Cadastres, Misconceptions & Northern Gaul

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cadastres, Misconceptions & Northern Gaul rick bonnie cadastres, misconceptions & northern gaul a case study from the belgian hesbaye region This is an Open Access publication. Visit our website for more OA publication, to read any of our books for free online, or to buy them in print or PDF. www.sidestone.com Check out some of our latest publications: cadastres, misconceptions & northern gaul Sidestone Press rick bonnie cadastres, misconceptions & northern gaul a case study from the belgian hesbaye region Copyright 2009 by Rick Bonnie Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Sidestone registration number: SSP41920001 ISBN 978-90-8890-024-2 Cover illustration: A talus from the Belgian Hesbaye region Cover design: Daniëlle Mirtenbaum Photography: Tim Vanderbeken (courtesy of the Zuid- Oost-Limburgse Archeologische Dienst) Layout: Rick Bonnie Daniëlle Mirtenbaum in loving memory of my mother Maria Bonnie-van Hautem (-) Contents List of Illustrations v Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Maps xiii 1 Introduction 1 A static concept? 2 Evidence for surveyors 6 Structure of book 7 2 Setting and Physical Geography 9 Physical Geography 10 3 Historical and Archaeological Framework 13 Late Iron Age (250 - 57 BC) 13 Early Roman period (57 BC - 70 AD) 19 Middle Roman period (70 - 270 AD) 23 Late Roman period (270 - 450 AD) 29 4 Studying Roman Cadastres 33 Aerial photography and maps 34 Regional research 37 5 Talus and Site Orientation 41 Theory 41 Methodology 44 Orientation of talus and Roman structures 45 iii 6 Site Distribution and Land Sizes 59 Site distribution 59 Calculating hypothetical land sizes 74 7 Ownership of Land and Villas 77 Cadastres and the supposed settlement of new people 77 Relationship between villas and cadastres 82 Development of the villa landscape 84 8 Conclusions 87 A Roman cadastre in the Tongres-Maastricht area 88 Socio-cultural impact 95 Notes 99 Bibliography 103 Catalogue 119 iv List of Illustrations Maps 1. Distribution of Late Iron Age sites xiii 2. Distribution of Early Roman sites xiv 3. Distribution of Middle Roman sites xv 4. Distribution of Late Roman sites xvi 5. Distribution of undated Late Iron Age to Late Roman sites xvii Figures 1. Roman cadastre in Croatia of 20 by 20 actus 3 2. Boundary stone from a Roman cadastre 4 3. Boundary stone marking the end of Arelatensium 5 4. Overview map of Northwestern Europe 8 5. Soil map of the Tongres-Maastricht area 8 6. Small road in the Belgian Hesbaye region 11 7. Tribes inhabiting Northern Gaul prior to the Roman conquest 14 8. Hamlet and villa at Neerharen-Rekem 15 9. Ferme indigène around a farmstead 16 10. Celtic field-complex at Zeijen 17 11. Augustus’ civitates division in the Northern Gaul 20 12. Roman Tongres 20 13. Site of Smeermaas-Dukatonweg 22 14. Roman city wall of Tongres around 1900 ad 24 15. Roman villa of Valmeer-Meerberg 25 16. Roman burial mound in the Tongres-Maastricht area 27 17. Site of Veldwezelt 28 18. Late Roman settlement of Neerharen-Rekem 29 19. Roman burial practices in the Tongres-Maastricht area 31 20. Landscape evolution in Western Europe 34 v 21. Cadastre to the east of Tongres as proposed by Mertens 38 22. Formation of a talus 42 23. Steepness of slopes in the Tongres-Maastricht area 43 24. Sources, input and analysis 43 25. Talus along the valley of the Geer on different maps 46 26. Distribution of talus 47 27. Frequency of talus 48 28. Frequency of talus on the Depôt de la Guerre map 48 29. Ager collatinus at Collatia 50 30. Frequency of archaeological features from the Tongres- 51 Maastricht area 31. Archaeological sites from which orientations have been measured 51 32. Castles, castle ruins and strongholds in the Tongres-Maastricht 53 area 33. Castle of Alden Biesen 54 34. Expectation for distribution of distances of random points 59 35. Overlain 18 actus cadastre and the Middle Roman sites 63 36. Churches in and near the Tongres-Maastricht area 68 37. Lines of the field boundaries from the Atlas der Buurtwegen 72 38. Orientation of the Middle Roman sites in the 45˚-56,25˚ class 73 39. Thiessen-polygon around the Middle Roman settlements 75 40. Ring buffers around sites representing an 18 and 20 actus grid 75 41. 