african cosmos Stellar Arts    Family Guide 2 Join the conversation! Connect to the African Cosmos Diary. Welcome! tHave you thought about the stars and planets? Or constellations and galaxies? Or Africa? Both artists and scientists raise good questions about our world and use their curiosity and creative imagination to find answers. Whatever you have imagined, this guide will direct you to some key works of art in the exhibition to help you think about what you already know and what there is to discover. Let’s keep exploring!

African Cosmos: Stellar Arts Cosmi cWonders help foster observation and spark conversations June 20–December 9, 2012 and exchange while exploring the exhibition with friends and family. front cover Look for th"e symbol throughout the family guide. Garth Erasmus b. 1956, South Africa Untitled (detail) 1996 Cosmic bytes are fun facts sprinkled throughout the family guide. Acrylic and crayon on paper 29.5 x 21.0 cm (11 5/8 x 8 1/4 in.) National Museum of African Art, A GALAXY OF ACTIVITIES at the National Museum of African Art and Smithsonian Institution, gift of Lee Lorenz in memory of other Smithsonian Institution museums can be found at africa.si.edu. Philip L. Ravenhill, 97-23-2 Photograph by Franko Khoury The family guide and our collaborative programming are supported

back cover through Smithsonian Institution funds from the Consortium for Willem Boshoff Understanding the American Experience and the Consortium for b. 1951, South Africa Slices of Air Valuing World Cultures. A special thanks to the members of the African 2010 Belfast black granite Cosmos Advisory Committee, which was funded by a Smithsonian Collection of the artist Photograph by the artist Youth Access Grant. The National Museum of African Art partnered with the educators Written by Deborah Stokes Edited by Migs Grove and scientists at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, National Designed by Lisa Buck Vann Air and Space Museum, National Museum of Natural History, Anacostia Community Museum, National Postal Museum, National Museum of the American Indian, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ArtLab+.

Only 12 human beings have ever visited another world—they walked on the moon. Cosmic Byte! The works of art in African Cosmos: Stellar Arts Cosmic come from among the 55 countries that make up Wonder! the African continent. Discover the many stories that Find the largest looking at art can reveal. country in Africa. The smallest. Look for all the countries that are represented in African Cosmos: Stellar Arts and mark them with a star. " 4

The Art of Observation and Discovery Art is a universal language, and astronomy helps us think about our place in the universe. Throughout history, people have observed the night sky with its countless constellations. In Africa, as elsewhere in the world, these observations have been central to

✷ the formation of creation stories and religions, ✷ the forecasting and marking of the seasons and agricultural cycles, ✷ the planning of city sites, and ✷ navigating travel on land and sea. g n o L

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s i h T Cosmic Byte! 5 Mummy board (detail) Deir el-Bahari (Thebes), Egypt Dynasty 21, c. 1075–945 BCE t Sycamore wood, clay, linen, chalk, adhesive, paint 165.1 x 35.6 cm (65 x 14 in.) Cosmic Connections National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu - Egyptian art is among the oldest in the tion, Department of Anthro - pology, A364998 world. Egyptian artists followed specific rules when depicting their deities. By the fifth century Cosmic bce, many pyramids, obelisks, and temples built Wonder! to honor the sun deity Re were intentionally What shape aligned with the stars . is an obelisk? This beautifully painted board covered the The Washington Monument, a mummy of a woman who sang in a temple famous monument dedicated to the sun god Amun-Re (also spelled in Washington, D.C., Ra). Scenes on this mummy board connect is based on this Egyptian structure! celestial ideas and cycles of life and departure, such as the sky goddess Nut with her wings outstretched to carry the deceased to the stars. "

Look closely and find two winged scarab beetles.

More than 1 million earths can fit inside the sun. 6

Look for these motifs on the artworks in the Egyptian section of the exhibition.

Nut

goddess of the sky and all celestial bodies shown with the earth god Geb

Horus Amun-Re deity of the sky and creation in the form of a falcon the sun god, portrayed with the head of a falcon and a sun disk resting on his head Scarab

associated with Khepri, the god of the rising sun

Cosmic Eye of Horus symbol of protection, royal Wonder! power, and good health What symbols would you choose to represent the sky? Akhet

the horizon embracing both the sunrise and sunset

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" an infinite loop with the sun disk in the center, symbolizing eternity Cosmic Byte! 7 Cosmic SOPDET, a woman with a five-pointed Wonder! star above her head, represents Sirius. Sirius is How do you get found in the constellation Canis Major, the Dog information about the weather? Star. By observing and tracking the rising of Sirius in late July, ancient Egyptians were able to predict when the Nile River would flood each year. To see more Egyptian artifacts, visit the National Museum of Natural History’s exhibition Eternal Life in Ancient Egypt. "

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Sirius is 51 trillion miles from earth. It is the brightest and closest star (after the sun) that can be seen with the naked eye. 8

Celestial Phenomena In the origin myths of many African societies, the first beings descended from the sky. They often possessed extraordinary powers and served as inter - mediaries between earth and sky, the worlds of the living and the supernatural. The YORUBA peoples of southwest Nigeria envi - sion the cosmos in the form of a lidded calabash or container. The upper half (orun) represents the sky where spiritual forces reside; the lower half signifies the earth or the world of the living (aye).

