“Arte Paleolítico”

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“Arte Paleolítico” KREI 2012-2013 n.º 12 Círculo de Estratigrafía Analítica • Gasteiz • INDICE Página CONVENCIONES TERMINOLÓGICAS EN ESTRATIGRAFÍA ANALÍTICA Propuesta de 2012 ........................................................................................................................... 5-6 ANDONI SÁENZ DE BURUAGA et al. Resultados de las expediciones científicas vasco-saharauis de 2012 y 2013 en relación al pasado cultural de la región del Tiris (Sahara Occidental)................................................................. ..................................7-29 JOSÉ RAMOS MUÑOZ Panorama de las sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras del Pleistoceno Medio y Superior con tecnología de modo 3 en la región geohistórica del Estrecho de Gibraltar. Planteamiento de relaciones y contactos. ............................................................... 31-62 HAIZEA CASTILLA LANDA, XABIER MURELAGA, JUAN CARLOS LÓPEZ QUINTANA, AMAGOIA GUENAGA LIZASU. Estudio de los microvertebrados del nivel Slnc (Magdaleniense superior-final) de la cueva de Santimamiñe (Kortezubi, Bizkaia) ............................................................................................... 63-82 EDUARDO PALACIO-PÉREZ Génesis, consolidación y crisis del concepto de “arte paleolítico” ...................... 83-117 JOSÉ MIGUEL EDESO FITO, ANE LOPETEGI GALARRAGA Incidencia de la actividad humana sobre los depósitos fluviales de la cabecera del río Oiartzun ....................................................... 119-135 5 Convenciones terminológicas en Estratigrafía Analítica. Propuesta de 2012 I. Caracteres sedimentológicos 1.- Fracción Arcilla A Fina Limo L Arena S Media Grava G Clastos C Gruesa Bloques B 2.- Color Amarillo a Beige e Blanco l Gris g Marrón m Naranja j Negro n Oliva o Rojo r Verde v 3.- Compacidad Suelto t Plástico p Compacto k 4.- Alteración (después de guión: -) Carbonato u horizonte estalagmítico T Brecha B Encostramiento o concreción E Contacto erosivo V Cubeta erosiva Cv Sumidero Sd Hendimiento D Solifluxión F Crioturbación K Rubefacción R Fosfatos P Manganeso Mn II. Caracteres arqueológicos (después de guión: -) 1.- Temas antrópicos Hogar H Combustión Carbón C Ceniza Z Krei, 12, 2012-2013, p. 5-6 6 Oquedad Fosa F Agujero U Cuarcita Q Materia prima Lidita L Vulcanita V 2.- Temas zoológicos Hueso O Molusco M Helix X 3.- Temas botánicos Carbón C Articulación de caracteres 1.- Signos Tendencia () Adición + Inclusión [] Yuxtaposición = 2.- Elementos de orden Superior s Medio m Inferior i Números 1, 2, 3,… 3.- Normas de articulación • La definición de las estructuras estratigráficas (niveles) vendrá dada por la asociación jerárquica de los caracteres sedimentológicos y arqueológicos documentados. • En la fórmula de expresión, el bloque relativo a los caracteres sedimentológicos siempre se escribirá con la primera letra en mayúscula. El bloque referente a alteraciones o caracteres arqueológicos lo hará cuando su incidencia en la estructura encajante sea significativa (a modo, según el caso, de "horizontes" o "facies") y permutará su orden ante el bloque sedimentológico. Ej.: Lm-x; X-Lm. • En situaciones estratigráficas de inclusión, la estructura encajante prevalecerá en el orden a la encajada, representando la encajada entre corchetes. Ej. Almp [Lamc] • En caso de reiteración de letras seguidas a la hora de la denominación, siempre que la fórmula sea excesivamente larga, se procederá a su simplificación en una. Ej.: Laabc = Labc. • Las partes revueltas de una estructura estratigráfica se individualizarán con una R mayúscula dispuesta al final de la denominación de la misma y sin mediar guión. Ej.: AlaR. • Siempre que sea posible, se intentará fijar la fórmula de expresión en un máximo de cuatro letras. Círculo de Estratigrafía Analítica Krei, 12, 2012-2013, p. 5-6 GÉNESIS, CONSOLIDACIÓN Y CRISIS DEL CONCEPTO DE “ARTE PALEOLÍTICO” 83 Génesis, consolidación y crisis del concepto de “arte paleolítico”. Eduardo Palacio-Pérez1 1. Introducción. Las representaciones gráficas del Paleolítico han suscitado un gran interés tanto entre los especialistas como entre el público en general. Tradicionalmente nos referimos a estas manifestaciones como “arte paleolítico”, término muy difundido entre los prehistoriadores y que se ha asumido como una categoría aséptica e inocente. Sin embargo, se ha dudado de esa aparente neutralidad. Algunos autores han planteado lo peligroso de caracterizar a estas representaciones como “arte” (e.g. Conkey 1987, 413; Layton 1991, 23; Moro y González Morales 2007; Soffer y Conkey 1997, 2-3; Tomásková 1997, 268-269; White 2003, 20), dado que supone transferir un concepto propio de la tradición occidental, lleno de connotaciones y modelos, a un pasado lejano con unos referentes culturales diferentes a