DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Functional Analysis of the Basic Helix-Loop- Helix Proteins in the Clawed Frogs' Genomes with Common Essential Pathways and Enriched Gene Ontology Terms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Functional Analysis of the Basic Helix-Loop- Helix Proteins in the Clawed Frogs' Genomes with Common Essential Pathways and Enriched Gene Ontology Terms American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Original Research Paper Comparative Functional Analysis of the Basic Helix-Loop- Helix Proteins in the Clawed Frogs' Genomes With Common Essential Pathways and Enriched Gene Ontology Terms 1, 2 Wuyi Liu 1Biological and Food Engineering Faculty, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Fuyang Normal University, China 2 Department of Science and Technology, Fuyang Normal University, China Article history Abstract: The international Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway databases Received: 31-12-2018 were used to functionally analyze the clawed frogs' Basic Helix-Loop- Revised: 13-02-2019 Helix (bHLH) transcription factors of Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus Accepted: 27-03-2019 laevis in a updated genome-wide survey. There were 41 GO terms and one pathway significantly enriched for Xenopus tropicalis , whereas there Corresponding Author: Wuyi Liu were 45 GO terms and 3 pathways significantly enriched for Xenopus Biological and Food laevis . Among those significantly enriched GO terms, the two clawed Engineering Faculty, Anhui frogs share 31 common functional GO annotations of these bHLH genes, Province Key Laboratory of including DNA-dependent transcription and (negative) transcription Environmental Hormone and regulation, DNA binding and bHLH binding, transcription factor complex Reproduction, Fuyang Normal and protein heterodimerization activity, (negative) regulation of RNA University, Fuyang City, China metabolic processes, nuclear translocator and repressor, myogenic basic Email: [email protected] muscle-specific protein, neurogenic differentiation factor and NeuroD. Furthermore, these frogs' bHLH genes were also found to play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in some important developmental or physiological processes, such as (skeletal) muscle cell differentiation, muscle organ development, biological rhythms and rhythmic process, hypoxia (adaption) and hypoxia-inducible factors, neurogenesis, neural tube development and neurogenic differentiation, whereas they were commonly significantly enriched in TGF-beta signaling pathway. These resulted data and information are very important for us to understand the functions, classification and evolution of frog bHLH genes. Keywords: Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor, Functional Annotation, Pathway, Gene Ontology, Clawed Frog Introduction bHLH transcription factor family are found to be crucial and they play many important roles in the cell The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) proteins are proliferation and differentiation, body immunity, currently recognized as the most important class of muscle tissue formation, neurons, resistance to stress, transcription factors. They can form specific development of the eye and intestine, hematopoietic interactions with the genetic cis-elements of function and coagulation function, adaptation to eukaryotes, thereby activating or inhibiting the hypoxic environment, sex determination and the process transcription and translation of the gene and they may of genetic development of animals and plants (Murre et also bind to the DNA binding proteins with activation or al ., 1989; Murre, 2019; Atchley and Fitch, 1997; Boggon inhibition activities (Murre et al ., 1989; Murre, 2019). et al ., 1999; Luscombe et al ., 2000: Riechmann et al ., They can combine with other transcription factors to form 2000; Stevens et al ., 2008; Wang et al ., 2010). The a complex genetic regulatory network too (Murre et al ., earliest reported bHLH protein in animals is the mouse 1989; Atchley and Fitch, 1997; Boggon et al ., 1999; transcription factors E12 and E47 (Murre et al ., 1989; Luscombe et al ., 2000; Riechmann et al ., 2000; Stevens Massari and Murre, 2000; Stevens et al ., 2008; Murre, et al ., 2008; Murre, 2019). At present, members of the 2019). Later studies suggested the animal bHLH proteins © 2019 Wuyi Liu. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license. Wuyi Liu / American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019, 15 (1): 39.51 DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2019.39.51 to be divided into six large categories of protein the way we perceive and understand the genomic subclasses that were subdivided as 45 sub-families datasets of genomes and/or the organization and heredity (Ledent and Vervoort, 2001; Ledent et al ., 2002; of biological organisms. Among them, the GO forum has Simionato et al ., 2007; Stevens et al ., 2008; Wang et al ., a database of dozens of animals, plants and 2010), whereas the plant bHLH proteins were divided into microorganisms. The GO forum and KEGG pathway more than 20 subclasses with conserved motifs or domains databases have constructed the relatively independent identified (Carretero-Paulet et al ., 2010; Yan et al ., 2015; ontological vocabularies (Kanehisa and Goto, 2000). For Liu et al ., 2018; Wei and Chen, 2018; Gao et al ., 2019), instance, the GO forum developed the standard varying from 21 to 32 subfamilies (Carretero-Paulet et al ., language "Ontology" with three levels of intrinsic 2010; Song et al ., 2014; Hudson and Hudson, 2014; Sun structure, namely Molecular Function (MF), et al ., 2015; Wang et al ., 2015; Yan et al ., 2015; Biological Process (BP) and Cellular Component Zhang et al ., 2015; Kavas et al ., 2016; Gao et al ., (CC). All the common attributes of those genes, 2017; Guo and Wang, 2017; Niu et al ., 2017; Liu et al ., transcripts and their products can be used to organize 2018; Lu et al ., 2018; Wei and Chen, 2018; Zhang et the different functional concepts and/or annotations of al ., 2018; Gao et al ., 2019). GO and KEGG pathways into the organic systems of Recently, as the whole genome genetic mapping of databases (Boggon et al ., 1999; Luscombe et al ., model animals and plants and the genome sequencing 2000; Riechmann et al ., 2000, Dennis et al ., 2003; projects of numerous species have been completed, Huang et al ., 2009). Therefore, the genomic databases more and more transcription factors are identified and of GO and KEGG pathways are the most basic utilized, which is important and feasible for studies on functional descriptions, structural composition the issues of functional characteristics and genetic descriptions, descriptions of synthesis and evolution of specific transcription factors. On the one decomposition and metabolic maps of specific genes hand, these inherent information stored in various and their expression and transcripts. genomes may be explored to rapidly elucidate the Both Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis are genetics and developmental mechanisms regulating the well-established biomedical model organisms for the processes of cell differentiation and organ the genetics and developmental research. In practice, development and organization growth of animal and Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus laevis are common plant and fungi species with the great development of and yet important clawed frogs that are generally used in modern bioinformatics and genomics. On the other the laboratories of biomedical and developmental biology hand, the bHLH transcription factor families have (Bowes et al ., 2008; Hellsten et al ., 2010; Session et al ., been identified and analyzed in the currently available 2016; Elurbe et al ., 2017; Kamran et al ., 2018). Our group genomes of many metazoan species, such as human, previously identified some bHLH transcription factors orangutan, mouse, rat, giant panda, chicken, sparrow, both the genomes of Xenopus tropicalis and Xenopus pig, cow, dog, zebrafish, lizard, silkworm, bee and other laevis (Liu and Chen, 2013; Liu and Li, 2015), in which insects (Ledent and Vervoort, 2001; Ledent et al ., 2002; we used the predefined bHLH gene/protein Li et al ., 2006; Simionato et al ., 2007; Wang et al ., 2007; classification criteria (Atchley et al ., 1999; Atchley Wang et al ., 2008; Stevens et al ., 2008; Wang et al ., 2009; and Fitch, 1997) and the verified 45 representative Zheng et al ., 2009; Wang et al ., 2010; Liu and Zhao, bHLH proteins and 118 human bHLH protein motifs 2010; 2011; Dang et al ., 2011; Liu et al ., 2012; 2013; in search of novel bHLH sequence hints (Ledent and Liu and Chen, 2013; Wang et al ., 2015; Liu and Li, Vervoort, 2001; Ledent et al ., 2002; Simionato et al ., 2015; Liu, 2015; Li and Liu, 2017; Zhang et al ., 2017; 2007). In total, 105 bHLH proteins were identified Liu et al ., 2018; Murre, 2019). from the genomic databases of Xenopus tropicalis and On the other hand, the bioinformatics databases of 106 bHLH proteins were found from the genomic biological macromolecules and phenotypes and databases of Xenopus laevis (Liu and Chen, 2013; Liu genotypes of specific genes and/or traits, such as the and Li, 2015). All these bHLH proteins retrieved from annotations of Gene Ontology (GO) forum and the those clawed frogs' genomes are used in the biological pathway databases mainly including the preliminary classification and comparison of the frog pathway databases of Reactome and Kyoto bHLH transcription factors performed in the present Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), have study. Furthermore, in view of the ongoing genome shown a leap forward development. These large sequencing projects of the clawed frogs' genomes, the bioinformatics databases have become an extremely unearthed new annotations and functional information important method and main analytical tool for and structural features of many bHLH proteins should studying the functional characteristics of genes and be identified
