 GOVERNMENT...............................................................................................................................................................................36 USA......................................................................................................................................................................................36 NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS.............................................................................................................................................36 IV.REGULATING THE OPEN MARKET OF THE ORGANISED VIOLENCE...........................................................38 UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL..............................................................................................................................................39 China....................................................................................................................................................................................39 France..................................................................................................................................................................................40 Russian Federation..............................................................................................................................................................40 United Kingdom...................................................................................................................................................................41 Green Paper - HC 577 Private Military Companies: Options for Regulation 2001-02...................................................41 Response of the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs..................................................................42 Green Paper’s Comments................................................................................................................................................42 U.S.A....................................................................................................................................................................................42 International Traffic in ALevel IIIrms Regulations (ITAR)............................................................................................42 Field Manual 100-21 “Contractors on the Battlefield”....................................................................................................43 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS .....................................................................................................................................................43 Non Governmental Organisations ......................................................................................................................................43 Sebastian Deschamps Page 3 15/01/05 Towards the use of the Private Military Companies in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Africa Union (previously the OAU).....................................................................................................................................44 SELF-REGULATION BY THE PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANY....................................................................................................................44 International Peace Operation Association (IPOA)............................................................................................................44 Sandline (defunct since April 16, 2004)...............................................................................................................................45 Professional Services Council (P.S.C.)................................................................................................................................46 OTHER GOVERNMENTS...................................................................................................................................................................46 Congo...................................................................................................................................................................................46
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