South West Peak Landscape Partnership Scheme

BARNS AND BUILDINGS PROJECT CUNDY GREEN BARN BUTTERTON Report on Historic Building Recording

SWP BB Project No. 006 (Barn UID: 0555_B002)

Key Information

Project Name Cundy Green Barn Report title Cundy Green Barn Butterton: Report on the Historic Building Recording Report Status Final BB Project No. 006

NGR SK0535755765 Planning Reference ENQ/39244

Author Dr C R Parker Heath with contribution by Ken Mycock Illustrations Dr C R Parker Heath Date 12/08/2020 Version and Final: CGB Historic Building Recording Report_final filename

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 2 of 69 Contents

Key Information...... 2 Contents ...... 3 1. Summary ...... 7 2. Introduction...... 7 3. Setting, Geology and Topography ...... 8 4. Aims and Purposes...... 9 4.1. Regional Research Aims and Objectives ...... 9 4.2. Historic Building Recording Objectives...... 9 5. Methodology ...... 9 5.1. Coverage ...... 9 5.2. Building recording level ...... 9 5.3. Building recording methodology ...... 10 6. Description of the building ...... 11 6.1. Background ...... 11 6.2. External Features ...... 11 6.3. Internal Features ...... 12 7. Discussion ...... 13 8. Conclusions...... 15 9. Archive transfer ...... 16 10. References ...... 16 11. Illustrations ...... 18 11.1. Location Maps...... 18 11.1.1. Location of Onecote in the Country ...... 18 11.1.2. Location of Cundy Green Barn in the Peak District National Park ...... 19 11.1.3. Location of Cundy Green Barn in relation to the village of Onecote ...... 20 11.2. Setting and topology ...... 21 11.2.1. Cundy Green Barn aerial view to northeast of Onecote...... 21 11.2.2. View of barn from main road through Onecote (centre, Moor End View to left), looking northeast ...... 22 11.2.3. View of barn, looking northwest ...... 23 11.2.4. View of barn, looking southwest towards Ipstones Edge ...... 24 Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 3 of 69 11.2.5. View of the barn, looking east from Public Right of Way ...... 25 11.2.6. View of barn, looking north, Butterton Moor in distance and to right ...... 26 11.2.7. View from barn to the northeast towards Butterton Moor...... 27 11.2.8. View from barn to south with Ipstones Edge to centre and right...... 28 11.3. Plans ...... 29 11.3.1. Ground floor plan ...... 29 11.4. Elevations ...... 30 11.4.1. South West elevation...... 30 11.4.2. North East elevation ...... 31 11.4.3. North West elevation...... 32 11.4.4. South East elevation ...... 32 11.5. Sections ...... 33 11.5.1. Long-section L-L1 ...... 33 11.5.2. Cross-section A-A1 ...... 34 11.6. Photographic record plan ...... 35 11.7. Photographs used to illustrate all key points ...... 36 11.7.1. South West elevation (photo 08.0) ...... 36 11.7.2. South West and North West elevations (photo 09.0) ...... 36 11.7.3. Window (A) on south west elevation (photo 08.1) ...... 37 11.7.4. Doorway (B) showing 2 phases of blocking (photo 08.3)...... 37 11.7.5. Blocking by brick on inside of doorway (A) (photo 8.4) ...... 38 11.7.6. Chamfered lintel, doorway (B) (photo 08.5) ...... 38 11.7.7. Building debris – linear mound in front of SW elevation (photo 8.7) ...... 39 11.7.8. Building debris – brick surround from fireplace? (photo 8.9) ...... 39 11.7.9. Building debris – part of brick arch from a mantelpiece? (photo 8.10) ...... 40 11.7.10. Building debris – other half of brick arch from a mantelpiece? (photo 8.11) 40 11.7.11. Building debris to SW side of barn (photo 8.12) ...... 41 11.7.12. The North East elevation (photo 12.0) ...... 41 11.7.13. The North East and South East elevations (photo 13) ...... 42 11.7.14. Stone lintel over doorway (E) (photo 12.1) showing iron bracket (F) to NW of doorway and hole to SE...... 42 11.7.15. Iron brackets (F) for rainwater goods on NE elevation looking to W ...... 43 11.7.16. . Iron brackets (F) for rainwater goods on NE elevation looking to E ...... 43

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 4 of 69 11.7.17. The North West elevation (photo 10) ...... 44 11.7.18. The North West and North East elevations (photo 11) ...... 44 11.7.19. Wooden lintel (F) (photo 10.1) ...... 45 11.7.20. Wooden peg or trunnel in situ on internal side of wooden external lintel ...... 45 11.7.21. NE side of opening (G) (photo 10.5) ...... 46 11.7.22. SW side of opening (G) (photo 10.6) ...... 46 11.7.23. Bracket (H) to SW of wooden lintel (G)(photo 10.2) ...... 47 11.7.24. Drain (I) (photo 10.3) ...... 47 11.7.25. Concreted area (J) (photo 10.4) ...... 48 11.7.26. The South East elevation (photo 14.0) ...... 48 11.7.27. The South East and South West elevations (photo 15) ...... 49 11.7.28. Small opening (K) to SW end of the SE elevation (photo 14.1) ...... 49 11.7.29. Internal view of NW wall (photo 16.0) ...... 50 11.7.30. Empty mortices in internal wooden lintel (L) and brickwork above (photo 16.1.) ...... 50 11.7.31. Reused beam for internal wooden lintel (L) SE end detail (photo 16.2.) ...... 50 11.7.32. Reused beam for internal wooden lintel (L) NW end detail (photo 16.3.) ...... 51 11.7.33. Wooden pegs or trunnels in situ on internal wooden lintel (L) (photo 16.10) ...51 11.7.34. NE side of opening (G) showing rubble core (photo 16.4) ...... 52 11.7.35. SW side of opening (G) (photo 16.5) ...... 52 11.7.36. Drain (I) internal view (photo 16.11) ...... 53 11.7.37. Internal NE wall (NW end), with possible empty ‘mortices’ (M) in wall plate for beams (photo 17.1.) ...... 53 11.7.38. Internal NE wall (SE end), showing sandstone lintel over doorway (E) (photo 17.2) ...... 54 11.7.39. Wooden wall plate (N) supporting the truss (O) (photo 17.3) ...... 54 11.7.40. Internal SE wall (photo 18.1) ...... 55 11.7.41. Mortices (P) to NE side of SE wall (photo 18.4) ...... 55 11.7.42. Opening (K) to SW side of SE wall, internal view (photo 18.3) ...... 56 11.7.43. SW wall SE end internal view showing blocked doorway (B) (photo 19.1) ...... 56 11.7.44. Mortice (Q) to SE of doorway (B) (photo 19.3) ...... 57 11.7.45. SW wall NW end internal view showing window (A (photo 19.2) ...... 57 11.7.46. Wooden wall plate (R) supporting truss (O) on SW wall (photo 19.4)...... 58