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Frog in Taffeta Pants
    Evolutionary Anthropology 13:5–10 (2004) CROTCHETS & QUIDDITIES The Frog in Taffeta Pants KENNETH WEISS What is the magic that makes dead flesh fly? himself gave up on the preformation view). These various intuitions arise natu- Where does a new life come from? manded explanation. There was no rally, if sometimes fancifully. The nat- Before there were microscopes, and compelling reason to think that what uralist Henry Bates observed that the before the cell theory, this was not a one needed to find was too small to natives in the village of Aveyros, up trivial question. Centuries of answers see. Aristotle hypothesized epigenesis, the Tapajos tributary to the Amazon, were pure guesswork by today’s stan- a kind of spontaneous generation of believed the fire ants, that plagued dards, but they had deep implications life from the required materials (pro- them horribly, sprang up from the for the understanding of life. The vided in the egg), that systematic ob- blood of slaughtered victims of the re- 5 phrase spontaneous generation has servation suggested coalesced into a bellion of 1835–1836 in Brazil. In gone out of our vocabulary except as chick. Such notions persisted for cen- fact, Greek mythology is full of beings an historical relic, reflecting a total turies into what we will see was the spontaneously arising—snakes from success of two centuries of biological critical 17th century, when the follow- Medusa’s blood, Aphrodite from sea- research.1 The realization that a new ing alchemist’s recipe was offered for foam, and others. Even when the organism is always generated from the production of mice:3,4 mix sweaty truth is known, we can be similarly one or more cells shed by parents ex- underwear and wheat husks; store in impressed with the phenomena of plained how something could arise open-mouthed jar for 21 days; the generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning in the Land Snail (Helix Aspers a Mliller)*
    Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1974, Vol. 4 (SA), 476-478 Learning in the land snail (Helix aspers a Mliller)* R. K. SIEGEL and M. E. JARVIK Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90024 A group of two experiments are discussed which demonstrate avoidance learning in land snails. Experiment I utilized the snail's negative geotaxis and its chemoreceptive characteristics and required the snail to climb a vertical pole which contained a quinine-saturated loop of thread at the top. Experiment II substituted electric shock loops for the quinine. Snails in both experimental groups manifested progressively increasing climbing latencies and avoidance responses throughout five successive training sessions and a one week retention test. Control animals which received noncontingent quinine or shock did not show evidence of learning. These results provide evidence of rapid avoidance learning in gastropod mollusks. Very few investigators have examined the problem of employed a pole-climbing response with quinine as an learning in snails (see reviews by Stephens & McGaugh, aversive stimulus at the top of the pole. These authors 1972; Willows, 1973). Early workers have suggested that demonstrated both short- and long-term memory of the these gastropods show evidence of classical conditioning aversive experience as well as habituation of the climbing (Thompson, 1917), maze learning (Garth & Mitchell, response itself with a neutral water stimulus. This 1926; Fischel, 1931), and habituation (Humphrey, learning appeared to be modifiable by length of 1930; Grindley, 1937). The phenomenon of classical laboratory housing, humidity, nutrition, and conditioning in snails has been recently reexamined by reproductive conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Photoperiod and Temperature Interaction in the Helix Pomatia
