DOCSLIB.ORG

FAU Institutional Repository

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FAU Institutional Repository FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©1981 The Ichthyological Society of Japan. This article may be cited as: Mok, H.-K. (1981). The posterior cardinal veins and kidneys of fishes, with notes on their phylogenetic significance. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 27(4), 281-290. =tr fl71 Japanese Journal of Ichthyology Vol. 27, No.4 1981 The Posterior Cardinal Veins and Kidneys of Fishes, with Notes on Their Phylogenetic Significance Hin-Kiu Mok (Received November 27, 1979) Abstract The variations of the relation and relative size of the posterior cardinal veins and the fusion of the left and right kidneys in seme major fish groups are described. The morphological variations of these characters in the two systems are interpreted and hypotheses concerning the phylogenetic interrelationships of the fish groups are made. The neoposterior cardinal veins being equally long is treated as a plesiomorphic character state for actinopterygians. In the vast majority of these fishes the right neoposterior cardinal vein is much longer and larger in diameter than the left one. The left neoposterior cardinal vein of osteoglossomorphs (including hiodontids) is larger and longer than the right. This synapomorphic character state supports their monophyletic relationships. The presence of a connection between the hepatic and neoposterior cardinal vein in brachiopterygians suggests' their affinity with other sarcopterygians. The presence of an anterior median sinus in chondrichthyans formed by the fused parts of the anterior neoposterior cardinal veins may be synapornorphic for gnathostomes and indicates the monophyly of chondrichthyans. Complete separation of the left and right kidneys which is here hypothesized as an apo­ morphic character state of the gnathostome kidney morphology has appeared at least three times in this fish group. This character state casts light on the monophyly of Brachio­ pterygii, Dipnoi, and Tetrapoda. Occurrence ofsimilar character states in other gnathostomes is due to convergence. While conducting a survey of gnathostome After the removal of these organs, the kidney kidney morphology, I noticed some morpho­ could be easily observed. The posterior car­ logical variations in the posterior cardinal vein dinal veins are embedded on the surface of system and the fusion of the left and right the left and right kidneys. The shape of the kidneys (Mok, 1978). The phylogenetic signifi­ kidney, the size, length, and relation of the cance of these diversities have not been suf­ left and right posterior cardinal veins were ficiently exploited. Therefore, I undertook a recorded. preliminary review of these two systems with Specimens examined: Chimaeridae: Chi­ special attention to the application of these maera phantasma, AMNH uncat., 150 mm TL morphological variations to reconstruct the (total length). Dasyatidae: Taeniura meyeni, phylogenetic history of gnathostomes. AMNH uncat., 150 mm TL. Squalidae: Squa­ Ius acanthias, AMNH 1023, 160 mm TL. Lati­ Materials and methods meriidae: Latimeria chalumnae, AMNH 36941, The specimens examined in the present 1300 mm TL. Lepidosirenidae: Lepidosiren study are from the Ichthyology Department, paradoxa, GD 7.068.1, 540mm TL. Polypter­ American Museum of Natural History idae: Calamoichthys calabaricus, AMNH un­ (AMNH); personal collections of Dr. Peter cat., 190 mrn, 240 mm TL; Polypterus ornati­ Moller (PM) of the City University of New pinnis, AMNH 6349, 108 mm TL; Polypterus York, and Mr. Guido Dingerkus (GD) of the palmas, AMNH 6300, 110 mm, 114 mm TL. Ichthyology Department, American Museum Acipenseridae: Acipenser stellatus, AMNH of Natural History. One or more individuals 20694, 157 mm TL. Polyodontidae: Polyodon of each species studied were examined. The spathula, AMNH uncat., 288mm TL. Lepiso­ viscera including the gastrointestinal tract and steidae: Lepisosteus oculatus, AMNH 37370, the swimbladder (if present) were removed. 148 mm TL; Lepisosteus platyrhincus, AMNH -281- Japan. J. Ichthyol. 