18 and 20 actus ring buffer around Valmeer-Meerberg and Valmeer-Boven het Kruis 76 42. Extents of Caesarian cadastre around Corinth 78 43. Veteran distribution in Roman Cologne and its hinterland 79 44. Theoretical division of a 20 by 20 actus cadastre 83 45. Roman villa of Haccourt 84 46. Modern talus in the Tongres-Maastricht area 89 47. Proposed Roman cadastre of 18 actus and 50,625˚ orientation 90 48. Negotiation between Romans and Julius Civilis 94 Tables 1. Conversion table Roman surveyors’ measurement units 2 2. Periodization 13 3. Factors theoretically affecting the orientation of Roman cadastres 36 4. Maps used in the GIS 46 5. Orientation classes 49 6. Orientation and construction date of castles, castle ruins and 54 strongholds in and near the Tongres-Maastricht area vi 7. Site and archaeological feature distribution per period of the 57 Tongres-Maastricht area 8. Numerator values for calculating significance levels of D 62 9. Site distribution test of Middle Roman features 63 10. Site distribution test of Early Roman features 64 11. Site distribution test of Late Roman features 64 12. Comparison of certainty of precision of a site and its effect on site 66 distribution 13. Comparison of continuing and new archaeological sites and its 66 effect on site distribution 14. Site distribution test of all Middle Roman features corresponding 67 to Mertens’ proposed cadastre 15. Spatial difference and effect of Middle Roman site on site 67 distribution 16. Construction date of churches in and near the Tongres- 68 Maastricht area 17. Site distribution test of churches 71 18. Sites with evidence of Roman weaponry 82 vii Abbreviations AAL Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia AAS Amsterdam Archaeological Studies AB Archaeologia Belgica AD Archaeological Dialogues ANRW Temporini, H. and W. Haase (1972 – present), eds., Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Berlin. BABesch Bulletin Antieke Beschaving BAR British Archaeological Reports (“IS” = International Supplements) BG Caesar, De Bello Gallico, in H.J. Edwards (1930) The Gallic War. Loeb Classical Library. London. BJ Bonner Jahrbücher CAI Centrale Archeologische Inventaris, Belgium Germ. Tacitus, Germania, in M. Hutton et al. (1970) Tacitus: Five volumes. Loeb Classical Library. London. JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology JRS Journal of Roman Studies Jul. Suetonius, Divus Julius, in D. Hurley and J.C. Rolfe (1997) Suetonius. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge. KJ Kölner Jahrbuch MEFRA Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome Antiquité OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology OLL het Oude Land van Loon PGRM Provinciaal Gallo-Romeins Museum, Tongres PPGRM Publikaties van het Provinciaal Gallo-Romeins Museum ROB Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek RR Columella, Res Rustica, in H.B. Ash et al. 1977. On Agriculture. Loeb Classical Library. London. ix SAR Scottish Archaeological Review WA World Archaeology ZOLAD Zuid-Oost-Limburgse Archeologische Dienst x Acknowledgements This book is a somewhat adapted version of my master’s thesis, which I wrote while studying Classical Archaeology at Leiden University. During the course of preparing and finishing this thesis I have had help of various people and institutions who have (often unconsciously) given me many new ideas and directions in developing this thesis. Not only archaeologists, but also friends and family. The person to whom I am indebted the most gratitude is Tim Vanderbeken, who works at ZOLAD, as he first introduced me to the topic of Roman cadastres and to his hypothesis of a possible cadastre in the region around Tongres. I would also like to thank him for his enthusiasm, his helpful comments, the numerous photographs he sent me, the several informal meetings at Riemst, Belgium, and for showing me around in the Hesbaye region. In addition, I would like to thank first of all my two supervisors at Leiden, John Bintliff and Jasper de Bruin, for their critical but helpful comments. Furthermore, I am indebted many thanks to the following persons for their help, comments, ideas and using their archives/libraries/inventories: Linda Bogaert, Guido Creemers, Wim Dijkman, Tessa de Groot, Karen Jeneson, Erwin Meyleman, John Peterson, Nico Roymans, Guido Schaepenbeek, Gilbert Soeters, Alain Vanderhoeven, Frank Vermeulen, Miguel John Versluys. Finally, I thank my girlfriend Daniëlle, for help, support and forbearance at all stages of the thesis and the publishing of this book. I want to dedicate this book to my mother, Maria Bonnie-van Hautem. After a battle of more than ten years against breast cancer, she sadly lost the fight on June 12th 2007. This is for you, mom! Rick