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Nigeria has one of the world’s highest numbers of lightning strikes. Lightning can travel at speeds of 140,000 mph and can reach temperatures of 54,000°F. Cosmic Byte! 9 left Stool Dogon peoples, Mali Late 19th to early 20th century Wood, pigment Earth and Sky 36.5 x 32.8 x 31.8 cm (14 3/8 x 12 15/16 x 12 1/2 in.) National Museum of African Art, Connections Smithsonian Institution, gift of Walt Disney World Co., a The DOGON of Mali picture the cosmos subsidiary of The Walt Disney as two disks forming the sky and earth Company, 2005-6-40 connected by a tree. below left Wrapper (adinkra) The supporting figures in this stool Asante peoples, Ghana represent the founding spirits (nommo) c. 1896 Imported cotton cloth, involved in the creation of humankind. black pigment Their upraised arms appeal for rain; 210 x 302.3 cm (83 1/16 x 119 1/8 in.) the pattern along the edges of the disks National Museum of African Art, suggests flowing water. museum purchase, 83-3-8 Cultural Cosmology Ghana’s AKAN peoples use celestial symbols to communicate sayings that convey the wisdom of leadership and appropriate behavior Cosmic within their community. The stamped designs of Asante adinkra cloths are symbols of the Wonder! Akan cosmos, representing both sky and earth motifs. The crescent What does the cosmos look like moon is a symbol associated with faithfulness; when combined with to you? Do all a star it conveys partnership and cooperation in marriage. cultures have the same idea? " Owusu-Ankomah The contemporary artist Owusu-Ankomah b. 1956, Ghana Starkid depicts three human figures engaged in observing Cosmic 2007 the heavens. They are shown against a backdrop of Acrylic on canvas Wonder! 150 x 240 cm (59 1/16 x 94 1/2 in.) personal symbols the artist created and traditional Collection of the artist and cour - Asante adrinka symbols. What do you think tesy October Gallery, London they are saying? For more cultural stories connected to star knowledge, visit the Anacostia Community Museum. "

Cosmic Byte! 11 Cosmic Star Struck Wonder! The equator divides the earth Do we see the into the same stars in Northern and Southern HEMISPHERES. different parts The United States is located in the Northern of the world? Hemisphere. The continent of Africa is located in BOTH the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

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Stars number 10 sextillion to 1 septillion in the universe. That’s 21 zeros! 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 12

Constellations and Cosmic Phenomena Some constellations and cosmic phenomena are visible ONLY in the Southern Hemisphere. The Coalsack Nebula, an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, and other ionized gases, next to the Southern Cross is framed by the bright background of the Milky Way.

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s i h T Cosmic Byte! Cosmic Wonder! This Chandra X-ray image shows million-degree gas in the center of the brightest supernova remnant of the Large Magellanic Cloud. "

Star Sounds Like musical instruments, stars have natural vibrations that produce sound waves. Stars create delicate whistling, drumming, humming, or rum - bling sounds through their various frequencies, or speeds of vibration. Listen! Xi-hydrae is

Listen to four star sounds at the Star Station. These star a luminous red star sounds are artificially boosted (vibrations are sped up in the constellation thousands of times) so that people can hear them. Hydra (the serpent). It sounds like African drumming.

More than 20 MILLION meteoroids enter earth’s atmosphere every day! Check out the Meteorite Hall and Stellar Stardust at the National Museum of Natural History. t14

Gavin Jantjes What’s the Big Idea? b. 1948, South Africa Untitled Cosmic themes in contemporary art are inspired by questions 1989–90 Acrylic on canvas about the origin of the universe and the place and meaning of human 200 x 300 cm (78 3/4 x 118 1/8 in.) life in the infinite vastness of space. Observations and ideas about the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, purchased cosmos found in African myths of origin, folktales, and ancient sites of with funds provided by the rock art have stirred the imaginations of artists whose artworks reflect Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program, 96-23-1 the intersection of ART and ASTRONOMY. GAVIN JANTJES illustrated a Khoi San myth that decribes how a girl dancing around an evening fire threw embers into the night sky, where they remained as a wide, shimmering pathway illuminating the Milky Way. For more cultural stories, explore the exhibition Our Universes: Traditional Knowledge Shapes Our World at the National Museum of the American Indian.

The center of the Milky Way as seen from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. Cosmic Byte! This page: the constellation Hydra, © 2012 Space.com, Rainbow Serpent photograph courtesy October Gallery, London; opposite page: NASA/GSFC, Untitled photograph by Franko Khoury v R c n e s R o h s C T M i e e o a f a e a O o s i h

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e y t e ! This page: photograph by John Hodgkiss; opposite page: X-ray photpgraph NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al. Cosmic Wonder! This deep space X-ray photograph shows the galaxy cluster 1E 0657-56, also known as the “bullet cluster,” which was formed after the collision of two large galaxy clusters. This is the most energetic event known in the universe since the Big Bang. "

There are more than 100 billion galaxies in the universe. 18

Now that you have finished exploring African Cosmos: Stellar Arts, Cosmic complete the following: Wonder! I used to think Visit the Discovery Room for more cosmic encounters!

But, now I think  "    Let’s get thinking in new and unexpected ways!

Dark matter

Scientists believe we can only see about 5% of the matter in the universe— the rest is invisible dark matter and dark energy. Cosmic Byte! Resources

Cosmic Journey: History of Cosmology: http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ How Big Is Our Universe (pdf download): http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum/howfar/HowBigUniverse.pdf ;

A Stargazers Photo-share Site: S A

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