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Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions Edited by Machiel Lamers and Edward Huijbens Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Resources www.mdpi.com/journal/resources Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions Special Issue Editors Machiel Lamers Edward Huijbens MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Machiel Lamers Edward Huijbens Wageningen University University of Akureyri The Netherlands Iceland Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Resources (ISSN 2079-9276) in 2017 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/resources/special issues/ polar tourism) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-011-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-012-5 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Preface to ”Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions” .. ix Edward Huijbens and Machiel Lamers Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions: An Editorial Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 45, doi: 10.3390/resources6030045 ................ 1 Bradley W. Barr “An ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure”: Adopting Landscape-Level Precautionary Approaches to Preserve Arctic Coastal Heritage Resources Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 18, doi: 10.3390/resources6020018 ................ 8 Nate Bickford, Lindsey Smith, Sonja Bickford, Matthew R. Bice and Dustin H. Ranglack Evaluating the Role of CSR and SLO in Ecotourism: Collaboration for Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Arctic Resources Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 21, doi: 10.3390/resources6020021 ................ 27 Marta Bystrowska, Karin Wigger and Daniela Liggett The Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Managing High Arctic Tourism Sites: A Collective Action Perspective Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 33, doi: 10.3390/resources6030033 ................ 36 Emma J. Stewart, Stephen Espiner, Daniela Liggett and Zac Taylor The Forgotten Islands: Monitoring Tourist Numbers and Managing Tourism Impacts on New Zealand’s Subantarctic Islands Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 38, doi: 10.3390/resources6030038 ................ 54 Brittany Manley, Statia Elliot and Shoshanah Jacobs Expedition Cruising in the Canadian Arctic: Visitor Motives and the Influence of Education Programming on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 23, doi: 10.3390/resources6030023 ................ 71 Margaret E. Johnston, Jackie Dawson and Patrick T. Maher Strategic Development Challenges in Marine Tourism in Nunavut Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 25, doi: 10.3390/resources6030025 ................ 91 Johnny Grøneng Aase The Ortelius Incident in the Hinlopen Strait—A Case Study on How Satellite-Based AIS Can Support Search and Rescue Operations in Remote Waters Reprinted from: Resources 2017, 6, 35, doi: 10.3390/resources6030035 ................106 v About the Special Issue Editors Machiel Lamers, Associate Professor, works at the Environmental Policy Group at Wageningen University, the Netherlands. His main research interests are in new modes of governance in sustainable tourism and conservation tourism across the world, including the Polar Regions. Edward Huijbens, geographer and scholar of tourism, and professor at the school of social sciences and humanities at the University of Akureyri, where he is also department head for the faculty of social sciences and law. Edward works on tourism theory, issues of regional development, landscape perceptions, the role of transport in tourism and polar tourism. He is the author of over 30 articles in several scholarly journals such as Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Geographies and has published three monographs both in Iceland and internationally and co-edited four books. vii Preface to ”Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions” This Special Issue stems from the fifth IPTRN conference which was held in NE Iceland at the end of August 2016. Membership of the IPTRN network includes university academics, consultants, tourism operators, representatives of government organizations and graduate students dedicated to researching tourism in Arctic and Antarctic settings. The IPTRN strives to generate, share and disseminate knowledge, resources and perspectives on polar tourism; and strongly supports the development of international collaboration between members. Biennial conferences and community workshops are meant to solidify this focus on international collaboration between members. Community workshops were included in these events and brought participants’ insights to bear on local tourism issues. The first IPTRN conference was held in 2008 in Kangiqsujuaq, Arctic Canada, followed by a second IPTRN conference in 2010 in Scandinavia, a third IPTRN conference in 2012 was held in Nain, Labrador, Canada, and a fourth conference in Australasia in 2014 (Christchurch/Akaroa, New Zealand). The sixth IPTRN will be held in 2018 in the Yukon, Canada, and the seventh in 2020 in Ushuaia, Argentina. Machiel Lamers, Edward Huijbens Special Issue Editors ix resources Editorial Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions: An Editorial Edward Huijbens 1,* and Machiel Lamers 2 1 Icelandic Tourism Research Centre, University of Akureyri, 600 Akureyri, Iceland 2 Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8130, 6700EW Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +354-460-8619 Received: 28 August 2017; Accepted: 31 August 2017; Published: 2 September 2017 Abstract: This editorial provides an introduction to the special issue of Resources on Sustainable Tourism and Natural Resource Conservation in the Polar Regions, which proceeds the fifth bi-annual conference of the International Polar Tourism Research Network (IPTRN). The conference and coinciding community workshop on tourism development were organized at the edge of the Arctic in the community of Raufarhöfn (pop. 160) in Northeast Iceland from 29 August to 2 September 2016. Keywords: tourism; Arctic; Antarctic; polar; research 1. Introduction This special issue proceeds the fifth bi-annual conference of the International Polar Tourism Research Network (IPTRN). The conference and coinciding community workshop on tourism development were organized at the edge of the Arctic in the community of Raufarhöfn (pop. 160) in Northeast Iceland from 29 August–2 September 2016, and hosted by the Icelandic Tourism Research Centre in collaboration with Norðurþing municipality, the Canadian Embassy in Iceland, The University of Akureyri, Norðurhjari—Tourism Partnership, Rif Field Station and the Northeast Iceland Development Agency. The title of the conference in Raufarhöfn was Tourism, People and Protected Areas in Polar Wilderness, following an earlier event of the IPTRN in 2010 with the same title [1]. In total, 40 papers were presented in seven sessions that ran individually through the five days of the conference. In between sessions were field excursions and meetings with tourism entrepreneurs and service providers in the region. In addition a community workshop was hosted at the conference venue on the fourth day. The community workshop focused on tourism development in collaboration with local stakeholders, with input from conference participants identifying issues of tourism development in the Polar Regions, and how these can be addressed in situ using participatory frameworks. The impetus for this conference and the preceding IPTRN events was the rapid, albeit sporadic, growth of tourism in the Arctic and Antarctic. Through the democratization of travel, transport technology developments and increasing accessibility, some parts of the Polar Regions are witnessing increasing inbound tourism. Tourism operations in the Polar Regions capitalize on the regions’ natural assets, landscapes and remoteness. Despite significant differences, for instance, with regard to sovereignty questions or the history of human habitation, parallels can be drawn between the Arctic and Antarctic regions. In addition to both being remote, these parallels are primarily based on the Polar Regions’ biogeographic characteristics, extreme climatic conditions, widespread perceptions of being a relatively inhospitable environment (for humans), and a high marine biodiversity and productivity. Tourists from across the world are attracted by the pristine character of the Polar Regions, their sparsely- or non-populated wilderness,
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