    Photoperiod and temperature interaction in the determination of reproduction of the edible snail, Helix pomatia Annette Gomot Laboratoire de Zoologie et Embryologie, UA CNRS 687, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques et Centre Universitaire d'Héliciculture, Université de Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France Summary. Snails were kept in self-cleaning housing chambers in an artificially con- trolled environment. Mating was frequent under long days (18 h light) and rare under short days (8 h light) regardless of whether the snails were kept at 15\s=deg\Cor 20\s=deg\C.An interaction between photoperiod and temperature was observed for egg laying. The number of eggs laid (45\p=n-\50/snail)and the frequency of egg laying (90\p=n-\130%)were greater in long than in short days (16\p=n-\35/snailand 27\p=n-\77%)but a temperature of 20\s=deg\C redressed, to some extent, the inhibitory effect of short days. At both temperatures only long photoperiods brought about cyclic reproduction over a period of 16 weeks, con- firming the synchronizing role of photoperiod on the neuroendocrine control of egg laying in this species of snail. Keywords: edible snail; mating; egg laying; photoperiod; temperature Introduction The effects of photoperiod and temperature, which influence most reproductive cycles of animals of temperate regions, have given rise to a certain number of observations for pulmonate gastropods. In basommatophorans, the influence of photoperiod and temperature on reproduction has been shown in four species of lymnaeids and planorbids (Imhof, 1973), in Melampus (Price, 1979), in Lymnaea stagnalis (Bohlken & Joosse, 1982; Dogterom et ai, 1984; Joosse, 1984) and in Bulinus truncatus (Bayomy & Joosse, 1987).
    [Show full text]
  • Stream Inventory Handbook: Level 1 and Level II
    Stream Inventory Handbook: Level 1 and Level II CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Introduction/Overview ............................................................................................................ 3 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Inventory Attributes ............................................................................................................................ 4 Establishing Forest Priorities .............................................................................................................. 5 Stream Inventory Program Management ............................................................................................ 5 Program Administration And Quality Control .................................................................................... 6 A Standard Protocol ............................................................................................................................ 7 Presentation of Information ................................................................................................................. 8 Handbook Content .............................................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2 Office Procedures Level I Inventory - Identification Level .................................................. 12 Objectives .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stimulation of Genital Eversion in the Land Snail Helix Aspersa by Extracts of the Glands of the Dart Apparatus DANIEL J.D
    THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 238:129-139 (1986) Stimulation of Genital Eversion in the Land Snail Helix aspersa by Extracts of the Glands of the Dart Apparatus DANIEL J.D. CHUNG Division of Biological Sciences, and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ABSTRACT The dart apparatus, used during courtship in some groups of hermaphroditic land snails, has long been assumed to have a “stimulatory” effect on the mating partner, though how stimulation occurs and exactly what function it serves has never been determined. In this study, extracts of the mucous glands of the dart apparatus of the land snail Helix aspersa were injected into conspecifics and into a related snail, Cepaea nemoralis, in order to test the hypothesis that the dart is used to achieve inflow of bioactive mucous gland secretions into the darted snail. Helix aspersa injected with the extract responded by everting their terminal genitals; eversion normally takes place during courtship and mating. Boiling the extract increased the bioactiv- ity. Pronase-treated extract lost bioactivity, and gel filtration of the boiled extract indicated that the active substance has a molecular weight of about 5,000. The active substance may be a polypeptide. Cepaea nemoralis also everted their genitals when injected with the boiled Helix extract. The active substance appears to be a contact sex pheromone, the second such pheromone in a pulmonate land snail for which experimental evidence has been obtained. Accessory organs in the terminal genitalia dart might cause increased tonus of the pen- of the hermaphroditic land snail order Sty- ial muscles.