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 5 of 69 11.7.47. Wide angle view of interior showing raised central area on the floor looking to E (photo 20.2) ...... 58 11.7.48. Two lines of plaster-covered bricks (S) (photo 20.7) ...... 59 11.7.49. Evidence for 4 courses of bricks where the NE most line meets the SE wall (photo 20.8)...... 59 11.7.50. King post truss (O) (photo 21.1) ...... 60 11.8. Historic maps...... 61 11.8.1. 1847 Tithe Apportionment plan is the earliest evidence of the existence of a barn on this site although shows the barn on a different alignment...... 61 11.8.2. 1863 Original Series One-inch OS map (72. Stafford) appears to show the barn with a track to it...... 61 11.8.3. 1880 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing irregular piecemeal enclosure ...... 62 11.8.4. Detail of 1880 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing barn on same alignment ...... 62 11.8.5. 1899 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing barn on same alignment...... 63 11.8.6. 1925 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing barn on different alignment – the barn as it is today...... 63 12. Appendices ...... 64 12.1. Copy of the initial site assessment ...... 64 12.2. Scoring form: Assessment criteria ...... 68

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 6 of 69 1. Summary 1.1. Level 2 Historic Building Recording was carried out on 5th and 6th August 2019 at Cundy Green Barn, NGR: SK0535755765. The work was carried out by SWP Cultural Heritage Officer and SWP volunteers, Sheila Needham, Hugh Wheeler and Ken Mycock, as part of training in historic building recording. The barn is in private ownership. 1.2. The historic building recording was carried out because the barn is being considered for repair as part of the South West Peak Landscape Partnership’s (SWPLP) Barns and Buildings Project (BB). The aim of this project is to identify and repair a number of significant traditional field barns for restoration or repair to ensure the survival of this important historic resource for the foreseeable future. Cundy Green Barn is one such traditional field barn. 1.3. Cundy Green Barn is one of a number of isolated field barns that are typical of the area around Butterton and Grindon Moor. The barn is situated on the edge of piecemeal enclosures around the edge of the village of Onecote before the hill-side slopes up to Butterton Moor, where there are larger and more regular enclosures of the 18th and 19th centuries, including the area that the barn now sits in. 1.4. Cundy Green Barn is built of traditional materials with gritstone walls, gritstone and sandstone quoins and lintels and Staffordshire blue tiles. It has few original internal features, but shows reuse of materials from a previous barn on the site. 1.5. The significance of this barn comes from the fact it is a traditional field barn built in the first quarter of the 20th century using the remains of a 19th century field barn on the same site. It has far reaching views and very high landscape amenity value: it is highly visible from many footpaths in the area. As such it contributes significantly to the local distinctiveness of the immediate area, which has examples of isolated field barns scattered around the landscape, and adds the character of the wider South West Peak (National Character Area (NCA) 53), the settlement pattern of which, “is dispersed with small settlements, traditional farmsteads and isolated field barns predominantly built of local stone, reflecting the geology, history and local building traditions” (Natural England 2013).

2. Introduction 2.1. Historic building recording was carried out at Cundy Green Barn because the barn is being considered for repair as part of the South West Peak Landscape Partnership’s (SWPLP) Barns and Buildings Project (BB). The barn was initially identified as being suitable for repairs following a level 1 building survey of field barns across the SWP as part of the SWPLP’s BB project. This has been led by Dr Catherine Parker Heath (SWP Cultural Heritage Officer) and carried out by SWP volunteers. The Unique ID (UID) number of this barn from the level 1 survey is 0555_B002.

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 7 of 69 2.2. A further assessment was made based on Historic England’s Farmstead Assessment Framework (Historic England, 2015) and the Peak District National Park’s Farmstead Assessment Framework (Lake & Edwards 2017). This assessment can be found in Appendix 12.1. The barn was also scored according to and adapted from criteria in the PDNPA’s Targeting Historic Building Restoration in Countryside Stewardship Assessment Criteria for Farm Buildings and Natural England & English Heritage Guidance notes for HLS Targeting of Historic Farm Buildings (Natural England 2008). The scoring document for this barn can be found in Appendix 12.2. These two assessments enabled a judgement to be made in favour of proceeding with repairs subject to cost, ecological considerations and the use of appropriate and acceptable materials. As a result, a condition survey and a number of ecological surveys have been undertaken alongside the historic building survey. 2.3. This report has been prepared as a result of work carried out on 5th and 6th August 2019, which was conducted according to the guidelines in Understanding Historic Buildings – A guide to good recording practice by Historic England (2016) and the CIfA’s Code of Conduct (2019a) and The Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Building Recording (2019b).