Bonnie, May 2009 xi Map 1. Distribution of Late Iron Age sites in the Tongres-Maastricht area. Open symbols are tentative interpretations (numbers correspond to catalogue). xiii Map 2. Distribution of Early Roman sites in the Tongres-Maastricht area. Open symbols are tentative interpretations (numbers correspond to catalogue). xiv Map 3. Distribution of Middle Roman sites in the Tongres-Maastricht area. Open symbols are tentative interpretations (numbers correspond to catalogue). xv Map 4. Distribution of Late Roman sites in the Tongres-Maastricht area. Open symbols are tentative interpretations (numbers correspond to catalogue). xvi Map 5. Distribution of undated Late Iron Age to Late Roman sites in the Tongres-Maastricht area. Open symbols are tentative interpretations (numbers correspond to catalogue). xvii Introduction “Contemporary beliefs, visions and myths can and often do lead to metaphorical and physical (re)construction of the archaeological record, and constructed landscapes are particularly susceptible to such ‘freezing’ of meaning.” Knapp and Ashmore 1999: 10 In the 1950s, two Belgian scholars believed to have found evidence for what is called a centuriatio around the Roman provincial city of Tongres (Mertens 1958; Ulrix 1959).1 That both publications appeared around the same time seems not remarkable; the subject of Roman cadastration was quite a popular topic.
Recommended publications
  • Landslides in Belgium—Two Case Studies in the Flemish Ardennes and the Pays De 20 Herve
    Landslides in Belgium—Two Case Studies in the Flemish Ardennes and the Pays de 20 Herve Olivier Dewitte, Miet Van Den Eeckhaut, Jean Poesen and Alain Demoulin Abstract Most landslides in Belgium, and especially the largest features, do not occur in the Ardenne, where the relief energy and the climate conditions seem most favourable. They appear in regions located mainly north of them where the lithology consists primarily of unconsolidated material. They develop on slopes that are relatively smooth, and their magnitude is pretty large with regard to that context. An inventory of more than 300 pre-Holocene to recent landslides has been mapped. Twenty-seven percent of all inventoried landslides are shallow complex landslides that show signs of recent activity. The remaining landslides are deep-seated features and rotational earth slides dominate (n > 200). For such landslides, the average area is 3.9 ha, but affected areas vary from 0.2 to 40.4 ha. The exact age of the deep-seated landslides is unknown, but it is certain that during the last century no such landslides were initiated. Both climatic and seismic conditions during the Quaternary may have triggered landslides. The produced landslide inventory is a historical inventory containing landslides of different ages and triggering events. Currently, only new shallow landslides or reactivations within existing deep-seated landslides occur. The focus on the Hekkebrugstraat landslide in the Flemish Ardennes allows us to understand the recent dynamics of a large reactivated landslide. It shows the complexity of the interactions between natural and human-induced processes. The focus on the Pays the Herve allows for a deeper understanding of landslide mechanisms and the cause of their origin in natural environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannibal's March Hannibal's March. by Spenser Wilkinson
    The Classical Review http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR Additional services for The Classical Review: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Hannibal's March Hannibal's March. By Spenser Wilkinson. Clarendon Press. A. D. Godley The Classical Review / Volume 25 / Issue 04 / June 1911, pp 116 - 118 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00046655, Published online: 27 October 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00046655 How to cite this article: A. D. Godley (1911). The Classical Review, 25, pp 116-118 doi:10.1017/ S0009840X00046655 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 130.216.129.208 on 21 Apr 2015 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW HANNIBAL'S MARCH. Hannibal's March. By SPENSER WIL- On the statements of Polybius, it KINSON. Clarendon Press. would be easiest to suppose that Hanni- bal crossed the Little St. Bernard; and THE data for a conclusion about Hanni- till the early eighties that view was bal's Pass still provide a healthy exer- generally accepted. It was approved cise for intellectual athletes, and will by Arnold and by Mommsen. But probably continue to do so till such clearly there was always much to be time as scholars shall agree about the said in favour of a more southern pass, date and personality of Homer. Pro- not involving a long circuit like the fessor Wilkinson has now entered the Little St. Bernard route—unless, in- lists; and perhaps it is not altogether deed, we are to press the statement of superfluous for a reviewer of his mono- Livy and Polybius that Hannibal went graph to recapitulate in the briefest north so as to escape Scipio.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaarboek Van De Maatschappij Der Nederlandse Letterkunde, 1905
    Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, 1905 bron Handelingen en mededeelingen van de Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde te Leiden, over het jaar 1904-1905. E.J. Brill, Leiden 1905 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_jaa003190501_01/colofon.htm © 2005 dbnl 1 Handelingen. Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, 1905 3 Verslag van de jaarlijksche vergadering, gehouden te Leiden op den 14den Juni 1905. De Beschrijvingsbrief luidde aldus: den LEIDEN, den 13 Mei 1905. M. Bij dezen heb ik de eer U uit te noodigen tot het bijwonen der Jaarlijksche Vergadering van de Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde te Leiden, die gehouden zal worden op Woensdag den 14den Juni, des voormiddags klokke elf uren, in het gebouw der Maatschappij tot Nut van 't Algemeen, Steenschuur alhier. De orde der werkzaamheden is als volgt: I. Opening der Vergadering door den Voorzitter, Prof. Dr. G. KALFF, met eene toespraak. II.* Voordracht van den Heer Prof. Dr. J. TE WINKEL: ‘De verspreiding van het Frankisch over de Nederlanden’. III. Verslag van den staat der Maatschappij en van hare belangrijkste lotgevallen en handelingen gedurende het afgeloopen jaar. * Door het Bestuur zal worden voorgesteld de behandeling van punt II uit te stellen tot na de pauze. Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, 1905 4 IV. Verslag van den staat der Boekverzameling gedurende hetzelfde tijdsverloop. V. Verslag omtrent de rekening en verantwoording van den Penningmeester. VI. Verslag der Commissie voor Taal- en Letterkunde. VII. Verslag der Commissie voor Geschied- en Oudheidkunde. VIII. Bekendmaking van den uitslag der stemming over de te benoemen gewone en buitenlandsche leden.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhine: Germany's River, Not Germany's Boundary
    Source: E.M. Arndt, Deutschlands Fluss, aber nicht Deutschlands Gränze, English trl. UvA Talen / SPIN. the French was as bad as it was foolish. One would have The Rhine: Germany’s river, not Germany’s thought that ten years, indeed twenty years, of blindness and misfortune might have sent a little light into their dark minds boundary and brought the errants back into line, especially since the French had long ago overturned their own proof, but far from it. There are still many who behave, indeed who exhaust Ernst Moritz Arndt themselves in deductions and proofs, as if the Rhine as the border between France and Germany is something indispu- table and settled. So effective is constant repetition, and so little are most Germans – who pride themselves on their ‘The Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ is what Sully proved profundity in thought and speech – accustomed to thinking. 1600 and 1610; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ The empty echoing of foreign opinions, especially the proclaimed Richelieu in 1625 and 1635; ‘the Rhine is France’s echoing of French hocus-pocus and sophistries, has sadly natural boundary,’ declared Count d’Avaux in the 1640s at become too much of a fashion on this side of the Rhine, in Münster, in the holy places where Hermann the Cheruscan had the country where thoroughness and depth of thought is once made a dufferent typeof declaration to the Romans; ‘the supposed to reside. Given this state of affairs, especially this Rhine is France’s natural boundary,’ resounded from 1670 to sad state of German minds and hearts, I consider it not super- 1700 in Louvois’ and Colbert’s speeches in Louis XIV’s council fluous to present our ancient, magnificent and holy River of state, and the court poets Boileau and Racine sang it in the Rhine, what it was, is and will be, to the good German antechamber; ‘the Rhine is France’s natural boundary’ cried the people, who are confused by too many political prattlers and monsters on the Seine from 1790 to 1800.