los nuestros. Esta proyección cultural sobre las imágenes paleolíticas también se manifiesta en la aplicación constante de principios estéticos occidentales (belleza, proporción, perspectiva...) a su des- cripción, en su caracterización formal a partir de la idea de naturalismo, en la tendencia a unificarlas bajo la noción de estilo, y en la ambigüedad generada entre su apreciación ex- clusivamente esteticista y su aparente dimensión simbólico-religiosa. Precisamente muchos de estos rasgos (naturalismo formal, significado simbólico-religioso...) han persistido, más o menos reinterpretados, como elementos delimitadores de la gráfica paleolítica (e.g. Breuil 1907, 372-378, 1935; 115-118; 1952, 21-41; Cartailhac y Breuil 1906, 145–225; Delporte 1990, 61-74 y 225-247; Graziossi 1956, 22-111; Laming-Emperaire 1962, 147-294; Leroi Gourhan [1964] 1976, 79-144; [1965] 1971, 75-128; Lorblanchet 1999, 251-272; 2010, 431- 439; Reinach 1903; Vialou 1984, 479-483; 1991, 344-379). En este artículo rastreamos el origen, consolidación y virtual crisis del concepto de “arte paleolítico”, evaluando la extrapolación de valores e ideas propias de nuestra tradición occidental a la explicación de las imágenes paleolíticas. Para ello nos hemos concentrado en cuatro puntos esenciales. 1 Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas de Cantabria (Universidad de Cantabria) Krei, 12, 2012-2013, p. 83-117 84 EDUARDO PALACIO-PÉREZ En primer lugar, profundizamos en el contexto científico en el que surgió el concepto de “arte paleolítico”. La génesis de este concepto se produce en un ambiente intelectual que hereda las grandes controversias de los años centrales del siglo XIX, tales como el debate sobre la antigüedad de la humanidad, la condición de los pueblos “salvajes”, la disputa entre evolución y degeneración, o el choque entre ciencia y religión. Se trata de un marco ideoló- gico y científico complejo, porque en él se mezclaron explicaciones opuestas del origen y la condición del ser humano, múltiples especulaciones sobre la evolución cultural, distintas concepciones de los “primitivos” y diversas hipótesis relacionadas con el nacimiento y natu- raleza del arte. Es, por tanto, una realidad heterogénea en dos sentidos. Lo es diacrónicamente porque a lo largo del tiempo cambian las ideas que se tenían sobre la vida de los humanos paleolíticos, pero lo es también sincrónicamente porque en un mismo momento coexisten concepciones teóricas y explicaciones científicas diferentes. En segundo lugar, valoramos la estrecha relación que en origen se estableció entre el concepto de “arte paleolítico” y el de “arte primitivo”, otro término que ha tenido un papel central en la historia de la Antropología (Claerhout 1965; Haselberger 1961; Price 2001). El concepto de “arte primitivo” se consolidó en el paso del siglo XIX al XX (1890-1906) como el resultado de un diálogo fructífero entre arqueólogos, antropólogos, historiadores y teóricos del arte en el que la idea de “sociedad primitiva” (Hsu 1964; Kuper 1988) y la no- ción decimonónica de “arte” (Kristeller 1952; Shiner 2004, 119-302; Tatarkiewicz 1971) se vieron enfrentadas y sintetizadas en una mezcla forzada. Así, su empeño se dirigió a someter la variedad y complejidad de lo “no civilizado” a un sistema global y lógicamente ordenado. De este modelo unificador nació el concepto de “arte primitivo”. Un término que pretendía encerrar dentro de sí toda la diversidad formal y simbólica de las representaciones elaboradas por los llamados “salvajes”, así como la esencia y el origen del arte. El estudio de las manifes- taciones gráficas paleolíticas terminó devorado por esta categoría general de “arte primitivo”. De esta forma, el concepto de “arte paleolítico” nace como un brote de la idea-raíz de “arte primitivo”, y permanecerá caracterizado de esta forma durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. En tercer lugar, tratamos de evaluar hasta qué punto existe una continuidad entre esta idea del “arte paleolítico” y la “nueva perspectiva” que se difundió a partir de finales de los años cincuenta del siglo XX, con los llamados autores estructuralistas (e.g. Laming-Empe- raire 1962; Leroi-Gourhan [1964] 1976; [1965] 1971), cuyas ideas dominaron los estudios del arte rupestre hasta la década de 1980. Tratamos de responder así a diferentes preguntas: ¿Qué relación se puede establecer entre el concepto tradicional de “arte paleolítico” y el propuesto por los autores estructuralistas? ¿Estos investigadores fueron capaces de superar los principios fundamentales de la etapa anterior? ¿Rompieron verdaderamente con el mo- delo propuesto por H. Breuil y sus discípulos? Para responder a estas preguntas tratamos de examinar sus ideas sobre el “arte paleolítico” en el contexto de su pensamiento general sobre la estética, la evolución,
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