3. Setting, Geology and Topography 3.1. The barn is situated to the northeast of the village of Onecote, in the Parish of Butterton in the Staffordshire Moorlands and within the South West Peak area of the Peak District National Park (11.1.1, 11.1.2, 11.1.3.). It sits at the edge of what appears to be piecemeal enclosure before the ground slopes up to Butterton and Grindon Moors to the north and northeast which were enclosed with more regular and larger fields in the 18th and 19th centuries (11.2.1., 11.8.3.). In fact the area where the barn now sits (although not the current smaller field) was enclosed in 1776, although a barn did not exist at this time. There is a wooded watercourse to the north and northwest. The barn is visible from a considerable distance and over a wide area (11.2.2, 11.2.3., 11.2.4., 11.2.5., 11.2.6.). Most of the features of the immediate setting were in existence when the original barn was built in the 19th century, although current field boundaries adjacent to the barn are remnants of dry stone walls that were built after 1925 as they are not shown on the 1925 OS map (11.8.6.), hence not being part of the 1776 enclosure. Where drystone walls are derelict, barbed wire fencing and a metal field gate has been erected. 3.2. The geology at this location is Bowland Shale Formation which is a mudstone, siltstone and sandstone sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 319 to 337 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period. This is close to the junction to the north and east with Onecote sandstones separated by a thin band of Widmerpool formation, an interbedded limestone and mudstone. This geology is reflected in the building materials used for the barn.

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 8 of 69 4. Aims and Purposes 4.1. Regional Research Aims and Objectives 4.1.1. The historic building recording has identified the presence of evidence pertinent to research objectives and overarching research themes identified in Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research (Watt 2011), notably: - Explore the way in which the social changes wrought by the adoption of capitalism manifest themselves in the archaeological record: e.g. the commodification and privatisation of space and the development of new identities as evinced through landscape, buildings and material culture (Belford 2011, 229).

4.2. Historic Building Recording Objectives 4.2.1. The aims of the historic building recording were: - to produce measured and annotated survey drawings of the building, at an appropriate scale, including a floor plan, sections and, if deemed appropriate, elevations. - to produce a formal description of the building, including its floor plan, elevations, roof structure, flooring, internal layout and spaces, detailing, form, fabric, and evidence for phasing and development. - to produce a photographic record with photographic scales with all photographs descriptively captioned and cross referenced to a plan, plans and/or elevations clearly showing the viewing position, direction and photographic image reference. - to produce an appropriate historic context account for the building and to outline its historic significance. - to provide training and practice for SWP volunteers in measured historic building recording.

5. Methodology 5.1. Coverage 5.1.1. The building recorded is field barn known as Cundy Green Barn. The building in its entirety was recorded.

5.2. Building recording level 5.2.1. The building recording was conducted according to the guidelines in Understanding Historic Buildings - A guide to good recording practice by Historic England (2016) for Level 2 survey, and the CIfA’s Code of Conduct (2019a) and Standard and guidance for the archaeological investigation and recording of standing buildings or structures (2019b).

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 9 of 69 5.3. Building recording methodology 5.3.1. The SWP Cultural Heritage Officer and SWP volunteers carefully examined all parts of the building and carried out the photographic and drawn recording in order to identify all features relevant to original and later use. As part of this exercise, the written observations were made on site to enable the preparation of a report. Each external wall or internal space was examined individually, and the results of that examination noted in a systematic fashion.

5.3.2. The building was surveyed using hand-tapes and extendable measuring pole. The drawn record includes the following. - A set of detailed measured survey drawings including a floor plan as existing, showing the location of features of historic significance with annotations. - Elevation drawings of each elevation showing features of historic significance with annotations. - A long section and a cross-section through the building, again showing features of historic significance with annotations. - A plan indicating the position and orientation of photographs included in the report.

5.3.3. A photographic record of the buildings has been made using a Panasonic Lumix DC-TZ90 (20.3 megapixels) and a Samsung SM-A202F (13 megapixels). These photographs are digital and will be submitted to the PDNPA for inclusion in the HBSMR and to the Archaeology Data Service as part of the digital archive (see Section 9). A one-metre ranging rod was included in a selection of general shots in order that the scale of all elements of the building can be sufficiently established. This photographic record consists of the following: - Photographs of the setting of the building. - Photographs of the building’s external appearance through a series of views to show all external elevations of the structure and to give an overall impression of size and shape. Photographs taken at right angles to the plane of the elevation have also been taken. - Photographs of any internal or external detail, structural or decorative, which is relevant to the building’s design, development or use over time and which does not show adequately on general views. - Photographs of any internal or external fixtures, fittings or evidence of its former existence relevant to the building’s use or development.

5.3.4. Research of online sources including historic OS mapping and available published sources has been carried out. This included interrogating the OS 25-inch map (surveyed 1878, published 1887) and subsequent editions published in 1900, as well as the Old Series One-Inch OS maps published in c.1860. In addition the six- inch OS maps based on the 25-inch maps (1880) were also looked at. The Tithe apportionments (1847) and enclosure awards (1769 & 1776) for the area were investigated at Staffordshire Record Office.