    [Show full text]
  • Histoire Des Collections Numismatiques Et Des Institutions Vouées À La Numismatique
    25 Histoire des collections numismatiques et des institutions vouÉes À la numismatique Igor Van den Vonder and Guido Creemers tHe COINs AND MEDALs COLLECTION oF tHe GALLO-ROMAN MUSEUM IN TONGEREN (BELGIUM) the coin and medal collection of the Gallo-roman museum in tongeren is the former coin and medal cabinet (Munt- en Penningkabinet) of the Province of limburg. it is an important collection, comprising over 30,000 coins and exonumia. the collection reflects the coins produced and in circulation in the region from antiquity to the 19th century and is unique because many were excavated locally. When the coin and medal cabinet was established in 1985, the province’s own collection consisted of the collections belonging to the royal limburg Historical and antiquarian society (Koninklijk Limburgs Geschied- en Oud- heidkundig Genootschap) and the barons Philippe de schaetzen and armand de schaetzen de schaetzenhoff. these form the core of the collection, to- gether with the collection of the former small seminary of sint-truiden, on loan from the diocese of Hasselt. With the acquisition of several private collections, the coin and medal cabinet achieved its target of 10,000 items. an active collecting policy was implemented and the collection soon doubled in size, largely thanks to gifts. Furthermore, Belgium’s royal court made over Prince charles’ personal collection to the coin and medal cabinet as a long-term loan. systematic efforts were also made to acquire the coin hoards found in the region. at the end of the last century the Province of limburg decided to fully integrate the coin and medal cabinet into the archaeological collection of the Gallo-roman museum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Symbolic Role of Tumuli in the Villa Landscape of the Civitas Tungrorum Author: Laura Crowley Pages: 113–126
    Paper Information: Title: Creating a Community: The Symbolic Role of Tumuli in the Villa Landscape of the Civitas Tungrorum Author: Laura Crowley Pages: 113–126 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16995/TRAC2008_113_126 Publication Date: 17 April 2009 Volume Information: Driessen, M., Heeren, S., Hendriks, J., Kemmers, F., and Visser, R. (eds.) (2009) TRAC 2008: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Amsterdam 2008. Oxford: Oxbow Books Copyright and Hardcopy Editions: The following paper was originally published in print format by Oxbow Books for TRAC. Hard copy editions of this volume may still be available, and can be purchased direct from Oxbow at http://www.oxbowbooks.com. TRAC has now made this paper available as Open Access through an agreement with the publisher. Copyright remains with TRAC and the individual author(s), and all use or quotation of this paper and/or its contents must be acknowledged. This paper was released in digital Open Access format in April 2013. Creating a Community: The Symbolic Role of Tumuli in the Villa Landscape of the Civitas Tungrorum Laura Crowley Introduction The subject of this article is the tumuli of the civitas Tungrorum. They are currently a subtopic within a study of privileged burials in the villa landscapes that lie on the loess plains more or less between Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne) and Bagacum Nerviorum (Bavai). Previously, the region had been witness to Caesar’s displacement and/or genocide of the Eburones and Atuatuci around the year 51 BC (Caesar: VIII 25). These ethnic groups were replaced with a group known as the Tungri, the exact composition of which is unknown, but which most likely comprised survivors from the former tribes as well as Germanic immigrants (Mariën 1980: 45ff; Wightman 1985: 36, 40, 53; Nouwen 1997: 9, 31ff; Carroll 2001: 28–29).