    [Show full text]
  • Interrelations Des Analyses Malacologiques En Contextes Archéologiques Et Actuels En Plaine D’Alsace
    naturae 2020 9 COLLOQUE NATIONAL DE MALACOLOGIE CONTINENTALE, NANTES, 6 ET 7 DÉCEMBRE 2018 Édité par Lilian LÉONARD Interrelations des analyses malacologiques en contextes archéologiques et actuels en plaine d’Alsace Salomé Granai art. 2020 (9) — Publié le 7 octobre 2020 www.revue-naturae.fr DIRECTEUR DE LA PUBLICATION / PUBLICATION DIRECTOR : Bruno David, Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Jean-Philippe Siblet ASSISTANTE DE RÉDACTION / ASSISTANT EDITOR : Sarah Figuet ([email protected]) MISE EN PAGE / PAGE LAYOUT : Sarah Figuet COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE / SCIENTIFIC BOARD : Luc Abbadie (UPMC, Paris) Luc Barbier (Parc naturel régional des caps et marais d’Opale, Colembert) Aurélien Besnard (CEFE, Montpellier) Vincent Boullet (Expert indépendant flore/végétation, Frugières-le-Pin) Hervé Brustel (École d’ingénieurs de Purpan, Toulouse) Patrick De Wever (MNHN, Paris) Thierry Dutoit (UMR CNRS IMBE, Avignon) Éric Feunteun (MNHN, Dinard) Romain Garrouste (MNHN, Paris) Grégoire Gautier (DRAAF Occitanie, Toulouse) Olivier Gilg (Réserves naturelles de France, Dijon) Frédéric Gosselin (Irstea, Nogent-sur-Vernisson) Patrick Haffner (UMS PatriNat, Paris) Frédéric Hendoux (MNHN, Paris) Xavier Houard (OPIE, Guyancourt) Isabelle Leviol (MNHN, Concarneau) Francis Meunier (Conservatoire d’espaces naturels – Hauts-de-France, Amiens) Serge Muller (MNHN, Paris) Francis Olivereau (DREAL Centre, Orléans) Laurent Poncet (UMS PatriNat, Paris) Nicolas Poulet (AFB, Vincennes) Jean-Philippe Siblet (UMS PatriNat, Paris)
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Diversity and Evolution in Helicoide a (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): a Synthesis from Original and Literature Data
    animals Article Chromosome Diversity and Evolution in Helicoide a (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): A Synthesis from Original and Literature Data Agnese Petraccioli 1, Paolo Crovato 2, Fabio Maria Guarino 1 , Marcello Mezzasalma 1,3,* , Gaetano Odierna 1,* , Orfeo Picariello 1 and Nicola Maio 1 1 Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, I-80126 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (F.M.G.); [email protected] (O.P.); [email protected] (N.M.) 2 Società Italiana di Malacologia, Via Mezzocannone, 8-80134 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 3 CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairaõ, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (G.O.) Simple Summary: The superfamily Helicoidea is a large and diverse group of Eupulmonata. The su- perfamily has been the subject of several molecular and phylogenetic studies which greatly improved our knowledge on the evolutionary relationships and historical biogeography of many families. In contrast, the available karyological information on Helicoidea still results in an obscure general picture, lacking a homogeneous methodological approach and a consistent taxonomic record. Never- theless, the available karyological information highlights the occurrence of a significant chromosomal diversity in the superfamily in terms of chromosome number (varying from 2n = 40 to 2n = 62), Citation: Petraccioli, A.; Crovato, P.; chromosome morphology and the distribution of different karyological features among different Guarino, F.M.; Mezzasalma, M.; taxonomic groups. Here we performed a molecular and a comparative cytogenetic analysis on of Odierna, G.; Picariello, O.; Maio, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Cepaea Nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae): the Invited Invader Author(S): Maggie Whitson Source: Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 66(2):82-88
    Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae): The Invited Invader Author(s): Maggie Whitson Source: Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 66(2):82-88. 2005. Published By: Kentucky Academy of Science DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096(2006)66[82:CNGHTI]2.0.CO;2 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3101/1098-7096%282006%2966%5B82%3ACNGHTI %5D2.0.CO%3B2 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. J. Ky. Acad. Sci. 66(2):82–88. 2005. Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae): The Invited Invader Maggie Whitson Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099 ABSTRACT Marauding snails may not immediately come to mind when considering invasive species, but many non- native snails have successfully colonized the U.S. The wood snail, Cepaea nemoralis (L.), is one of the most striking of these introductions, due in part to its attractive shell coloration.