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 10 of 69 6. Description of the building 6.1. Background 6.1.1. A barn on or very close to the site where the current barn now stands was built sometime between 1776 and 1847, the date of the enclosure award when the barn was not present and the date of tithe map for Butterton Manor when the barn was. It is clear that the current barn is not the original one as it lies on a different alignment. The original barn was demolished sometime between 1900 and 1925 and the new barn built using material from the old barn (see discussion). Whilst the extant building was built at the end of a trend that started round the 1840s known as the ‘High Farming’ years (Lake & Edwards 2017, p4), it nevertheless shows a continuation of use from the beginning of this trend, rather than a new way of using the land at this time. 6.2. External Features 6.2.1. The SW elevation (11.5.1., 11.7.1., 11.7.2.): This is the principal elevation built of coursed sandstone blocks. It has one window (A) (11.7.3.) and one doorway (B) that is now blocked (11.7.4.). The window frame and glass in window (A) has been replaced recently. It has a roughly dressed and pecked lintel and a sill that has been more carefully dressed and rusticated. Doorway (B) has had two episodes of blocking, the first to create a window by blocking the bottom half with similar sandstone to the rest of the wall and the second from inside the building using brick to block the whole opening (11.7.5.). The doorway has a chamfered stone lintel, roughly dressed (11.7.6.). There are quoins around the doorway of grey sandstone/gritstone. There are three iron pintles (C) to the SE of the doorway and two catch-plates for latches on the NW side (D), with another fastening with a central hole in between these (11.7.5.). On the SW side of the barn there is also building debris, some visible on the surface recognisable as possible fireplace surrounds and other architectural fragments in brick as well as a linear mound presumable of building debris that has now overgrown (11.7.7. – 11.7.11.). 6.2.2. The NE elevation (11.5.2., 11.7.12, 11.7.13.): This is built of roughly coursed sandstone blocks with some irregular stones dispersed throughout, making it appear random in places. It has one doorway (E), with a relatively worn sandstone lintel dressed with horizontal lines (11.7.14.). Around the door are roughly dressed quoins although there are no quoins at the corners of the elevation. There are a number of iron brackets (F) along this side that would have held guttering for rain water (11.7.15, 11.7.16.). 6.2.3. The NW elevation (11.5.3., 11.7.17., 11.7.18): This is a gable end and has a large opening, doorway (G) enabling access for vehicles and other farm machinery. The wall is coursed for the most part but with some random sized blocks in places. Above the doorway (G), is an external wooden lintel (H) (11.7.19.), a beam that has been reused and is of some age. It has holes where wooden pegs/trunnels

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 11 of 69 would have been on the external face. On the underside there are wooden pegs/trunnels in situ (11.7.20). The sides of the opening to the NE and SW have no quoins and show rubble core in places and may have suffered damage at some point particularly at the lower north east end (11.7.21. 11.7.22.). To the SW of doorway (G) around 10cm higher than the lintel (H) is an iron bracket (I) (11.7.23.). At floor level to the SW of the doorway is an opening (J) (11.7.24.), which would have acted as a drain. Outside this end there is a concreted area around 1.5m wide running the length of the gable end (K) (11.7.25.) 6.2.4. The SE elevation (11.5.4., 11.7.26., 11.7.27.): This is the other gable end and is of a random coursed construction. There is one opening (L) a small hole with a substantial lintel for its size and protruding sill to the south west end. (11.7.28.). 6.2.5. The roof (external) (11.7.1., 11.7.12.): the roof is of Staffordshire Blue clay tiles, with some missing or slipped. On the SW side there are missing tiles at both edges and at the SE end at the wall plate/eaves. The NE side is in worse condition with more slipped and missing tiles. It is likely that the roof has been repaired in the later 20th century since the barn was built but is now in need of further repair. 6.3. Internal Features 6.3.1. The doorway (G) has an internal wooden lintel (M) (11.7.29.). Like the external wooden lintel (L) this a reused beam. It has two empty mortices on the internal face (11.7.30.) and seven holes with four having remains of wooden pegs or trunnels in situ (11.7.31., 11.7.32 and e.g. 11.7.33.). Above the lintel is brickwork, rather than stone. The rubble core of the NE wall can be seen at the NE end of the opening (11.7.34.) and may have suffered collision damage at some point. The SW side is in a similar condition (11.7.35.). Drain (J) is visible at floor level with a large stone lintel to the SW of the opening (11.7.36). 6.3.2. At the NW end of the internal NE wall are a number of possible mortices (N) in the wall plate that could have held beams that spanned the width of the barn (11.7.37.). It is not possible to ascertain if there were any at the SE end of the NW wall as the damage to the wall plate is too great (11.7.38.). This wall has the remains of lime plaster over much of it. The stone lintel above doorway (E) can be seen on the inside. There is no separate internal lintel. The poor condition of the roof can be seen internally at this end where water ingress has damaged many of the lathes/battens and the ends of the rafters at this point. The rafter and lathes/battens over the rest of the roof on this side are in relatively good condition although much of the torching has fallen away. The timber wall plate (O) on this side supporting the truss (P) is compressed and has suffered beetle damage in the past (11.7.39). 6.3.3. The internal SE wall (11.7.40.) has a number of mortices (Q) to the NE end (11.7.41.) and the small opening (L) can be seen to the SW end (11.7.42.). There is lime plaster in situ over much of this wall.