    [Show full text]
  • State of Play Analyses for Antwerp & Limburg- Belgium
    State of play analyses for Antwerp & Limburg- Belgium Contents Socio-economic characterization of the region ................................................................ 2 General ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Hydrology .................................................................................................................................. 7 Regulatory and institutional framework ......................................................................... 11 Legal framework ...................................................................................................................... 11 Standards ................................................................................................................................ 12 Identification of key actors .............................................................................................. 13 Existing situation of wastewater treatment and agriculture .......................................... 17 Characterization of wastewater treatment sector ................................................................. 17 Characterization of the agricultural sector: ............................................................................ 20 Existing related initiatives ................................................................................................ 26 Discussion and conclusion remarks ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Civitas Tungrorum
    181 Mapping the civitas Tungrorum Vince Van Thienen, Guido Creemers & Wim De Clercq Introduction The project, ‘Mapping the civitas Tungrorum’ is an initiative of the Gallo‑Roman museum of Tongeren, in collaboration with the Ghent University. In preparation of a future museological presentation and in order to prepare an up‑to‑date content it is important to dispose of a basic inventory of sites within the civitas Tungrorum. Our purpose is to complete this site‑inventory in the future, and this in collaboration with partners who have experience Fig. 1. Outline of the civitas Tungrorum. in this matter. In this article, we want to give an overview of the work that has been achieved in this first stage. A sites within the predefined geographical and derivative of this geodatabase has been developed for chronological borders, but it is a first overview of a broad public and will be accessible online through information available through synthesis literature, the websites of the Gallo‑Roman museum and the public databases and previous research projects2. The City of Tongeren (Geoloket ‘Gis3700’). structure of the geodatabase and the site‑inventory The overall aim of the project ‘Mapping the have been developed as a flexible system to which civitas Tungrorum’ is thus to map and analyze the information can easily be added in order to complete human occupation and land use in the territory current regional or periodical oversights. of the Roman administrative district of the civitas Tungrorum (fig. 1) between the end of the Late Iron Age (LTD, ca. 100 BC) and the end of Early Middle Chronological framework and geographical Ages (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Hannibal's March Through the Alps
    HANNIBAL'S MARCH SPENSER WILKINSON / Price Seven SUlUngs and Sixpence net / \\ OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1911 vtf HANNIBAL'S MARCH THROUGH THE ALPS BY SPENSER WILKINSON CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF MILITARY HISTORy WITH TWO FIGURES AND FOUR MAPS OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1911 HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PTJBLISHEE TO THE UNIVEESITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBTIEIGH, NEW YORK TORONTO AND MELBOURNE HANNIBAL'S MARCH THROUGH THE ALPS THE PROBLEM AND THE CLUE TO ITS SOLUTION From the age of Augustus until the present day historians have been unable to agree with one another concerning the route which was followed by Hannibal in the year 218 B.C., in his march from the P3n['enees through Southern France and the Alps to the plain of the Po. The purpose of this essay is to show that, chiefly in consequence of the researches of a group of French officers, that route can now be traced as regards its main points with reasonable certainty, and as regards the incidents of the march, with a fair degree of probability. The sources of our information are the third book of the History of Polybius and the twenty-first book of that of Livy. Polybius was born at Megalopolis in Arcadia between 208 and 198 B. c.^ In 166 or 167 b. c. he was taken as a hos- tage to Rome, where he remained continuously for seventeen years. He was then at liberty to return to Greece and to travel, but it was in Roman rather than in Greek society that he was thence- forth at home.
    [Show full text]
  • L'ancien Comté Et L'ancien Concile De Hozemont
    UN COIN DE LA HESBAYE L'ANCIEN COMTE ET L'ANCIEN CONCILE DE HOZEMONT INTRODUCTION Pour qui connaît un peu l'histoire de notre pays, le nom de Hesbaye réveille l'idée d'une contrée, non seulement riche par sa fertilité extraordinaire, mais encore et surtout par les souvenirs historiques qu'elle rappelle à chaque pas. Sans parler de l'époque romaine, où ses anciens habitants, les Eburons, ont failli renverser la fortune de César dans le nord de la Gaule, nous savons que son titre le plus glorieux est d'avoir été le ber-ceau de la race carlovingienne. C'est la Hesbaye, en effet, qui a vu naître, grandir et prospérer Pepin de Landen et ses descendants, ces glorieux ancêtres de Charlemagne. Ce grand empereur lui-même prenait plaisir à séjourner parmi nous et y revenait passer les fêtes de Noël et de Pâques, quand les soins et les soucis de son vaste empire lui accordaient quelque temps de repos. Plus tard, une nombreuse et vaillante noblesse, la noblesse hesbignonne, comme on l'appelle, illustra cette contrée de ses exploits, et en porta la renommée au loin, au point que les rois confiaient aux chevaliers hesbignons, l'arbitrage de leurs destinées et de leurs droits. Au XIIIe siècle, la Hesbaye eut, en miniature, une seconde guerre de Troie. Comme celle-ci, elle dut son origine à l'amour pour une nouvelle Hélène, dont l'enlèvement fut protégé par le sire de Waroux contre celui d'Awans. Pendant trente-cinq ans, des ruisseaux de sang inondèrent le pays, et purent à peine éteindre les haines allumées entre les familles.