    [Show full text]
  • Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and Little Known Gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar
    1 Reference (Explanations see mollusca-database.eu) Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and little known gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar. AF01 http://www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/ForschungImadagaskar.htm (11.03.2007, abstract) Bandel K. 2003, Cretaceous volutid Neogastropoda from the Western Desert of Egypt and their place within the noegastropoda AF02 (Mollusca). Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Heft 87, p 73-98, 49 figs., Hamburg (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Kiel S. & Bandel K. 2003, New taxonomic data for the gastropod fauna of the Uzamba Formation (Santonian-Campanian, South AF03 Africa) based on newly collected material. Cretaceous research 24, p. 449-475, 10 figs., Elsevier (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Emberton K.C. 2002, Owengriffithsius , a new genus of cyclophorid land snails endemic to northern Madagascar. The Veliger 45 (3) : AF04 203-217. http://www.theveliger.org/index.html Emberton K.C. 2002, Ankoravaratra , a new genus of landsnails endemic to northern Madagascar (Cyclophoroidea: Maizaniidae?). AF05 The Veliger 45 (4) : 278-289. http://www.theveliger.org/volume45(4).html Blaison & Bourquin 1966, Révision des "Collotia sensu lato": un nouveau sous-genre "Tintanticeras". Ann. sci. univ. Besancon, 3ème AF06 série, geologie. fasc.2 :69-77 (Abstract). www.fossile.org/pages-web/bibliographie_consacree_au_ammon.htp (20.7.2005) Bensalah M., Adaci M., Mahboubi M. & Kazi-Tani O., 2005, Les sediments continentaux d'age tertiaire dans les Hautes Plaines AF07 Oranaises et le Tell Tlemcenien (Algerie occidentale).
    [Show full text]
  • Species Richness, Molecular Taxonomy And
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Species Richness, Molecular Taxonomy and Biogeography of the Radicine Pond Snails (Gastropoda: Received: 2 May 2018 Accepted: 12 July 2018 Lymnaeidae) in the Old World Published: xx xx xxxx Olga V. Aksenova1,2, Ivan N. Bolotov 1,2, Mikhail Yu. Gofarov1,2, Alexander V. Kondakov1,2, Maxim V. Vinarski3, Yulia V. Bespalaya1,2, Yulia S. Kolosova1,2, Dmitry M. Palatov4, Svetlana E. Sokolova2, Vitaly M. Spitsyn1,2, Alena A. Tomilova2, Oksana V. Travina2 & Ilya V. Vikhrev1,2 The radicine pond snails represent a species-rich and widely distributed group, many species of which are key vectors of human and animal trematodoses. Here we clarify the taxonomy, distribution and evolutionary biogeography of the radicine lymnaeids in the Old World based on the most comprehensive multi-locus molecular dataset sampled to date. We show that the subfamily Amphipepleinae is monophyletic and contains at least ten genus-level clades: Radix Montfort, 1810, Ampullaceana Servain, 1881, Peregriana Servain, 1881, Tibetoradix Bolotov, Vinarski & Aksenova gen. nov., Kamtschaticana Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1984, Orientogalba Kruglov & Starobogatov, 1985, Cerasina Kobelt, 1881, Myxas G. B. Sowerby I, 1822, Bullastra Bergh, 1901, and Austropeplea Cotton, 1942. With respect to our phylogeny, species-delimitation model and morphological data, the Old World fauna includes 35 biological species of radicines. Tibet and Eastern Europe harbor the richest faunas, while East Asia and Africa appear to be the most species-poor areas. The radicine clade could have originated near the Cretaceous – Paleocene boundary. The Miocene great lakes in Eurasia seems to be the most important evolutionary hotspots shaping spatial patterns of recent species richness.