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 12 of 69 6.3.4. The brick blocking of doorway (B) can be seen on the internal side of the SW wall with an internal wooden lintel partially obscured by lime wash (11.7.43.). To the SE end of doorway (B) there is a mortice (R) (11.7.44.). Window (A) can be seen internally to the NW end (11.7.45.), with a wooden lintel and stone sill. The wall has lime plaster in place over much of it. There are no recognisable mortices in the wall plate corresponding to those on the NE wall. Like the wooden wall plate supporting truss (P) on the NE wall, that on this side is also compressed and has suffered beetle damage (S) (11.7.46.). 6.3.5. There are no existing internal divisions in the barn although the mortices already mentioned (Q and R) and the floor shows evidence of divisions in the past (11.7.47). There appears to be central raised area, with two lines of plaster covered bricks running from the NW wall to the SE wall (T), now damaged (11.7.48.). Where these bricks from the north eastern-most line meet the NE wall there is evidence of four courses (11.7.49.), indicating the whole line was once at least four courses high. 6.3.6. The roof (internal): The roof has been mentioned in reference to the NE and the SW walls and, apart from the lathes/battens having slipped in some places and showing some rot at the E corner along with the ends of rafters, and missing torching in some places, it is in reasonable condition. The truss is a king post truss and in a good condition. The roof may well date from when the barn was built in the first quarter of the 20th century but is likely to have been repaired in the intervening years. 7. Discussion 7.1. Although close to, and now associated with Onecote, Cundy Green Barn is currently and historically in the manor of Butterton. The 1776 Enclosure Award for the manor of Butterton awarded a large enclosure (Enclosure 60; 70 acres 2 roods and 24 perches), which now includes the barn, to Sir Henry Harpur, but neither the plan nor the award show that a barn existed at that time. By 1847, the Tithe Apportionment for Butterton, shows that enclosure number 62, “Cundy Green & Barn. Pasture” was owned by Burnett John Junr & Burnett James and occupied by Burnett John Junr (11.8.1.). The enclosure covered 3 acres 3 roods and 9 perches; the plan shows the barn as essentially rectangular but on a different alignment to the current barn. Enclosure 42, Butterton Moor End Farm, was owned and occupied by Burnett John Senior. 7.2. The Old Series one-inch OS map from c.1863 shows the barn in existence and although the scale prevents reliable details being shown it suggest there was a track up to the barn which is no longer visible (11.8.2.). 7.3. The OS 25-inch map from 1880 and that from 1899 continues to show the barn as rectangular and on a different alignment (11.8.4. and 11.8.5.), as does the six- inch maps which are based on the 25-inch series. It is only with the 1925 25-inch OS map that the barn is in its current position and alignment. Comparing maps shows the current north eastern corner of the barn coincides with the western

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 13 of 69 corner of the previous building at an angle of approximately 100⁰, with no overlap, suggesting the building was completely rebuilt between 1899 and 1925 and is not a remaining part of what looks to have been a larger building. 7.4. Although the barn currently belongs to Fold Farm, its location suggests that it might originally have belonged to the geographically closer Butterton Moor End Farm. In the 1776 Enclosure Award, Moor End Farm was part of Enclosure 57, allotted to Sampson Salt (but the plan is annotated “Mr Harrison”). Although shown on the Butterton Enclosure Award plan, Fold Farm was part of the adjacent Liberty of Cawdrey (which was in the parish of Bradnop & Cawdry), but it has not been found in the Bradnop Enclosure Award of 1769 (Enclosure awards generally only included parcels of land whose ownership changed). There was no Tithe Apportionment for Bradnop and Cawdry, so no record of the 18th or 19th century ownership of Fold Farm has been found. 7.5. The map evidence makes it clear that the barn was rebuilt at some point in the first quarter of the 20th century, and the physical evidence supports this. Many features of the barn show reuse of material that was likely to have come from the earlier barn and is illustrative of the vernacular tradition of building a functional building using whatever materials were to hand. 7.6. There is a difference in all the lintels, the stone lintel above window (A) is roughly dressed and pecked whereas that above doorway (B) is chamfered, and that above the NE side doorway (E) is more worn due to being of a softer sandstone with horizontal lines carved in it. 7.7. Around doorway (B) there are rather more iron fittings that can be used at one time. That there are three pintles suggests that one, most likely the central one was for use with a full door before any blocking, and the uppermost and lowermost were added later with a split door and when this aperture was made into a window. That the upper and lower pintles are on the same alignment and the central one is position slightly further to the SE supports this although the central one looks like it may have been a hindrance. The fastenings on the NW side of the doorway are a little more difficult to sort out, but it is perhaps the top and bottom catch plates for latches that are to be associated with the top and bottom parts of a split door and the holed fastening was for a hook that secured the window shutter. 7.8. The building debris situated in front of the SW elevation is presumably that from the previous barn although other debris could have been brought and dumped here. What looks like fireplace surrounds in brick at first gave rise to idea that the original building here was not a barn but a dwelling. However, the tithe map mentions the field and a barn and so forces the conclusion that the building here was certainly built as a barn. However, that may not have been the case for all time. It may prove worthwhile to consult census document from the 19th century to see if there is any evidence of habitation. 7.9. Since the existing barn has been built there have been changes. It is likely that the NW gable end was initially built as a solid wall and the large opening, Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 14 of 69 doorway (F), made some time later and not completed to a finished standard. The sides have no quoins and the beams used as lintels have been reused from elsewhere, possibly from the original barn if stored and kept until used here. The mortices, holes, and in situ wooden nails in both the external and internal lintels are now redundant. The later insertion of this entrance illustrates changing farming practices when this building became used for the storage of farm machinery. The brick work above the internal lintel may date from the time of this insertion to build up the gable end after stone collapsed during the making of this entrance or it may represent repair at a later date. 7.10. From the internal evidence it is most likely that the first use of this newly built barn, albeit from old materials, was to house cattle. The central raised area would have been cattle stalls. The two lines of brick running northwest to southeast would have been four courses high and would have supported the skelbuse with cratches or hay racks, and the lower section against the NE wall, with original entrance through only the NE doorway (E), would have been the foddergang enabling feeding of cattle in the hayracks. The lower section running southeast to northwest along the SW side would have been the muck channel or groop with the drain (I) at the NW end, and with a handy opening (K) with wide sill for putting useful ointments medicines, lamps and other items in the tending to cattle when they were in the barn, perhaps being passed them from someone outside. The cattle would have entered through doorway (B) which is now blocked. Whilst the mortices at the NW end of the NE wall suggest there may have been a hayloft there are no corresponding mortices on the opposite wall, nor at the SE end. In addition, there is no evidence of a pitching hole in the NW end even though the entrance may have destroyed some of this. However, beams laid across whilst not for a hayloft could have been to put a layer of hay on that would have provided insulation and warmth for cattle during the winter months. At some point during the 20th century the use of the barn changed, the doorway was partially blocked using stone and then blocked completely using brick and went from being used as a shippon to a building to store farm machinery close to the field it would be used in.