27(4), 1981 27734, 237 mm TL. Amiidae: Amia calva, "We have no evidece to show whether this AMNH uncat., 107 mm TL. Osteoglossidae: single interrenal posterior cardinal vein in Osteoglossum bicirrhosum, AMNH uncat., 75 Squalus is formed by the fusion of the two mm, 80 mm SL (standard length). Pantodon­ limbs of the loop (loop of Jacobson), or tidae: Pantodon buchholzi, AMNH uncat., whether only one of them persists, as for 75 mm SL. Hiodontidae: Hiodon alosoides, example in Mustelus antarcticus and Noto­ AMNH 23754, 60 mm, 67 mm SL. Notopteri­ rhynchus maculatus." dae: Notopterus sp., AMNH uncat., 150 mm, Besides the posterior fusion of neoposterior 160 mm SL; Xenomystus nigri, AMNH uncat., cardinal veins, a spacious medial sinus may 150 mm, 160 mm SL. Gymarchidae: Gymnar­ be frequetly formed by the fused anterior chus niloticus, PM uncat., 312 mm TL. Mormy­ portion of the neoposterior cardinal veins in ridae: Gnathonemus sp., AMNH 19671, 110 chondrichthyans, such as Squalus acanthias, mm TL; Mormyrops deliciosus, AMNH 6892, S. sucklii, Scyllium canicula (O'Donoghue, 142 mm SL; Petrocephalus sp., AMNH 6885, 1914; O'Donoghue and Abbott, 1928: fig. lB), 84 mm SL. Anguillidae: Anguilla rostrata, Raja nasuta (Parker, 1881), and Hydrolagus AMNH 36091, 283 mm TL. colliei (Stahl, 1967). This anterior sinus is insignificant in Mustelus antarcticus (Parker, Results 1886: pI. 34). The time of its appearance is Posterior cardinal vein system. The pos­ variable. It develops in late embryonic stages terior cardinal vein system of primitive gnatho­ in Scyllium canicula (O'Donoghue and Abbott, stomes consists of (I) the paired renal portal 1928), but does not appear until maturation veins representing the posterior part of the in Squalus (Walker, 1956). protoposterior cardinal veins, present in chon­ There are resemblances between the posterior drichthyan embryonic stage and in adult cycle­ cardinal vein system of holocephalian fish stomes (see below), (2) the medial unpaired (Hydrolagus colliei) and the elasmobranchs. caudal vein joining the renal portal vein at In the former, there are numerous, sizable its anterior end, and (3) the paired neoposterior communications between the left and right cardinal vein which is a composite of the neoposterior cardinal veins, and posteriorly at subcardinal vein and the anterior section of the origin of the trunk between the kidneys, the protoposterior cardinal vein (Smith, 1960). there is a single median vein, the interrenal In elasmobranchs such as Squalus, a con­ vein (Stahl, 1967). Stahl made no mention nection between the anterior section of the of the composition of the interrenal vein. protoposterior cardinal vein and the subcar­ There are some generalized characters of dinal vein on each side is formed early in the chondrichthyan posterior cardinal vein ontogeny (Walker, 1956: fig. lA). The left system: (I) the left and right neoposterior and right subcardinal veins communicate cardinal veins are recognizable and equal in medially by some short cross anastomoses at length; (2) the posterior parts of these veins their posterior sections and have no connec­ are connected by anastomoses; (3) a median tion to the posterior sections of the proto­ anterior sinus is present; (4) the extreme an­ posterior cardinal veins. These anastomoses terior sections of these veins (or the neo­ may be absent in the adult, e.g., Squalus posterior cardinal sinuses) tend to increase in acanthias, S. sucklii (O'Donoghue and Abbott, diameter. The primitive nature of the first 1928), and Scyllium canicula (O'Donoghue, character state is indicated by the presence of 1914). A medial interrenal vein is present neoposterior cardinal veins of equal length in posteriorly in S. canicula (O'Douoghue and both embryonic and adult stages of some Abbott, 1928: fig. IB). This vein is com­ elasmobranchs (e.g., Walker, 1956). Reduction posed of the fused posterior (or the subcardinal) in length of either one of these veins, or sections of the neoposterior cardinals or of longitudinal fusion of their posterior sections, one of these veins when the other has lost has also been observed in chondrichthyans. its posterior section. O'Donoghue and Abbott The left neoposterior cardinal vein is shortened (1928 : 873) wrote about the interrenal vein, in Mustelus antarcticus; the short left neo- -282- Mok : Posterior Cardinal Veins and Kidneys apC'V ,- h eev ./ hv npev sv ms ppcv an rpv iv ev A B Fig. I. Simplified diagram of the posterior cardinal vein system in (A) Squalus sp. (late embryonic stage; after Walker , 1956) and (B) Scyllium canicula (after O'Donoghue and Abbott, 1928). an, anastmosis; apcv, anterior protoposterior cardinal vein; ccv, common cardinal vein; cv, caudal vein; h, heart; hv, hepatic vein; iv, interrenal vein; ms, medial sinus of the fused neoposterior cardinal veins; npcv, neoposterior cardinal vein; ppcv, posterior protoposterior