    [Show full text]
  • Brown Garden Snail European Brown Snail
    Colorado Mollusk of Interest Brown Garden Snail European Brown Snail Scientific Name: Cornu aspersum (Muller) (= Helix aspersa; = Cyptomphalus aspersa; = Centareus aspersum) Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Figure 1. Brown garden snail. Order: Pulmonata Family: Helicidae Identification and Descriptive Features: The brown garden snail is the largest snail one may find in Colorado. It has a globular, whorled shell that may be 28-32 mm in diameter (1 - 1 1/4- in) in full-grown adults. The shell is finely wrinkled and yellow or horn colored with darker brown banding. The opening of the shell is oval or crescent shaped and has the lip turned up. Immature snails resemble the adults but are smaller. Distribution in Colorado: The brown garden snail is native to Britain, western Europe and regions that surround the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It has been distributed widely worldwide, intentionally (as an escargot species) and accidentally. It has been repeatedly introduced accidentally into Colorado, most frequently on nursery stock. Establishment appears to have occurred in some locations in Boulder and Jefferson counties; it is likely present in many other areas of the state. Dry conditions and extreme Figure 2. Brown garden snail. Photograph winter cold will determine the ultimate distribution courtesy of Bob Hammon. of this species within the state. Life History and Habits: The brown garden snail is normally active at night, although may be observed feeding during wet, overcast periods. Eggs are laid in moist soil, deposited in a mass of several dozen in a cavity scooped 2-3 cm deep by the “foot” of the snail.
    [Show full text]
  • An E>L.Amination of the Concept of Arousal Within the Context of The
    { An E>l.amination of the concept of Arousal within the Context of the Sexual Behaviour of the snail, Helix aspersa Shelley A. Adamo Department of Biology McGill university, Montreal April, 1990 A thesis submitted te the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research of McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. @shelley Adamo, 1.990 .------------------------- ._--_. 2 ( Ta my parents, with love and gratitude for aIl their support and encouragement 3 Abstract Sexual 'arousal' in Helix aspersa can be divided into 2 components, sexual proclivity (the tendency of a snail to respond to conspecific contact with courtship) and sexual arousal (the intensity with which the snail courts) . Sexual proclivity and sexual arousal have different effects on feeding and locomotion and are differentially affected by sexual isolation, daily conspecific contact, and by a courtship pheromone found in the digitiform gland mucus. Therefore sexual arousal and sexual proclivity ara probably mediated by 2 separate ph}rsiological mechanisms. Behavioural state, or the animal' s general level of activity, correlates positively with mating behaviour. However, al though a central system controlling behavioural state probably exists, it has no direct effect on either sexual proclivity or sexual arousal. Confusion over the term 'arousal', which impedes neuroethological research in this area, would be decreased by the adoption of the terms used in this thesis. 4 Résumé "L'éveil" sexuel chez Hf'lix aspersa peut être divisé en deux composantes: la disposition sexuelle (soit la tendance d'un escargot à faire la cour lors d'un contact avec un congénère), et la stimulation ou l'éveil seyuel proprement dit (c'est-à-dire l'intensité avec laquelle l'escargot fait la cour).
    [Show full text]