8. Conclusions 8.1. Cundy Green Barn is a traditional field barn that was built, or rather rebuilt, in the first half of the 20th century using the remains of previous barn that had been on this site since the 1840s. As well as the evidence from historic maps, the physical evidence attests to this. Since the barn was built, it has undergone physical changes reflecting change in use, from one that housed cattle, as evidenced by the remains on the floor and empty mortices, to one that was and still is used mainly for storage of farm machinery and other agricultural goods. 8.2. The barn was built in the vernacular traditional making use of local materials and whatever was to hand. Despite the fact that the existing building dates from the

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 15 of 69 first quarter of the 20th century, it can be seen to be part of a wider trend starting in the1840s – the ‘High Farming’ years (Lake & Edwards 2017, p4), when more and more land was enclosed and farmers travelled further from the farmsteads to the fields in which they kept cattle. The field that Cundy Green Barn was in was enclosed in the late 18th century. 8.3. The fact that the barn is still in use and has a continuing use is good reason for the barn to be repaired. In addition it has high landscape amenity value and is visible from many PRoWs in the area. As such, it’s presence adds to the landscape character if the area and its history helps to illuminate the story of farming in the Staffordshire uplands.

9. Archive transfer 9.1. The archive has been agreed to be deposited with the Potteries Museum an Art Gallery and will be transferred by 31st December 2021. 9.2. A digital copy of the report will be submitted to the PDNPA for inclusion into the PDNPA HBSMR and subsequently the Staffordshire HER. 9.3. A field/paper archive will be compiled consisting of all primary written documents, plans, sections, elevations along with a printed copy of the report, as well as a CD Rom/USB drive with each of the above saved as digital copies as well as the digital photographs. This will be submitted to the Potteries Museum in accordance with specific conditions and guidelines (Potteries Museum and Art Gallery 2018). 9.4. The digital archive, as outlined in 9.3, consisting of digital copies of plans, sections, elevations, the historic building recording report, and the digital photographs will be submitted to the ADS. 9.5. An OASIS online record http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/oasis/ will be initiated and key fields completed on Details, Location and Creators forms. This will include an uploaded .pdf version of the final report. 9.6. The PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist will be notified of the final deposition of the archive.

10. References ADS and Digital Antiquity. 2013. Caring for Digital Data in Archaeology: A Guide to Good Practice. Oxford: Oxbow

Belford, P. 2011. ‘The archaeology of everything’ – grappling with post-medieval, industrial and contemporary archaeology. In Watt, S. (Ed.) The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A framework for research. University of Birmingham, 211-36.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), 2020 (updated edition). Standard and guidance for the creation, compilation, transfer and deposition of archaeological archives, Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 16 of 69

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA). 2019a (Revised edition). Code of Conduct. Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) 2019b (Updated edition). The Standards and Guidance for the Archaeological Investigation and Recording of Standing Buildings or Structures. Reading: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Edwards B. 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire

The Genealogist undated. The Genealogist: 1847 Butterton Tithe Apportionment viewed 3rd February 2020

Historic England 2015. Farmstead Assessment Framework: Informing sustainable development and the conservation of traditional farmsteads, Historic England.

Historic England 2016. Understanding Historic Buildings. A Guide to Good Recording Practice. London: Historic England.

Lake, J and Edwards, B. 2017. Peak District National Park Farmsteads Assessment Framework, PDNPA & Historic England

Natural England & English Heritage 2008. Guidance notes for HLS Targeting of Historic Farm Buildings, Natural England & English Heritage.

Natural England 2013. National Character Area Profile: 53 South West Peak, Natural England

PDNPA unpublished document. Targeting Historic Building Restoration in Countryside Stewardship Assessment Criteria for Farm Buildings

Staffordshire Record Office, Item D1356, 1776. An Enclosure Award and Plan covering lands in the Manor of Butterton.

Staffordshire Record Office, Ref No 5116/1, 1769. Bradnop Enclosure Award and Map.

Watt, S. (Ed.) 2011. The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A framework for research. University of Birmingham

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 17 of 69 11. Illustrations 11.1. Location Maps 11.1.1. Location of Onecote in the Country Scale 1:2000000 at A4

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 18 of 69 11.1.2. Location of Cundy Green Barn in the Peak District National Park Scale 1:200000 at A4

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 19 of 69 11.1.3. Location of Cundy Green Barn in relation to the village of Onecote Scale 1:10000 at A4

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 20 of 69 11.2. Setting and topology 11.2.1.Cundy Green Barn aerial view to northeast of Onecote Regular enclosures

Areas of irregular piecemeal enclosure

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 21 of 69 11.2.2. View of barn from main road through Onecote (centre, Moor End View to left), looking northeast

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 22 of 69 11.2.3. View of barn, looking northwest

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 23 of 69 11.2.4.View of barn, looking southwest towards Ipstones Edge

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 24 of 69 11.2.5.View of the barn, looking east from Public Right of Way

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 25 of 69 11.2.6. View of barn, looking north, Butterton Moor in distance and to right

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 26 of 69 11.2.7. View from barn to the northeast towards Butterton Moor

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 27 of 69 11.2.8. View from barn to south with Ipstones Edge to centre and right.