cardinal vein; rpv, renal portal vein; sv, subcardinal vein. posterior cardinal vein has short transverse protopostcava which exists in all living tetra­ anastomoses joining the long right one, which pods (except mammals), dipnoans, polypterids, is also larger in diameter (Parker, 1886). and coelacanths (also see below), the sub­ Burne (1923: 246) observed a reduction in cardinal (or the posterior) portions of the neo­ neoposterior cardinal length in Lamna nasus posterior cardinal veins tend to fuse medially and wrote, "It is clear that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Growth and Reproductive Parameters of Polypterus Senegalus Cuvier 1829 in Eleiyele Lake
    New York Science Journal 2016;9(11) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork Growth and reproductive parameters of Polypterus senegalus Cuvier 1829 in Eleiyele Lake Adedolapo Abeke Ayoade and Juliet Avwesuruo Akponine Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Phone Number: +234-8033855807 Abstract: The Senegal bichir, Polypterus senegalus Cuvier 1829 is of commercial importance as food and ornamental fish. This study describes the growth pattern and aspects of reproductive biology for the species in the Eleyele Lake, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty nine specimens were collected from October, 2010 to April, 2011. For each individual, the total length, standard length and body weight were measured also aspects of reproductive biology (gonadosomatic index, fecundity, egg diameter) were determined. All the LWRs showed strong correlations (r> 0.75, p>0.05). The b value obtained varies with body size and higher value was recorded for the smaller size group. The mean K for the combined sexes was 0.536 0.007. Absolute fecundity ranged between 622 (for specimen with TL = 16.4 cm; total weight = 21.61 g) and 2593 eggs (for specimen with TL = 27.7 cm; total weight = 120.62 g). The frequency polygons of the egg diameter suggest the species is a multiple spawner. [Adedolapo Abeke Ayoade and Juliet Avwesuruo Akponine. Growth and reproductive parameters of Polypterus senegalus Cuvier 1829 in Eleiyele Lake. N Y Sci J 2016;9(11):27-31]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 5. doi:10.7537/marsnys091116.05.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing the Potential of Environmental DNA Methods for Surveying Lake Tanganyika's Highly Diverse Fish Communities Christopher J
    Testing the potential of environmental DNA methods for surveying Lake Tanganyika's highly diverse fish communities Christopher James Doble A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London April 2020 1 Declaration I, Christopher James Doble, confirm the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm this has been indicated in the thesis. Christopher James Doble Date: 27/04/2020 2 Statement of authorship I planned and undertook fieldwork to the Kigoma region of Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania in 2016 and 2017. This included obtaining research permits, collecting environmental DNA samples and undertaking fish community visual survey data used in Chapters three and four. For Chapter two, cichlid reference database sequences were sequenced by Walter Salzburger’s research group at the University of Basel. I extracted required regions from mitochondrial genome alignments during a visit to Walter’s research group. Other reference sequences were obtained by Sanger sequencing. I undertook the DNA extractions and PCR amplifications for all samples, with the clean-up and sequencing undertaken by the UCL Sequencing facility. I undertook the method development, DNA extractions, PCR amplifications and library preparations for each of the next generation sequencing runs in Chapters three and four at the NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility Sheffield. Following training by Helen Hipperson at the NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility in Sheffield, I undertook the bioinformatic analysis of sequence data in Chapters three and four. I also carried out all the data analysis within each chapter. Chapters two, three and parts of four have formed a manuscript recently published in Environmental DNA (Doble et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Title the Mitochondrial Phylogeny of an Ancient Lineage of Ray- Finned Fishes (Polypteridae) with Implications for the Evolution