    [Show full text]
  • Liste Des Peuples Celtes 1 Liste Des Peuples Celtes
    Liste des peuples celtes 1 Liste des peuples celtes Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (mars 2013). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». (Modifier l'article [1] ) Cet article a pour vocation de servir d'index des peuples celtes ou à caractère celtique. Le nom latin du peuple est donné entre parenthèses lorsque le nom francisé sert de titre à l'article détaillé. Gaule cisalpine Sud du Pô • Boïens (boii) • Lingons (lingones) • Sénons (senones) Nord du Pô • Cénomans (cenomani) • Insubres (insubri) • Taurins (taurini) • Carni Peuples de moindre importance établies au nord du Pô et dominées un temps par les Insubres : Les peuples de la Gaule cisalpine 391-192 av. J.-C. • Anares • Comasques • Laevi • Libici • Lépontiens (lepontii) • Marici • Orobiens (orobii, orumbovii) • Salasses (salassi) Liste des peuples celtes 2 Gaule transalpine Gaule Belgique Article détaillé : Liste des peuples de la Gaule belgique. Remarque : Tous les peuples belges n'étaient probablement pas des Celtes au sens propre du terme, mais leur aristocratie était celtisée. • Aduatuques • Ambiens (Ambiani) • Atrebates (Atrebates) • Bellovaques (Bellovaci) • Caeroesi • Calètes (Caletes) • Catalaunes • Catuslogues (Catuslogi) • Condruses (Condrusi) • Éburons • Geidumnes (Geidumni) • Leuques (Leuci) • Médiomatriques (Mediomatrici) • Ménapiens ou Ménapes (Menapii) • Morins (Morini) • Nerviens (Nervii) • Pémanes (Paemani) • Rèmes (Remi) • Sègnes (Segni) • Silvanectes (Silvanectes) • Suessions (Suessiones) • Tongres (Tungri) • Trévires (treveri) • Tricasses • Viromanduens (Viromandui) Liste des peuples celtes 3 Gaule Celtique Remarque : La Gaule Celtique était habitée par les Celtes.
    [Show full text]
  • Nouveaux Mémoires De L'académie Royale Des Sciences Et Belles
    ESSAI SUR LA STATISTIQUE ANCIENNE DE LA BELGIQUE. I. POPULATION. — II. ARCHITECTURE. — III. MOBILIER, COSTUMES. PAR LE BARON BE REIFFENBERG. SECONDE PARTIE, LUE A LA SÉANCE I) E L’ ACADEMIE BU 3 NOVEMBRE 1832 . « In hoc autem a Belgica, non una de causa exor- dior. Hæc enim milii patria est ; eoque est notior, ita et reliquis terrarum orbis partitus carior. Accedit quod illa liae tempestate, tanquam universis orbis theatrum sit, in quod omnes non solum Europas, sed et aliorum mundi partium principes, oculos habent conversos. » Jo. B laeu , ad Theatr. Belg. BRUXELLES, M. HAYEZ, IMPRIMEUR DE L’ACADÉMIE ROYALE. 1835 . ESSAI su r LA STATISTIQUE ANCIENNE DE LA BELGIQUE. FRAGMENS DE LA SECONDE PARTIE. Nous avons déjà établi que la statistique tient le milieu entre l’histoire et la science politique ; elle expose l’état d’un peuple dans un moment donné, mais quand cet état est considéré, comme ici, dans une longue suite de momens, pendant une série de plusieurs siècles, elle devient réellement de l’histoire, c’est-à-dire de l’his­ toire appliquée à la vie sociale. Un pareil sujet, comme nous l’a­ vons fait voir, est de la plus vaste étendue et il s’agrandit encore à mesure qu’on y touche. C’est ce que nous avons éprouvé en travail­ lant à cette seconde partie. En effleurant même les objets qu’elle embrasse, nous ferions aisément un gros livre au lieu d’un mé­ moire. Que serait-ce si nous les approfondissions comme ils le méritent? Cette considération nous a forcé à ne donner que des fragmens de nos recherches et à nous borner à parler de la population, des habitations, des meubles et des costumes des Belges.
    [Show full text]