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 28 of 69 11.3. Plans 11.3.1. Ground floor plan Drawn at 1:50: S Needham, H Wheeler, K Mycock, C Parker Heath

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 29 of 69 11.4. Elevations 11.4.1. South West elevation Drawn at 1:50, S Needham, C Parker Heath

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 30 of 69 11.4.2. North East elevation Drawn at 1:50, S Needham, C Parker Heath

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 31 of 69 11.4.3. North West elevation Drawn at 1:50, H Wheeler, K Mycock, S Needham, C Parker Heath

11.4.4.South East elevation Drawn at 1:50, H Wheeler, K Mycock, S Needham, C Parker Heath

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 32 of 69 11.5. Sections 11.5.1. Long-section L-L1 Drawn at 1:50, K Mycock, H Wheeler, C Parker Heath

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 33 of 69 11.5.2. Cross-section A-A1 Drawn at 1:50

Cundy Green Barn Historic Building Recording Page 34 of 69 11.6. Photographic record plan

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11.7. Photographs used to illustrate all key points 11.7.1. South West elevation (photo 08.0)

11.7.2. South West and North West elevations (photo 09.0)

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11.7.3. Window (A) on south west elevation (photo 08.1)

11.7.4. Doorway (B) showing 2 phases of blocking (photo 08.3)

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11.7.5. Blocking by brick on inside of doorway (A) (photo 8.4)

11.7.6. Chamfered lintel, doorway (B) (photo 08.5)

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11.7.7. Building debris – linear mound in front of SW elevation (photo 8.7)

11.7.8. Building debris – brick surround from fireplace? (photo 8.9)

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11.7.9. Building debris – part of brick arch from a mantelpiece? (photo 8.10)

11.7.10. Building debris – other half of brick arch from a mantelpiece? (photo 8.11)

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11.7.11. Building debris to SW side of barn (photo 8.12)

11.7.12. The North East elevation (photo 12.0)

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11.7.13. The North East and South East elevations (photo 13)

11.7.14. Stone lintel over doorway (E) (photo 12.1) showing iron bracket (F) to NW of doorway and hole to SE

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11.7.15. Iron brackets (F) for rainwater goods on NE elevation looking to W

11.7.16. . Iron brackets (F) for rainwater goods on NE elevation looking to E

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11.7.17. The North West elevation (photo 10)

11.7.18. The North West and North East elevations (photo 11)

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11.7.19. Wooden lintel (F) (photo 10.1)

11.7.20. Wooden peg or trunnel in situ on internal side of wooden external lintel

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11.7.21. NE side of opening (G) (photo 10.5)

11.7.22. SW side of opening (G) (photo 10.6)

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11.7.23. Bracket (H) to SW of wooden lintel (G)(photo 10.2)

11.7.24. Drain (I) (photo 10.3)

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11.7.25. Concreted area (J) (photo 10.4)

11.7.26. The South East elevation (photo 14.0)

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11.7.27. The South East and South West elevations (photo 15)

11.7.28. Small opening (K) to SW end of the SE elevation (photo 14.1)

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11.7.29. Internal view of NW wall (photo 16.0)

11.7.30. Empty mortices in internal wooden lintel (L) and brickwork above (photo 16.1.)

11.7.31. Reused beam for internal wooden lintel (L) SE end detail (photo 16.2.)

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11.7.32. Reused beam for internal wooden lintel (L) NW end detail (photo 16.3.)

11.7.33. Wooden pegs or trunnels in situ on internal wooden lintel (L) (photo 16.10)

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11.7.34. NE side of opening (G) showing rubble core (photo 16.4)

11.7.35. SW side of opening (G) (photo 16.5)

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11.7.36. Drain (I) internal view (photo 16.11)

11.7.37. Internal NE wall (NW end), with possible empty ‘mortices’ (M) in wall plate for beams (photo 17.1.)

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11.7.38. Internal NE wall (SE end), showing sandstone lintel over doorway (E) (photo 17.2)

11.7.39. Wooden wall plate (N) supporting the truss (O) (photo 17.3)

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11.7.40. Internal SE wall (photo 18.1)

11.7.41. Mortices (P) to NE side of SE wall (photo 18.4)

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11.7.42. Opening (K) to SW side of SE wall, internal view (photo 18.3)

11.7.43. SW wall SE end internal view showing blocked doorway (B) (photo 19.1)

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11.7.44. Mortice (Q) to SE of doorway (B) (photo 19.3)

11.7.45. SW wall NW end internal view showing window (A (photo 19.2)

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11.7.46. Wooden wall plate (R) supporting truss (O) on SW wall (photo 19.4)

11.7.47. Wide angle view of interior showing raised central area on the floor looking to E (photo 20.2)

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11.7.48. Two lines of plaster-covered bricks (S) (photo 20.7)

11.7.49. Evidence for 4 courses of bricks where the NE most line meets the SE wall (photo 20.8)

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11.7.50. King post truss (O) (photo 21.1)

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11.8. Historic maps 11.8.1. 1847 Tithe Apportionment plan is the earliest evidence of the existence of a barn on this site although shows the barn on a different alignment

11.8.2. 1863 Original Series One-inch OS map (72. Stafford) appears to show the barn with a track to it.

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11.8.3. 1880 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing irregular piecemeal enclosure

11.8.4. Detail of 1880 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing barn on same alignment

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11.8.5. 1899 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing barn on same alignment

11.8.6. 1925 25-inch (1:2500) OS Map showing barn on different alignment – the barn as it is today

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12. Appendices 12.1. Copy of the initial site assessment SITE ASSESSMENT: 0555_B002 Cundy Green Barn Site Plan: Grid Ref: SK0536255760

Watercourse

Principal elevation

Summary Isolated field barn of possible 19th century date, on edge of Butterton Moor close to Onecote

Site and management issues Site boundary ownership and use: single ownership, low grade agricultural use, storage for farm machinery Site access and services: No track, across field – entrance from main road to Onecote. PROW on main road B5053 and other side of water course Designations? None. Possible remains/footings of earlier barn to NE of extant building (1st & 2nd Ed OS map shows larger barn to NE). Little Owl observed during site visit Historic character Setting: Isolated field barn to N of Butterton Moor End Farm, possibly historically belonging to this farmstead. View from road – barn has high landscape amenity value in both directions with backdrop of wooded watercourse to N and NW and expanse of Moor to NE. Possible that barn visible from PROW that runs on NW of watercourse through trees. Sits within ‘piecemeal’ enclosure to N edge of the village of Onecote prior to parliamentary enclosure of moors? Current field boundaries remnants of dry stone walls post 1923 date as not shown on 1st and 2nd ed OS map. Where drystone walls are derelict, barbed wire fencing and metal field gate erected.