    The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray- finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution Title of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes. Author(s) Suzuki, Dai; Brandley, Matthew C; Tokita, Masayoshi Citation BMC evolutionary biology (2010), 10(1) Issue Date 2010 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/108263 c 2010 Suzuki et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Right Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University Suzuki et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:21 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/21 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes Dai Suzuki1, Matthew C Brandley2, Masayoshi Tokita1,3* Abstract Background: The family Polypteridae, commonly known as “bichirs”, is a lineage that diverged early in the evolutionary history of Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), but has been the subject of far less evolutionary study than other members of that clade. Uncovering patterns of morphological change within Polypteridae provides an important opportunity to evaluate if the mechanisms underlying morphological evolution are shared among actinoptyerygians, and in fact, perhaps the entire osteichthyan (bony fish and tetrapods) tree of life. However, the greatest impediment to elucidating these patterns is the lack of a well-resolved, highly-supported phylogenetic tree of Polypteridae.
    [Show full text]
  • Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Jeannette Krieger, Paul A
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 16, No. 1, July, pp. 64–72, 2000 doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0743, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Phylogenetic Relationships of the North American Sturgeons (Order Acipenseriformes) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Jeannette Krieger, Paul A. Fuerst, and Ted M. Cavender* Department of Molecular Genetics and *Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 Received July 16, 1999; revised October 18, 1999 grouped within one family (Birstein, 1993). These fish The evolutionary relationships of the extant species are anadromous, diadromous, or potamodromous, with within the order Acipenseriformes are not well under- a North American and Eurasian distribution (Bemis stood. Nucleotide sequences of four mitochondrial and Kynard, 1997). In addition, sturgeon and paddle- genes (12S rRNA, COII, tRNAPhe, and tRNAAsp genes) in fish have long life spans, the potential to grow very North American sturgeon and paddlefish were exam- large in size, and slow maturation, as females often ined to reconstruct a phylogeny. Analysis of the com- require 10 to 20 years before reproduction in nature. bined gene sequences suggests a basal placement of Widely exploited for caviar and meat, their popularity the paddlefish with regard to the sturgeons. Nucleo- as a food source in a number of countries has resulted tide sequences of all four genes for the three Scaphi- in frequent overfishing. Recently, the population sizes rhynchus species were identical. The position of of many acipenseriform species have decreased to the Scaphirhynchus based on our data was uncertain. Within the genus Acipenser, the two Acipenser oxyrin- point at which they are threatened or endangered.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Fishes in Africa - Christian Lévêque and Didier Paugy
    ANIMAL RESOURCES AND DIVERSITY IN AFRICA - Freshwater Fishes In Africa - Christian Lévêque and Didier Paugy FRESHWATER FISHES IN AFRICA Christian Lévêque and Didier Paugy IRD, UMR Borea, MNHN, 43 rue Cuvier, 75431 Paris cedex 05, France Keywords: Africa, Inland water, Fish, Biodiversity, Biology, Human utilization Contents 1. The Lakes and Rivers of Africa 2. Advances in African freshwater ichthyology 3. Paleontology 4. Characteristics of the African inland water fish fauna 5. Biogeography 6. Freshwater habitats and fish assemblages 7. Reproductive strategies 8. Life history styles 9. Human utilization 10. Threats to freshwater ecosystems 11. The value of freshwater biodiversity Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary The African continent can broadly be divided into two large regions: Low (West and North Africa) and High Africa (South and East Africa). About ten large river basins occupy the continent and most of them flow towards the ocean. However there are also some large endorheic basins such as the Chari and the Okavango. The climate is of utmost importance in determining the distribution of aquatic systems. Altogether, the combined effects of geographic, climatic and topographic factors have given rise to a high diversity of ecosystems, freshwater fishes and assemblages. Currently 3,360 species of fresh and brackish water fish species have been described from Africa. The long period of exondation of most of the African continent, which lasts for UNESCO-EOLSSmore than 600 Myrs ago during the Precambrian, may explain the diversity of the freshwater fish fauna and its unparallel assemblage of so-called archaic families of which mostly areSAMPLE endemic. CHAPTERS Thirteen ichthyological provinces or bioregions, based on their specific fish fauna, have been identified in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mitochondrial Phylogeny of an Ancient Lineage Of
    Suzuki et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:209 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/209 CORRECTION Open Access TheCorrection mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes Dai Suzuki1, Matthew C Brandley2 and Masayoshi Tokita*1,3 Correction and cranio-facial morphology (Fig. 3; Fig. four in the orig- After re-evaluation, we have determined that two species, inal study). Polypterus retropinnis and P. mokelembembe, were mis- We note that any reference in the original text to P. ret- identified in our original study [1]. The overall morphol- ropinnis is in fact referring to P. mokelembembe, and vice ogy of both species is very similar, to the point that re- versa. examination of the type series of P. retropinnis demon- Secondly, in our published cranio-facial morphology strated that it consisted of both P. retropinnis and P. figure (Fig. four in the original study), the symbols for P. mokelembembe [2]. Therefore, the placement of these two endlicheri congicus and P. e. endlicheri were switched. We taxa in our published phylogeny should be switched (Fig. have corrected this below (Fig. 3). Because both taxa are 1 below; Fig. two in the original study). This error has characterized by lower jaw protrusion, this correction only minor impact on our analyses of pre-sacral verte- does not substantially change our conclusions. brate evolution (Fig. 2; Fig. three in the original study) * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2010 Suzuki et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 1.1 the Diversity of Living Fishes
    Table 1.1 The diversity of living fishes. Below is a brief listing of higher taxonomic categories of living fishes, in phylogenetic order. This list is meant as an introduction to major groups of living fishes as they will be discussed in the initial two sections of this book. Many intermediate taxonomic levels, such as infraclasses, subdivisions, and series, are not presented here; they will be detailed when the actual groups are discussed in Part III. Only a few representatives of interesting or diverse groups are listed. Taxa and illustrations from Nelson (2006). Subphylum Cephalochordata – lancelets Subphylum Craniata Superclass Myxinomorphi Class Myxini – hagfishes Superclass Petromyzontomorphi Class Petromyzontida – lampreys Superclass Gnathostomata – jawed fishes Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes Subclass Elasmobranchii – sharklike fishes Subclass Holocephali – chimaeras Grade Teleostomi – bony fishes Class Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fishes Subclass Coelacanthimorpha – coelacanths Subclass Dipnoi – lungfishes Class Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes Subclass Cladistia – bichirs Subclass Chondrostei – paddlefishes, sturgeons Subclass Neopterygii – modern bony fishes, including gars and bowfina Division Teleostei Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha – bonytongues Subdivision Elopomorpha – tarpons, bonefishes, eels Subdivision Otocephala Superorder Clupeomorpha – herrings Superorder Ostariophysi – minnows, suckers, characins, loaches, catfishes Subdivision Euteleostei – advanced bony fishes Superorder Protacanthopterygii – pickerels,
    [Show full text]
  • View/Download