The farmstead and its buildings? (with focus on the barn in question) Possible that original barn belonged to Butterton Moor End Farm as it lies closest to this farmstead, although now belongs to Fold Farm. First edition OS maps suggest that there was a larger barn on this site, L-shaped and the extant building may be a later rebuilding sometime in first quarter of 20th Century, on the other hand one

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arm of the ‘L’ of the earlier building could have been demolished leaving the existing building standing. First site visit suggests that a later (re-)building rather than part original

Significance A surviving example of a field barn with landscape amenity value adding to the landscape character of this area, which has a number of field barns dotted across Butterton and Grindon Moors. Even if this proves to be an early 20th century rebuilding of an earlier barn, it is has been built on the same site and is indicative of past farming practises, and an example of vernacular architecture using traditional building material of gritstone blocks and Staffordshire Blue tiles. Principal elevation is to SW looking down to Onecote. To the NE the moor rises and expands. Situated close to a watercourse, suggesting this was a consideration in the siting of the (earlier) barn here. The current barn shows no signs of having a hayloft now but a large opening on the NW elevation to allow farm machinery to enter.

CAPACITY FOR CHANGE Need for change A field barn that is increasingly needing work to ensure it is water tight. Roof tiles missing in places. Current owners still use it and would like to continue to do so for low grade agricultural use for storage of farm machinery

Potential uses Continued agricultural use. Future use as camping barn/bothy

Opportunities Risks Landowners keen Not immediately on PROW, Visible from PROWs Costs SWP BB project can partially fund and will go some way to achieving aims of this NLHF project.

Photos:

SW & SE elevations

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NE elevation

NE and NW elevation

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Internal view looking to SE

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12.2. Scoring form: Assessment criteria SWPLPS BARNS AND BUILDINGS PROJECT 0555_B002 Cundy Green Assessment Criteria for Field Barns and Outfarms Barn, Butterton Moor Significance Score Range Score 1. Date of building ▪ Pre 1750 8 ▪ 1750-1914 4 4 ▪ Post 1914 ineligible 2. Status ▪ Listed 4 ▪ Curtilage/ Conservation Area/Local List 2 ▪ No Listing 1 1 3. Style of building ▪ Vernacular 4 4 ▪ Designed 4 ▪ Industrially produced 1 4. Survival of the barn/outfarm and ▪ Substantially intact: less than 25% change 16 16 associated structures as a whole ▪ Partial Loss: 25%-50% change 8 ▪ Significant Loss: more than 50% change 4 ▪ Major loss: More than 75% change 1 5. Significance of the field barn/outfarm ▪ Rare survival (national) 16 16 (Guidance states that ‘rare survival’ includes “Pre-19th century examples of field barns, and ▪ Representative farmstead type for the area and 8 those surviving in coherent historic landscapes period and with a strong visual relationship to other farmsteads and features”) ▪ Unrepresentative farmstead type for area 4 6. The barn/outfarm’s contribution to ▪ Significant Contribution 8 16 historic landscape character (this is likely to be “significant” in all cases) ▪ Limited Contribution 4 ▪ No Contribution 2 7. Individual interest of the building (“rare” ▪ Rare survival 16 highly specialised buildings of unusual type or pre-1750) ▪ Representative building type for the area and period 8 8

▪ Unrepresentative building type for area and period 4

8. Fittings and fixtures ▪ Rare original features survive 8 (internal fittings and fixtures that add to its character and are associated with the use e.g. ▪ Typical original features survive 4 stalls, grain bins, machinery, & including doors and windows) ▪ Partial loss of original features or survival of 2 secondary features ▪ All original features removed 1 1

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9. Additional interest ▪ Unusual feature of historic interest 4 e.g. Graffiti, ritual marks, tallies ▪ Feature associated with use of land/ritual 2 (Incremental – possible total mark of 7) ▪ Constructional marks 1 Vulnerability 10. Building fabric ▪ Particularly rare or vulnerable fabric 16 ▪ Traditional 8 8 ▪ Not original but still largely traditional 4 ▪ Extensive use of non-traditional materials 1 11.Changes to Building ▪ Original form 8 ▪ Largely original form 4 4 ▪ Largely changed 2

12. Potential for Adaptation – do we want ▪ None, or low economic potential 16 16 this to affect those chosen to take forward? Idea is also to find new alternative uses e.g. camping ▪ Some potential for non-original re-use 8 barn also all would pretty much have none or low (therefore don’t include?) ▪ High potential for change to new use 4 15. Impact of expected use ▪ No loss of integrity or character 8 8 ▪ Little change in fabric or character 4 ▪ Significant intervention 1 17. Wildlife interest ▪ Evidence of protected species 4 ▪ Tangible evidence of use, current or past 2 ▪ Wildlife potential 1 1 16. Visibility (landscape amenity value) ▪ High 16 16 V important (score higher – e.g. 32, 16, 8) ▪ Medium 8 ▪ Limited 4 18. Public access ▪ Public/educational access to building 16 V important (score same for access and ▪ Permitted route adjacent or close to building 16 permitted route – most will not have public access but proximity important for ▪ Clearly visible from permitted route 4 4 interpretation purpose and to create trails 13. Extent of restoration work required to ▪ Minimal Maintenance/repair safeguard & weatherproof building –(no ▪ Substantial work required Restoration score - this is a way of categorising level of work necessary) ▪ Extensive rebuilding/structural work Consolidation Total Score 123/171 With internal yes inspection

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