    POLYPTERIFORMES (Bichirs) · 1 The ETYFish Project © Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara COMMENTS: v. 6.0 - 21 Aug. 2019 Superclass ACTINOPTERYGII Ray-finned Fishes actino-, ray; pteron, fin or wing, i.e., fishes with fins of webbed skin supported by bony or horny spines (“rays”), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize Superclass Sarcopterygii Class CLADISTIA etymology not explained, perhaps clado, branch; -ista, a signifying agent, i.e., “one that branches,” possibly referring to basally branching rays of polypterids (bichirs) Order POLYPTERIFORMES Family POLYPTERIDAE Bichirs 2 genera · 14 species Erpetoichthys Smith 1865 presumably a misspelling or variant spelling of herpetos, snake, referring to “serpent-like aspect”; ichthys, fish [mistakenly believing “Erpetoichthys” was preoccupied, Smith proposed an unnecessary replacement name in 1866: Calamoichthys (calamus, reed; ichthys, fish, referring to its “cylindrical character”); some scholars believe that due to the vagaries of journal publishing in the 1800s, Calamoichthys inadvertently predates Erpetoichthys (with date changed to 1868) and should be the valid name of the genus] Erpetoichthys calabaricus Smith 1865 -icus, belonging to: Old Calabar River, West Africa, type locality Polypterus Lacepède 1803 poly, many; pteron, fin, referring to multiple dorsal finlets instead of single dorsal fin Polypterus ansorgii Boulenger 1910 in honor of explorer William John Ansorge (1850-1913), who collected type Polypterus bichir Lacepède 1803 local Arabic name for this
    [Show full text]
  • Polypteridae Bonaparte, 1835 - Bichirs [=Politterini, Armicipites, Polypterini, Calamoichthyinae, Erpetoichthyidae] Notes: Politterini Rafinesque, 1810B:33 [Ref
    FAMILY Polypteridae Bonaparte, 1835 - bichirs [=Politterini, Armicipites, Polypterini, Calamoichthyinae, Erpetoichthyidae] Notes: Politterini Rafinesque, 1810b:33 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Polypterus [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Armicipites Latreille, 1825:120 [ref. 31889] (tribe) Polypterus [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Polypterini Bonaparte, 1835:[8] [ref. 32242] (subfamily) Polypterus [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1] Calamoichthyinae Gill, 1893b:130 [ref. 26255] (subfamily) Calamoichthys [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; family name sometimes seen as Calamichthyidae] Erpetoichthyidae Myers & Storey, 1956:16 [ref. 32831] (family) Erpetoichthys [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; unavailable publication GENUS Erpetoichthys Smith, 1865 - reedfishes [=Erpetoichthys Smith [J. A.], 1865:273, Calamoichthys Smith [J. A.], 1866:654] Notes: [ref. 4060]. Masc. Erpetoichthys calabaricus Smith, 1865. Type by monotypy. Unjustifiably emended or misspelled Herpetoichthys by authors. Apparently not preoccupied by Erpichthys Swainson, 1838 in fishes; replacement Calamoichthys Smith, 1866 not needed. Probably should be treated as valid (see Calamoichthys) as concluded by Swinney & Heppell 1982:98 [ref. 20746]. •Valid as Erpetoichthys Smith, 1865 -- (Gosse in Lévêque et al. 1990:80 [ref. 21589], Poll & Gosse 1995:77 [ref. 24781], Britz 2007:173 [ref. 30014], Suzuki et al. 2010:3 [ref. 31060]). Current status: Valid as Erpetoichthys Smith, 1865. Polypteridae. (Calamoichthys) [ref. 20732]. Masc. Erpetoichthys calabaricus Smith, 1865. Type by being a replacement name. Calamichthys in a misspelling. Apparently an unndeeded replacement for Erpetoichthys Smith, 1865, regarded as preoccupied by Swainson 1838 in fishes (as Erpichthys) or by Herpetoichthys Kaup, 1856.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of Ryanodine Receptor Orthologues in Bichir (Polypterus Ornatipinnis)
    Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of Ryanodine Receptor Orthologues in Bichir (Polypterus ornatipinnis) Siavash Darbandi Supervisor: Dr. J. Franck A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the Honour Thesis (05.4111/6) Course Department of Biology The University of Winnipeg 2008 Abstract Ryanodine receptors (RyR) mediate the controlled release of intracellular stores of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This release of calcium, triggered by membrane-depolarization, is responsible for initiating muscle contraction. Three isoforms of RyRs have been identified in mammals, RyR1 found predominantly in skeletal muscle, RyR2 in cardiac muscle, and RyR3 which is ubiquitously distributed. The RyR1 and RyR3 isoforms are co- expressed at equal levels in fish skeletal muscle. Additionally, fish express fiber type-specific RyR1 isoforms in fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles, termed RyR1-fast and RyR1-slow respectively. These isoforms are presumed to be the result of sub-functionalization following a gene duplication event in the teleost lineage. Bichir (Polypterus ornatipinnis) is a living representative of the primitive condition before the divergence of teleost fish. The objective of my study is to isolate partial RyR gene sequences from bichir to determine the number of RyR genes in its genome. Using a PCR-based approach with degenerate primer pairs sixteen partial RyR sequences have been cloned from bichir cDNA and genomic DNA. I have putatively identified 8 unique RyR genes from the bichir sequences, which are similar to RyR2 and RyR3. Phylogenetic analysis places these bichir sequences ancestral to more derived vertebrate RyR isoforms. ii Acknowledgements The task of completing a biology honours thesis project is one that could not have been accomplished without the help of many spectacular people along the way.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mitochondrial Phylogeny of an Ancient Lineage
    Suzuki et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:21 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/21 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes Dai Suzuki1, Matthew C Brandley2, Masayoshi Tokita1,3* Abstract Background: The family Polypteridae, commonly known as “bichirs”, is a lineage that diverged early in the evolutionary history of Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), but has been the subject of far less evolutionary study than other members of that clade. Uncovering patterns of morphological change within Polypteridae provides an important opportunity to evaluate if the mechanisms underlying morphological evolution are shared among actinoptyerygians, and in fact, perhaps the entire osteichthyan (bony fish and tetrapods) tree of life. However, the greatest impediment to elucidating these patterns is the lack of a well-resolved, highly-supported phylogenetic tree of Polypteridae. In fact, the interrelationships of polypterid species have never been subject to molecular phylogenetic analysis. Here, we infer the first molecular phylogeny of bichirs, including all 12 recognized species and multiple subspecies using Bayesian analyses of 16S and cyt-b mtDNA. We use this mitochondrial phylogeny, ancestral state reconstruction, and geometric morphometrics to test whether patterns of morphological evolution, including the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin reduction, and craniofacial morphology, are shared throughout the osteichthyan tree of life. Results: Our molecular phylogeny reveals 1) a basal divergence between Erpetoichthys and Polypterus, 2) polyphyly of P. endlicheri and P. palmas, and thus 3) the current taxonomy of Polypteridae masks its underlying genetic diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Bichir (Polypterus
    Copyright 0 1996 by the Genetics Society of America The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of the Bichir (Polypterus ornutipinnis), a Basal Ray-Finned Fish: Ancient Establishment of the Consensus Vertebrate Gene Order Katharina Noack, Rafael Zardoya and Axel Meyer Department of Ecology and Evolution, and Program in Genetics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245 Manuscript received May 27, 1996 Accepted for publication July 20, 1996 ABSTRACT The evolutionary position of bichirsis disputed, andthey have been variously alignedwith ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) or lobe-finnedfish (Sarcopterygii),which also include tetrapods. Alternatively, they have been placed into their own group, the Brachiopterygii. The phylogenetic position of bichirs as possibly the most primitive living bony fish (Osteichthyes)made knowledge about their mitochondrial genome of considerable evolutionary interest.We determined the complete nucleotide sequence(16,624 bp) of the mitochondrial genome of a bichir, Polypterus ornutipinnis. Its genome contains 13 protein- coding genes, 22 WAS,two rRNAs and one major noncoding region. The genome’s structure and organization show that this is the most basal vertebrate that conformsto the consensus vertebratemtDNA gene order. Bichir mitochondrial protein-coding and ribosomal RNA genes have greater sequence similarity to ray-finned fish than to either lamprey or lungfish. Phylogenetic analyses suggest the bichir’s placement as the most basal living member of the ray-finned fish and rule outits classification as a lobe- finned fish. Hence, its lobe-fins are probably not a shared-derived trait with those of lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). OW fish (Osteichthyes) are typically divided into Figure 1 summarizes some of the various phyloge- B two major groups,the actinopterygians (ray- netic hypotheses involving bichirs.
    [Show full text]